Liver Fluke-Associated Biliary Tract Cancer

SRPK Inhibitors Reduce the Phosphorylation and Translocation of SR Protein Splicing Factors, thereby Correcting BIN1, MCL-1 and BCL2 Splicing Errors and Enabling Apoptosis of Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy of the bile duct epithelium that is commonly found in the Thai population. CCA has poor prognosis and a low survival rate due to the lack of early diagnosis methods and the limited effectiveness of current treatments. A number of oncogenic spliced-transcripts resulting from mRNA splicing errors have been reported in CCA, and aberrant mRNA splicing is suspected to be a key driver of this cancer type. The hyperphosphorylation of serine/arginine rich-splicing factors (SRSFs) by serine/arginine protein kinases (SRPKs) causes them to translocate to the nucleus where they facilitate gene splicing errors that generate cancer-related mRNA/protein isoforms.

METHODS

The correlation between SRPK expression and the survival of CCA patients was analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. The effect of SRPK inhibitors (SRPIN340 and SPHINX31) on two CCA cell lines (KKU-213A and TFK-1) was also investigated. The induction of cell death was studied by Calcein-AM/PI staining, AnnexinV/7AAD staining, immunofluorescence (IF), and Western blotting (WB). The phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SRSFs was tracked by WB and IF, and the repair of splicing errors was examined by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

High levels of SRPK1 and SRPK2 transcripts, and in particular SRPK1, correlated with shorter survival in CCA patients. SRPIN340 and SPHINX31 increased the number of dead and apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. CCA also showed diffuse expression of cytoplasmic cytochrome C and upregulation of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, SRSFs showed low levels of phosphorylation, resulting in the accumulation of cytoplasmic SRSF1. To link these phenotypes with aberrant gene splicing, the apoptosis-associated genes Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1), Myeloid cell leukemia factor 1 (MCL-1) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) were selected for further investigation. Treatment with SRPIN340 and SPHINX31 decreased anti-apoptotic BIN1+12A and increased pro-apoptotic MCL-1S and BCL-xS.

CONCLUSIONS

The SRPK inhibitors SRPIN340 and SPHINX31 can suppress the phosphorylation of SRSFs and their nuclear translocation, thereby producing BIN1, MCL-1 and BCL2 isoforms that favor apoptosis and facilitate CCA cell death.

Tumor-associated macrophages: orchestrators of cholangiocarcinoma progression

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but highly invasive cancer, with its incidence rising in recent years. Currently, surgery remains the most definitive therapeutic option for CCA. However, similar to other malignancies, most CCA patients are not eligible for surgical intervention at the time of diagnosis. The chemotherapeutic regimen of gemcitabine combined with cisplatin is the standard treatment for advanced CCA, but its effectiveness is often hampered by therapeutic resistance. Recent research highlights the remarkable plasticity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). TAMs play a crucial dual role in either promoting or suppressing tumor development, depending on the factors that polarize them toward pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic phenotypes, as well as their interactions with cancer cells and other stromal components. In this review, we critically examine recent studies on TAMs in CCA, detailing the expression patterns and prognostic significance of different TAM subtypes in CCA, the mechanisms by which TAMs influence CCA progression and immune evasion, and the potential for reprogramming TAMs to enhance anticancer therapies. This review aims to provide a framework for deeper future research.

Strategies for treating the cold tumors of cholangiocarcinoma: core concepts and future directions

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare type of digestive tract cancer originating from the epithelial cells of the liver and biliary tract. Current treatment modalities for CCA, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have demonstrated limited efficacy in enhancing survival rates. Despite the revolutionary potential of immunotherapy in cancer management, its application in CCA remains restricted due to the minimal infiltration of immune cells in these tumors, rendering them cold and unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Cancer cells within cold tumors deploy various mechanisms for evading immune attack, thus impeding clinical management. Recently, combination immunotherapy has become increasingly essential to comprehend the mechanisms underlying cold tumors to enhance a deficient antitumor immune response. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the knowledge on the combination immunotherapy of cold CCA is imperative to leverage the benefits of immunotherapy in treating patients. Moreover, gut microbiota plays an essential role in the immunotherapeutic responses in CCA. In this review, we summarize the current concepts of immunotherapy in CCA and clarify the intricate dynamics within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of CCA. We also delve into the evasion mechanisms employed by CCA tumors against the anti-tumor immune responses. The context of combination immunotherapies in igniting cold tumors of CCA and the critical function of gut microbiota in prompting immune responses have also been annotated. Furthermore, we have proposed future directions in the realm of CCA immunotherapy, aiming to improve the clinical prognosis of CCA patients.

Efficacy and challenges of anti-PD1 in MSI-H mCRC: a case report on concurrent infections and ir-AIHA

Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy has demonstrated notable efficacy in treating patients with deficient mismatch repair/high microsatellite instability (dMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, its clinical application is fraught with challenges and can lead to significant immune-related adverse events (ir-AEs). In this report, we present a complicated case of an mCRC patient with MSI-H and mutations in β2M and LRP1B proteins, complicated by concurrent bacteremia and liver fluke infection, who received first-line anti-PD1 therapy. The patient exhibited a positive response to anti-PD1 treatment, even in the presence of concomitant antibiotic and anti-parasitic interventions. Additionally, the patient experienced immunotherapy-related autoimmune hemolytic anemia (ir-AIHA), a rare hematological ir-AE, which was effectively treated later on. Immunotherapy represents a pivotal and highly effective approach to tumor treatment. Baseline assessment of the MMR and MSI status is a crucial step before initiating immunotherapy, and regular ongoing assessments during the treatment course can facilitate early recognition of any secondary complications, enabling prompt intervention and ensuring optimal therapeutic outcomes. Overall, a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm can help maximize the therapeutic benefits of immunotherapy.

Liver Cancer Mortality Disparities at a Fine Scale Among Subpopulations in China: Nationwide Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Trends

Background

China has the highest number of liver cancers worldwide, and liver cancer is at the forefront of all cancers in China. However, current research on liver cancer in China primarily relies on extrapolated data or relatively lagging data, with limited focus on subregions and specific population groups.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to identify geographic disparities in liver cancer by exploring the spatial and temporal trends of liver cancer mortality and the years of life lost (YLL) caused by it within distinct geographical regions, climate zones, and population groups in China.

Methods

Data from the National Death Surveillance System between 2013 and 2020 were used to calculate the age-standardized mortality rate of liver cancer (LASMR) and YLL from liver cancer in China. The spatial distribution and temporal trends of liver cancer were analyzed in subgroups by sex, age, region, and climate classification. Estimated annual percentage change was used to describe liver cancer trends in various regions, and partial correlation was applied to explore associations between LASMR and latitude.

Results

In China, the average LASMR decreased from 28.79 in 2013 to 26.38 per 100,000 in 2020 among men and 11.09 to 9.83 per 100,000 among women. This decline in mortality was consistent across all age groups. Geographically, Guangxi had the highest LASMR for men in China, with a rate of 50.15 per 100,000, while for women, it was Heilongjiang, with a rate of 16.64 per 100,000. Within these regions, the LASMR among men in most parts of Guangxi ranged from 32.32 to 74.98 per 100,000, whereas the LASMR among women in the majority of Heilongjiang ranged from 13.72 to 21.86 per 100,000. The trend of LASMR varied among regions. For both men and women, Guizhou showed an increasing trend in LASMR from 2013 to 2020, with estimated annual percentage changes ranging from 10.05% to 29.07% and from 10.09% to 21.71%, respectively. Both men and women observed an increase in LASMR with increasing latitude below the 40th parallel. However, overall, LASMR in men was positively correlated with latitude (R=0.225; P<.001), while in women, it showed a negative correlation (R=0.083; P=.04). High LASMR areas among men aligned with subtropical zones, like Cwa and Cfa. The age group 65 years and older, the southern region, and the Cwa climate zone had the highest YLL rates at 4850.50, 495.50, and 440.17 per 100,000, respectively. However, the overall trends in these groups showed a decline over the period.

Conclusions

Despite the declining overall trend of liver cancer in China, there are still marked disparities between regions and populations. Future prevention and control should focus on high-risk regions and populations to further reduce the burden of liver cancer in China.

Artificial intelligence in liver cancer - new tools for research and patient management

Liver cancer has high incidence and mortality globally. Artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced rapidly, influencing cancer care. AI systems are already approved for clinical use in some tumour types (for example, colorectal cancer screening). Crucially, research demonstrates that AI can analyse histopathology, radiology and natural language in liver cancer, and can replace manual tasks and access hidden information in routinely available clinical data. However, for liver cancer, few of these applications have translated into large-scale clinical trials or clinically approved products. Here, we advocate for the incorporation of AI in all stages of liver cancer management. We present a taxonomy of AI approaches in liver cancer, highlighting areas with academic and commercial potential, and outline a policy for AI-based liver cancer management, including interdisciplinary training of researchers, clinicians and patients. The potential of AI in liver cancer is immense, but effort is required to ensure that AI can fulfil expectations.

Liver cancer from the perspective of single-cell sequencing: a review combined with bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND

Liver cancer (LC) is a prevalent malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Extensive research has been conducted to enhance patient outcomes and develop effective prevention strategies, ranging from molecular mechanisms to clinical interventions. Single-cell sequencing, as a novel bioanalysis technology, has significantly contributed to the understanding of the global cognition and dynamic changes in liver cancer. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis in this specific research area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots in the field of single-cell sequencing in liver cancer research through the use of bibliometrics.

METHOD

Publications related to the application of single-cell sequencing technology to liver cancer research as of December 31, 2023, were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and R package "bibliometrix" were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 331 publications from 34 countries, primarily led by China and the United States, were included in this study. The research focuses on the application of single cell sequencing technology to liver cancer, and the number of related publications has been increasing year by year. The main research institutions involved in this field are Fudan University, Sun Yat-Sen University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Frontiers in Immunology and Nature Communications is the most popular journal in this field, while Cell is the most frequently co-cited journal. These publications are authored by 2799 individuals, with Fan Jia and Zhou Jian having the most published papers, and Llovet Jm being the most frequently co-cited author. The use of single cell sequencing to explore the immune microenvironment of liver cancer, as well as its implications in immunotherapy and chemotherapy, remains the central focus of this field. The emerging research hotspots are characterized by keywords such as 'Gene-Expression', 'Prognosis', 'Tumor Heterogeneity', 'Immunoregulation', and 'Tumor Immune Microenvironment'.

CONCLUSION

This is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively summarizes the research trends and developments on the application of single cell sequencing in liver cancer. The study identifies recent research frontiers and hot directions, providing a valuable reference for researchers exploring the landscape of liver cancer, understanding the composition of the immune microenvironment, and utilizing single-cell sequencing technology to guide and enhance the prognosis of liver cancer patients.

Unveiling the promise of PD1/PD-L1: A new dawn in immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a rare yet notably aggressive cancer, has experienced a surge in incidence in recent years. Presently, surgical resection remains the most effective curative strategy for CCA. Nevertheless, a majority of patients with CCA are ineligible for surgical removal at the time of diagnosis. For advanced stages of CCA, the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is established as the standard chemotherapy regimen. Despite this, treatment efficacy is often hindered by the development of resistance. In recent times, immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly those that block programmed death 1 and its ligand (PD1/PD-L1), have emerged as promising strategies against a variety of cancers and are being increasingly integrated into the therapeutic landscape of CCA. A growing body of research supports that the use of PD1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with chemotherapy may significantly improve patient outcomes. This article seeks to meticulously review the latest studies on PD1/PD-L1 involvement in CCA, delving into their expression profiles, prognostic significance, contribution to oncogenic processes, and their potential clinical utility.

Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

This article presents global cancer statistics by world region for the year 2022 based on updated estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). There were close to 20 million new cases of cancer in the year 2022 (including nonmelanoma skin cancers [NMSCs]) alongside 9.7 million deaths from cancer (including NMSC). The estimates suggest that approximately one in five men or women develop cancer in a lifetime, whereas around one in nine men and one in 12 women die from it. Lung cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer in 2022, responsible for almost 2.5 million new cases, or one in eight cancers worldwide (12.4% of all cancers globally), followed by cancers of the female breast (11.6%), colorectum (9.6%), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (4.9%). Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18.7%), followed by colorectal (9.3%), liver (7.8%), female breast (6.9%), and stomach (6.8%) cancers. Breast cancer and lung cancer were the most frequent cancers in women and men, respectively (both cases and deaths). Incidence rates (including NMSC) varied from four-fold to five-fold across world regions, from over 500 in Australia/New Zealand (507.9 per 100,000) to under 100 in Western Africa (97.1 per 100,000) among men, and from over 400 in Australia/New Zealand (410.5 per 100,000) to close to 100 in South-Central Asia (103.3 per 100,000) among women. The authors examine the geographic variability across 20 world regions for the 10 leading cancer types, discussing recent trends, the underlying determinants, and the prospects for global cancer prevention and control. With demographics-based predictions indicating that the number of new cases of cancer will reach 35 million by 2050, investments in prevention, including the targeting of key risk factors for cancer (including smoking, overweight and obesity, and infection), could avert millions of future cancer diagnoses and save many lives worldwide, bringing huge economic as well as societal dividends to countries over the forthcoming decades.

Intrahepatic Mass-Forming Cholangiocarcinoma: Is There Additional Prognostic Value in Using Gd-EOB Enhanced MRI?

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prognostic value of enhancement patterns of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas (IMCCs) during the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) in gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB)-enhanced MRI.

METHODS

We retrospectively identified 66 consecutive patients with histopathologically proven IMCCs (reference standard: resection) and preoperative Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI. Gd-EOB retention area was subjectively rated based on areas of intermediate signal intensity. Lesions were classified as either hypointense (0-25% retention area) or significantly-retaining (>25% retention area). Clinical, radiological, and prognostic features were compared between these groups. The primary endpoints were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) after primary surgical resection.

RESULTS

73% (48/66) of lesions were rated as hypointense and 29% (19/66) as significantly-retaining. While the hypointense subgroup more frequently featured local and distant intrahepatic metastases (p = 0.039 and p = 0.022) and an infiltrative growth pattern (p = 0.005), RFS, OS, and clinical features did not differ significantly with estimated Gd-EOB retention area or quantitatively measured HBP enhancement ratios. Lymph node metastasis was an independent predictor of poor RFS (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Gd-EOB-enhanced MRI revealed two subtypes of IMCC in the HBP: hypointense and signal-retaining. The hypointense subtype is associated with more frequent intrahepatic metastases and an infiltrative growth pattern, indicating potential tumor aggressiveness. However, this did not result in a significant difference in survival after the primary resection of IMCC.

A systematic review of the effects of hepatitis B and C virus on the progression of liver fluke infection to liver cancer

Hepatitis B and C virus, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are all individually known to put a person at increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This paper seeks to determine if there is any interaction between liver flukes and hepatitis virus infection that are known to put a person at an increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma collectively. This paper seeks to determine whether there is any publicly available articles in English that determine if having a hepatitis viral co-infection along with liver flukes would influence the risk of developing liver cancer. We followed PRISMA systematic review guidelines to conduct a literature review. Three manuscripts fit the search criteria. Two presented evidence in support of a synergistic relationship between liver fluke and viral hepatitis infection while the other found no relationship. One manuscript determined that the interaction between hepatitis B and C. sinensis did not have any significant risk of liver cancer. Studies found that HBV affected progression of co-infection to liver cancer but may have its own disease state worsened by presence of liver flukes. Only one paper was found that presented data on HCV, therefore no conclusion can be drawn due to the lack of evidence discovered. Of the studies, the conclusions and strength of the data were mixed. However, the stronger studies suggested a synergistic relationship between liver flukes and HBV to increase the risk of progressing to liver cancer.

Role of Silver Nanoparticles for the Control of Anthelmintic Resistance in Small and Large Ruminants

Helminths are considered a significant threat to the livestock industry, as they cause substantial economic losses in small and large ruminant farming. Their morbidity and mortality rates are also increasing day by day as they have zoonotic importance. Anthelmintic drugs have been used for controlling these parasites; unfortunately, due to the development of resistance of these drugs in helminths (parasites), especially in three major classes like benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonists, and macrocyclic lactones, their use is becoming very low. Although new anthelmintics are being developed, the process is time-consuming and costly. As a result, nanoparticles are being explored as an alternative to anthelmintics. Nanoparticles enhance drug effectiveness, drug delivery, and target specificity and have no resistance against parasites. Different types of nanoparticles are used, such as organic (chitosan) and inorganic (gold, silver, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and nickel oxide). One of them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has unique properties in various fields, especially parasitology. AgNPs are synthesized from three primary methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Their primary mechanism of action is causing stress through the production of ROS that destroys cells, organs, proteins, and DNA parasites. The present review is about AgNPs, their mode of action, and their role in controlling anthelmintic resistance against small and large ruminants.

Plastoquinone-Derivative SkQ1 Improved the Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia during Liver Fluke Infection

Carcinogenic food-borne liver fluke infections are a serious epidemiological threat worldwide. The major complications of Opisthorchis felineus infection are chronic inflammation and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia. Although evidence has accumulated that increased reactive oxygen species production is observed in liver fluke infection, a direct relationship between the oxidative stress and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia has not been shown. Quinones and SkQ1, a derivative of plastoquinone, have been demonstrated to be cytoprotective in numerous liver injuries due to their potent antioxidant properties. This study is aimed to assess the level of biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in O. felineus-infected hamsters after treatment with mitochondria-targeted SkQ1. SkQ1 significantly reduced the biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, which was accompanied by a decrease in lipid and DNA oxidation byproducts, mRNA expression and level of proteins associated with inflammation (TNF-α, CD68) and fibrogenesis (CK7, αSMA), and was also associated with an activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Thus, a direct relationship was found between oxidative stress and the severity of biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in O. felineus-infected hamsters. The hepatoprotective effect of plastoquinone-derivative SkQ1 was established; therefore, this compound is a promising agent in complex therapy in the treatment of opisthorchiasis.

Profiles of biliary microbiota in biliary obstruction patients with Clonorchis sinensis infection

Background

Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) is a epidemiologically significant food-borne parasite, causing several hepatobiliary diseases. Biliary microbiota community structure might be influenced by infection with pathogens. However, the biliary microbiome of biliary obstruction patients infected with C. sinensis is still an unexplored aspect.

Methods

A total of 50 biliary obstruction patients were enrolled, including 24 infected with C. sinensis and 26 non-infected subjects. The bile samples were collected by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancretography. Biliary microbiota alteration was analyzed through high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing.

Results

Our findings revealed that there was significant increase in both richness and diversity, as well as changes in the taxonomic composition of the biliary microbiota of C. sinensis infected patients. At the phylum level, C. sinensis infection induced Proteobacteria increased and Firmicutes reduced. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus increased significantly, while Enterococcus decreased prominently in infected groups (P < 0.05). The PICRUSt analysis further showed remarkably different metabolic pathways between the two groups.

Conclusion

C. sinensis infection could modify the biliary microbiota, increasing the abundance and changing the phylogenetic composition of bacterial in biliary obstruction patients. This study may help deepen the understanding of the host-biliary microbiota interplay with C. sinensis infection on the background of biliary obstruction and provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of clonorchiasis.

Curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes alleviate the progression of fluke-related cholangiocarcinoma in hamsters

Background

Curcumin-loaded nanocomplexes (CNCs) previously demonstrated lower toxicity and extended release better than is the case for free curcumin. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of CNCs against opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in hamsters.

Method

Dose optimization (dose and frequency) was performed over a 1-month period using hamsters, a model that is widely used for study of opisthorchiasis-associated cholangiocarcinoma. In the main experimental study, CCA was induced by a combination of fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), infection and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) treatment. Either blank (empty) nanocomplexes (BNCs) or different concentrations of CNCs (equivalent to 10 and 20 mg cur/kg bw) were given to hamsters thrice a week for 5 months. The histopathological changes, biochemical parameters, and the expression of inflammatory/oncogenic transcription factors were investigated. In addition, the role of CNCs in attenuating CCA genesis, as seen in an animal model, was also confirmed in vitro using CCA cell lines.

Results

The optimization study revealed that treatment with CNCs at a dose equivalent to 10 mg cur/kg bw, thrice a week for 1 month, led to a greater reduction of inflammation and liver injury induced in hamsters by OV + NDMA than did treatments at other dose rates. Oral administration with CNCs (10 mg cur/kg bw), thrice a week for 5 months, significantly increased survival rate, reduced CCA incidence, extent of tumor development, cholangitis, bile duct injury and cholangiofibroma. In addition, this treatment decreased serum ALP and ALT activities and suppressed expression of NF-κB, FOXM1, HMGB1, PCNA and formation of 8-nitroguanine. Treatment of CCA cell lines with CNCs also reduced cell proliferation and colony formation, similar to those treated with NF-κB and/or FOXM1 inhibitors.

Conclusion

CNCs (10 mg cur/kg bw) attenuate the progression of fluke-related CCA in hamsters partly via a NF-κB and FOXM1-mediated pathway.

[Climate Crisis: What Gastrointestinal Complications of this Medical Emergency Should We Be Aware Of?]

INTRODUCTION

The climate crisis has serious consequences for many areas of life. This applies in particular to human health - also in Europe. While cardiovascular, pneumological and dermatological diseases related to the climate crisis are often discussed, the crisis' significant gastroenterological consequences for health must also be considered.

METHODS

A literature search (Pubmed, Cochrane Library) was used to identify papers with relevance particularly to the field of gastroenterology in (Central) Europe. Findings were supplemented and discussed by an interdisciplinary team.

RESULTS

The climate crisis impacts the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal diseases in Europe due to more frequent and severe heat waves, flooding and air pollution. While patients with intestinal diseases are particularly vulnerable to acute weather events, the main long-term consequences of climate change are gastrointestinal cancer and liver disease. In addition to gastroenteritis, other infectious diseases such as vector-borne diseases and parasites are important in the context of global warming, heat waves and floods.

DISCUSSION

Adaptation strategies must be consistently developed and implemented for vulnerable groups. Patients at risk should be informed about measures that can be implemented individually, such as avoiding heat, ensuring appropriate hydration and following hygiene instructions. Recommendations for physical activity and a healthy and sustainable diet are essential for the prevention of liver diseases and carcinomas. Measures for prevention and the promotion of resilience can be supported by the physicians at various levels. In addition to efforts fostering sustainability in the immediate working environment, a system-oriented commitment to climate protection is important.

Functional activity of blood eosinophils in patients with <i>Opisthorchis felineus</i> invasion

Aim. To study the functional activity of blood eosinophils in patients with Opisthorchis felineus (O. felineus) invasion.

Material and methods. A total of 328 patients with O. felineus invasion (120 men and 208 women, mean age 40.3 years) and 34 practically healthy patients (14 men and 20 women, mean age 41.1 years) aged 18 to 70 years were examined. The main method for diagnosing opisthorchiasis was the determination of eggs or bodies of adult parasites in the duodenal contents and/or feces, which was used in all 328 patients with opisthorchiasis. All patients underwent a complete blood count and biochemical blood test, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs. The study of the functional activity of blood eosinophils was carried out in 42 patients with opisthorchiasis and 34 healthy individuals from the control group by chemiluminescent analysis with the measurement of the intensity of production of reactive oxygen species in spontaneous and zymosan-induced reactions in lucigenin- and luminol-dependent processes.

Results. The frequency of eosinophils in the complete blood count above 5% in the examined patients with opisthorchiasis was 19.5%. An increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood in patients with opisthorchiasis was associated with an increase in the frequency of complaints of pain in the right hypochondrium, pruritus, skin rashes, an increase in the proportion of leukopenia and neutropenia, an increase in the level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the blood, and an increase in the frequency of ultrasound signs of cholecystitis. At the same time, a pronounced increase in the functional activity of blood eosinophils, determined by the chemiluminescent method, was observed in patients with O. felineus invasion.

Conclusions. Patients with O. felineus invasion with an increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood due to the likelihood of an aggressive course of the pathology deserve the close attention of practitioners with the need for a thorough comprehensive examination of patients, including immunological methods.

ASPSCR-1 and Sirt-5 alleviate Clonorchis liver fluke rCsNOSIP-induced oxidative stress, proliferation, and migration in cholangiocarcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

Clonorchiasis, caused by the infection of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is a kind of neglected tropical disease, but it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma. It has been well known that NO from chronic inflammation responses are thought to be a major component of the damage and ultimate carcinogenesis ESPs such as nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) are thought to enhance the damage. The objective of this study was to identify the protein candidates interact with recombinant CsNOSIP (rCsNOSIP) and explore their role involved in CCA development or progression.

METHODS

We applied HuProt microarray containing 21,000 probe sets for a systematic identification of rCsNOSIP-binding proteins and grouped binding hits by gene function. Pull-down assays were used to confirm the interaction of rCsNOSIP with alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPSCR-1) and sirtuins 5 (Sirt-5). ASPSCR-1/Sirt-5 over-expression and siRNA knockdown experiments were employed for obtain of ASPSCR-1/Sirt-5 high or low expression (ASP-oe/Sirt5-oe or ASP-si/Sirt5-si) cholangiocarcinoma cell line (CCLP-1) cells. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species assay (ROS) as well as cell proliferation and wound-healing assays were performed to observe the effect of rCsNOSIP on ASP-oe/Sirt5-oe or ASP-si/Sirt5-si CCLP-1 cells.

RESULTS

Seventy candidate proteins protein "hits" were detected as rCsNOSIP-binding proteins by HuProt microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Pull down assay showed that ASPSCR-1 and Sirt-5 could interact with rCsNOSIP. In addition, endotoxin-free-rCsNOSIP could increase the production of NO and ROS and promote the migration of CCLP-1 cells, while its effect on enhancing cell proliferation was not significant. Furthermore, ROS/NO production, proliferation, or migration were increased in ASP-si or Sirt5-si CCLP-1 cells but decreased in Asp-oe or Sirt5-oe CCLP-1 cells when stimulated with rCsNOSIP.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that CsNOSIP as a component of CsESPs might promote the development and invasion of CCA and Sirt5/ ASPSCR1 as host molecules might play a novel protective role against adverse stimulus during C. sinensis infection. This work supports the idea that CsESPs induce the occurrence and progression of CCA through ROS/RNS-induced oxidative and nitrative DNA damage.

Associations of Liver Fluke Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma: A Scoping Review

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCa) is a highly lethal malignancy of biliary tract epithelial cells. Liver fluke infection is one of the well-known causes of CCa in endemic areas of Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions. Multistep processes underlie carcinogenesis induced by chronic infection with the fish-borne liver fluke. Mechanical injury from fluke feeding and migrating in the bile duct causes damage to the bile duct epithelial cells. The excretory or secretory product of a parasite called OvGRN-1 is internalized by human cholangiocytes and induces changes in gene and protein expression associated with wound healing and cancer pathways. Inflammatory cytokines and their gene polymorphisms may also be linked to biliary pathologies. High plasma levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) increase the risk of developing advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) and CCa by promoting CCa cell line proliferation. Anti-helminthic drugs can help decrease the risk of CCa caused by flukes. Surgical resection of the tumor and liver transplantation might be helpful too. Chemotherapy is considered for patients with advanced CCa when they cannot undergo surgery or when other treatment options fail to show improvement. Improvements in hygiene, health education, screening for fluke infection, and anti-helminthic therapy can help prevent liver fluke infection and thus the occurrence of CCa.

Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents a heterogenous set of malignancies arising from the biliary tract. Classification of CCA subdivides tumours into intrahepatic (iCCA) and extrahepatic (eCCA), with eCCA further categorised as perihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA) lesions. Tumour subtypes show distinct epidemiological, genetic and clinical characteristics. Global incidence and mortality are rising, with the highest rates seen in Asian populations compared to the West. There has been a divergence in recent mortality trends observed between CCA subtypes, with rising rates of iCCA seen compared with eCCA. There are several drivers for these differing trends, including specific risk factors, misclassification of CCA subtypes and variation in diagnosis and surveillance. Risk factors for CCA can be divided into hepatobiliary, extra-hepatic and environmental, with hepatobiliary diseases conferring the largest risk. Surgery represents the only curative treatment for CCA, but can only be offered to early-stage candidates who are otherwise fit; the majority of patients are therefore treated with chemotherapy and, recently, immunotherapy. Due to late-stage presentation of disease, prognosis is poor, with 5-year survival <20%.

Inflammatory cell responses in biliary mucosa during Opisthorchis viverrini infection: Insights into susceptibility differences among hosts

Background

Individual host susceptibility is believed to be a risk factor in the interaction between the host and the parasite. Since studying time series in humans is limited, animal models are replaced.

Aim

This study aims to explore and compare the pattern of inflammatory cell types along the biliary tract and their association with proliferative lesions in the early development of cholangiocarcinoma from susceptible and nonsusceptible animal models.

Methods

Thirty male Syrian golden hamsters and 30 BALB/c mice, serving as the susceptible and nonsusceptible animal models, were used in this comparative study. The animals were infected with 50 Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae via gastric intubation. At days 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, and 56 postinfection (p.i.), five animals were randomly selected from each group and humanely sacrificed. The hepatobiliary tissues were collected and processed for histopathological study. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining were applied to differentiate the inflammatory cell types. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were applied to assess all semi-quantitative and quantitative variables. The correlation between each variable was also analyzed using Spearman rank at a p-value < 0.05.

Results

The results demonstrated that mice had different patterns of infiltrating cell types when compared to hamsters. This suggested that the cellular response to the infection in mice occurred earlier than that in hamsters. The response in mice reached its peak at D7 to D14 and then rapidly declined at D28. In contrast, although the inflammatory response in hamsters started slowly, the response reached the peak at D28 and maintained a high level until D56. Significant differences in the number of inflammatory cells between mice and hamsters were seen at D1 (p = 0.047), D7 (p = 0.049), D28 (p = 0.040), and D56 (p < 0.040).

Conclusion

The inflammatory responses to O. viverrini infection in the nonsusceptible animal model occurred and declined earlier while the response in the susceptible animal model occurred later in a gradual manner. Both rodents are suitable animal models for the studies of opisthorchiasis susceptibility.

Onco-Pathogen Mediated Cancer Progression and Associated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Development

Infection with viruses, bacteria, and parasites are thought to be the underlying cause of about 8-17% of the world's cancer burden, i.e., approximately one in every five malignancies globally is caused by an infectious pathogen. Oncogenesis is thought to be aided by eleven major pathogens. It is crucial to identify microorganisms that potentially act as human carcinogens and to understand how exposure to such pathogens occur as well as the following carcinogenic pathways they induce. Gaining knowledge in this field will give important suggestions for effective pathogen-driven cancer care, control, and, ultimately, prevention. This review will mainly focus on the major onco-pathogens and the types of cancer caused by them. It will also discuss the major pathways which, when altered, lead to the progression of these cancers.

Small but mighty: How microRNAs drive the deadly progression of cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma, also referred to as CCA, is a highly complex epithelial malignancy that can impact various organs and regions of the body, including the perihilar, intrahepatic, and distal organs. This cancer is characterized by the malignant growth of the epithelial lining in the bile ducts, which spans the entire biliary tree and is accountable for disease progression. The current state of affairs concerning CCA is concerning, with poor prognoses, high recurrence rates, and dismal long-term survival rates significantly burden healthcare facilities worldwide. Studies have identified numerous signaling pathways and molecules involved in the development and progression of CCA, including microRNAs, an important class of non-coding RNAs that have the ability to modulate these cellular signaling pathways significantly. In addition, microRNAs may serve as an innovative target for developing novel therapeutic approaches for CCA. In this review, we explore the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in the initiation and progression of CCA, focusing on the future direction of utilizing microRNAs as a promising treatment option for this challenging malignancy.

Targeted therapies in advanced biliary tract cancers-a narrative review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, are a relatively rare group of cancers with a poor prognosis. Over the past decade, the utilization of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of multiple actionable somatic aberrations in BTCs. Subsequently, new therapies have been created to target these molecular alterations and have been incorporated into clinical practice. In this review, we outline therapies that have been previously studied, and those that are under investigation, to target genomic alterations with the goal of improving survival in patients with advanced disease.

METHODS

A literature search was performed to identify phase I, II, and III trials of targeted therapies in patients with advanced BTCs published between January 1, 2010 and October 1, 2022. Medline (via PubMed) and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant studies and 415 trials were identified. The search strategy was performed using keywords including: biliary tract cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, randomized trials, controlled trials, phase I, phase II, and phase III. Search results were imported into EndNote X 9.1.

KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS

Overall, immune checkpoint inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibitors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed therapies have all shown promising results with regard to efficacy in patients with advanced BTCs studied in clinical trials. A number of other agents have also been studied in early-phase trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted agents can improve survival in patients with advanced BTCs and have substantially increased the number of potential therapeutic options in patients with refractory disease. The therapeutic landscape of targeted therapies for patients with advanced BTCs continues to evolve based on improvements in detection of genomic alterations.

Helicobacter Species and Hepato-Biliary Tract Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Helicobacter species may cause chronic inflammation of the biliary tract, but its relationship with cancer is controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between Helicobacter species and hepatobiliary tract malignancies. Twenty-six studies (4083 patients) were included in qualitative synthesis, and 18 studies (n = 1895 qualified for meta-analysis. All studies were at high-intermediate risk of bias. Most studies combined several direct microbiological methods, mostly PCR (23 studies), culture (8 studies), and/or CLOtest (5 studies). Different specimens alone or in combination were investigated, most frequently bile (16 studies), serum (7 studies), liver/biliary tissue (8 studies), and gastric tissue (3 studies). Patients with Helicobacter species infection had an increased risk of hepatobiliary tract malignancies (OR = 3.61 [95% CI 2.18-6.00]; p < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity in the analysis (I2 = 61%; p = 0.0003). This effect was consistent when Helicobacter was assessed in bile (OR = 3.57 [95% CI 1.73-7.39]; p = 0.0006), gastric tissue (OR = 42.63 [95% CI 5.25-346.24]; p = 0.0004), liver/biliary tissue (OR = 4.92 [95% CI 1.90-12.76]; p = 0.001) and serum (OR = 1.38 [95% CI 1.00-1.90]; p = 0.05). Heterogeneity was reduced in these sub-analyses (I2 = 0-27%; p = ns), except for liver/biliary tissue (I2 = 57%; p = 0.02). In conclusion, based on low-certainty data, Helicobacter species chronic infection is associated with a tripled risk of hepatobiliary tract malignancy. Prospective studies are required to delineate public health interventions.

Improved Trends in the Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios for Liver Cancer in Countries with High Development Index and Health Expenditures

Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Liver cancer has a unique geographical distribution, as its etiologies include chronic viral infections and aging. We hypothesize that the human development index (HDI), current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and CHE-to-gross domestic product ratio (CHE/GDP) influence the incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) of liver cancer worldwide. Data were obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database and the World Health Organization. MIRs and the changes in MIR over time (δMIR) were used to evaluate the correlation of expenditures on healthcare and the HDI disparities via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The crude incidence and mortality were significantly associated with HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP. Specifically, there were significant associations between δMIR and HDI, as well as between δMIR and CHE per capita. However, there were no significant associations between δMIR and CHE/GDP. Evidently, a favorable liver cancer δMIR was not associated with CHE/GDP, although it had a significant association with HDI and CHE per capita. These results are worthy of the attention of public health systems in correlation to improved outcomes in liver cancer.

Arsenic-contaminated drinking water and cholangiocarcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor occurring in bile ducts and associated with dismal outcomes. It can be classified according to anatomical location as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). Although some risk factors have been identified, our understanding of these tumors remains limited. Arsenic (As) is a prevalent toxicant with established associations with bladder, skin and lung cancers while pilot data on its potential carcinogenic role on digestive tumors are emerging. This ecological study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to As-contaminated drinking water and CCA.

METHODS

Analyses were conducted for the US, Taiwan and India due to the quality of publicly available datasets including small area-level information. Statistics included coefficient correlations analyses as well as univariate and multivariate linear regressions.

RESULTS

In the US, no correlation was observed between As and CCA. In Taiwan, correlations were identified for ICC in men (Spearman = 0.55, P = 0.01) and women (Spearman = 0.67, P < 0.01), as well as for ECC in men (Spearman = 0.62, P < 0.01). In India, counties with As level of at least 50 µg/L showed higher incidences of ECC in men ( R2 = 0.26, P = 0.01) and women ( R2 = 0.31, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

These findings highlighted a potential carcinogenic impact of As in drinking water on bile duct cancers, paving the way for future studies aiming to replicate this association with individual data as well as its clinical and ecological implications.

Clonorchis sinensis infection contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression in rat

Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. Whether it also contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. This study explored the potential relationship between C. sinensis infection and HCC. A total of 110 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four treatment groups, the negative control group (NC) received intragastric (i.g.) administration of saline, while the clonorchiasis group (CS) received i.g. administration of 150 C. sinensis metacercariae. The diethylnitrosamine-induced group (DEN) received intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of DEN. The clonorchiasis DEN-induced group (CSDEN) received i.g. administration of 150 C. sinensis metacercariae followed by i.p. administration of DEN. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed for histopathological analysis of the isolated tissues. RNA-seq technology and RT-PCR were employed for gene expression. In the DEN group, 15 rats survived, of which 9 developed liver cirrhosis and 7 developed HCC. In the CSDEN group, all of the 17 surviving rats developed cirrhosis, and 15 showed development of HCC. The incidence of liver cirrhosis and HCC was significantly higher in the CSDEN group than in the DEN group. KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested significant upregulation in inflammation-associated pathways. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR results showed significant upregulation of hepatic progenitor cell markers (CK19, SOX9, EpCAM) in the CS group compared to the NC group, as well as in the CSDEN group compared to the DEN group. Our study suggests that C. sinensis infection increases risk of HCC in a rat model by stimulating proliferation of hepatic progenitor cells.

Establishment and Characterization of a New Human Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line LIV27

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly lethal cancer arising from the biliary tract epithelium. The cancer biology of this neoplasm is not well understood. To date, only a few CCA cell lines have been reported, which were mostly developed from Asian patients. In this study, we report and characterize a new intrahepatic CCA cell line, LIV27, derived from a surgically resected tumor in a 67-year-old Caucasian woman with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). LIV27 cells grow well in collagen-coated flasks or plates with a doubling time of 57.8 h at passage 14. LIV27 cells have high tumorigenicity in nude mice and stain positive for CK7 and CK19, markers that differentiate CCA from hepatocellular carcinoma. Karyotype analysis showed that LIV27 is aneuploid. We established a single-locus short tandem repeat profile for the LIV27 cell line. This newly established cell line will be a useful model for studying the molecular pathogenesis of, and developing novel therapies for, cholangiocarcinoma.

Impact of small duct- and large duct type on survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Results from a German tertiary center

BACKGROUND & AIMS

In recent years, histopathological characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma revealed small duct type (SD-iCCA) and large duct type (LD-iCCA). Data on the prevalence of the subtypes are limited and highly varying. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SD-iCCA and LD-iCCA and their impact on survival for the first time in a European cohort.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients with surgically resected iCCA diagnosed between December 2005 and December 2021 at the University Hospital Frankfurt were analyzed by an expert hepatobiliary pathologist. For overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox-regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS

In total, 116 patients with surgically resected iCCA treated in our tertiary hospital were classified as SD-iCCA (73.3%, n = 85) and LD-iCCA (26.7%, n = 31). Subgroup analyses revealed median OS of 54.4 months (95% CI = 38.3 - 70.4 months) and 25.4 months (95% CI = 15.1 - 35.7 months) for SD-iCCA and LD-iCCA, respectively (p = 0.027). The median PFS for patients receiving gemcitabine-based chemotherapy with SD- and LD-iCCA was 8.4 months (95% CI = 4.7 - 12 months) and 3.3 months (95% CI = 1.8 - 4.7 months), respectively (p = 0.011). While LD-iCCA was as a significant risk factor of OS (HR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1 - 2.8, p = 0.031) in univariate analysis, it was not significant in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

In contrast to data from Asia, SD-iCCA is more prevalent than LD-iCCA in our cohort. LD-iCCA is associated with impaired OS after surgical resection and decreased PFS for patients receiving chemotherapy. These findings may suggest including the histological subtype in clinical routine diagnostics.

Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma in Korea

This study provides an overview of the current status of clonorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), and their relationship in Korea during 2012–2020. Data were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service of Korea. Cluster, trend, and correlation analyses were performed. Gyeongsangnam-do and Seoul had the highest average number of cases (1,026 and 4,208) and adjusted rate (306 and 424) for clonorchiasis and CCA, respectively. The most likely clusters (MLC) for clonorchiasis and CCA were Busan/Gyeongsangnam-do/Ulsan/Daegu/Gyeongsangbuk-do (Relative Risk; RR=4.55, Likelihood Ratio; LLR=9,131.115) joint cluster and Seoul (RR=2.29, LLR=7,602.472), respectively. The MLC for clonorchiasis was in the southeastern part of Korea, while that for CCA was in the southern part. Clonorchiasis showed a decreasing trend in the southeastern districts, while increased in the southwestern districts. Cities in the central region had a decreasing trend, while the western districts had an increasing trend. In most adults (30–59), infection rate of clonorchiasis showed a significant decrease until 2018, while thereafter increased, although not significant. CCA showed a sharply decreasing tendency. The incidence of clonorchiasis and CCA were positively correlated. In general, the correlation was weak (r=0.39, P<0.001), but it was strongly positive around the 4 river basins (r=0.74, P<0.001). This study might provide an analytic basis for developing an effective system against clonorchiasis and CCA.

Changing epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of malignant death in Asia, and Asia reports 72.5% of the world's cases in 2020. As the most common histological type, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of incidence and mortality of liver cancer cases. This review presents the changing epidemiology of HCC in Asian countries in recent years. Globally, aged, male and Asian populations remain the group with the highest risk of HCC. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are still the leading risk factors of HCC with a slight decline in most Asian countries, which is mainly attributed to HBV vaccination of newborns, prevention of HCV horizontal transmission and treatment of chronic hepatitis. However, the prevalence of HCC caused by metabolic factors, including metabolic syndrome, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, is increasing rapidly in Asian countries, which may eventually become the major cause of HCC. Excessive alcohol consumption continues to be an important risk factor as the average consumption of alcohol is still growing. Hopefully, great effort has been made to better prevention and treatment of HCC in most Asian regions, which significantly prolongs the survival of HCC patients. Asian countries tend to use more aggressive intervention than European and American countries, but it remains unclear whether this preference is related to a better prognosis. In conclusion, HCC remains a major disease burden in Asia, and the management of HCC should be adjusted dynamically based on the changing epidemiology.

Roles of microRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs Encoded by Parasitic Helminths in Human Carcinogenesis

Infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites can lead to cancer development. Infection with the helminthic parasite Schistosoma haematobium can cause cancer of the urinary bladder in humans, and infection with the parasites Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini can promote cholangiocarcinoma. These three pathogens have been categorized as “group 1: carcinogenic to humans” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Additionally, the parasite Schistosoma japonicum has been associated with liver and colorectal cancer and classified as “group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans”. These parasites express regulatory non-coding RNAs as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which modulate genic expression in different biological processes. In this review, we discuss the potential roles of miRNAS and lncRNAs encoded by helminthic parasites that are classified by the IARC as carcinogenic and possibly carcinogenic to humans. The miRNAs of these parasites may be involved in carcinogenesis by modulating the biological functions of the pathogen and the host and by altering microenvironments prone to tumor growth. miRNAs were identified in different host fluids. Additionally, some miRNAs showed direct antitumoral effects. Together, these miRNAs show potential for use in future therapeutic and diagnostic applications. LncRNAs have been less studied in these parasites, and their biological effects in the parasite–host interaction are largely unknown.

Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control

Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world’s growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelothricaceae families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomondaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Hafniaceae families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. Opisthorchis spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. Anisakis spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.

Regulatory T cells induce a suppressive immune milieu and promote lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Background

Emerging evidence indicates that immunogenicity plays an important role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Herein, we systematically evaluated the clinical relevance of immunogenicity in ICC.

Methods

Highly immunogenic ICCs identified in the public dataset and the Cancer Immunome Atlas (TCIA) were assessed to determine the prognostic impact of immunogenicity in ICC and key components after curative resection. We also investigated the clinical relevance of the immune milieu in ICC.

Results

Using the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset 89749 and TCIA, we identified CD8⁺/forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)⁺ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A) in highly immunogenic ICCs. Immunohistochemical analysis of the in-house cohort showed that intratumoral FoxP3⁺ TILs correlated with CD8⁺ TILs (P = 0.045, Fisher’s exact test) and that high FoxP3⁺/CD8⁺ ratio (FCR) was an important marker for poor survival (P < 0.001, log-rank test). Furthermore, the FCR was higher in tumour-free lymph nodes in ICCs with lymph node metastases than in those without lymph node metastases (P = 0.003, Mann–Whitney U test).

Conclusions

FCR should be considered an important biomarker that represents the immune environment of ICC based on its potentially important role in tumour progression, especially lymph node metastasis.

Involvement of Epigenomic Factors in Bile Duct Cancer

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of primary liver cancer. Due to its often-silent manifestation, sporadic nature, and typically late clinical presentation, it remains difficult to diagnose and lacks effective nonsurgical therapeutic options. Extensive research aiming in understanding the mechanisms underlying this disease have provided strong evidence for the significance of epigenetics contributing to its onset, progression, and dissemination. This dysregulation in a myriad of signaling pathways, leading to malignancy, spans altered deoxyribonucleic acid and histone methylation, histone acetylation, and chromatin remodeling, as well as genetic modifications in essential genes controlling these epigenetic processes. An advantage to epigenetic modifications is that they, compared with mutations, are reversible and can partially be controlled by inhibiting the responsible enzymatic machinery. This opens novel possibilities for developing new treatment modalities with benefit for CCA patients.In this article, we have reviewed the current status of epigenome modifications described in CCA, including the role of posttranslational histone modifications and chromatin remodeling, as well as novel advances in treatment options.

Targeted Therapies for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is the anatomical sub-group of biliary tract cancer (BTC) arising between the second-order intrahepatic bile ducts and the cystic duct. Together with distal and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA and iCCA; originating distal to, and proximal to this, respectively), gallbladder cancer (GBC) and ampulla of Vater carcinoma (AVC), these clinicopathologically and molecularly distinct entities comprise biliary tract cancer (BTC). Most pCCAs are unresectable at diagnosis, and for those with resectable disease, surgery is extensive, and recurrence is common. Therefore, the majority of patients with pCCA will require systemic treatment for advanced disease. The prognosis with cytotoxic chemotherapy remains poor, driving interest in therapies targeted to the molecular nature of a given patient's cancer. In recent years, the search for efficacious targeted therapies has been fuelled both by whole-genome and epigenomic studies, looking to uncover the molecular landscape of CCA, and by specifically testing for aberrations where established therapies exist in other indications. This review aims to provide a focus on the current molecular characterisation of pCCA, targeted therapies applicable to pCCA, and future directions in applying personalised medicine to this difficult-to-treat malignancy.

Molecular Mechanisms Linking Risk Factors to Cholangiocarcinoma Development

The poor prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma in humans is related to several factors, such as (i) the heterogeneity of the disease, (ii) the late onset of symptoms and (iii) the limited comprehension of the carcinogenic pathways determining neoplastic changes, which all limit the pursuit of appropriate treatment. Several risk factors have been recognized, including different infective, immune-mediated, and dysmorphogenic disorders of the biliary tree. In this review, we report the details of possible mechanisms that lead a specific premalignant pathological condition to become cholangiocarcinoma. For instance, during liver fluke infection, factors secreted from the worms may play a major role in pathogenesis. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, deregulation of histamine and bile-acid signaling may determine important changes in cellular pathways. The study of these molecular events may also shed some light on the pathogenesis of sporadic (unrelated to risk factors) forms of cholangiocarcinoma, which represent the majority (nearly 75%) of cases.

Inflammatory pathways and cholangiocarcinoma risk mechanisms and prevention

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a neoplasm burdened by a poor prognosis and currently lacking adequate therapeutic treatments, can originate at different levels of the biliary tree, in the intrahepatic, hilar, or extrahepatic area. The main risk factors for the development of CCA are the presence of chronic cholangiopathies of various etiology. To date, the most studied prodromal diseases of CCA are primary sclerosing cholangitis, Caroli's disease and fluke infestations, but other conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity, are emerging as associated with an increased risk of CCA development. In this review, we focused on the analysis of the pro-inflammatory mechanisms that induce the development of CCA and on the role of cells of the immune response in cholangiocarcinogenesis. In very recent times, these cellular mechanisms have been the subject of emerging studies aimed at verifying how the modulation of the inflammatory and immunological responses can have a therapeutic significance and how these can be used as therapeutic targets.

Environmental and Lifestyle Risk Factors in the Carcinogenesis of Gallbladder Cancer

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive neoplasm that in an early stage is generally asymptomatic and, in most cases, is diagnosed in advanced stages with a very low life expectancy because there is no curative treatment. Therefore, understanding the early carcinogenic mechanisms of this pathology is crucial to proposing preventive strategies for this cancer. The main risk factor is the presence of gallstones, which are associated with some environmental factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and a high-fat diet. Other risk factors such as autoimmune disorders and bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections have also been described. All these factors can generate a long-term inflammatory state characterized by the persistent activation of the immune system, the frequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the constant production of reactive oxygen species that result in a chronic damage/repair cycle, subsequently inducing the loss of the normal architecture of the gallbladder mucosa that leads to the development of GBC. This review addresses how the different risk factors could promote a chronic inflammatory state essential to the development of gallbladder carcinogenesis, which will make it possible to define some strategies such as anti-inflammatory drugs or public health proposals in the prevention of GBC.

Mast Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangitis and Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholestasis, which is impaired bile flow from the liver into the intestine, can be caused by cholangitis and/or bile duct obstruction. Cholangitis can arise from bacterial infections and cholelithiasis, however, immune-mediated cholangitis in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by a strong immune response targeting the biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Persistent biliary inflammation further represents a risk for biliary neoplasia, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by driving chronic cellular stress in the BECs. Currently, immune-mediated cholangitis is considered a Th1-Th17-dominant disease, however, the presence of Th2-related mast cells (MCs) in tissue samples from PBC, PSC and CCA patients has been described, showing that these MCs are active players in these diseases. Here, we reviewed and discussed experimental and clinical data supporting a pro-fibrotic role for MCs in immune-mediated cholangitis as well as their participation in supporting tumor growth acting as angiogenesis promoters. Thus, although MCs have classically been identified as downstream effectors of Th2 responses in allergies and parasitic infections, evidence suggests that these MCs are relevant players in biliary inflammation and neoplasia. The availability of strategies to prevent MCs’ activation represents a therapeutic opportunity in biliary diseases.

Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analyses to Reveal the Developmental Regulation of Metorchis orientalis: A Neglected Trematode With Potential Carcinogenic Implications

Metorchis orientalis is a neglected zoonotic parasite of the gallbladder and bile duct of poultry, mammals, and humans. It has been widely reported in Asian, including China, Japanese, and Korea, where it is a potential threat to public health. Despite its significance as an animal and human pathogen, there are few published transcriptomic and proteomics data available. Transcriptome Illumina RNA sequencing and label-free protein quantification were performed to compare the gene and protein expression of adult and metacercariae-stage M. orientalis, resulting in 100,234 unigenes and 3,530 proteins. Of these, 13,823 differentially expressed genes and 1,445 differentially expressed proteins were identified in adult versus metacercariae. In total, 570 genes were differentially expressed consistent with the mRNA and protein level in the adult versus metacercariae stage. Differential gene transcription analyses revealed 34,228 genes to be expressed in both stages, whereas 66,006 genes showed stage-specific expression. Compared with adults, the metacercariae stage was highly transcriptional. GO and KEGG analyses based on transcriptome and proteome revealed numerous up-regulated genes in adult M. orientalis related to microtubule-based processes, microtubule motor activity, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The up-regulated genes in metacercariae M. orientalis were mainly related to transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. Transcriptome and proteome comparative analyses showed numerous up-regulated genes in adult stage were mainly enriched in actin filament capping, spectrin, and glucose metabolic process, while up-regulated genes in metacercariae stage were mainly related to cilium assembly, cilium movement, and motile cilium. These results highlight changes in protein and gene functions during the development of metacercariae into adults, and provided evidence for the mechanisms involved in morphological and metabolic changes at both the protein and gene levels. Interestingly, many genes had been proved associated with liver fibrosis and carcinogenic factors were identified highly expressed in adult M. orientalis, which suggests that M. orientalis is a neglected trematode with potential carcinogenic implications. These data provide attractive targets for the development of therapeutic or diagnostic interventions for controlling M. orientalis.

Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles from a liver fluke activates M1-like macrophages and exacerbates biliary injuries

Chronic infection with liver flukes (such as Clonorchis sinensis) can induce severe biliary injuries, which can cause cholangitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. The release of extracellular vesicles by C. sinensis (CsEVs) is of importance in the long-distance communication between the hosts and worms. However, the biological effects of EVs from liver fluke on biliary injuries and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we found that CsEVs induced M1-like activation. In addition, the mice that were administrated with CsEVs showed severe biliary injuries associated with remarkable activation of M1-like macrophages. We further characterized the signatures of miRNAs packaged in CsEVs and identified a miRNA Csi-let-7a-5p, which was highly enriched. Further study showed that Csi-let-7a-5p facilitated the activation of M1-like macrophages by targeting Socs1 and Clec7a; however, CsEVs with silencing Csi-let-7a-5p showed a decrease in proinflammatory responses and biliary injuries, which involved in the Socs1- and Clec7a-regulated NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study demonstrates that Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by CsEVs plays a critical role in the activation of M1-like macrophages and contributes to the biliary injuries by targeting the Socs1- and Clec7a-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, which indicates a mechanism contributing to biliary injuries caused by fluke infection. However, molecules other than Csi-let-7a-5p from CsEVs that may also promote M1-like polarization and exacerbate biliary injuries are not excluded.

Functional activity of blood neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with opisthorchiasis, depending on the severity of liver fibrosis

Aim. To study the activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in patients with opisthorchiasis, depending on the severity of liver fibrosis. Materials and methods. A total of 74 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis (39 men and 35 women, average age 42.3 years) and 32 practically healthy patients (17 men and 15 women, average age 41.5 years) aged 24 to 60 years were examined. Diagnosis of opisthorchiasis was carried out by two methods: coprooscopy and identification of eggs or bodies of adult parasites in duodenal content. Liver fibrosis was determined by the method of elastometry according to the METAVIR scale in all 74 patients with opisthorchiasis. The study of the functional activity of neutrophils in the blood was performed to all 74 patients with opisthorchiasis and 32 healthy individuals from the control group by chemiluminescent analysis with measurement of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production intensity in a spontaneous and zymosan-induced reaction in lucigenin and luminol-dependent processes. Results. Liver fibrosis F2 by METAVIR was registered in 20.3% of the examined individuals, liver fibrosis F3F4 by METAVIR was detected in 17.6% of patients with opisthorchiasis. In patients with opisthorchiasis with liver fibrosis F3F4 by METAVIR, a significant decrease in the functional activity of neutrophilic granulocytes was registered in comparison with individuals with liver fibrosis F0F1 by METAVIR, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the maximum intensity of ROS production (Imax) and the area under the curve (S) chemiluminescence in lucigenin and luminol-dependent processes both in the spontaneous and zymosan-induced reaction. Conclusion. These results provide new information to explain the mechanisms of liver fibrosis in patients opisthorchiasis and create opportunities for the development of diagnostics and preventive technologies.

The Role of microRNAs in Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an aggressive malignancy, is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. It is associated with dismal 5-year postoperative survival rates, generating an urgent need for prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that are associated with cancer regulation, including modulation of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, autophagy, therapy resistance, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Several miRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in CCA and are associated with CCA-related risk factors. Accumulating studies have indicated that the expression of altered miRNAs could act as oncogenic or suppressor miRNAs in the development and progression of CCA and contribute to clinical diagnosis and prognosis prediction as potential biomarkers. Furthermore, miRNAs and their target genes also contribute to targeted therapy development and aid in the determination of drug resistance mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of CCA, their potential use as biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis, and their utilization as novel therapeutic targets in CCA.

Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review

Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).

Indicators of antioxidant status and oxidative stress in opisthorchiasis

Introduction. The  course of  opisthorchiasis is accompanied by clinically diverse symptoms and severe complications up to the development of cholangiocarcinoma. The role of oxidative stress in the development of liver fibrosis is not well understood. Aim. To determine the association of clinical manifestations and indicators of oxidative stress in the blood with liver fibrosis in patients with Opisthorchis felineus invasion.

Materials and methods. We examined 103 patients with chronic opisthorchiasis and 51 practically healthy patients. All patients underwent general clinical examinations, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, elastometry to assess liver fibrosis using the METAVIR system, and the content of malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase in blood serum was determined by the immunoassay method.

Results and discussion. Asthenic-vegetative syndrome, pain in the right hypochondrium, articular syndrome, cytolytic and cholestatic syndromes, hepatomegaly and signs of  chronic cholecystitis were more often detected in  patients with invasion of  Opisthorchis felineus and liver fibrosis F3-F4  according to METAVIR. The  content of  malondialdehyde in  the  blood was 296.5 ng/ml in patients with liver fibrosis F3-F4 according to METAVIR and 69.5 ng/ml in patients with liver fibrosis F0-F1 according to METAVIR (p < 0.001). The content of superoxide dismutase and catalase did not differ significantly in the groups of patients with liver fibrosis F0-F1  according to METAVIR and F3-F4  according to METAVIR, which indicated insufficient effectiveness of antioxidant protection.

Conclusion. The revealed changes indicate the presence in patients with opisthorchiasis of a pronounced association between the severity of the clinical course, the development of biochemical cytolysis syndromes and the severity of liver fibrosis and oxidative stress, which may be a promoter of inflammation, cell DNA damage and carcinogenesis. 

Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Derived IL-6 Determines Unfavorable Prognosis in Cholangiocarcinoma by Affecting Autophagy-Associated Chemoresponse

Simple Summary

We aimed to validate with clinical and molecular data the hypothesis that CAF infiltration and release of IL-6 predict poor prognosis in CCA patients following dysregulation of autophagy in cancer cells. Stromal IL-6 and cancer-cell-associated autophagy proteins were assayed by Tissue MicroArray immunohistochemistry and their expression correlated with overall survival (OS) in a cohort of 70 CCA patients. We found that patients bearing a CCA with low stromal IL-6 and active autophagy flux in the cancer cells have the best prognosis and this correlates with a more effective response to post-operative chemotherapy. A similar trend was observed in CCA patients from the TCGA database. In vitro experiments with primary CAFs isolated from human CCA showed that IL-6 impairs the autophagy-associated apoptotic response to 5-FU in human CCA cells. Stromal IL-6 inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells was confirmed in an animal model of CCA. Our data support a therapeutic strategy that includes drugs limiting the stromal inflammation and enhancing autophagy to improve the survival of CCA patients.

Abstract

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) released by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to associate with the malignant behavior of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Here, we aimed to validate with clinical and molecular data the hypothesis that CAF infiltration and release of IL-6 predict poor prognosis in CCA patients following dysregulation of autophagy in cancer cells. Methods: Stromal IL-6 and cancer-cell-associated autophagy proteins LC3 and p62 were assayed by Tissue MicroArray immunohistochemistry and their expression correlated with overall survival (OS) in a cohort of 70 CCA patients. The 5-FU cytotoxicity and autophagy were determined in CCA cells cultured with CAF-conditioned medium. Results: We show that patients bearing a CCA with low production of stromal IL-6 and active autophagy flux in the cancer cells have the best prognosis and this correlates with a more effective response to post-operative chemotherapy. A similar trend was observed in CCA patients from the TCGA database. In vitro genetic manipulation of IL-6 production by primary CAFs isolated from human CCA showed that IL-6 impairs the autophagy-associated apoptotic response to 5-FU in human CCA cells. Stromal IL-6 inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells was confirmed in an animal model of CCA. Conclusion: Our data support a therapeutic strategy that includes autophagy-enhancing drugs along with adjuvants limiting the stromal inflammation (i.e., the secretion of IL-6) to improve the survival of CCA patients.