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Piña MDLN, León A, Frontera A, Morey J, Bauzá A. Using Hybrid PDI-Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles for Capturing Aliphatic Alcohols: Halogen Bonding vs. Lone Pair-π Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6436. [PMID: 38928142 PMCID: PMC11203483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FeNPs) decorated with halogenated perylene diimides (PDIs) have been used for capturing VOCs (volatile organic compounds) through noncovalent binding. Concretely, we have used tetrachlorinated/brominated PDIs as well as a nonhalogenated PDI as a reference system. On the other hand, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol were used as VOCs. Experimental studies along with theoretical calculations (the BP86-D3/def2-TZVPP level of theory) pointed to two possible and likely competitive binding modes (lone pair-π through the π-acidic surface of the PDI and a halogen bond via the σ-holes at the Cl/Br atoms). More in detail, thermal desorption (TD) experiments showed an increase in the VOC retention capacity upon increasing the length of the alkyl chain, suggesting a preference for the interaction with the PDI aromatic surface. In addition, the tetrachlorinated derivative showed larger VOC retention times compared to the tetrabrominated analog. These results were complemented by several state-of-the-art computational tools, such as the electrostatic surface potential analysis, the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), as well as the noncovalent interaction plot (NCIplot) visual index, which were helpful to rationalize the role of each interaction in the VOC···PDI recognition phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeroni Morey
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain; (M.d.l.N.P.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa km. 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain; (M.d.l.N.P.); (A.L.); (A.F.)
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2
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Zhai S, Jacob DJ, Franco B, Clarisse L, Coheur P, Shah V, Bates KH, Lin H, Dang R, Sulprizio MP, Huey LG, Moore FL, Jaffe DA, Liao H. Transpacific Transport of Asian Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) Observed from Satellite: Implications for Ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9760-9769. [PMID: 38775357 PMCID: PMC11155249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is produced in the atmosphere by photochemical oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx), and it can be transported over long distances at cold temperatures before decomposing thermally to release NOx in the remote troposphere. It is both a tracer and a precursor for transpacific ozone pollution transported from East Asia to North America. Here, we directly demonstrate this transport with PAN satellite observations from the infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI). We reprocess the IASI PAN retrievals by replacing the constant prior vertical profile with vertical shape factors from the GEOS-Chem model that capture the contrasting shapes observed from aircraft over South Korea (KORUS-AQ) and the North Pacific (ATom). The reprocessed IASI PAN observations show maximum transpacific transport of East Asian pollution in spring, with events over the Northeast Pacific offshore from the Western US associated in GEOS-Chem with elevated ozone in the lower free troposphere. However, these events increase surface ozone in the US by less than 1 ppbv because the East Asian pollution mainly remains offshore as it circulates the Pacific High.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixian Zhai
- Earth
and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduation Division of Earth
and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin , Hong Kong SAR, China
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bruno Franco
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clarisse
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Pierre Coheur
- Université
libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric
Remote Sensing, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Viral Shah
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- NOAA
Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories,
& Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Haipeng Lin
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ruijun Dang
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School
of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fred L. Moore
- NOAA Global
Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jaffe
- School
of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, University of Washington, Bothell, Washington 98011, United States
- Department
of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment
and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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3
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Wang Y, Wei J, Hu J, Guo Z, Bai W. Research on the kinetics and degradation pathways of gaseous acetic acid ester organics. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2721-2734. [PMID: 36855898 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2185819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTDesigned to meet the specific needs of the printing industry exhaust gas emissions, this paper proposes a method for the degradation of gaseous acetic acid ester organics that is environmentally friendly, safe, and simple to use: micro-nano cavitation technology. In the process of using micro-nano cavitation technology to degrade acetic acid ester organics, the products in the degradation process were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS) spectrometry, and the degradation pathways of acetic acid ester organics were identified. Under high temperatures and high pressure caused by cavitation collapse, the C-C bond and C-O bond on the main chain of organic matter are cleaved to form low molecular products. Low-molecular intermediate products are continuously produced as the reaction advances, and these intermediate products are further oxidized and decomposed into carbon dioxide and water. Besides, the factors that influence the degradation rate of acetic acid ester organics were investigated. Based on the experimental data, acetic acid esters can degrade with the greatest efficiency when their initial concentration is 200 ± 50 mg/m3 and their treatment time is 20∼30 min. Moreover, the experiment was optimized using the response surface method. The results suggested that for an initial concentration of 155.544 mg/m3 and a reaction time of 21.961 min, the best degradation rate was 0.251 min-1. Micro-nano cavitation technology is a novel and promising technology for the degradation of volatile organic compounds, with a wide range of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Wei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Profit Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Hu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongming Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - William Bai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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4
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Xu T, Nie W, Xu Z, Yan C, Liu Y, Zha Q, Wang R, Li Y, Wang L, Ge D, Chen L, Qi X, Chi X, Ding A. Investigation on the budget of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the Yangtze River Delta: Unravelling local photochemistry and regional impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170373. [PMID: 38286297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a significant indicator of atmospheric photochemical pollution, which can influence the regional distribution of ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (OH) through long-range transport. However, investigations of PAN incorporating comprehensive measurement and explicit modeling analysis are limited, hindering complete understandings of its temporal behavior, sources, and impacts on photochemistry. Here we conducted a 1-year continuous observation of PAN and relative atmospheric species in Nanjing located in Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The annual mean concentration of PAN was 0.62 ± 0.49 ppbv and showed a bimodal monthly variation, peaking in April-June and November-January, respectively. This pattern is different from the typical pattern of photochemistry, suggesting important contributions of other non-photochemical processes. We further analyzed the PAN budget using an observation-based model, by which, PAN from local photochemical production and regional source could be decoupled. Our results revealed that local photochemical production of PAN is the sole contributor to PAN in summer, whereas about half of the total PAN concentration is attributed to regional source in winter. Although the formation of PAN can suppress the atmospheric oxidation capacity by consuming the peroxyacetyl radical and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), our analyses suggested this effect is minor at our station (-3.2 ± 1.1 % in summer and - 7.2 ± 2.8 % in winter for O3 formation). However, it has the potential to enhance O3 and OH formation by 14.16 % and 5.93 %, if transported to cleaner environments with air pollutants halved. Overall, our study highlights the importance of both local photochemistry and regional process in PAN budget and provides a useful evaluation on the impact of PAN on atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China.
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dafeng Ge
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liangduo Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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5
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Tian Y, Jian HM, Liu CY, Gong JC, Li PF, Yang GP. Distribution and influencing factors of atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO x) over the east coast of China in spring: Indication of the sea as a sink of the atmospheric NO x. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116095. [PMID: 38325205 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
An integrated observation of NOx that included coastal cities and oceanic cruises covering the Qingdao coastal waters sites (QDCW) and the Yellow Sea and East China Sea sites (YECS) was conducted in spring. The average concentrations of the coastal cities, the QDCW, and the YECS were 5.4 ± 4.1, 4.2 ± 3.5, and 2.9 ± 6.8 ppb for NO while 18.5 ± 7.2, 9.4 ± 5.2, and 4.9 ± 6.4 ppb for NO2, depicting lowest levels in the open seas. Atmospheric NO and NO2 showed similar spatial variations over the seas, the stations where the air masses originated from land or nearshore regions showed higher levels, but the decisive influencing factors were not the same in the different study areas. The calculated NOx flux value in the YECS (-8.7 × 10-17 mol N cm-2) indicated that the sea surface was a net sink of atmospheric NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China; Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Jian
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Chun-Ying Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Jiang-Chen Gong
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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6
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Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Hui L, Wang M, Xia M, Zou Z, Wei W, Ho KF, Wang Z, Lai S, Zhang Y, Wang T, Lee S. Origin and transformation of volatile organic compounds at a regional background site in Hong Kong: Varied photochemical processes from different source regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168316. [PMID: 37949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important gaseous constituents in the troposphere, impacting local and regional air quality, human health, and climate. Oxidation of VOCs, with the participation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3). Accurately apportioning the emission sources and transformation processes of ambient VOCs, and effectively estimation of OH reactivity and ozone formation potential (OFP) will play an important role in reducing O3 pollution in the atmosphere and improving public health. In this study, field measurements were conducted at a regional background site (Hok Tsui; HT) in Hong Kong from October to November 2020 with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). VOC data coupled with air mass back trajectory cluster analysis and receptor modelling were applied to reveal the pollution pattern, emission sources and transformation of ambient VOCs at HT in autumn 2020. Seven sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely vehicular + industrial, solvent usage, primary oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), secondary OVOCs 1, secondary OVOCs 2 (aged), biogenic emissions, and background + biomass burning. Secondary formation and vehicular + industrial emissions are the vital sources of ambient VOCs at HT supersite, contributing to 20.8 % and 46.7 % of total VOC mixing ratios, respectively. Integrated with backward trajectory analysis and correlations of VOCs with their oxidation products, short-range transport of air masses from inland regions of southeast China brought high levels of total VOCs but longer-range transport of air masses brought more secondary OVOCs in aged air masses. Photolysis of OVOCs was the most important contributor to OH reactivity and OFP, among which aldehyde was the dominant contributor. The results of this study highlight the photochemical processing of VOCs from different source regions which should be considered in strategy making for pollution reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zhouxing Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong.
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7
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Thürkow M, Schaap M, Kranenburg R, Pfäfflin F, Neunhäuserer L, Wolke R, Heinold B, Stoll J, Lupaşcu A, Nordmann S, Minkos A, Butler T. Dynamic evaluation of modeled ozone concentrations in Germany with four chemistry transport models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167665. [PMID: 37816407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Simulating the ozone variability at regional scales using chemistry transport models (CTMs) remains a challenge. We designed a multi-model intercomparison to evaluate, for the first time, four regional CTMs on a national scale for Germany. Simulations were conducted with LOTOS-EUROS, REM-CALGRID, COSMO-MUSCAT and WRF-Chem for January 1st to December 31st, 2019, using prescribed emission information. In general, all models show good performance in the operational evaluation with average temporal correlations of MDA8 O3 in the range of 0.77-0.87 and RMSE values between 16.3 μg m-3 and 20.6 μg m-3. On average, better models' skill has been observed for rural background stations than for the urban background stations as well as for springtime compared to summertime. Our study confirms that the ensemble mean provides a better model-measurement agreement than individual models. All models capture the larger local photochemical production in summer compared to springtime and observed differences between the urban and the rural background. We introduce a new indicator to evaluate the dynamic response of ozone to temperature. During summertime a large ensemble spread in the ozone sensitivities to temperature is found with (on average) an underestimation of the ozone sensitivity to temperature, which can be linked to a systematic underestimation of mid-level ozone concentrations. During springtime we observed an ozone episode that is not covered by the models which is likely due to deficiencies in the representation of background ozone in the models. We recommend to focus on a diagnostic evaluation aimed at the model descriptions for biogenic emissions and dry deposition as a follow up and to repeat the operational and dynamic analysis for longer timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thürkow
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martijn Schaap
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ralf Wolke
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Stoll
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aura Lupaşcu
- RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Nordmann
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Andrea Minkos
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Bhattarai H, Tai APK, Val Martin M, Yung DHY. Impacts of changes in climate, land use, and emissions on global ozone air quality by mid-21st century following selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167759. [PMID: 37832689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant and greenhouse gas with significant risks to human health, vegetation, and climate. Uncertainties around the impacts of various critical factors on O3 is crucial to understand. We used the Community Earth System Model to investigate the impacts of land use and land cover change (LULCC), climate, and emissions on global O3 air quality under selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Our findings show that increasing forest cover by 20 % under SSP1 in East China, Europe, and the eastern US leads to higher isoprene emissions leading 2-5 ppb increase in summer O3 levels. Climate-induced meteorological changes, like rising temperatures, further enhance BVOC emissions and increase O3 levels by 10-20 ppb in urban areas with high NOx levels. However, higher BVOC emissions can reduce O3 levels by 5-10 ppb in remote environments. Future NOx emissions control reduces O3 levels by 5-20 ppb in the US and Europe in all SSPs, but reductions in NOx and changes in oxidant titration increase O3 in southeast China in SSP5. Increased NOx emissions in southern Africa and India significantly elevate O3 levels up to 15 ppb under different SSPs. Climate change is equally important as emissions changes, sometimes countering the benefits of emissions control. The combined effects of emissions, climate, and land cover result in worse O3 air quality in northern India (+40 %) and East China (+20 %) under SSP3 due to anthropogenic NOx and climate-induced BVOC emissions. Over the northern hemisphere, surface O3 decreases due to reduced NOx emissions, although climate and land use changes can increase O3 levels regionally. By 2050, O3 levels in most Asian regions exceed the World Health Organization safety limit for over 150 days per year. Our study emphasizes the need to consider complex interactions for effective air pollution control and management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemraj Bhattarai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P K Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David H Y Yung
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme and Graduate Division of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Zhang H, Tong S, Zhang W, Xu Y, Zhai M, Guo Y, Li X, Wang L, Tang G, Liu Z, Hu B, Liu C, Liu P, Sun X, Mu Y, Ge M. A comprehensive observation on the pollution characteristics of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166852. [PMID: 37717750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a typical secondary photochemical product in the atmospheric environment with significant adverse effects on human health and plant growth. In this study, PAN and other pollutants, as well as meteorological conditions were observed intensively from August to September in 2022 at a typical urban sampling site in Beijing, China. The mean and maximum PAN concentrations during the observation period were 1.00 ± 0.97 ppb and 4.84 ppb, respectively. Severe photochemical pollution occurred during the observation period, with the mean PAN concentration about 3.1 times higher than that during the clean period. There was a good positive correlation between O3 and PAN, and their correlation was higher during the O3 exposure period than that during the clean period. The simulated results by box-model coupled with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) showed that the O3-related reactions were the largest sources of OH radicals during O3 exposure period, which was conducive to the co-contamination of PAN and O3. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) were the largest OVOCs precursors of peroxyacetyl radicals (PA), with the contributions to the total PA generated by OVOCs about 67 % - 83 % and 17 % - 30 %, respectively. The reduction of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and solvent usage has the highest reduction effect on PAN and O3, followed by the control of gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions. This study deepens the understanding of the PAN photochemistry in urban areas with high O3 background conditions and the impact of anthropogenic activities on the photochemical pollution. Meanwhile, the findings of this study highlight the necessity of strengthening anthropogenic emissions control to effectively reduce the co-contamination of PAN and O3 in Beijing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yanyong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Beijing Urban Ecosystem Research Station State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco- Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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10
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Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Yu X, Chen Q, Miao R, Zhou Y, Zhang A, Ye J, Yang X, Tao S, Liu H, Yao W. Dissecting the contributions of organic nitrogen aerosols to global atmospheric nitrogen deposition and implications for ecosystems. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad244. [PMID: 37954202 PMCID: PMC10634623 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of particulate organic nitrogen (ONp) is a significant process in the global nitrogen cycle and may be pivotally important for N-limited ecosystems. However, past models largely overlooked the spatial and chemical inhomogeneity of atmospheric ONp and were thus deficient in assessing global ONp impacts. We constructed a comprehensive global model of atmospheric gaseous and particulate organic nitrogen (ON), including the latest knowledge on emissions and secondary formations. Using this model, we simulated global atmospheric ONp abundances consistent with observations. Our estimated global atmospheric ON deposition was 26 Tg N yr-1, predominantly in the form of ONp (23 Tg N yr-1) and mostly from wildfires (37%), oceans (22%) and aqueous productions (17%). Globally, ONp contributed as much as 40% to 80% of the total N deposition downwind of biomass-burning regions. Atmospheric ONp deposition thus constituted the dominant external N supply to the N-limited boreal forests, tundras and the Arctic Ocean, and its importance may be amplified in a future warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- NationalCenter for Applied Mathematics Shenzhen, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ruqian Miao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Aoxing Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Weiqi Yao
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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11
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Soleimanian E, Wang Y, Li W, Liu X, Griggs T, Flynn J, Walter PJ, Estes MJ. Understanding ozone episodes during the TRACER-AQ campaign in Houston, Texas: The role of transport and ozone production sensitivity to precursors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165881. [PMID: 37517736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated transport pathways and photochemical formation responsible for ozone exceedances during the September 2021 deployment of the Tracking Aerosol Convection Interactions ExpeRiment/Air Quality (TRACER-AQ) campaign in Houston, Texas. We focused on two ozone episodes, September 6th-September 11th ("Episode 1") and September 23rd-September 26th ("Episode 2"), when the maximum daily eight-hour average (MDA8) ozone at surface monitors exceeded 70 ppbv. Long-range transport patterns of air masses during these episodes were from the central/northern US. High-resolution (4 km resolution) trajectory analysis with FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) dispersion model revealed local recirculation of air masses and the accumulation of pollutants across Houston contribute to the ozone exceedances. Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx) driven by 1.33-km resolution meteorology from the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) tool simulated elevated ozone production rates during ozone episodes across the Houston metropolitan area, with ozone production hotspots mostly over Houston city and industrial districts of the Houston Ship Channel (HSC). The regional increase in ozone production rates was due to the transport of VOC-rich air masses (via northerly flows) that brought ozone precursors to the region, which ultimately caused a transition in the ozone formation tendency from generally VOC-limited to NOx-limited conditions. However, the city of Houston and the HSC remained in a VOC-limited regime because of local NOx emissions that, to some extent, preponderated the impact of transported VOCs. While approximately 37 % of the elevated ozone production was attributed to local photochemistry, the remaining ∼63 % increase in ozone production was due to the transported ozone to the region during episodes, bringing ozone to the Houston region and contributing to ozone exceedances. The outcomes of this study illustrated the synergy between transport and ozone production, both long-range and local scale, which resulted in ozone exceedances in Houston.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Soleimanian
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA
| | - Travis Griggs
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA
| | - James Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston 77204, TX, USA
| | - Paul J Walter
- Department of Mathematics, St. Edward's University, Austin 78704, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Estes
- Department of Mathematics, St. Edward's University, Austin 78704, TX, USA
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12
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Baptista A, Villanueva F, Filippi I, Cabañas B, Teruel MA. Assessment of atmospheric levels of carbonyls in an urban environment of Argentina. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140168. [PMID: 37714479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that carbonyl compounds have adverse effects on human health. On the other hand, these oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are precursors of secondary pollutants such as tropospheric ozone or peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN). In particular, formaldehyde, the simplest carbonyl, is the most abundant carbonyl in the air generated from the degradation of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This work presents for the first time the characterization and determination of levels of carbonyl compounds by passive monitoring performed from April-December 2021 in the city of Córdoba, Argentina, the second most populated Mediterranean city located in the center of the country. Annual concentrations, considering the 11 carbonyls measured, were in the range of 0.13-8.75 μgm-3. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the carbonyls detected in the highest annual average concentrations of 4.44 ± 1.75 μgm-3 and 3.85 ± 1.44 μgm-3, respectively. These carbonyls represent a contribution of around 40-57% on total carbonyls measured. Statistical analysis to determine significant differences and Pearson correlations with the meteorological parameters were performed. Spring and summer were found to be the seasons with the highest carbonyl concentration linked to forest fire episodes, especially in springtime. The values for the C1/C2 and C2/C3 ratios showed that sources of carbonyl formation are anthropogenic. In addition, the prop-Equiv concentration was determined, where formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the main producers of tropospheric ozone. The ozone formation potential (OFP) showed that spring and summer are the seasons where carbonyls contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone.This study represents a first approach of the carbonyl concentration in the city and of the influence of meteorological parameters on the behavior of carbonyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baptista
- Laboratorio Universitario de Química y Contaminación del Aire (L.U.Q.C.A), Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (I.N.F.I.Q.C.), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florentina Villanueva
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores S/n, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain; Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Paseo de La Innovación 1, Albacete, 02006, Spain.
| | - Iohanna Filippi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Cabañas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica, Camino de Moledores S/n, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Mariano A Teruel
- Laboratorio Universitario de Química y Contaminación del Aire (L.U.Q.C.A), Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (I.N.F.I.Q.C.), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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13
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Wang Y, Sun M, Qiao X, Feng X, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang J. A WRF-CMAQ modeling of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and source apportionment in Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165033. [PMID: 37355137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), as an essential constituent in the photochemical smog, is formed from photochemical reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx. However, limited regional studies on distribution, formation and sources of PAN restrict the further understanding of the atmospheric behavior and environmental significance of PAN. In this study, the variation characteristics of PAN and the influencing factors to PAN concentrations were investigated using the WRF-CMAQ model simulation in the central China during July 2019. The results showed that the monthly mean concentration of PAN in the near-surface layer was 0.4 ppbv and increased with the height rising, accompanied by strong intra-day variation. The process analysis suggested that the removal was mainly controlled by dry deposition (57 %), followed by the gas-phase chemistry (43 %) which was mainly attributed to the thermal decomposition. Based on the sensitivity simulation, PAN concentrations decreased effectively in most of the simulated regions when precursors of VOCs and NOx emissions were reduced, and PAN concentrations were more sensitive to VOCs emissions than NOx emissions. The reduction of NOx and VOCs could lead to enhanced atmospheric oxidation in east-central region, which in turn hindered the decrease of PAN concentrations. During the simulation period, we found that emissions from industry and transportation sectors had the greatest impact on PAN concentrations in the central China, with contributions of 39 %-49 % and 33 %-41 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing 100161, China
| | - Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Jin X, Fiore AM, Cohen RC. Space-Based Observations of Ozone Precursors within California Wildfire Plumes and the Impacts on Ozone-NO x-VOC Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14648-14660. [PMID: 37703172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of wildfires in the western United States has escalated in recent decades. Here we examine the impacts of wildfires on ground-level ozone (O3) precursors and the O3-NOx-VOC chemistry from the source to downwind urban areas. We use satellite retrievals of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (HCHO, an indicator of VOC) from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to track the evolution of O3 precursors from wildfires over California from 2018 to 2020. We improved these satellite retrievals by updating the a priori profiles and explicitly accounting for the effects of smoke aerosols. TROPOMI observations reveal that the extensive and intense fire smoke in 2020 led to an overall increase in statewide annual average HCHO and NO2 columns by 16% and 9%. The increase in the level of NO2 offsets the anthropogenic NOx emission reduction from the COVID-19 lockdown. The enhancement of NO2 within fire plumes is concentrated near the regions actively burning, whereas the enhancement of HCHO is far-reaching, extending from the source regions to urban areas downwind due to the secondary production of HCHO from longer-lived VOCs such as ethene. Consequently, a larger increase in NOx occurs in NOx-limited source regions, while a greater increase in HCHO occurs in VOC-limited urban areas, both contributing to more efficient O3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Arlene M Fiore
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Qiao X, Sun M, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhao B, Zhang J. Strong relations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation to alkene and nitrous acid during various episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121465. [PMID: 36958651 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is one of the critical secondary pollutants in photochemical smog. This study investigated the relationship between PAN and PAN precursors with the Regional Atmospheric Chemical Mechanism version 2 model in six episodes recorded in Zhengzhou. In all episodes, peroxyacetyl radical (PA) was primarily produced by acetaldehyde oxidation, with more than 70% contributions. In photochemical episodes and photochemical-haze co-occurring episodes (combined episodes), methylglyoxal secondarily contributes 8.1%-10.6% to PA while in haze pollution, the propagation of other radicals to PA is the second most important source (12.0%-19.1%). Among anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons, alkene restricted PAN formation as first-generation precursors, with the relative incremental reactivity of PAN (RIRPAN) more than 0.6 during three-type episodes. Nitrous acid (HONO) also played important role in PAN formation. Especially during photochemical episodes, RIRPAN(HONO) reached 0.79, which was comparable to the RIRPAN value of alkene. Through sensitivity analysis of the relative formation of PAN to O3 (the amount of PAN generated when 100 ppb O3 formed), HONO was identified as the key precursor of PAN in haze pollution by promoting the oxidation of NMHC, while alkene predominated the relative formation of PAN to O3 in photochemical and combined pollution through producing acetaldehyde. The sensitivity of PAN to HONO is obviously enhanced with higher NOx/VOC ratios during photochemical and combined pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Qiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Beijing Ecological Environment Assessment and Complaints Center, Beijing, 100161, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School for Environment and Sustainability and Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Xue T, Chen L, Li K, Lei B, Wang H, Dong F, Yang Y. Highly Enhanced Photocatalytic NO Removal and Inhibited Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation in Synergistic Acetaldehyde Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8174-8182. [PMID: 37199463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of NO and CH3CHO in the air is considered to produce secondary peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) under sunlight irradiation, threatening the ecological environment and public health. Herein, we provide a simple strategy for the photocatalytic removal of NO and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) on Sr2Sb2O7. In comparison with the single removal, the nearly complete removal of NO is reached by deep oxidation to NO3- with the assistance of CH3CHO. The underlying mechanism is revealed by GC-MS, in situ DRIFTS, and density functional theory calculations. The intermediates •CH3 from CH3CHO and NO2- from NO tend to bond and further oxidize to CH3ONO2, thus promoting NO removal. CH3NO2 and CH3ONO2 are the key products instead of PAN on Sr2Sb2O7 from the synergistic degradation of NO and CH3CHO. This work brings new insights into reaction pathway regulation for promoting performance and suppressing byproducts during synergistic air pollutant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Lvcun Chen
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Kanglu Li
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ben Lei
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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17
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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18
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Wang Y, Liu T, Gong D, Wang H, Guo H, Liao M, Deng S, Cai H, Wang B. Anthropogenic Pollutants Induce Changes in Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation Intensity and Pathways in a Mountainous Background Atmosphere in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6253-6262. [PMID: 37017935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mountainous background areas are typically considered to have a clean atmosphere where peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) can be decomposed. This study demonstrated that PAN was photochemically formed with a simulated production rate of 0.28 ± 0.06 ppbv h-1 in the Nanling mountains (1690 m a.s.l.) of South China and that net PAN formation was dependent on both volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx precursors (transition regime). In contrast to dominated acetaldehyde oxidation in previous urban and rural research, PAN at Nanling was primarily formed by methylglyoxal (38%), acetaldehyde (28%), radicals (20%), and other oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (13%). Moreover, when polluted air masses invaded the Nanling mountains, the PAN production rate was altered, primarily because anthropogenic aromatics intensified PAN formation via the oxidized pathways of methylglyoxal, other OVOCs, and radicals. Finally, net PAN formation at Nanling reduced the hydroxyl radical level by consuming NOx, impaired local radical cycling, and thereby suppressed local O3 production. This suppressing effect was exacerbated on polluted days. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of PAN photochemistry and the impact of anthropogenic intrusions on the background atmosphere of mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Land and Space, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minping Liao
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huang Cai
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China
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19
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Pai SJ, Heald CL, Coe H, Brooks J, Shephard MW, Dammers E, Apte JS, Luo G, Yu F, Holmes CD, Venkataraman C, Sadavarte P, Tibrewal K. Compositional Constraints are Vital for Atmospheric PM 2.5 Source Attribution over India. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2432-2445. [PMID: 36303716 PMCID: PMC9590233 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
India experiences some of the highest levels of ambient PM2.5 aerosol pollution in the world. However, due to the historical dearth of in situ measurements, chemical transport models that are often used to estimate PM2.5 exposure over the region are rarely evaluated. Here, we conduct a novel model comparison with speciated airborne measurements of fine aerosol, revealing large biases in the ammonium and nitrate simulations. To address this, we incorporate process-level changes to the model and use satellite observations from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to constrain ammonia and nitrogen oxide emissions. The resulting simulation demonstrates significantly lower bias (NMBModified: 0.19; NMBBase: 0.61) when validated against the airborne aerosol measurements, particularly for the nitrate (NMBModified: 0.08; NMBBase: 1.64) and ammonium simulation (NMBModified: 0.49; NMBBase: 0.90). We use this validated simulation to estimate a population-weighted annual PM2.5 exposure of 61.4 μg m-3, with the RCO (residential, commercial, and other) and energy sectors contributing 21% and 19%, respectively, resulting in an estimated 961,000 annual PM2.5-attributable deaths. Regional exposure and sectoral source contributions differ meaningfully in the improved simulation (compared to the baseline simulation). Our work highlights the critical role of speciated observational constraints in developing accurate model-based PM2.5 aerosol source attribution for health assessments and air quality management in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant J. Pai
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hugh Coe
- Centre
for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - James Brooks
- Centre
for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mark W. Shephard
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., North York, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Enrico Dammers
- Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., North York, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- Climate,
Air and Sustainability, Netherlands Organization
for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- School
of Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, California 94704, United States
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric
Sciences Research Center, University at
Albany, 1220 Washington Ave., Albany, New York 12226, United
States
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric
Sciences Research Center, University at
Albany, 1220 Washington Ave., Albany, New York 12226, United
States
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department
of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 1011 Academic Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United
States
| | - Chandra Venkataraman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Main Building, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability
Studies (IASS), Berliner
Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kushal Tibrewal
- Interdisciplinary
Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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20
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Insights into the Redox and Structural Properties of CoOx and MnOx: Fundamental Factors Affecting the Catalytic Performance in the Oxidation Process of VOCs. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) abatement has become imperative nowadays due to their harmful effect on human health and on the environment. Catalytic oxidation has appeared as an innovative and promising approach, as the pollutants can be totally oxidized at moderate operating temperatures under 500 °C. The most active single oxides in the total oxidation of hydrocarbons have been shown to be manganese and cobalt oxides. The main factors affecting the catalytic performances of several metal-oxide catalysts, including CoOx and MnOx, in relation to the total oxidation of hydrocarbons have been reviewed. The influence of these factors is directly related to the Mars–van Krevelen mechanism, which is known to be applied in the case of the oxidation of VOCs in general and hydrocarbons in particular, using transitional metal oxides as catalysts. The catalytic behaviors of the studied oxides could be closely related to their redox properties, their nonstoichiometric, defective structure, and their lattice oxygen mobility. The control of the structural and textural properties of the studied metal oxides, such as specific surface area and specific morphology, plays an important role in catalytic applications. A fundamental challenge in the development of efficient and low-cost catalysts is to choose the criteria for selecting them. Therefore, this research could be useful for tailoring advanced and high-performance catalysts for the total oxidation of VOCs.
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21
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Li Q, Gong D, Wang H, Wang Y, Han S, Wu G, Deng S, Yu P, Wang W, Wang B. Rapid increase in atmospheric glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau: Potential sources and implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153782. [PMID: 35183643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (Mgly) are the intermediate products of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as the precursors of brown carbon and may play key roles in photochemical pollution and regional climate change in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, their sources and atmospheric behaviors in the TP remain unclear. During the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research in the summer of 2020, the concentrations of Gly (0.40 ± 0.30 ppbv) and Mgly (0.57 ± 0.16 ppbv) observed in Lhasa, the most densely populated city in the TP, had increased by 20 and 15 times, respectively, compared to those measured a decade previously. Owing to the strong solar radiation, secondary formations are the dominant sources of both Gly (71%) and Mgly (62%) in Lhasa. In addition, primary anthropogenic sources also play important roles by emitting Gly and Mgly directly and providing abundant precursors (e.g., aromatics). During ozone pollution episodes, local anthropogenic sources (industries, vehicles, solvent usage, and combustion activities) contributed up to 41% and 45% in Gly and Mgly levels, respectively. During non-episode periods, anthropogenic emissions originating from the south of Himalayas also have non-negligible contributions. Our results suggest that in the previous decade, anthropogenic emissions have elevated the levels of Gly and Mgly in the TP dramatically. This study has important implications for understanding the impact of human activities on air quality and climate change in this ecologically fragile area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gengchen Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Wenlu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
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22
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Investigation of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) Ozone in East Asia. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The concept of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) ozone has emerged in recent years to address the air quality baseline on the theoretical limits of air pollution controls. In this study, the influence of Long-range Transport (LRT) of air pollutants from North America and the effect of Stratosphere-Troposphere Transport (STT) on PRB ozone was investigated using GEOS-Chem coupled WRF-CMAQ modelling system. Four distinct seasons in 2006 were simulated to understand better the seasonal and geographical impacts of these externalities on PRB ozone over East Asia (EA). Overall, the LRT impact from North America has been found to be ~0.54 ppbv, while the maximum impacts were found at the mountain stations with values of 2.3 ppbv, 3.3 ppbv, 2.3 ppbv, and 3.0 ppbv for January, April, July, and October, respectively. In terms of PRB ozone, the effect of STT has enhanced the surface background ozone by ~3.0 ppbv, with a maximum impact of 7.8 ppbv found in the northeastern part of East Asia (near Korea and Japan). Springtime (i.e., April) has the most vital STT signals caused by relatively cold weather and unstable atmospheric condition resulting from the transition of the monsoon season. The simulated PRB ozone based on the mean values of the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) is 53 ppbv for spring (April) and 22 ppbv for summer (July). Up to ~1.0 ppbv and ~2.2 ppbv of MDA8 ozone were attributed to LRT and STT, respectively. Among the selected cities, Beijing and Guangzhou have received the most substantial anthropogenic enhancement in MDA8 ozone in summer, ranging from 40.0 ppbv to 56.0 ppbv.
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23
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Frampton MW, Balmes JR, Bromberg PA, Arjomandi M, Hazucha MJ, Thurston SW, Alexis NE, Ganz P, Zareba W, Koutrakis P, Thevenet-Morrison K, Rich DQ. Effects of short-term increases in personal and ambient pollutant concentrations on pulmonary and cardiovascular function: A panel study analysis of the Multicenter Ozone Study in oldEr subjects (MOSES 2). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112522. [PMID: 34919956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular effects of ozone exposure are unclear. Using measurements from the 87 participants in the Multicenter Ozone Study of oldEr Subjects (MOSES), we examined whether personal and ambient pollutant exposures before the controlled exposure sessions would be associated with adverse changes in pulmonary and cardiovascular function. METHODS We used mixed effects linear regression to evaluate associations between increased personal exposures and ambient pollutant concentrations in the 96 h before the pre-exposure visit, and 1) biomarkers measured at pre-exposure, and 2) changes in biomarkers from pre-to post-exposure. RESULTS Decreases in pre-exposure forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were associated with interquartile-range increases in concentrations of particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) 1 h before the pre-exposure visit (-0.022 L; 95% CI -0.037 to -0.006; p = 0.007), carbon monoxide (CO) in the prior 3 h (-0.046 L; 95% CI -0.076 to -0.016; p = 0.003), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the prior 72 h (-0.030 L; 95% CI -0.052 to -0.008; p = 0.007). From pre-to post-exposure, increases in FEV1 were marginally significantly associated with increases in personal ozone exposure (0.010 L; 95% CI 0.004 to 0.026; p = 0.010), and ambient PM2.5 and CO at all lag times. Ambient ozone concentrations in the prior 96 h were associated with both decreased pre-exposure high frequency (HF) heart rate variability (HRV) and increases in HF HRV from pre-to post-exposure. CONCLUSIONS We observed associations between increased ambient PM2.5, NO2, and CO levels and reduced pulmonary function, and increased ambient ozone concentrations and reduced HRV. Pulmonary function and HRV increased across the exposure sessions in association with these same pollutant increases, suggesting a "recovery" during the exposure sessions. These findings support an association between short term increases in ambient PM2.5, NO2, and CO and decreased pulmonary function, and increased ambient ozone and decreased HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Frampton
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - J R Balmes
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P A Bromberg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Arjomandi
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M J Hazucha
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S W Thurston
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N E Alexis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Ganz
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Zareba
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P Koutrakis
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - D Q Rich
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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24
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Li X, Zhang C, Zhao X, Li Y, He Z, Liu P, Liu C, Liu J, Zhang Y, Mu Y. Abiotic degradation of field wheat straw as a notable source of atmospheric carbonyls in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151366. [PMID: 34740656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds (carbonyls) play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry, but their atmospheric sources are not fully identified. Here we show unexpectedly high carbonyl emissions from extensive field returning wheat straw over the North China Plain (NCP). The emission rates of carbonyls exhibit distinct diurnal variations with the noontime peak value of total carbonyls greater than 135 μg∙kg-1 (dry straw weight) ∙h-1. The carbonyl emission is mainly attributed to biomass abiotic degradation processes that are affected by air temperature and sunlight intensity. Given that the photolysis of carbonyls is the major primary source of ROx radicals in the troposphere, carbonyl emissions would lead to increasing atmospheric oxidants. The mean daytime O3 concentration over the NCP increases by 12.3% when coupling carbonyl emissions from wheat straw with the current emission inventory through the model simulation. It might be one of the important reasons for the occurrence of the most serious O3 pollution in June when winter wheat is intensively harvested in the region. Further studies are warranted to explore the influence of field returning wheat straw on regional air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Urban Meteorology, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanzhao Li
- Wuxi CAS Photonics Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhouming He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Anav A, De Marco A, Collalti A, Emberson L, Feng Z, Lombardozzi D, Sicard P, Verbeke T, Viovy N, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118690. [PMID: 34921939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a threat to forests by decreasing photosynthesis and, consequently, influencing the strength of land carbon sink. However, due to the lack of continuous surface O3 measurements, observational-based assessments of O3 impacts on forests are largely missing at hemispheric to global scales. Currently, some metrics are used for regulatory purposes by governments or national agencies to protect forests against the negative impacts of ozone: in particular, both Europe and United States (US) makes use of two different exposure-based metrics, i.e. AOT40 and W126, respectively. However, because of some limitations in these metrics, a new standard is under consideration by the European Union (EU) to replace the current exposure metric. We analyse here the different air quality standards set or proposed for use in Europe and in the US to protect forests from O3 and to evaluate their spatial and temporal consistency while assessing their effectiveness in protecting northern-hemisphere forests. Then, we compare their results with the information obtained from a complex land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We find that present O3 uptake decreases gross primary production (GPP) in 37.7% of the NH forested area of northern hemisphere with a mean loss of 2.4% year-1. We show how the proposed US (W126) and the currently used European (AOT40) air quality standards substantially overestimate the extension of potential vulnerable regions, predicting that 46% and 61% of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forested area are at risk of O3 pollution. Conversely, the new proposed European standard (POD1) identifies lower extension of vulnerability regions (39.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory. Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Verbeke
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Zhu Q, Bi J, Liu X, Li S, Wang W, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Satellite-Based Long-Term Spatiotemporal Patterns of Surface Ozone Concentrations in China: 2005-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27004. [PMID: 35138921 PMCID: PMC8827621 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although short-term ozone (O3) exposure has been associated with a series of adverse health outcomes, research on the health effects of chronic O3 exposure is still limited, especially in developing countries because of the lack of long-term exposure estimates. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of monthly mean daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentrations in China from 2005 to 2019 at a 0.05° spatial resolution. METHODS We developed a machine learning model with a satellite-derived boundary-layer O3 column, O3 precursors, meteorological conditions, land-use information, and proxies of anthropogenic emissions as predictors. RESULTS The random, spatial, and temporal cross-validation R2 of our model were 0.87, 0.86, and 0.76, respectively. Model-predicted spatial distribution of ground-level O3 concentrations showed significant differences across seasons. The highest summer peak of O3 occurred in the North China Plain, whereas southern regions were the most polluted in winter. Most large urban centers showed elevated O3 levels, but their surrounding suburban areas may have even higher O3 concentrations owing to nitrogen oxides titration. The annual trend of O3 concentrations fluctuated over 2005-2013, but a significant nationwide increase was observed afterward. DISCUSSION The present model had enhanced performance in predicting ground-level O3 concentrations in China. This national data set of O3 concentrations would facilitate epidemiological studies to investigate the long-term health effect of O3 in China. Our results also highlight the importance of controlling O3 in China's next round of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiong Liu
- Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shenshen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Rate Constants and Branching Ratios for the Self-Reaction of Acetyl Peroxy (CH3C(O)O2•) and Its Reaction with CH3O2. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The self-reaction of acetylperoxy radicals (CH3C(O)O2•) (R1) as well as their reaction with methyl peroxy radicals (CH3O2•) (R2) have been studied using laser photolysis coupled to a selective time resolved detection of three different radicals by cw-CRDS in the near-infrared range: CH3C(O)O2• was detected in the Ã-X˜ electronic transition at 6497.94 cm−1, HO2• was detected in the 2ν1 vibrational overtone at 6638.2 cm−1, and CH3O2• radicals were detected in the Ã-X˜ electronic transition at 7489.16 cm−1. Pulsed photolysis of different precursors at different wavelengths, always in the presence of O2, was used to generate CH3C(O)O2• and CH3O2• radicals: acetaldehyde (CH3CHO/Cl2 mixture or biacetyle (CH3C(O)C(O)CH3) at 351 nm, and acetone (CH3C(O)CH3) or CH3C(O)C(O)CH3 at 248 nm. From photolysis experiments using CH3C(O)C(O)CH3 or CH3C(O)CH3 as precursor, the rate constant for the self-reaction was found with k1 = (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10−11 cm3s−1, in good agreement with current recommendations, while the rate constant for the cross reaction with CH3O2• was found to be k2 = (2.0 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3s−1, which is nearly two times faster than current recommendations. The branching ratio of (R2) towards the radical products was found at 0.67, compared with 0.9 for the currently recommended value. Using the reaction of Cl•-atoms with CH3CHO as precursor resulted in radical profiles that were not reproducible by the model: secondary chemistry possibly involving Cl• or Cl2 might occur, but could not be identified.
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Kumar V, Sinha V. Season-wise analyses of VOCs, hydroxyl radicals and ozone formation chemistry over north-west India reveal isoprene and acetaldehyde as the most potent ozone precursors throughout the year. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131184. [PMID: 34146869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain is the agricultural cereal-basket of India owing to its prolific wheat and rice production. Surface ozone pollution is of growing concern over it, yet no detailed year-round in-situ measurements of its most reactive precursors, particularly the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are available from this region. Here, using the first year-long continuous measurements of 23 major VOCs, ozone, NOx, CO and their atmospheric oxidation products from a regionally representative site in north-west India, we evaluated speciated OH reactivities (OHR), ozone formation potential (OFP) and ozone production regimes (OPR) across all seasons. The average seasonal OHR ranged from 14 s-1 (winter) to 21.5 s-1 (summer). We provide the first estimate of OH radical mixing ratios varying between 0.06 and 0.37 ppt in different seasons for the peak daytime hours in this region. Recycling via HO2+NO was the most important pathway contributing to >85% of the OH production throughout the year. Contrary to satellite derived proxies and chemical transport models which predict NOx sensitive OPR, we show it to be strongly sensitive to both VOCs and NOx (>90% days in a year). Remarkably for densely populated regions, isoprene and acetaldehyde collectively accounted for ~30-50% of the total OFP in all seasons. Biogenic emissions of isoprene (reaching 12.9 mg/m2/h) and high acetaldehyde from anthropogenic and photochemical sources were observed for all seasons. Monitoring and control of isoprene and acetaldehyde are therefore urgently required for efforts focused on mitigating surface ozone pollution in this demographically important region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Qu H, Wang Y, Zhang R, Liu X, Huey LG, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Shao M, Hu M, Tan Z, Fuchs H, Broch S, Wahner A, Zhu T, Zhang Y. Chemical Production of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds Strongly Enhances Boundary-Layer Oxidation Chemistry and Ozone Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13718-13727. [PMID: 34623137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) produces a primary source of free radicals, including OH and inorganic and organic peroxy radicals (HO2 and RO2), consequently increasing photochemical ozone production. The amplification of radical cycling through OVOC photolysis provides an important positive feedback mechanism to accelerate ozone production. The large production of OVOCs near the surface helps promote photochemistry in the whole boundary layer. This amplifier effect is most significant in regions with high nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOC concentrations such as Wangdu, China. Using a 1-D model with comprehensive observations at Wangdu and the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), we find that OVOC photolysis is the largest free-radical source in the boundary layer (46%). The condensed chemistry mechanism we used severely underestimates the OVOC amplifier effect in the boundary layer, resulting in a lower ozone production rate sensitivity to NOx emissions. Due to this underestimation, the model-simulated threshold NOx emission value, below which ozone production decreases with NOx emission decrease, is biased low by 24%. The underestimated OVOC amplifier effect in a condensed mechanism implies a low bias in the current 3-D model-estimated efficacy of NOx emission reduction on controlling ozone in polluted urban and suburban regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruixiong Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lewis Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Sebastian Broch
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Abstract
An accelerating global energy demand, paired with the harmful environmental effects of fossil fuels, has triggered the search for alternative, renewable energy sources. Biofuels are arguably a potential renewable energy source in the transportation industry as they can be used within current infrastructures and require less technological advances than other renewable alternatives, such as electric vehicles and nuclear power. The literature suggests biofuels can negatively impact food security and production; however, this is dependent on the type of feedstock used in biofuel production. Advanced biofuels, derived from inedible biomass, are heavily favoured but require further research and development to reach their full commercial potential. Replacing fossil fuels by biofuels can substantially reduce particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, but simultaneously increase emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), resulting in debates concerning the way biofuels should be implemented. The potential biofuel blends (FT-SPK, HEFA-SPK, ATJ-SPK and HFS-SIP) and their use as an alternative to kerosene-type fuels in the aviation industry have also been assessed. Although these fuels are currently more costly than conventional aviation fuels, possible reduction in production costs has been reported as a potential solution. A preliminary study shows that i-butanol emissions (1.8 Tg/year) as a biofuel can increase ozone levels by up to 6% in the upper troposphere, highlighting a potential climate impact. However, a larger number of studies will be needed to assess the practicalities and associated cost of using the biofuel in existing vehicles, particularly in terms of identifying any modifications to existing engine infrastructure, the impact of biofuel emissions, and their chemistry on the climate and human health, to fully determine their suitability as a potential renewable energy source.
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Sun M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zheng X, Cui J, Zhang D, Zhang J, Zhang R. Seasonal discrepancies in peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and its correlation with ozone and PM 2.5: Effects of regional transport from circumjacent industrial cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147303. [PMID: 33933769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is the most important reservoir of nitrogen oxides, with effects on atmospheric oxidation capacity and regional nitrogen distribution. The first yearlong observational study of PAN was conducted from September 2018 to August 2019 at a suburban site and an urban site in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, central China. Compared with studies over the past two decades, summer PAN pollution at the suburban site and winter PAN pollution at both sites were more significant, with annual average concentrations of 1.96 ± 1.44 and 2.01 ± 1.59 ppbv, respectively. Seasonal PAN discrepancies between the urban and suburban areas were analyzed in detail. Active PAN formation, regional transport, photochemical precursors, and PAN lifetime played key roles during seasons with elevated PAN (winter and spring). According to the results of cluster analysis and potential source contribution function analysis, during the cold months, short-distance air mass transport from the east, south, and southeast of Henan Province and southern Hebei Province increased PAN pollution in urban Zhengzhou. PAN source areas were located in circumjacent industrial cities surrounding Zhengzhou except in the northeastern direction. Based on the relationships between pollutant concentrations, wind speed, and wind direction, a strong positive correlation between PAN and PM2.5 (and O3) existed in winter due to their joint transport. A slow-moving, low-height air mass passed through surrounding industrial cities before reaching the study area, carrying both pollutants and leading to strong consistency between PAN and O3 levels. The long-term PAN characteristics described in this study will help clarify the causes of regional air pollution in inland city agglomerations. Moreover, the PAN correlations and joint transport of PAN and PM2.5 (or O3) support the use of PAN as an indicator of air pollution introduced from surrounding industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaochen Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jia'nan Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Link MF, Farmer DK, Berg T, Flocke F, Ravishankara AR. Measuring Photodissociation Product Quantum Yields Using Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Ketones. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6836-6844. [PMID: 34324344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of photolysis quantum yields are challenging because of the difficulties in measuring the first-generation photodissociation products, interference from other products or contaminants, sufficient photon fluxes and/or low absorption cross sections of the photolyte to make detectable amounts of products, and quantification of the photon flux. In the case of acetone (and other atmospherically relevant ketones) the uncertainty in the photolysis quantum yield creates uncertainty in the calculated OH radical and acyl peroxy nitrate production in the atmosphere. We present a new method for determining photodissociation product quantum yields by measuring acyl peroxy radicals (RC(O)O2) produced in the photolysis of ketones in air using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). We show good agreement of our CIMS method with previously published quantum yields of the acyl radical from photolysis of biacetyl and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 254 nm. Additionally, we highlight the capabilities of this CIMS method through the measurement of photolysis branching ratios for MEK. We suggest future applications of CIMS (in the laboratory and field) to measure RC(O)O2 and associated photolysis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Tyson Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Frank Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - A R Ravishankara
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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33
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Atmospheric Impacts of COVID-19 on NOx and VOC Levels over China Based on TROPOMI and IASI Satellite Data and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China was the first country to undergo large-scale lockdowns in response to the pandemic in early 2020 and a progressive return to normalization after April 2020. Spaceborne observations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), including formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), reveal important changes over China in 2020, relative to 2019, in response to the pandemic-induced shutdown and the subsequent drop in pollutant emissions. In February, at the peak of the shutdown, the observed declines in OVOC levels were generally weaker (less than 20%) compared to the observed NO2 reductions (−40%). In May 2020, the observations reveal moderate decreases in NO2 (−15%) and PAN (−21%), small changes in CHOCHO (−3%) and HCHO (6%). Model simulations using the regional model MAGRITTEv1.1 with anthropogenic emissions accounting for the reductions due to the pandemic explain to a large extent the observed changes in lockdown-affected regions. The model results suggest that meteorological variability accounts for a minor but non-negligible part (~−5%) of the observed changes for NO2, whereas it is negligible for CHOCHO but plays a more substantial role for HCHO and PAN, especially in May. The interannual variability of biogenic and biomass burning emissions also contribute to the observed variations, explaining e.g., the important column increases of NO2 and OVOCs in February 2020, relative to 2019. These changes are well captured by the model simulations.
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Liu Y, Shen H, Mu J, Li H, Chen T, Yang J, Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Meng H, Dong C, Wang W, Xue L. Formation of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and its impact on ozone production in the coastal atmosphere of Qingdao, North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146265. [PMID: 33714821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), acting as a relatively long-lived reservoir for both NOx and radicals, plays a crucial role in ozone (O3) formation in the troposphere. However, its quantitative impacts on radical concentrations and O3 production were rarely studied in the coastal atmosphere. In this study, ambient concentrations of PAN, O3, and related species were simultaneously measured from October 5 to November 10, 2018 (autumn), and July 14 to August 24, 2019 (summer) at a rural coastal site in Qingdao, North China. The formation mechanism of PAN and its impact on in-situ O3 production were explored with an observation-based chemical box model. Photochemical formation of PAN and O3 was controlled by both NOx and VOCs, and acetaldehyde and methylglyoxal were the main contributors to PAN formation. However, the sensitivities of PAN to precursors were larger than that of O3 in autumn while smaller in summer, which was mainly caused by the rapid decomposition of PAN at high temperatures. Zero-out sensitivity simulation showed that PAN could either promote or inhibit the in-situ O3 formation by affecting the radical chemistry. It tended to suppress O3 production by competing with precursors and terminating radical chain reactions under low-NOx and low-ROx circumstances but enhanced O3 production by supplying RO2 radicals under conditions with sufficient NOx. This study provides some new complementary insights into the formation mechanism of PAN and its impacts on O3 production, and has implications for the formulation of control policy to mitigate regional photochemical pollution in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Jiangshan Mu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Hongyong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Can Dong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Ji'nan Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Ji'nan, Shandong 250000, China.
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Keller CA, Knowland KE, Duncan BN, Liu J, Anderson DC, Das S, Lucchesi RA, Lundgren EW, Nicely JM, Nielsen E, Ott LE, Saunders E, Strode SA, Wales PA, Jacob DJ, Pawson S. Description of the NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 13:e2020MS002413. [PMID: 34221240 PMCID: PMC8244029 DOI: 10.1029/2020ms002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Goddard Earth Observing System composition forecast (GEOS-CF) system is a high-resolution (0.25°) global constituent prediction system from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). GEOS-CF offers a new tool for atmospheric chemistry research, with the goal to supplement NASA's broad range of space-based and in-situ observations. GEOS-CF expands on the GEOS weather and aerosol modeling system by introducing the GEOS-Chem chemistry module to provide hindcasts and 5-days forecasts of atmospheric constituents including ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The chemistry module integrated in GEOS-CF is identical to the offline GEOS-Chem model and readily benefits from the innovations provided by the GEOS-Chem community. Evaluation of GEOS-CF against satellite, ozonesonde and surface observations for years 2018-2019 show realistic simulated concentrations of O3, NO2, and CO, with normalized mean biases of -0.1 to 0.3, normalized root mean square errors between 0.1-0.4, and correlations between 0.3-0.8. Comparisons against surface observations highlight the successful representation of air pollutants in many regions of the world and during all seasons, yet also highlight current limitations, such as a global high bias in SO2 and an overprediction of summertime O3 over the Southeast United States. GEOS-CF v1.0 generally overestimates aerosols by 20%-50% due to known issues in GEOS-Chem v12.0.1 that have been addressed in later versions. The 5-days forecasts have skill scores comparable to the 1-day hindcast. Model skills can be improved significantly by applying a bias-correction to the surface model output using a machine-learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Keller
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - K. Emma Knowland
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | | | - Junhua Liu
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Daniel C. Anderson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Sampa Das
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Robert A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | | | - Julie M. Nicely
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkLanhamMDUSA
| | - Eric Nielsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | | | - Emily Saunders
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - Sarah A. Strode
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Pamela A. Wales
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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Zhang G, Jing S, Xu W, Gao Y, Yan C, Liang L, Huang C, Wang H. Simultaneous observation of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone in the megacity of Shanghai, China: Regional transport and thermal decomposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116570. [PMID: 33529905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone (O3) are two typical indicators for photochemical pollution that have adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. Observation networks for these pollutants have been expanding in developed regions of China, such as North China Plain (NCP) and Pearl River Delta (PRD), but are sparse in Yangtze River Delta (YRD), meaning their concentration and influencing factors remain poorly understood. Here, we performed a one-year measurement of atmospheric PAN, O3, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and meteorological parameters from December 2016 to November 2017 in Shanghai. Overall, high hourly maximum PAN and O3 were found to be 7.0 and 185 ppbv in summer, 6.2 and 146 ppbv in autumn, 5.8 and 137 ppbv in spring, and 6.0 and 76.7 ppbv in winter, respectively. Continental air masses probably carried atmospheric pollutants to the sampling site, while frequent maritime winds brought in less polluted air masses. Furthermore, positive correlations (R: 0.72-0.85) between PAN and O3 were found in summer, indicating a predominant role of photochemistry in their formation. Unlike in summer, weak or no correlations between PAN and O3 were featured during the other seasons, especially in winter, due to their different loss pathways. Unexpectedly, positive correlations between PAN and PM2.5 were found in all seasons. During summer, moderate correlation could be attributed to the strong photochemistry acting as a common driver in the formation of secondary aerosols and PAN. During winter, high PM2.5 might promote PAN production through HONO production, hence resulting in a good positive correlation. Additionally, the loss of PAN by thermal decomposition (TPAN) only accounted for a small fraction (ca. 1%) of the total (PAN + TPAN) during a typical winter episode, while it significantly reached 14.4 ppbv (71.1% of the total) in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Xu W, Zhang G, Wang Y, Tong S, Zhang W, Ma Z, Lin W, Kuang Y, Yin L, Xu X. Aerosol Promotes Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Formation During Winter in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3568-3581. [PMID: 33656863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator for photochemical pollution, formed similar to ozone in the photochemistry of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and has displayed surprisingly high concentrations during wintertime that were better correlated to particulate rather than ozone concentrations, for which the reasons remained unknown. In this study, wintertime observations of PAN, VOCs, PM2.5, HONO, and various trace gases were investigated to find the relationship between aerosols and wintertime PAN formation. Wintertime photochemical pollution was affirmed by the high PAN concentrations (average: 1.2 ± 1.1 ppb, maximum: 7.1 ppb), despite low ozone concentrations. PAN concentrations were determined by its oxygenated VOC (OVOC) precursor concentrations and the NO/NO2 ratios and can be well parameterized based on the understanding of their chemical relationship. Data analysis and box modeling results suggest that PAN formation was mostly contributed by VOC aging processes involving OH oxidation or photolysis rather than ozonolysis pathways. Heterogeneous reactions on aerosols have supplied key photochemical oxidants such as HONO, which produced OH radicals upon photolysis, promoting OVOC formation and thereby enhancing PAN production, explaining the observed PM2.5-OVOC-PAN intercorrelation. In turn, parts of these OVOCs might participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, further aggravating haze pollution as a feedback. Low wintertime temperatures enable the long-range transport of PAN to downwind regions, and how that will impact their oxidation capacity and photochemical pollution requires further assessment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Li K, Jacob DJ, Liao H, Qiu Y, Shen L, Zhai S, Bates KH, Sulprizio MP, Song S, Lu X, Zhang Q, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lee HC, Kuk SK. Ozone pollution in the North China Plain spreading into the late-winter haze season. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015797118. [PMID: 33649215 PMCID: PMC7958175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015797118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface ozone is a severe air pollution problem in the North China Plain, which is home to 300 million people. Ozone concentrations are highest in summer, driven by fast photochemical production of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) that can overcome the radical titration caused by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fuel combustion. Ozone has been very low during winter haze (particulate) pollution episodes. However, the abrupt decrease of NOx emissions following the COVID-19 lockdown in January 2020 reveals a switch to fast ozone production during winter haze episodes with maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations of 60 to 70 parts per billion. We reproduce this switch with the GEOS-Chem model, where the fast production of ozone is driven by HOx radicals from photolysis of formaldehyde, overcoming radical titration from the decreased NOx emissions. Formaldehyde is produced by oxidation of reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have very high emissions in the North China Plain. This remarkable switch to an ozone-producing regime in January-February following the lockdown illustrates a more general tendency from 2013 to 2019 of increasing winter-spring ozone in the North China Plain and increasing association of high ozone with winter haze events, as pollution control efforts have targeted NOx emissions (30% decrease) while VOC emissions have remained constant. Decreasing VOC emissions would avoid further spreading of severe ozone pollution events into the winter-spring season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China;
| | - Yulu Qiu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Lu Shen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kelvin H Bates
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Melissa P Sulprizio
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Shaojie Song
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Xiao Lu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Keun Kuk
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
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39
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Lag Variables in Nitrogen Oxide Concentration Modelling: A Case Study in Wrocław, Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unwavering interest of both residents and authorities in the air quality of urban agglomerations, we pose the following question in this paper: What impact do current and past meteorological factors and traffic flow intensity have on air quality? What is the impact of lagged variables on the fit of an explanation model, and how do they affect its ability to predict? We focused on NO2 and NOx concentrations, and conducted this research using hourly data from the city of Wrocław (western Poland) from 2015 to 2017; we used multi-objective optimization to determine the optimal delays. It turned out that for both NO2 and NOx, the past values for traffic flow, wind speed, and sunshine duration are more important than the current ones. We built random forest models on each of the pollutants for both the current and past values and discovered that including a lagged variable increases the resulting R2 from 0.51 to 0.56 for NO2 and from 0.46 to 0.52 for NOx. We also analyzed the feature importance in each model, and found that for NO2, a wind speed delay of more than three hours causes a significant decrease, while the importance of relative humidity increases with a seven-hour delay; likewise, wind speed increases the importance for NOx prediction with a two-hour delay. We concluded that, in pollutant concentration modeling, the possibility of a delayed effect of the independent variables should always be considered, because it can significantly increase the performance of the model and suggest unexpected relationships or dependencies.
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40
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Canaval E, Millet DB, Zimmer I, Nosenko T, Georgii E, Partoll EM, Fischer L, Alwe HD, Kulmala M, Karl T, Schnitzler JP, Hansel A. Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 1:44. [PMID: 33615239 PMCID: PMC7894407 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted from the biosphere into the atmosphere, and may strengthen the defense mechanisms of plants against oxidative and thermal stress. Once in the atmosphere, isoprene is rapidly oxidized, either to isoprene-hydroxy-hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) at low levels of nitrogen oxides, or to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein at high levels. Here we combine uptake rates and deposition velocities that we obtained in laboratory experiments with observations in natural forests to show that 1,2-ISOPOOH deposits rapidly into poplar leaves. There, it is converted first to cytotoxic MVK and then most probably through alkenal/ one oxidoreductase (AOR) to less toxic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This detoxification process is potentially significant globally because AOR enzymes are ubiquitous in terrestrial plants. Our simulations with a global chemistry-transport model suggest that around 6.5 Tg yr- of MEK are re-emitted to the atmosphere. This is the single largest MEK source presently known, and recycles 1.5% of the original isoprene flux. Eddy covariance flux measurements of isoprene and MEK over different forest ecosystems confirm that MEK emissions can reach 1-2% those of isoprene. We suggest that detoxification processes in plants are one of the most important sources of oxidized volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Canaval
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tetyana Nosenko
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Partoll
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hariprasad D Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Archibald AT, Turnock ST, Griffiths PT, Cox T, Derwent RG, Knote C, Shin M. On the changes in surface ozone over the twenty-first century: sensitivity to changes in surface temperature and chemical mechanisms. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190329. [PMID: 32981436 PMCID: PMC7536040 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show using a state-of-the-art Earth system model, UKESM1, that emissions and climate scenario depending, there could be large changes in surface ozone by the end of the twenty-first century, with unprecedentedly large increases over South and East Asia. We also show that statistical modelling of the trends in future ozone works well in reproducing the model output between 1900 and 2050. However, beyond 2050, and especially under large climate change scenarios, the statistical model results are in poorer agreement with the fully interactive Earth system model output. This suggests that additional processes occurring in the Earth system model such as changes in the production of ozone at higher temperatures or changes in the influx of ozone from the stratosphere, which are not captured by the statistical model, have a first order impact on the evolution of surface ozone over the twenty-first century. We show in a series of idealized box model simulations, with two different chemical schemes, that changes in temperature lead to diverging responses between the schemes. This points at the chemical mechanisms as being a source of uncertainty in the response of ozone to changes in temperature, and so climate, in the future. This underscores the need for more work to be performed to better understand the response of ozone to changes in temperature and constrain how well this relationship is simulated in models. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
- NCAS-Climate, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
| | | | - Paul T. Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
- NCAS-Climate, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
| | - Tony Cox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
| | | | - Christoph Knote
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333 München, Deutschland
| | - Matthew Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Qu Y, Chen Y, Yu R, Xue C, Yang R, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Wang J, Ye C, Zhao H, Sun Q, Wang Z, An J. Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:81-87. [PMID: 32563490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the ROx (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%-150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%-50% enhancements in the areas around 35-40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruipeng Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Can Ye
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiangqiang Sun
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Qinghai Climate Center, Qinghai Meteorological Bureau, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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43
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Travis KR, Heald CL, Allen HM, Apel EC, Arnold SR, Blake DR, Brune WH, Chen X, Commane R, Crounse JD, Daube BC, Diskin GS, Elkins JW, Evans MJ, Hall SR, Hintsa EJ, Hornbrook RS, Kasibhatla PS, Kim MJ, Luo G, McKain K, Millet DB, Moore FL, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Sherwen T, Thames AB, Ullmann K, Wang X, Wennberg PO, Wolfe GM, Yu F. Constraining remote oxidation capacity with ATom observations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7753-7781. [PMID: 33688335 PMCID: PMC7939060 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The global oxidation capacity, defined as the tropospheric mean concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), controls the lifetime of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO). Models tend to underestimate the methane lifetime and CO concentrations throughout the troposphere, which is consistent with excessive OH. Approximately half of the oxidation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is thought to occur over the oceans where oxidant chemistry has received little validation due to a lack of observational constraints. We use observations from the first two deployments of the NASA ATom aircraft campaign during July-August 2016 and January-February 2017 to evaluate the oxidation capacity over the remote oceans and its representation by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The model successfully simulates the magnitude and vertical profile of remote OH within the measurement uncertainties. Comparisons against the drivers of OH production (water vapor, ozone, and NO y concentrations, ozone photolysis frequencies) also show minimal bias, with the exception of wintertime NO y . The severe model overestimate of NO y during this period may indicate insufficient wet scavenging and/or missing loss on sea-salt aerosols. Large uncertainties in these processes require further study to improve simulated NO y partitioning and removal in the troposphere, but preliminary tests suggest that their overall impact could marginally reduce the model bias in tropospheric OH. During the ATom-1 deployment, OH reactivity (OHR) below 3 km is significantly enhanced, and this is not captured by the sum of its measured components (cOHRobs) or by the model (cOHRmod). This enhancement could suggest missing reactive VOCs but cannot be explained by a comprehensive simulation of both biotic and abiotic ocean sources of VOCs. Additional sources of VOC reactivity in this region are difficult to reconcile with the full suite of ATom measurement constraints. The model generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonality of cOHRobs but underestimates the contribution of oxygenated VOCs, mainly acetaldehyde, which is severely underestimated throughout the troposphere despite its calculated lifetime of less than a day. Missing model acetaldehyde in previous studies was attributed to measurement uncertainties that have been largely resolved. Observations of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) provide new support for remote levels of acetaldehyde. The underestimate in both model acetaldehyde and PAA is present throughout the year in both hemispheres and peaks during Northern Hemisphere summer. The addition of ocean sources of VOCs in the model increases cOHRmod by 3% to 9% and improves model-measurement agreement for acetaldehyde, particularly in winter, but cannot resolve the model summertime bias. Doing so would require 100 Tg yr-1 of a long-lived unknown precursor throughout the year with significant additional emissions in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Improving the model bias for remote acetaldehyde and PAA is unlikely to fully resolve previously reported model global biases in OH and methane lifetime, suggesting that future work should examine the sources and sinks of OH over land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James W. Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J. Hintsa
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fred L. Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander B. Thames
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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44
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Sorooshian A, Corral AF, Braun RA, Cairns B, Crosbie E, Ferrare R, Hair J, Kleb MM, Mardi AH, Maring H, McComiskey A, Moore R, Painemal D, Jo Scarino A, Schlosser J, Shingler T, Shook M, Wang H, Zeng X, Ziemba L, Zuidema P. Atmospheric Research Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean Region and North American East Coast: A Review of Past Work and Challenges Ahead. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031626. [PMID: 32699733 PMCID: PMC7375207 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decades of atmospheric research have focused on the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) region because of its unique location that offers accessibility for airborne and ship measurements, gradients in important atmospheric parameters, and a range of meteorological regimes leading to diverse conditions that are poorly understood. This work reviews these scientific investigations for the WNAO region, including the East Coast of North America and the island of Bermuda. Over 50 field campaigns and long-term monitoring programs, in addition to 715 peer-reviewed publications between 1946 and 2019 have provided a firm foundation of knowledge for these areas. Of particular importance in this region has been extensive work at the island of Bermuda that is host to important time series records of oceanic and atmospheric variables. Our review categorizes WNAO atmospheric research into eight major categories, with some studies fitting into multiple categories (relative %): Aerosols (25%), Gases (24%), Development/Validation of Techniques, Models, and Retrievals (18%), Meteorology and Transport (9%), Air-Sea Interactions (8%), Clouds/Storms (8%), Atmospheric Deposition (7%), and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions (2%). Recommendations for future research are provided in the categories highlighted above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel A. Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brian Cairns
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | | | | | | | - Ali Hossein Mardi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | | | - David Painemal
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Amy Jo Scarino
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA
| | - Joseph Schlosser
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | | | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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45
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Buysse CE, Kaulfus A, Nair U, Jaffe DA. Relationships between Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Nitrogen Oxides during Urban Smoke Events in the Western US. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12519-12528. [PMID: 31597429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution is influenced by the transport of wildfire smoke but observed impacts are highly variable. We investigate O3 impacts from smoke in 18 western US cities during July-September, 2013-2017, with ground-based monitoring data from air quality system sites, using satellite-based hazard mapping system (HMS) fire and smoke product to identify overhead smoke. We present four key findings. First, O3 and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter) are elevated at nearly all sites on days influenced by smoke, with the greatest mean enhancement occurring during multiday smoke events; nitrogen oxides (NOx) are not consistently elevated across all sites. Second, PM2.5 and O3 exhibit a nonlinear relationship such that O3 increases with PM2.5 at low to moderate 24 h PM2.5, peaks around 30-50 μg m-3, and declines at higher PM2.5. Third, the rate of increase of morning O3 is higher and NO/NO2 ratios are lower on smoke-influenced days, which could result from additional atmospheric oxidants in smoke. Fourth, while the HMS product is a useful tool for identifying smoke, O3 and PM2.5 are elevated on days before and after HMS-identified smoke events implying that a significant fraction of smoke events is not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Buysse
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Aaron Kaulfus
- Department of Atmospheric Science , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Udaysankar Nair
- Department of Atmospheric Science , University of Alabama in Huntsville , Huntsville , Alabama 35899 , United States
| | - Daniel A Jaffe
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
- School of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics , University of Washington-Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98011 , United States
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46
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Zeng L, Fan GJ, Lyu X, Guo H, Wang JL, Yao D. Atmospheric fate of peroxyacetyl nitrate in suburban Hong Kong and its impact on local ozone pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1910-1919. [PMID: 31227349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important reservoir of atmospheric nitrogen, modulating reactive nitrogen cycle and ozone (O3) formation. To understand the origins of PAN, a field measurement was conducted at Tung Chung site (TC) in suburban Hong Kong from October to November 2016. The average level of PAN was 0.63 ± 0.05 ppbv, with a maximum of 7.30 ppbv. Higher PAN/O3 ratio (0.043-0.058) was captured on episodes, i.e. when hourly maximum O3 exceeded 80 ppbv, than on non-episodes (0.01), since O3 production was less efficient than PAN when there was an elevation of precursors (i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide (NOx)). Model simulations revealed that oxidations of acetaldehyde (65.3 ± 2.3%), methylglyoxal (MGLY, 12.7 ± 1.2%) and other oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (8.0 ± 0.6%), and radical cycling (12.2 ± 0.8%) were the major production pathways of peroxyacetyl (PA) radical, while local PAN formation was controlled by both VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Among all VOC species, carbonyls made the highest contribution (59%) to PAN formation, followed by aromatics (26%) and biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) (10%) through direct oxidation/decomposition. Besides, active VOCs (i.e. carbonyls, aromatics, BVOCs and alkenes/alkynes) could stimulate hydroxyl (OH) production, thus indirectly facilitating the PAN formation. Apart from primary emissions, carbonyls were also generated from oxidation of first-generation precursors, i.e., hydrocarbons, of which xylenes contributed the most to PAN production. Furthermore, PAN formation suppressed local O3 formation at a rate of 2.84 ppbv/ppbv, when NO2, OH and hydroperoxy (HO2) levels decreased and nitrogen monoxide (NO) value enhanced. Namely, O3 was reduced by 2.84 ppbv per ppbv PAN formation. Net O3 production rate was weakened (∼36%) due to PAN photochemistry, so as each individual production and loss pathway. The findings advanced our knowledge of atmospheric PAN and its impact on O3 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Gang-Jie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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47
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Wang S, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills A, Emmons LK, Tilmes S, Lamarque JF, Jimenez JL, Campuzano-Jost P, Nault BA, Crounse JD, Wennberg PO, Ryerson TB, Thompson CR, Peischl J, Moore F, Nance D, Hall B, Elkins J, Tanner D, Gregory Huey L, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS, Flocke FM, Ray E, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, St.Clair J, Commane R, Daube B, Barletta B, Blake DR, Weinzierl B, Dollner M, Conley A, Vitt F, Wofsy SC, Riemer DD. Atmospheric Acetaldehyde: Importance of Air-Sea Exchange and a Missing Source in the Remote Troposphere. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 46:5601-5613. [PMID: 32606484 PMCID: PMC7325730 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report airborne measurements of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) during the first and second deployments of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom). The budget of CH3CHO is examined using the Community Atmospheric Model with chemistry (CAM-chem), with a newly-developed online air-sea exchange module. The upper limit of the global ocean net emission of CH3CHO is estimated to be 34 Tg a-1 (42 Tg a-1 if considering bubble-mediated transfer), and the ocean impacts on tropospheric CH3CHO are mostly confined to the marine boundary layer. Our analysis suggests that there is an unaccounted CH3CHO source in the remote troposphere and that organic aerosols can only provide a fraction of this missing source. We propose that peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is an ideal indicator of the rapid CH3CHO production in the remote troposphere. The higher-than-expected CH3CHO measurements represent a missing sink of hydroxyl radicals (and halogen radical) in current chemistry-climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Advanced Study Program (ASP), National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Alan Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Louisa K. Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Benjamin A. Nault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Fred Moore
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - David Nance
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Brad Hall
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - James Elkins
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - David Tanner
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - L. Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - John J. Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Geoff S. Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Eric Ray
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Jason St.Clair
- Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Róisín Commane
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964
| | - Bruce Daube
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine; CA 92697
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine; CA 92697
| | - Bernadett Weinzierl
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Maximilian Dollner
- Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Andrew Conley
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Francis Vitt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder CO, 80301
| | - Steven C. Wofsy
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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49
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Cheramangalath Balan R, Rajakumar B. Photo-Oxidation Reaction Kinetics and Mechanistics of 4-Hydroxy-2-butanone with Cl Atoms and OH Radicals in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4342-4353. [PMID: 31026164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of 4-hydroxy-2-butanone (4H2BN) with Cl atoms and OH radicals were explored experimentally using relative rate technique and computational methods. The concentrations of the reactants as well as products were followed using gas chromatography (GC) with the flame ionization detector, GC/mass spectrometry, and GC/infrared spectroscopy as analytical techniques. Formaldehyde was obtained as the major product during the title reaction. The kinetics of 4H2BN with Cl atoms and OH radicals were measured over the temperature range of 298-363 K at 760 Torr in the N2 atmosphere using C3H8, C2H4, isopropanol, and n-propanol as reference compounds. The temperature-dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of 4H2BN with Cl atoms and OH radicals were obtained as kExpt( T) = [(1.52 ± 0.86) × 10-26] T5 exp[(2474 ± 450)/ T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and kexpt( T) = [(2.09 ± 0.24) × 10-12] exp[-(409 ± 15)/ T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. Theoretical calculations were carried out at the M062X/6-31G(d,p) and M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theories, and the rate coefficients for H abstraction reactions were evaluated using the canonical variational transition state theory with the inclusion of small-curvature tunneling correction over the temperature range of 200-400 K. The rate coefficients obtained over the studied temperature range were used to fit the data, and the Arrhenius expression was obtained to be kCl(Theory) (200-400 K) = (6.10 × 10-25) T4.42 exp(2397/ T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, kOH(Theory) (200-400 K) = (1.13 × 10-19) T2.27 exp(1505/ T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively, for the reactions of Cl atoms and OH radicals with 4H2BN. The possible reaction mechanism proposed based on the obtained products for the title reaction, thermochemistry, branching ratios, and atmospheric implications and cumulative lifetime of 4H2BN were also explored in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Rajakumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
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50
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Zhang B, Zhao B, Zuo P, Huang Z, Zhang J. Influencing factors and prediction of ambient Peroxyacetyl nitrate concentration in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 77:189-197. [PMID: 30573082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) are important secondary pollutants in ground-level atmosphere. Accurate prediction of atmospheric pollutant concentrations is crucial to guide effective precautions for before and during specific pollution events. In this study, four models based on the back-propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) methods were used to predict the hourly average PAN concentrations at Peking University, Beijing, in 2014. The model inputs were atmospheric pollutant data and meteorological parameters. Model 3 using a BP-ANN based on the original variables achieved the best prediction results among the four models, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.7089, mean bias error of -0.0043 ppb, mean absolute error of 0.4836 ppb, root mean squared error of 0.5320 ppb, and Willmott's index of agreement of 0.8214. Based on a comparison of the performance indices of the MLR and BP-ANN models, we concluded that the BP-ANN model was able to capture the highly non-linear relationships between PAN concentration and the conventional atmospheric pollutant and meteorological parameters, providing more accurate results than the traditional MLR models did, with a markedly higher goodness of R. The selected meteorological and atmospheric pollutant parameters described a sufficient amount of PAN variation, and thus provided satisfactory prediction results. More specifically, the BP-ANN model performed very well for capturing the variation pattern when PAN concentrations were low. The findings of this study address some of the existing knowledge gaps in this research field and provide a theoretical basis for future regional air pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bu Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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