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Achebak H, Garatachea R, Pay MT, Jorba O, Guevara M, Pérez García-Pando C, Ballester J. Geographic sources of ozone air pollution and mortality burden in Europe. Nat Med 2024; 30:1732-1738. [PMID: 38830993 PMCID: PMC11186783 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) is a harmful air pollutant formed in the atmosphere by the interaction between sunlight and precursor gases. Exposure to current O3 levels in Europe is a major source of premature mortality from air pollution. However, mitigation actions have been mainly designed and implemented at the national and regional scales, lacking a comprehensive assessment of the geographic sources of O3 pollution and its associated health impacts. Here we quantify both national and imported contributions to O3 and their related mortality burden across 813 contiguous regions in 35 European countries, representing about 530 million people. Imported O3 contributed to 88.3% of all O3-attributable deaths (intercountry range 83-100%). The greatest share of imported O3 had its origins outside the study domain (that is, hemispheric sources), which was responsible for 56.7% of total O3-attributable mortality (range 42.5-87.2%). It was concluded that achieving the air-quality guidelines set out by the World Health Organization and avoiding the health impacts of O3 require not only the implementation of national or coordinated pan-European actions but also global strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Achebak
- Inserm, France Cohortes, Paris, France.
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - María Teresa Pay
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Jorba
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Thürkow M, Schaap M, Kranenburg R, Pfäfflin F, Neunhäuserer L, Wolke R, Heinold B, Stoll J, Lupaşcu A, Nordmann S, Minkos A, Butler T. Dynamic evaluation of modeled ozone concentrations in Germany with four chemistry transport models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167665. [PMID: 37816407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Simulating the ozone variability at regional scales using chemistry transport models (CTMs) remains a challenge. We designed a multi-model intercomparison to evaluate, for the first time, four regional CTMs on a national scale for Germany. Simulations were conducted with LOTOS-EUROS, REM-CALGRID, COSMO-MUSCAT and WRF-Chem for January 1st to December 31st, 2019, using prescribed emission information. In general, all models show good performance in the operational evaluation with average temporal correlations of MDA8 O3 in the range of 0.77-0.87 and RMSE values between 16.3 μg m-3 and 20.6 μg m-3. On average, better models' skill has been observed for rural background stations than for the urban background stations as well as for springtime compared to summertime. Our study confirms that the ensemble mean provides a better model-measurement agreement than individual models. All models capture the larger local photochemical production in summer compared to springtime and observed differences between the urban and the rural background. We introduce a new indicator to evaluate the dynamic response of ozone to temperature. During summertime a large ensemble spread in the ozone sensitivities to temperature is found with (on average) an underestimation of the ozone sensitivity to temperature, which can be linked to a systematic underestimation of mid-level ozone concentrations. During springtime we observed an ozone episode that is not covered by the models which is likely due to deficiencies in the representation of background ozone in the models. We recommend to focus on a diagnostic evaluation aimed at the model descriptions for biogenic emissions and dry deposition as a follow up and to repeat the operational and dynamic analysis for longer timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Thürkow
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martijn Schaap
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Kranenburg
- TNO, Department Climate, Air and Sustainability, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ralf Wolke
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Stoll
- TROPOS, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aura Lupaşcu
- RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stephan Nordmann
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Andrea Minkos
- UBA, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- FUB, Institute of Meteorology, Freie Universität Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, 12165 Berlin, Germany; RIFS Potsdam, Research Institute for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Berlinerstraße 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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3
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Petetin H, Guevara M, Garatachea R, López F, Oliveira K, Enciso S, Jorba O, Querol X, Massagué J, Alastuey A, Pérez García-Pando C. Assessing ozone abatement scenarios in the framework of the Spanish ozone mitigation plan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165380. [PMID: 37429468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary air pollutant that affects human health, vegetation and climate, especially in Mediterranean countries such as Spain. In order to tackle this long-standing issue, the Spanish government recently started to design the Spanish O3 Mitigation Plan. To support this initiative and ultimately provide recommendations, we performed a first ambitious emission and air quality modeling exercise. This study presents the development of different emission scenarios - aligned with or beyond the measures planned for 2030 in Spain - and the modeling of their respective impact on the O3 pollution across Spain (in July 2019) with both MONARCH and WRF-CMAQ air quality models. The modeling experiments include a base case scenario, a so-called planned emission (PE) scenario integrating the expected emission changes related to 2030, and a set of specific emission scenarios in which additional emission changes are applied to specific sectors (on e.g., road transport, maritime traffic) on top of the PE scenario. The planned emission scenario considerably reduces daily 8-h maximum O3 concentrations (-4 μg/m3 on average), with strongest reductions in Madrid region, north of Catalonia, Valencia region, Galicia and Andalusia. The frequency of observed daily exceedances of the 120 μg/m3 daily 8-h maximum target value and 180 μg/m3 hourly information threshold could be reduced by -37 and -77 %, respectively. The results of the specific scenarios highlight road transport and maritime traffic as two key emission sectors contributing to O3 pollution, over the entire country and the Mediterranean coast, respectively, while solvent use and industry emissions have a more limited and localized impact on O3. In any case, even with the implementation of all the emission scenarios, daily exceedances of the aforementioned thresholds will still be recorded over the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, UPC, Manresa 08242, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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4
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de la Paz D, Borge R, de Andrés JM, Tovar L, Sarwar G, Napelenok SL. Summertime tropospheric ozone source apportionment study in the Madrid region (Spain). ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 24:4949-4972. [PMID: 38846712 PMCID: PMC11151812 DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-4949-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The design of emission abatement measures to effectively reduce high ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations in urban areas is very complex. In addition to the strongly non-linear chemistry of this secondary pollutant, precursors can be released by a variety of sources in different regions, and locally produced O3 is mixed with that transported from the regional or continental scales. All of these processes depend also on the specific meteorological conditions and topography of the study area. Consequently, high-resolution comprehensive modeling tools are needed to understand the drivers of photochemical pollution and to assess the potential of local strategies to reduce adverse impacts from high tropospheric O3 levels. In this study, we apply the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ v5.3.2) model to investigate the origin of summertime O3 in the Madrid region (Spain). Consistent with previous studies, our results confirm that O3 levels are dominated by non-local contributions, representing around 70 % of mean values across the region. Nonetheless, precursors emitted by local sources, mainly road traffic, play a more important role during O3 peaks, with contributions as high as 25 ppb. The potential impact of local measures is higher under unfavorable meteorological conditions associated with regional accumulation patterns. These findings suggest that this modeling system may be used in the future to simulate the potential outcomes of specific emission abatement measures to prevent high-O3 episodes in the Madrid metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David de la Paz
- Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel de Andrés
- Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Tovar
- Laboratory of Environmental Modelling, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (UPM), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Golam Sarwar
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Sergey L. Napelenok
- Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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5
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Baker KR, Simon H, Henderson B, Tucker C, Cooley D, Zinsmeister E. Source-Receptor Relationships Between Precursor Emissions and O 3 and PM 2.5 Air Pollution Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14626-14637. [PMID: 37721376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced complexity tools that provide a representation of both primarily emitted particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), secondarily formed PM2.5, and ozone (O3) allow for a quick assessment of many iterations of pollution control scenarios. Here, a new reduced complexity tool, Pattern Constructed Air Pollution Surfaces (PCAPS), that estimates annual average PM2.5 and seasonal average maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) O3 for any source location in the United States is described and evaluated. Typically, reduced complexity tools are not evaluated for skill in predicting change in air pollution by comparison with more sophisticated modeling systems. Here, PCAPS was compared against multiple types of emission control scenarios predicted with state-of-the-science photochemical grid models to provide confidence that the model is realistically capturing the change in air pollution due to changing emissions. PCAPS was also applied with all anthropogenic emissions sources for multiple retrospective years to predict PM2.5 chemical components for comparison against routine surface measurements. PCAPS predicted similar magnitudes and regional variations in spatial gradients of measured chemical components of PM2.5. Model performance for capturing ambient measurements was consistent with other reduced complexity tools. PCAPS also did well at capturing the magnitude and spatial features of changes predicted by photochemical transport models for multiple emissions scenarios for both O3 and PM2.5. PCAPS is a flexible tool that provides source-receptor relationships using patterns of air quality gradients from a training data set of generic modeled sources to create interpolated air pollution gradients for new locations not part of the training database. The flexibility provided for both sources and receptors makes this tool ideal for integration into larger frameworks that provide emissions changes and need estimates of air quality to inform downstream analytics, which often includes an estimate of monetized health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk R Baker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Heather Simon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Barron Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Colby Tucker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - David Cooley
- Abt Associates, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Emma Zinsmeister
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
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Massagué J, Escudero M, Alastuey A, Mantilla E, Monfort E, Gangoiti G, García-Pando CP, Querol X. Spatiotemporal variations of tropospheric ozone in Spain (2008-2019). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107961. [PMID: 37216837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to support the development of Spain's Ozone Mitigation Plan by evaluating the present-day spatial variation (2015-2019) and trends (2008-2019) for seven ground-level ozone (O3) metrics relevant for human/ecosystems exposure and regulatory purposes. Results indicate that the spatial variation of O3 depends on the part of the O3 distribution being analyzed. Metrics associated with moderate O3 concentrations depict an increasing O3 gradient between the northern and Mediterranean coasts due to climatic factors, while for metrics considering the upper end of the O3 distribution, this climatic gradient tends to attenuate in favor of hotspot regions pointing to relevant local/regional O3 formation. A classification of atmospheric regions in Spain is proposed based on their O3 pollution patterns, to identify priority areas (or O3 hotspots) where local/regional precursor abatement might significantly reduce O3 during pollution episodes. The trends assessment reveals a narrowing of the O3 distribution at the national level, with metrics influenced by lower concentrations tending to increase over time, and those reflecting the higher end of the O3 distribution tending to decrease. While most stations show no statistically significant variations, contrasting O3 trends are evident among the O3 hotspots. The Madrid area exhibits the majority of upward trends across all metrics, frequently with the highest increasing rates, implying increasing O3 associated with both chronic and episodic exposure. The Valencian Community area exhibits a mixed variation pattern, with moderate to high O3 metrics increasing and peak metrics decreasing, while O3 in areas downwind of Barcelona, the Guadalquivir Valley and Puertollano shows no variations. Sevilla is the only large Spanish city with generalized O3 decreasing trends. The different O3 trends among hotspots highlight the need for mitigation measures to be designed at a local/regional scale to be effective. This approach may offer valuable insights for other countries developing O3 mitigation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Massagué
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, UPC, 08242 Manresa, Spain.
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Mantilla
- Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies, CEAM, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gotzon Gangoiti
- Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Guan Y, Liu X, Zheng Z, Dai Y, Du G, Han J, Hou L, Duan E. Summer O 3 pollution cycle characteristics and VOCs sources in a central city of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121293. [PMID: 36804559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the major pollutants influencing urban air quality in China is O3. O3 is the second most important pollutant affecting air quality in Shijiazhuang, which is the third largest city in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area and the provincial capital of Hebei province. To fully understand the characteristics of O3 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are O3 precursors, and the role of VOCs to ozone formation, we measured the hourly concentrations of O3 and 85 VOCs in Shijiazhuang continuously from January to November 2020, and the concentration characteristics of both together with the chemical reactivity and sources of VOCs were analyzed from a seasonal perspective. The O3 concentration in Shijiazhuang showed a phenomenon of high summer and low winter, and the VOCs showed a phenomenon of high winter and low spring. In the summer when the O3 exceedance rate is the highest, the time-domain variation characteristics of O3 were analyzed by wavelet analysis model, and the main periods controlling the O3 concentration variation in Shijiazhuang in summer 2020 were 52 days, 32 days, 19 days and 12 days. The maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) and propylene equivalence method indicated ethene, propylene and 1-pentene were common substances in the top five species of each season. The T/B, Iso-p/N-p, Iso-p/E, N-p/E, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that industrial source (18.62%-22.03%) and vehicle emission (13.20%-17.69%) were the major VOCs sources in Shijiazhuang. Therefore, to control the O3 concentration in Shijiazhuang, it is necessary to decrease alkenes emissions as well as VOCs from industrial source and vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Volatile Organic Compounds and Odorous Pollution Control, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Zhiyang Zheng
- Baiyangdian River Basin Ecological Environment Guarantee Center, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Yanwei Dai
- Hebei Province Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Guimin Du
- Hebei Province Ecological Environment Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Forewarning Center, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Volatile Organic Compounds and Odorous Pollution Control, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | | | - Erhong Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Volatile Organic Compounds and Odorous Pollution Control, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
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8
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Oliveira K, Guevara M, Jorba O, Querol X, García-Pando CP. A new NMVOC speciated inventory for a reactivity-based approach to support ozone control strategies in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161449. [PMID: 36623647 PMCID: PMC9938404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent problem in many regions of Spain, so understanding O3 precursor emissions and trends is essential to design effective control strategies. We estimated the impact of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) species upon O3 formation potential (OFP) using the maximum incremental reactivity approach. For this, we developed a speciated NMVOC emission inventory for Spain from 2010 to 2019 combining national reported emissions with state-of-the-art speciation profiles, which resulted in a database of emissions for over 900 individual NMVOC species and 153 individual sectors. Additionally, we analysed 2030 emission projections to quantify the expected impact of planned measures on future OFP levels. Overall, the main activities contributing to OFP in Spain are paint manufacturing and applications (20 %), manure management (16 %), and domestic solvent use (6 %). These activities contribute unevenly across regions. The more urbanised areas report a larger contribution from the solvent sector (64 % in Madrid), while in rural areas, manure management and agricultural waste burning gain importance (24 % in Extremadura), indicating that local control measures should be implemented. The top 10 NMVOC species contributing to OFP are ethanol, ethene, xylenes, propene, toluene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, n-butane, and cyclopentane, which together are responsible for 54 % of the total OFP. Our trend analysis indicates a reduction of NMVOC emissions and OFP of -5 % and -10 % between 2010 and 2019, respectively. The larger decrease in OFP is driven by a bigger reduction in xylenes (-29 %) and toluene (-28 %) from paint application industries and the road transport sector. By 2030 a significant increase (+37 %) in the OFP from the public electricity sector is expected due to the planned increase in biomass use for power generation. Our results indicate that policies should focus on paint reformulation, limiting aerosol products, and implementing NMVOC control devices in future biomass power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oliveira
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Guevara
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Jorba
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Pérez García-Pando
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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9
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Hay N, Onwuzurike O, Roy SP, McNamara P, McNamara ML, McDonald W. Impact of traffic on air pollution in a mid-sized urban city during COVID-19 lockdowns. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1141-1152. [PMID: 37303965 PMCID: PMC9987376 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the changes in air pollutant concentrations around Milwaukee, WI, during and after lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic for a period of 126 days. Measurements of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10), NH3, H2S, and O3 + NO2, were made on a 74-km route of arterial and highway roads from April to August 2020 using a Sniffer 4D sensor mounted to a vehicle. Traffic volume during measurement periods were estimated from smartphone-based traffic data. From lockdown (March 24, 2020-June 11, 2020) to post-lockdown (June 12, 2020-August 26, 2020) median traffic volume increased roughly 30-84%, depending upon the road type. In addition, increases in mean concentrations of NH3 (277%), PM (220-307%), and O3 + NO2 (28%) were also observed. For both traffic and air pollutants, abrupt changes in the data were observed mid-June, shortly after lockdown measures were lifted in Milwaukee County. Indeed, traffic was able to explain up to 57% of PM, 47% of NH3, and 42% of O3 + NO2 variance in pollutant concentrations on arterial and highway road segments. Two arterial roads that did not have statistically significant changes in traffic patterns during the lockdown exhibited no statistically significant trends between traffic and air quality parameters. This study demonstrated that COVID-19 lockdowns in Milwaukee, WI, caused significant decreases in traffic, which in turn had a direct impact on air pollutants. It also highlights the need for traffic volume and air quality data at relevant spatial and temporal scales for accurately assessing source apportionment of combustion-based air pollutants, which cannot be captured with typical ground-based sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hay
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Otito Onwuzurike
- Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Somesh P. Roy
- Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Patrick McNamara
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Margaret L. McNamara
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Walter McDonald
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI USA
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Hernández-Ceballos MA, Jiménez-Solano A, Torres-Fernández J. 16 Years (2006-2021) of Surface Ozone Measurements in Córdoba (Southern Spain): Trends and the Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16210. [PMID: 36498282 PMCID: PMC9737292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone concentrations (O3) during the period 2006-2021 are analysed at Córdoba city (southern Iberian Peninsula) in suburban and urban sampling sites. The aims are to present the levels and temporal variations, to explore trends and to quantity the variation in O3 concentrations in the context of the COVID-19 lockdown. The O3 means are higher in the suburban station (62 µg m-3 and 51.3 µg m-3), being the information level threshold only exceeded twice during this period. The daily evolution shows a maximum at about 17:00 UTC, whereas the minimum is reached at about 9:00 UTC, with higher levels in the suburban station. The seasonal evolution of this daily cycle also presents monthly differences in shape and intensity between stations. The trends are analysed by means of daily averages and daily 5th and 95th percentiles, and they show a similar increase in all of these parameters, with special emphasis on the daily P95 concentrations, with 0.27 µg m-3 year-1 and 0.24 µg m-3 year-1. Finally, the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown shows a decline in O3 concentrations over 10%.
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Pey J, Cerro JC. Reasons for the observed tropospheric ozone weakening over south-western Europe during COVID-19: Strict lockdown versus the new normal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155162. [PMID: 35421484 PMCID: PMC8996448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigate the variation in tropospheric ozone concentrations in south-western Europe in March and April 2020 in the context of COVID-19 disease, and to what extent the former situation was recovered one year after the pandemic outbreak. To carry this study, data from 15 regional background sites in Spain, from 2010 onwards, are used. Historic (2010-2019) and most recent tropospheric ozone concentrations are compared. March and April 2020 ozone concentrations declined over 15% in most cases, rising to 23-28% at sites facing the Mediterranean. Most of the decay was related to the reduction of hemispheric background concentrations, but those sites downwind continental emissions from the Iberian Peninsula and neighbouring countries experienced an additional lessening. By exploring O3 concentrations one year after, March and April 2021, the general decline with respect to 2010-2019 persist but its magnitude was substantially lessened with respect to the strict lockdown period. The pandemic situation unveiled that air pollution is not an endemic matter but it should be tackle with adequate actions. Ozone abatement plans for Mediterranean countries should need a pan-regional covenant in order to drop precursor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pey
- Aragonese Foundation for Research and Development (ARAID), Av. de Ranillas 1-D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología - CSIC, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - José Carlos Cerro
- Laboratory of the Atmosphere, Govern Illes Balears, 07009 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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12
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Platikanov S, Terrado M, Pay MT, Soret A, Tauler R. Understanding temporal and spatial changes of O 3 or NO 2 concentrations combining multivariate data analysis methods and air quality transport models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150923. [PMID: 34653450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of the multivariate curve resolution method to the analysis of temporal and spatial data variability of hourly measured O3 and NO2 concentrations at nineteen air quality monitoring stations across Catalonia, Spain, during 2015 is shown. Data analyzed included ground-based experimental measurements and predicted concentrations by the CALIOPE air quality modelling system at three horizontal resolutions (Europe at 12 × 12 km2, Iberian Peninsula at 4 × 4 km2 and Catalonia at 1 × 1 km2). Results obtained in the analysis of these different data sets allowed a better understanding of O3 and NO2 concentration changes as a sum of a small number of different contributions related to daily sunlight radiation, seasonal dynamics, traffic emission patterns, and local station environments (urban, suburban and rural). The evaluation of O3 and NO2 concentrations predicted by the CALIOPE system revealed some differences among data sets at different spatial resolutions. NO2 predictions, showed in general a better performance than O3 predictions for the three model resolutions, specially at urban stations. Our results confirmed that the application of the trilinearity constraint during the multivariate curve resolution factor analysis decomposition of the analyzed data sets is a useful tool to facilitate the understanding of the resolved variability sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Platikanov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Terrado
- Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Pay
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Soret
- Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Jordi Girona, 31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Negral L, Moreno-Grau S, Galera MD, Elvira-Rendueles B, Costa-Gómez I, Aznar F, Pérez-Badia R, Moreno JM. The effects of continentality, marine nature and the recirculation of air masses on pollen concentration: Olea in a Mediterranean coastal enclave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147999. [PMID: 34090169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Olea pollen concentrations have been studied in relation to the typology of air masses, pollen grain sources and marine nature during advections in a coastal enclave in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Since Spain is the world's leading olive producer, and olive growing extends throughout the Mediterranean basin, this location is ideal for the study of long-distance transport events (LTD) during the main pollen season (MPS). The air masses were classified using the calculation of 48-h back trajectories at 250, 500 and 750 m above ground level using the HYSPLIT model. After that, the frequency of LDT events from Africa and Europe was found to be 8.7% of the MPS days. In contrast, regional air masses were found in 38.6% of the MPS days. This was reflected in pollen concentrations, with significantly higher concentrations (p-value <0.05) on days with regional air masses compared to days with European air masses. Regarding the source areas, the importance of nearby sources with intense olive cultivation was confirmed (i.e., Andalusia). This proximity was relevant beyond the attenuations observed when the advections acquired a marine nature as the air mass back trajectories moved over the sea (p-value <0.001). The review of air mass typologies, source areas and pollen concentrations resulted in establishing peak dates and the detection of LDT associated with these peak dates. Distortions in the typical path of each air mass explained alterations in pollen concentrations on consecutive days. The recirculation and loops of the air mass back trajectories varied the pollen load that every type of air mass could originally contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Negral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - S Moreno-Grau
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - M D Galera
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - B Elvira-Rendueles
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - I Costa-Gómez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - F Aznar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - R Pérez-Badia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
| | - J M Moreno
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.
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14
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Yang X, Wu K, Lu Y, Wang S, Qiao Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Liu Y, Lei Y. Origin of regional springtime ozone episodes in the Sichuan Basin, China: Role of synoptic forcing and regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116845. [PMID: 33689943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sichuan Basin (SCB) located in southwestern China has long been considered the most polluted city cluster with exposure to unhealthy levels of ozone (O3) at times. However, the features of O3 regional transport and source contributions in SCB are poorly understood. In this study, ambient measurements, ERA5 reanalysis dataset, IASI O3 column, and the Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) modeling system coupled with the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) module were used to investigate the formation mechanism and sources of a severe O3 episode in spring 2020 over the SCB. In the first stage of the O3 episode, a high-pressure system persisted over the western SCB and caused northeasterly wind fields, leading to enhanced regional transport from the northern boundary with the O3 contribution from the boundary exceeding 50% across the SCB. As the synoptic pattern evolved, southeasterly winds dominated the SCB and the stagnant zone over the Chengdu Plain confined O3 originating from the southern SCB and Chongqing city, leading to the accumulation of precursors and elevated O3 levels. During the O3 episode, transportation and industrial sources were major contributors to O3 formation especially for the Chengdu Plain and Chongqing city. In addition, the O3-rich air mass in the nocturnal residual layer that formed over Chongqing city was transported to the Chengdu Plain through southeastern corridor at 400-1600m above ground-level under the prevailing southeasterly winds. With sunrise and the development of the atmospheric boundary layer, the O3-rich air mass in the residual layer (RL) was entrained to the ground-level via vertical mixing, which further enhanced O3 pollution across the Chengdu Plain. Our results revealed the mechanism of regional transport via northeastern and southeastern corridors during an O3 episode and demonstrated the need for joint emission regulation across the SCB to mitigate O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Yang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yaqiong Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shigong Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Qiao
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yurun Wang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Haolin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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15
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Bernhard GH, Neale RE, Barnes PW, Neale PJ, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Young PJ, Liley JB, Lucas RM, Yazar S, Rhodes LE, Byrne SN, Hollestein LM, Olsen CM, Young AR, Robson TM, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Williamson CE, Rose KC, Banaszak AT, Häder DP, Hylander S, Wängberg SÅ, Austin AT, Hou WC, Paul ND, Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Solomon KR, Li H, Schikowski T, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Heikkilä AM, White CC. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:542-584. [PMID: 32364555 PMCID: PMC7442302 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp90011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - S N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L M Hollestein
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Manchester, The Netherlands
| | - C M Olsen
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - S A Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C L Ballaré
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - D -P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S -Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A T Austin
- Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - W -C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, China
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - H Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Schikowski
- Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Longstreth
- Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C C White
- , 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Izquierdo R, García Dos Santos S, Borge R, Paz DDL, Sarigiannis D, Gotti A, Boldo E. Health impact assessment by the implementation of Madrid City air-quality plan in 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109021. [PMID: 32044574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Air pollutant concentrations in many urban areas are still above the legal and recommended limits that are set to protect the citizens' health. Madrid is one of the cities where traffic causes high NO2 levels. In this context, Madrid City Council launched the Air Quality and Climate Change Plan for the city of Madrid (Plan A), a local strategy approved by the previous government in 2017. The aim of this study was to conduct a quantitative health impact assessment to evaluate the number of premature deaths that could potentially be prevented by the implementation of Plan A in Madrid in 2020, at both citywide and within-city level. The main purpose was to support decision-making processes in order to maximize the positive health impacts from the implementation of Plan A measures. METHODS The Regional Statistical Office provided information on population and daily mortality in Madrid. For exposure assessment, we estimated PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentration levels for Madrid city in 2012 (baseline air-quality scenario) and 2020 (projected air-quality scenario based on the implementation of Plan A), by means of an Eulerian chemical-transport model with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km and 30 vertical levels. We used the concentration-response functions proposed by two relevant WHO projects to calculate the number of attributable annual deaths corresponding to all non-accidental causes (ICD-10: A00-R99) among all-ages and the adult population (>30 years old) for each district and for Madrid city overall. This health impact assessment was conducted dependant on health-data availability. RESULTS In 2020, the implementation of Plan A would imply a reduction in the Madrid citywide annual mean PM2.5 concentration of 0.6 μg/m3 and 4.0 μg/m3 for NO2. In contrast, an increase of 1 μg/m3 for O3 would be expected. The annual number of all-cause deaths from long-term exposure (95% CI) that could be postponed in the adult population by the expected air-pollutant concentration reduction was 88 (57-117) for PM2.5 and 519 (295-750) for NO2; short-term exposure accounted for 20 (7-32) for PM2.5 and 79 (47-111) for NO2 in the total population. According to the spatial distribution of air pollutants, the highest mortality change estimations were for the city centre - including Madrid Central and mainly within the M-30 ring road -, as compared to peripheral districts. The positive health impacts from the reductions in PM2.5 and NO2 far exceeded the adverse mortality effects expected from the increase in O3. CONCLUSIONS Effective implementation of Plan A measures in Madrid city would bring about an appreciable decline in traffic-related air-pollutant concentrations and, in turn, would lead to significant health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Izquierdo
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Environmental Health Centre), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Road Majadahonda-Pozuelo km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saul García Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Environmental Health Centre), Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Road Majadahonda-Pozuelo km. 2.2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Borge
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David de la Paz
- Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; University School of Advanced Study IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Gotti
- European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCENTRE), Via Ferrata, 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Boldo
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Characteristics of Ozone Pollution, Regional Distribution and Causes during 2014–2018 in Shandong Province, East China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The summer ozone pollution of Shandong province has become a severe problem in the period 2014–2018. Affected by the monsoon climate, the monthly average ozone concentrations in most areas were unimodal, with peaks in June, whereas in coastal areas the concentrations were bimodal, with the highest peak in May and the second highest peak in September. Using the empirical orthogonal function method, three main spatial distribution patterns were found. The most important pattern proved the influences of solar radiation, temperature, and industrial structure on ozone. Spatial clustering analysis of the ozone concentration showed Shandong divided into five units, including Peninsula Coastal area (PC), Lunan inland area (LN), Western Bohai area (WB), Luxi plain area (LX), and Luzhong mountain area (LZ). Influenced by air temperature and local circulation, coastal cities had lower daytime and higher nighttime ozone concentrations than inland. Correlation analysis suggested that ozone concentrations were significantly positively correlated with solar radiation. The VOCs from industries or other sources (e.g., traffic emission, petroleum processing, and chemical industries) had high positive correlations with ozone concentrations, whereas NOx emissions had significantly negatively correlation. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of ozone pollution and theoretical reference for regional management of ozone pollution in Shandong province.
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