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Pippa LF, Vozmediano V, Mitrov-Winkelmolen L, Touw D, Soliman A, Cristofoletti R, Salgado Junior W, de Moraes NV. Impact of obesity and roux-en-Y gastric bypass on the pharmacokinetics of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole and intragastric pH. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38923321 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employed physiologically-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PBPK/PD) modeling to predict the effect of obesity and gastric bypass surgery on the pharmacokinetics and intragastric pH following omeprazole treatment. The simulated plasma concentrations closely matched the observed data from non-obese, morbidly obese, and post-gastric bypass populations. Obesity significantly reduces CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 activities, as reflected by the metabolic ratio [omeprazole sulphone]/[omeprazole] and [5-hydroxy-omeprazole]/[omeprazole]. The morbidly obese model accounted for the down-regulation of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 to recapitulate the observed data. Sensitivity analysis showed that intestinal CYP3A4, gastric pH, small intestine bypass, and the delay in bile release do not have a major influence on omeprazole exposure. Hepatic CYP3A4 had a significant impact on the AUC of (S)-omeprazole, while hepatic CYP2C19 affected both (R)- and (S)-omeprazole AUC. After gastric bypass surgery, the activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 is restored. The PBPK model was linked to a mechanism-based PD model to assess the effect of omeprazole on intragastric pH. Following 40 mg omeprazole, the mean intragastric pH was 4.3, 4.6, and 6.6 in non-obese, obese, and post-gastric bypass populations, and the daily time with pH >4 was 14.7, 16.4, and 24 h. Our PBPK/PD approach provides a comprehensive understating of the impact of obesity and weight loss on CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 activity and omeprazole pharmacokinetics. Given that simulated intragastric pH is relatively high in post-RYGB patients, irrespective of the dose of omeprazole, additional clinical outcomes are imperative to assess the effect of proton pump inhibitor in preventing marginal ulcers in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro F Pippa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Valvanera Vozmediano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | - Daan Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amira Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Wilson Salgado Junior
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Natalia Valadares de Moraes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Chen K, Abtahi F, Xu H, Fernandez-Llatas C, Carrero JJ, Seoane F. The Assessment of the Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage with Chronic Kidney Disease Progression through a Process Mining Approach. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1362. [PMID: 38927569 PMCID: PMC11201399 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an association between Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to assess the association between PPI use and CKD progression by analysing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectories using a process mining approach. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2011, utilising data from the Stockholm Creatinine Measurements (SCREAM). New users of PPIs and H2 blockers (H2Bs) with CKD (eGFR < 60) were identified using a new-user and active-comparator design. Process mining discovery is a technique that discovers patterns and sequences in events over time, making it suitable for studying longitudinal eGFR trajectories. We used this technique to construct eGFR trajectory models for both PPI and H2B users. Our analysis indicated that PPI users exhibited more complex and rapidly declining eGFR trajectories compared to H2B users, with a 75% increased risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49 to 2.06) of transitioning from moderate eGFR stage (G3) to more severe stages (G4 or G5). These findings suggest that PPI use is associated with an increased risk of CKD progression, demonstrating the utility of process mining for longitudinal analysis in epidemiology, leading to an improved understanding of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Chen
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (C.F.-L.); (F.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Farhad Abtahi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (C.F.-L.); (F.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Xu
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Llatas
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (C.F.-L.); (F.S.)
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies (SABIEN-ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Fernando Seoane
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (C.F.-L.); (F.S.)
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Textile Technology, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
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Alla D, Shah DJ, Seepana M, Salian RB, Alla SSM, Krishna Mohanan M, Sabıroğlu M, Vegesna MSS, Singh A, Gupta S, Shivalingappa Rekha S. Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review. Glob Pediatr Health 2024; 11:2333794X241248967. [PMID: 38685999 PMCID: PMC11057350 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x241248967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective. Commonly recommended drugs for adults and children include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), proven effective for treating peptic diseases like stomach ulcers, GERD, and Helicobacter pylori infections in children over 1-year-old. Yet, prolonged PPI use carries higher risks of adverse reactions, prompting this study's analysis. Methods. We have performed a systematic review of 30 articles, which include a total of 762 505 pediatric patients. Results. Adverse effects were encountered in 6.98% of the population. The 5 most common adverse effects were respiratory tract complications, gastrointestinal complications, urinary tract infections, asthma, and ENT infections. Conclusion. Hence, PPIs should be prescribed only when necessary, and physicians should prioritize patient education when considering their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deekshitha Alla
- Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Midhun Krishna Mohanan
- Sree Uthradom Thirunal (SUT) Academy of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Aradhya Singh
- Spartan Health Sciences University, Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia
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Souza CC, Rigueto LG, Santiago HC, Seguro AC, Girardi AC, Luchi WM. Multiple electrolyte disorders triggered by proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: Case reports with a mini-review of the literature. Clin Nephrol Case Stud 2024; 12:6-11. [PMID: 38222324 PMCID: PMC10783169 DOI: 10.5414/cncs111284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hypomagnesemia is an adverse effect with the potential for serious and fatal outcomes. Although rare, chronic use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can cause hypomagnesemia due to impaired intestinal absorption, mainly attributed to reduced transcellular transport of magnesium via transient receptor potential melastatin 6 (TRPM6) and 7 (TRPM7) channels. However, a reduction of magnesium paracellular absorption due to the downregulation of intestinal claudins has also been reported. PPI-induced hypomagnesemia can trigger other concomitant electrolyte derangements, including hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hyponatremia. Here we report two cases of multiple electrolyte disorders associated with PPI-induced hypomagnesemia, the clinical manifestations of which were cardiac arrhythmia, cognitive changes, and seizure crisis. These cases illustrate the need to monitor serum magnesium levels in patients on long-term PPI use, especially in the elderly and those with malabsorptive bowel syndromes or taking loop diuretics and thiazides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Costa Souza
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antonio Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES), Vitória, ES
| | - Larissa G. Rigueto
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antonio Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES), Vitória, ES
| | - Henrique Costa Santiago
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antonio Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES), Vitória, ES
| | | | - Adriana Castello Girardi
- Laboratorio de Genetica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Weverton Machado Luchi
- Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antonio Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES), Vitória, ES
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Khan Z, Mehan S, Saifi MA, Das Gupta G, Narula AS, Kalfin R. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Health: Review on Unraveling the Dementia Connection and Co-morbid Risks. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 20:739-757. [PMID: 38424433 PMCID: PMC11107432 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050289946240223050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Dementia, an international health issue distinguished by the impairment of daily functioning due to cognitive decline, currently affects more than 55 million people worldwide, with the majority residing in low-income and middle-income countries. Globally, dementia entails significant economic burdens in 2019, amounting to a cost of 1.3 trillion US dollars. Informal caregivers devote considerable hours to providing care for those affected. Dementia imposes a greater caregiving and disability-adjusted life-year burden on women. A recent study has established a correlation between prolonged Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) usage and dementia, in addition to other neurodegenerative conditions. PPIs are frequently prescribed to treat peptic ulcers and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) by decreasing stomach acid secretion. They alleviate acid-related symptoms through the inhibition of acid-secreting H+-K+ ATPase. In a number of observational studies, cognitive decline and dementia in the elderly have been linked to the use of PPIs. The precise mechanism underlying this relationship is unknown. These drugs might also alter the pH of brain cells, resulting in the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the compelling evidence supporting the association of PPIs with dementia, the results of studies remain inconsistent. The absence of a correlation between PPI use and cognitive decline in some studies emphasizes the need for additional research. Chronic PPI use can conceal underlying conditions, including cancer, celiac disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, and renal injury, highlighting dementia risk and the need for further investigations on cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India;
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India;
| | - Mohd. Anas Saifi
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India;
| | - Ghanshyam Das Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University), Jalandhar, Punjab, 144603, India;
| | - Acharan S. Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 23, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria;
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University “NeofitRilski”, Ivan Mihailov St. 66, Blagoevgrad 2700, Bulgaria
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6
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Dutta AK, Jain A, Jearth V, Mahajan R, Panigrahi MK, Sharma V, Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Makharia G, Reddy DN, Kirubakaran R, Ahuja V, Berry N, Bhat N, Dutta U, Ghoshal UC, Jain A, Jalihal U, Jayanthi V, Kumar A, Nijhawan S, Poddar U, Ramesh GN, Singh SP, Zargar S, Bhatia S. Guidelines on optimizing the use of proton pump inhibitors: PPI stewardship. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:601-628. [PMID: 37698821 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been available for over three decades and are among the most commonly prescribed medications. They are effective in treating a variety of gastric acid-related disorders. They are freely available and based on current evidence, use of PPIs for inappropriate indications and duration appears to be common. Over the years, concerns have been raised on the safety of PPIs as they have been associated with several adverse effects. Hence, there is a need for PPI stewardship to promote the use of PPIs for appropriate indication and duration. With this objective, the Indian Society of Gastroenterology has formulated guidelines on the rational use of PPIs. The guidelines were developed using a modified Delphi process. This paper presents these guidelines in detail, including the statements, review of literature, level of evidence and recommendations. This would help the clinicians in optimizing the use of PPIs in their practice and promote PPI stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India.
| | | | - Vaneet Jearth
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Ramit Mahajan
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
| | | | - Vishal Sharma
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | | | | | - Govind Makharia
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | | | - Richard Kirubakaran
- Center of Biostatistics and Evidence Based Medicine, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Neha Berry
- BLK Institute of Digestive and Liver Disease, New Delhi, 201 012, India
| | - Naresh Bhat
- Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, 560 092, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Uday Chand Ghoshal
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center, Indore, 452 014, India
| | | | - V Jayanthi
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases, BLK - Max Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi, 201 012, India
| | | | - Ujjal Poddar
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | | | - Shivram P Singh
- Kalinga Gastroenterology Foundation, Cuttack, 753 001, India
| | - Showkat Zargar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, 190 011, India
| | - Shobna Bhatia
- Sir H N Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, 400 004, India
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Romero Calvo L, Garcia-Blanco MJ, Valenzuela F, Álvarez Granda J. Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome in a Normonatremic Patient Under Treatment With Proton Pump Inhibitors. Cureus 2023; 15:e44472. [PMID: 37791144 PMCID: PMC10544346 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 66-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting as well as low-grade fever. She was initially treated with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole with symptomatic improvement and was discharged. One week later, she returned to the emergency department for gait instability, dizziness, and vomiting and had a witnessed generalized tonic-clonic seizure in the hospital. During both admissions, the presence of ionic alterations such as severe hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypokalemia stood out, while sodium levels remained normal. Among her antecedents, she had a hiatal hernia and had been receiving treatment with omeprazole for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romero Calvo
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla, Madrid, ESP
| | - Maria J Garcia-Blanco
- Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, ESP
- Internal Medicine, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla, Madrid, ESP
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8
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Lespessailles E, Toumi H. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Bone Health: An Update Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810733. [PMID: 36142643 PMCID: PMC9504265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are an antacid drug often used in acid-related disorders. They decrease acid secretion in the stomach by blocking an enzyme called H+/K+ ATPase which controls acid production. Introduced to the market in 1989, their use has increased rapidly worldwide and they are now among the top 10 most prescribed drugs in the United States. As of 2015, the FDA has already approved six drugs of this class (omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole). Recently, the risks and benefits of long-term PPI use were questioned and many studies indicated that their use should be carefully considered, especially in young patients, whose treatment with these drugs could last many years. Even greater concerns have been raised about a potential positive association between PPIs and osteoporotic fracture risk including the hip, spine and wrist. Although based on observational studies, there is substantial evidence associating the long-term use of PPIs and fracture. This relationship is only partially admitted due to the lack of consistent effects of PPIs on bone mineral density loss. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to discuss the recent findings pertaining to the risk of osteoporotic fracture associated with PPIs, in particular prolonged use, and to call for further research to elucidate the mechanisms associated with this bone fragility.
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Gommers LMM, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. Mechanisms of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13846. [PMID: 35652564 PMCID: PMC9539870 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reliably suppress gastric acid secretion and are therefore the first-line treatment for gastric acid-related disorders. Hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium [Mg2+ ] <0.7 mmol/L) is a commonly reported side effect of PPIs. Clinical reports demonstrate that urinary Mg2+ excretion is low in PPI users with hypomagnesemia, suggesting a compensatory mechanism by the kidney for malabsorption of Mg2+ in the intestines. However, the exact mechanism by which PPIs cause impaired Mg2+ absorption is still unknown. In this review, we show that current experimental evidence points toward reduced Mg2+ solubility in the intestinal lumen. Moreover, the absorption pathways in both the small intestine and the colon may be reduced by changes in the expression and activity of key transporter proteins. Additionally, the gut microbiome may contribute to the development of PPI-induced hypomagnesemia, as PPI use affects the composition of the gut microbiome. In this review, we argue that the increase of the luminal pH during PPI treatment may contribute to several of these mechanisms. Considering the fact that bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers results in luminal acidification, we propose that targeting the gut microbiome using dietary intervention might be a promising treatment strategy to restore hypomagnesemia in PPI users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M. M. Gommers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Joost G. J. Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H. F. de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
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Liamis G, Hoorn EJ, Florentin M, Milionis H. An overview of diagnosis and management of drug-induced hypomagnesemia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00829. [PMID: 34278747 PMCID: PMC8287009 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is commonly addressed as the "forgotten ion" in medicine. Nonetheless, hypomagnesemia should be suspected in clinical practice in patients with relevant symptomatology and also be considered a predisposing factor for the development of other electrolyte disturbances. Furthermore, chronic hypomagnesemia has been associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Hypomagnesemia as a consequence of drug therapy is relatively common, with the list of drugs inducing low serum Mg levels expanding. Culprit medications linked to hypomagnesemia include antibiotics (e.g. aminoglycosides, amphotericin B), diuretics, antineoplastic drugs (cisplatin and cetuximab), calcineurin inhibitors, and proton pump inhibitors. In recent years, the mechanisms of drug-induced hypomagnesemia have been unraveled through the discovery of key Mg transporters in the gut and kidney. This narrative review of available literature focuses on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying drug-induced hypomagnesemia in order to increase the insight of clinicians toward early diagnosis and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matilda Florentin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Haralampos Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Assessing the Impact on Health of Pharmacovigilance Activities: Example of Four Safety Signals. Drug Saf 2021; 44:589-600. [PMID: 33606201 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of pharmacovigilance activities on public health remains under-investigated, and measuring the impact on health of pharmacovigilance activities for a specific safety signal is challenging. OBJECTIVE To gain more insight into the methodological challenges and the data required, we assessed the impact of pharmacovigilance on public health for four identified product-specific safety signals using publicly available data in the Netherlands. The assessment was on the impact of the intertwined and complementary steps of the pharmacovigilance pathways. METHODS The impact of pharmacovigilance on public health was assessed using the assessment support tool and 'open data' from the Netherlands for four different types of pharmacovigilance safety signals: (1) off-label use of cyproterone acetate/ethinyloestradiol (CPA/EE) and thrombotic risk after pharmacovigilance measures after 2014; (2) pergolide and the risk of cardiac valvulopathy after pharmacovigilance activities in 2003; (3) proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesaemia after pharmacovigilance activities in 2011; (4) rosiglitazone withdrawal from the market because of cardiovascular effects in 2010. RESULTS For the signals on CPA/EE and pergolide, a crude estimation of the impact could be made with varying degrees of assumptions based on the risk described in the literature and utilisation data. CONCLUSION This article highlights the methodological challenges and the data required to assess the impact of product-specific safety signals. A structured assessment support tool can be used as a guide for the necessary data elements and steps needed for the measurement or estimation of impact of pharmacovigilance activities on public health, provided that the appropriate data are available.
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Daga N, Joseph F. Republished: Denosumab-induced severe hypocalcaemia in a patient with vitamin D deficiency. Drug Ther Bull 2021; 59:139-143. [PMID: 33563651 DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2021.234508rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Daga
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Flavian Joseph
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
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Cooper ID, Crofts CAP, DiNicolantonio JJ, Malhotra A, Elliott B, Kyriakidou Y, Brookler KH. Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management. Open Heart 2020; 7:e001356. [PMID: 32938758 PMCID: PMC7496570 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. A common denominator, hyperinsulinaemia, provides a plausible mechanism of action, underlying CVD, hypertension and strokes, all conditions typified with thrombi. The underlying science provides a theoretical management algorithm for the frontline practitioners.Vitamin D activation requires magnesium. Hyperinsulinaemia promotes: magnesium depletion via increased renal excretion, reduced intracellular levels, lowers vitamin D status via sequestration into adipocytes and hydroxylation activation inhibition. Hyperinsulinaemia mediates thrombi development via: fibrinolysis inhibition, anticoagulation production dysregulation, increasing reactive oxygen species, decreased antioxidant capacity via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion, haem oxidation and catabolism, producing carbon monoxide, increasing deep vein thrombosis risk and pulmonary emboli. Increased haem-synthesis demand upregulates carbon dioxide production, decreasing oxygen saturation capacity. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis.Patients with COVID-19 admitted with hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia should be placed on a restricted refined carbohydrate diet, with limited use of intravenous dextrose solutions. Degree/level of restriction is determined by serial testing of blood glucose, insulin and ketones. Supplemental magnesium, vitamin D and zinc should be administered. By implementing refined carbohydrate restriction, three primary risk factors, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, that increase inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis risk are rapidly managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster - Cavendish Campus, London, UK
| | - Catherine A P Crofts
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Aseem Malhotra
- Visiting professor of Evidence Based Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bradley Elliott
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster - Cavendish Campus, London, UK
| | - Yvoni Kyriakidou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster - Cavendish Campus, London, UK
| | - Kenneth H Brookler
- Aerospace Medicine and Vestibular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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14
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Daga N, Joseph F. Denosumab-induced severe hypocalcaemia in a patient with vitamin D deficiency. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/8/e234508. [PMID: 32847872 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-234508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporotic fractures carry an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast-induced bone resorption. Hypocalcaemia is a known side-effect of denosumab treatment. The majority of such cases have been described in patients with underlying metastatic cancer or chronic kidney disease. We present a patient who developed severe hypocalcaemia after administration of denosumab in the context of severe vitamin D deficiency and a normal kidney function. The management was further complicated by hypophosphatemia. Following replacement of vitamin D, the patient's calcium and phosphate levels stabilised. The patient required intensive care monitoring for replacement of electrolytes. This case report emphasises the importance of screening and ongoing monitoring of risk factors for iatrogenic hypocalcaemia with denosumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Daga
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Flavian Joseph
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Koyyada A. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for various adverse manifestations. Therapie 2020; 76:13-21. [PMID: 32718584 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can lead to increased gastric pH, hypochlorhydria and in some cases to achlorhydria when compared to other acid-suppressing agents like histamine-2 (H2) receptor blockers and antacids. These consequences by the use of long-term PPIs may lead to significant vitamin (B12 and C) and mineral (iron, calcium and magnesium) deficiencies which needs gastric acid for their absorption and bioavailability. Long-term use of PPIs by the pregnant patients may impose a potential risk of congenital malformations. Various studies have recommended the life style modifications and antacid use as first choice among pregnant womens by preserving PPIs (omeprazole as a safe choice of PPI) for severe conditions of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The long-term acid suppression by PPIs can also lead to enteric, respiratory and urinary tract infections. The hypochlorhydria by chronic PPIs use may induce hypergastrinemia, which ultimately mediates the gastric polyps, gastric carcinoids and gastric cancer. The concomitant use of PPIs with antiplatelet drugs like clopidogrel can impose the patients to major adverse cardiac events. This review has enlisted the comprehensive information regarding the adverse effects induced by long-term use of PPIs and their possible relations. Considerable studies like case-control, randomized trials, cohort studies and meta-analysis were reported in supporting these adverse effects. The clinicians and patients should be cautious about these effects so that they can avoid the serious outcomes. PPIs should be avoided for long-term use mainly in older adults unless there is a proper indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Koyyada
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, 530045 Andhra Pradesh, India.
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16
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Kumar SS, Khushbu G, Dev MJ. Hypomagnesaemia induced recurrent cerebellar ataxia: an interesting case with successful management. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 31934342 PMCID: PMC6950808 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-019-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Severe Hypomagnesaemia is a rare biochemical findings utilized for identifying the etiology of cerebellar ataxia. It requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose. MRI findings are often nonspecific. Methods The author presents a case of 38 yrs. old male patient presented with vomiting, gait imabalance and nystagmus. Biochemical investigations lead to severe hypomagnesaemia. Also MRI findings were matched suggesting of hyperintesity in left cerebellar hemisphere. Results Patient was treated with magnesium infusion which leads to recovery of patient. Again the same symptomology was repeated after 3 months and disappearance after same treatment. Offending cause was diagnosed and proton pump inhibitors stopped. Conclusion Severe Hypomagnesaemia is a rare but treatable cause if diagnosed at right time. It requires a high degree of suspicion to diagnose it. Measurement of serum magnesium levels should always be kept in back of mind if definite management of cerebellar symptoms has to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goel Khushbu
- 2Department of Neurology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, 110017 India
| | - Mukherji Joy Dev
- 2Department of Neurology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, 110017 India
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17
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Urwin S, Willows J, Sayer JA. The challenges of diagnosis and management of Gitelman syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:3-10. [PMID: 31578736 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gitelman syndrome is an inherited tubulopathy characterized by renal salt wasting from the distal convoluted tubule. Defects in the sodium chloride cotransporter (encoded by SLC12A3) underlie this autosomal recessive condition. This article focuses on the specific challenges of diagnosing and treating Gitelman syndrome, with use of an illustrative case report. Symptoms relate to decreased serum potassium and magnesium levels, which include muscle weakness, tetany, fatigue and palpitations. Sudden cardiac deaths have been reported. Making a diagnosis may be difficult given its rarity but is important. A knowledge of the serum and urine biochemical picture is vital to distinguish it from a broad differential diagnosis, and application of genetic testing can resolve difficult cases. There is a group of Gitelman syndrome heterozygous carriers that experience symptoms and electrolyte disturbance and these patients should be managed in a similar way, though here genetic investigations become key in securing a difficult diagnosis. Potassium and magnesium replacement is the cornerstone of treatment, though practically this can be hard for patients to manage and often does not fully relieve symptoms even when serum levels are normalized. Challenges arise due to the lack of randomized controlled trials focussing on treatment of this rare disease; hence, clinicians endorse strategies in line with correction of the underlying pathophysiology such as sodium loading or pharmacological treatments, which seem to help some patients. Focussed dietary advice and knowing the best tolerated preparations of potassium and magnesium medications are useful tools for the physician, as well as an awareness of the specific burdens that this patient group face in order to signpost appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Urwin
- Renal Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jamie Willows
- Renal Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Renal Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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18
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Ponzetto A, Figura N. Serum magnesium and the prevalence of peripheral artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2019; 292:230. [PMID: 31757433 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ponzetto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin cso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Natale Figura
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry & PharmacyVia A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
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19
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Jiang K, Jiang X, Wen Y, Liao L, Liu FB. Relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A systematic analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1898-1905. [PMID: 31206764 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM This study aims to systematically analyze the effect of long-term therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on the risk of gastric cancer. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and China biomedical literature database (CBM) were searched for studies before February 2019. We evaluated the quality of the included articles through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and gathered relevant data to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) through Stata14.0. RESULTS Seven relevant articles conformed to the inclusion criteria; 943 070 patients were included. The pooled OR was 2.50; 95% CI (1.74, 3.85); the subgroup analysis results showed that patients who had used PPIs for more than 36 months were most likely to develop gastric cancer, and an increased risk was observed among patients after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Noncardia gastric cancer was more likely to develop. CONCLUSIONS Long-term use of PPIs can possibly increase the risk of gastric cancer even among patients after H. pylori eradication; in particular, for noncardia gastric cancer, the risk increases with longer durations of PPI use. Due to the limited number of studies, more high-quality studies are required to be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Jiang
- First College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotao Jiang
- First College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wen
- First College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Liao
- First College of Clinic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Bin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliation Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Hamilton KP, Zelig R, Parker AR, Haggag A. Insulin Resistance and Serum Magnesium Concentrations among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz108. [PMID: 31696157 PMCID: PMC6822014 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ∼1 in 10 women worldwide. Hypomagnesemia may worsen insulin resistance (IR) due to the role magnesium (Mg) plays in glucose metabolism. This review explores the relation between serum Mg and IR among women with PCOS. A review of primary research focusing on both serum Mg and women with PCOS was conducted from 2011 to 2019. Studies reviewed included human subjects, written in the English language, and limited to community-dwelling women aged ≥18 y. A total of 7 articles were reviewed. The findings from 4 epidemiological analytic studies evaluating serum Mg status suggest there may be a relation between serum Mg concentrations and IR among women with PCOS. However, among the 3 experimental trials, Mg supplementation inconsistently impacted IR among women with PCOS. Women with PCOS are more likely to underconsume Mg-rich foods and have a greater likelihood of lower serum Mg concentrations. Although it remains unclear if dietary Mg and/or supplementation should be a nutritional strategy for all women with PCOS, current research indicates an association between adequate Mg status and improved IR. Further research evaluating dietary interventions and supplementation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Hamilton
- School of Health Professions, Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences at Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rena Zelig
- School of Health Professions, Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences at Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anna R Parker
- School of Health Professions, Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences at Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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21
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Gommers LMM, Ederveen THA, van der Wijst J, Overmars-Bos C, Kortman GAM, Boekhorst J, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ. Low gut microbiota diversity and dietary magnesium intake are associated with the development of PPI-induced hypomagnesemia. FASEB J 2019; 33:11235-11246. [PMID: 31299175 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900839r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used by millions of patients for the treatment of stomach acid-reflux diseases. Although PPIs are generally considered safe, about 13% of the users develop hypomagnesemia. Despite rising attention for this issue, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Here, we examine whether the gut microbiome is involved in the development of PPI-induced hypomagnesemia in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. After 4 wk of treatment under normal or low dietary Mg2+ availability, omeprazole significantly reduced serum Mg2+ levels only in mice on a low-Mg2+ diet without affecting the mRNA expression of colonic or renal Mg2+ transporters. Overall, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a lower gut microbial diversity in omeprazole-treated mice. Omeprazole induced a shift in microbial composition, which was associated with a 3- and 2-fold increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, respectively. To examine the metabolic consequences of these microbial alterations, the colonic composition of organic acids was evaluated. Low dietary Mg2+ intake, independent of omeprazole treatment, resulted in a 10-fold increase in formate levels. Together, these results imply that both omeprazole treatment and low dietary Mg2+ intake disturb the gut internal milieu and may pose a risk for the malabsorption of Mg2+ in the colon.-Gommers, L. M. M., Ederveen, T. H. A., van der Wijst, J., Overmars-Bos, C., Kortman, G. A. M., Boekhorst, J., Bindels, R. J. M., de Baaij, J. H. F., Hoenderop, J. G. J. Low gut microbiota diversity and dietary magnesium intake are associated with the development of PPI-induced hypomagnesemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M M Gommers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,NIZO Food Research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caro Overmars-Bos
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jos Boekhorst
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,NIZO Food Research, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (RADBOUDUMC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Several drugs including diuretics and proton-pump inhibitors can cause magnesium loss and hypomagnesemia. Magnesium and drugs use the same transport and metabolism pathways in the body for their intestinal absorption, metabolism, and elimination. This means that when one or more drug is taken, there is always a potential risk of interaction with the magnesium status. Consequently the action of a drug may be adversely affected by magnesium (e.g., magnesium, calcium, and zinc can interfere with the gastrointestinal absorption of tetracycline antibiotics) and simultaneously the physiological function of minerals such as magnesium may be impaired by a drug (e.g., diuretics induce renal magnesium loss). Given the ever-increasing number of drugs on the market and the frequency with which they are used, greater attention must be paid in daily medical and pharmaceutical practice focused in particular on the adverse effects of drug therapy on magnesium status in order to minimize the potential risk to the health of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Gröber
- Academy of Micronutrient Medicine, Zweigertstr. 55, 45130 Essen, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
Introduction: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may rarely cause thrombocytopenia. To our knowledge, only one case of lansoprazole-induced thrombocytopenia has been reported previously. Case: We report a case of a 50-year-old South Asian male who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after cardiac arrest during general anesthesia for ureteroscopy. During ICU stay, his platelet count dropped from 315×103/µL to 57×103/µL after 5 days of initiation of lansoprazole for stress-ulcer prophylaxis. After excluding other causes of thrombocytopenia; lansoprazole was stopped and his platelets recovered over the next few days. Later exposure to lansoprazole resulted in another drop in his platelet count with subsequent recovery after discontinuation of lansoprazole. A review of his home medications showed that he had been taking pantoprazole prior to hospitalization. Discussion: Thrombocytopenia has been previously reported with different PPIs. In the previously reported lansoprazole-induced thrombocytopenia, the level of certainty was not high due to lack of re-exposure. In the present case, another exposure to lansoprazole, without intention of rechallenge, reproduced the same adverse drug reaction (ADR). Although platelet-reactive antibodies testing was not available to confirm causation in this case, the Naranjo score was 8 which indicated probable causation by lansoprazole. Despite probable lansoprazole-induced thrombocytopenia, our patient had been tolerating pantoprazole. This finding highlights the different effects of individual PPIs on platelet counts in the same patient. Conclusion: Lansoprazole may cause thrombocytopenia. However, patients who develop lansoprazole-induced thrombocytopenia may tolerate other PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saad
- Pharmacy Department, Al Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Al Wakrah, Qatar
| | - Hassan Mitwally
- Pharmacy Department, Al Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Al Wakrah, Qatar
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24
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Kostov K. Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061351. [PMID: 30889804 PMCID: PMC6470576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for human health and plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin actions. Despite the widespread clinical evidences for the association of Mg2+ deficiency (MgD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), molecular mechanisms by which Mg2+ contributes to insulin resistance (IR) are still under discussion. Mg2+ regulates electrical activity and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Intracellular Mg2+ concentrations are critical for the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and other downstream signal kinases of the target cells. Low Mg2+ levels result in a defective tyrosine kinase activity, post-receptor impairment in insulin action, altered cellular glucose transport, and decreased cellular glucose utilization, which promotes peripheral IR in T2D. MgD triggers chronic systemic inflammation that also potentiates IR. People with T2D may end up in a vicious circle in which MgD increases IR and IR causes MgD, that requires periodic monitoring of serum Mg2+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kostov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski Str., 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria.
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25
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Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Important drug-micronutrient interactions: A selection for clinical practice. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:257-275. [PMID: 30580552 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1522613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between drugs and micronutrients have received only little or no attention in the medical and pharmaceutical world in the past. Since more and more pharmaceutics are used for the treatment of patients, this topic is increasingly relevant. As such interactions - depending on the duration of treatment and the status of micronutrients - impact the health of the patient and the action of the drugs, physicians and pharmacists should pay more attention to such interactions in the future. This review aims to sensitize physicians and pharmacists on drug micronutrient interactions with selected examples of widely pescribed drugs that can precipitate micronutrient deficiencies. In this context, the pharmacist, as a drug expert, assumes a particular role. Like no other professional in the health care sector, he is particularly predestined and called up to respond to this task. The following article intends to point out the relevance of mutual interactions between micronutrients and various examples of widely used drugs, without claiming to be exhaustive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Gröber
- Academy of Micronutrient Medicine, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Kisters
- Academy of Micronutrient Medicine, Essen, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik I, St. Anna Hospital, Herne, Germany
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26
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Singh A, Cresci GA, Kirby DF. Proton Pump Inhibitors: Risks and Rewards and Emerging Consequences to the Gut Microbiome. Nutr Clin Pract 2018; 33:614-624. [PMID: 30071147 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been criticized for their various adverse interactions and side effects, creating a dilemma among practitioners regarding their use. Our goal is to review the proper use and possible side effects that might be caused by or associated with PPI use. Conclusions were drawn based on the evidence supporting or refuting short-term and long-term adverse events associated with PPI use. We also looked for the evidence regarding effects of PPIs on gut microbiota and their overall safety profile. Although there are significant discrepancies in the current literature regarding various adverse effects associated with PPI use, current data suggest that PPI use is not associated with an increased risk of bone fractures, community-acquired pneumonia, cardiovascular events, hypocalcemia, and gastric malignancies. A mild increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency and chronic kidney disease, and a moderate increase in the risk of rebound hypersecretion, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and enteric infections, including Clostridium difficile, has been noted with PPI therapy. PPI's link with dementia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is not clear and requires further investigation. When used appropriately, PPIs are safe medications and are associated with minimal side effects. A clear indication and potential short-term and long-term side effects should be considered before starting PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail A Cresci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department Gastroenterology, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald F Kirby
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Human Nutrition, Diegstive Disease and Survery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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27
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Savarino E, Marabotto E, Zentilin P, Furnari M, Bodini G, Pellegatta G, Lorenzon G, Della Coletta M, Ghisa M, Coppo C, Marinelli C, Savarino V. A safety review of proton pump inhibitors to treat acid-related digestive diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2018; 17:785-794. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2018.1497155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Marabotto
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zentilin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manuele Furnari
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Greta Lorenzon
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Della Coletta
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Ghisa
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Coppo
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carla Marinelli
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY VALUES OF THE RED PANDA SUBSPECIES ( AILURUS FULGENS STYANI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 49:384-395. [PMID: 29900763 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Health evaluations were conducted on individuals ( n = 62, age < 1 to 11 yr) from a captive red panda ( Ailurus fulgens styani) population at the Chengdu Research Base for Giant Panda Breeding in Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China. Individuals were anesthetized using combinations of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, diazepam, isoflurane, and tiletamine/zolazepam. Whereas physical exams revealed no abnormalities for 40% of red pandas, 24% had dental abnormalities and 18% had orthopedic abnormalities. As the red panda is the only member of the family Ailuridae, complete blood count and serum biochemistry samples were collected and used to develop reference intervals for this species. When hematologic and serum chemistry values of male and female red pandas were compared within this A. f. styani population, males had higher mean cell hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, whereas females had higher alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and iron. Adult red pandas (≥2 yr) had higher lymphocyte percentage, total protein, globulin, and chloride levels, whereas juveniles (<2 yr) had higher white blood cell concentrations, neutrophil percentage and absolute neutrophil values, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, potassium, total and ionized calcium, and phosphorus levels. Reference values and expected age and sex differences will assist with health management of the captive A. f. styani population.
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COPD Patients with Acute Exacerbation Who Developed Refeeding Syndrome during Hospitalization Had Poor Outcome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INT J GERONTOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bîrluţiu V, Luca CM, Bîrluțiu RM. Streptococcus agalactiae meningoencephalitis associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease and chronic proton pump inhibitors use, in a 9 month-old infant: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 29390957 PMCID: PMC5796439 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-0995-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) is recognized as the etiologic agent of newborn and infant meningitis, aged up to 90 days, starting from the colonization of the maternal genital or gastrointestinal tract, but it is rarely responsible for meningitis in old infants. Case presentation We present the case of a 9 month-old infant diagnosed with S. agalactiae meningoencephalitis associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Conclusion The use of a PPI is a risk factor for ultra-late onset of Group B Streptococcus meningitis. The use of PPI in infants should be closely monitored in the light of changes in the gut microbiota, in the oropharyngeal and of the respiratory tract colonization, potentially with pathogenic flora. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-018-0995-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bîrluţiu
- Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Medicine; Infectious Diseases Clinic, Academic Emergency Hospital Sibiu, Alba-Iulia Str. No.79 23/8, 550052, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Codruța Mihaela Luca
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic, Clinical Pediatric Hospital, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Rareș-Mircea Bîrluțiu
- Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Medicine; "FOISOR" Clinical Hospital of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB Bucharest, Sibiu, Romania
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Peng L, Xie YF, Wang CG, Wu HG, Liu M, Wang YD, Ma FQ, Chang XR, Yang ZB. MOXIBUSTION ALLEVIATES GASTRIC PRECANCEROUS LESIONS IN RATS BY PROMOTING CELL APOPTOSIS AND INHIBITING PROLIFERATION-RELATED ONCOGENES. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 14:148-160. [PMID: 28573231 PMCID: PMC5446438 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: It is well known that gastric mucosa dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia are gastric precancerous lesions (GPL). Moxibustion treatment of Liangmen (ST21) and Zusanli (ST36) alleviated the inflammatory response and dysplasia of gastric mucosa in our previous study. The purpose of this study was to further examine the underlying mechanism of moxibustion treatment of ST21 and ST36 on GPL. Materials and Methods: Sixty SD rats were divided into five groups and rats with GPL were treated with either moxibustion (ST), moxibustion (Sham), or vitacoenzyme. B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), tumor protein p53 (P53) and cellular Myc (C-MYC), which are related to cell apoptosis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region proteins (Ag-NORs), which are associated with cell proliferation, and cell signaling proteins, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK), were measured after moxibustion treatment. Results: Compared with Control group, gastric mucosa in GPL group showed abnormal mucosal proliferation and pathological mitotic figure, the mRNA expression of bcl-2, P53 and C-MYC increased significantly (P < 0.01), the protein expression of PCNA, VEGF, Ag-NORs and the activity of NF-κβ as well as EGFR/ERK signaling proteins also increased significantly (P < 0.01). Moxibustion treatment decreased gastric mucosal proliferation and pathological mitotic figure, down-regulated the mRNA expression of bcl-2, P53, C-MYC (P < 0.01), decreased the protein expression of PCNA, VEGF, Ag-NORs and the activity of NF-κβ as well as EGFR/ERK signaling proteins significantly (P < 0.01). But moxibustion treatment of Sham didn’t show the same effect on GPL. Conclusion: Moxibustion treatment inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced gastric mucosa dysplasia by inhibiting the expression of bcl-2, P53, C-MYC and decreased the activity of NF-κβ as well as EGFR/ERK signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102 PRC
| | - Yu-Feng Xie
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Shenzhen 2 hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Futian hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen 518000 PRC
| | | | - Huan-Gan Wu
- Research Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030 PRC
| | - Mi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 330004 PRC
| | - Ya-Dong Wang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102 PRC
| | - Fu-Qiang Ma
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102 PRC
| | - Xiao-Rong Chang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 330004 PRC.,Zong-bao Yang: corresponding author, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zong-Bao Yang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102 PRC.,Zong-bao Yang: corresponding author, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Carroll RE, Benedetti E, Schowalter JP, Buchman AL. Management and Complications of Short Bowel Syndrome: an Updated Review. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016; 18:40. [PMID: 27324885 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as loss of bowel mass from surgical resection, congenital defects, or disease. Intestinal failure (IF) includes the subset of SBS unable to meet nutrition needs with enteral supplements and requires parenteral nutrition (PN). The parenteral treatment of SBS is now a half-century old. Recent pharmacologic treatment (GLP-2 analogues) has begun to make a significant impact in the care and ultimate management of these patients such that the possibility of reducing PN requirements in formerly PN-dependent patients is a now a real possibility. Finally, newer understanding and possible treatment for some of the complications related to IF have more recently evolved and will be an emphasis of this report. This review will focus on developments over the last 10 years with the goal of updating the reader to new advances in our understanding of the care and feeding of the SBS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Carroll
- Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Center, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago and Chicago Veterans Administration Medical Center (West Side Division), 840 South Wood Street (M/C 787), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Enrico Benedetti
- Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Center, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago and Chicago Veterans Administration Medical Center (West Side Division), 840 South Wood Street (M/C 787), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joseph P Schowalter
- Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Center, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago and Chicago Veterans Administration Medical Center (West Side Division), 840 South Wood Street (M/C 787), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alan L Buchman
- Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Center, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago and Chicago Veterans Administration Medical Center (West Side Division), 840 South Wood Street (M/C 787), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Stark CM, Nylund CM, Gorman GH, Lechner BL. Primary renal magnesium wasting: an unusual clinical picture of exercise-induced symptoms. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/8/e12773. [PMID: 27117800 PMCID: PMC4848726 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the human body and plays a key role as a metabolic enzyme cofactor and regulatory ion for neurons and cardiomyocytes. Hypomagnesemia due to isolated primary renal magnesium wasting is a rare clinical condition typically associated with neurological hyperexcitability. Exercise‐related gastrointestinal symptoms are caused by ischemic, mechanical, or neurohormonal changes. The role of hypomagnesemia in gastrointestinal symptoms is not well understood. We present a case of a 15‐year‐old male who presented with exercise‐induced abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, who was found to have profound hypomagnesemia and inappropriately elevated fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg). Testing for multiple intrinsic and extrinsic etiologies of renal magnesium wasting was inconclusive. He was diagnosed with primary renal magnesium wasting and his symptoms resolved acutely with intravenous magnesium sulfate and with long‐term oral magnesium chloride. Primary renal magnesium wasting is a rare clinical entity that can cause extreme hypomagnesemia. It has not been associated previously with exercise‐induced gastrointestinal symptoms. The effects of hypomagnesemia on the human gastrointestinal tract are not well established. This case offers unique insights into the importance of magnesium homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract. Exercise‐induced splanchnic hypoperfusion may contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms observed in this chronically hypomagnesemic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cade M Nylund
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory H Gorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brent L Lechner
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Low Prevalence of Hypomagnesemia in Long-term Recipients of Proton Pump Inhibitors in a Managed Care Cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:317-21. [PMID: 26499924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) has been associated with hypomagnesemia, but prevalence of PPI-associated hypomagnesemia is not known. METHODS We examined the prevalence of hypomagnesemia among long-term PPI recipients by using a large health maintenance organization database. We collected data on 10,167 participants eligible for chronic drug prescriptions from 2008 through 2013. Adult subjects receiving continuous PPI therapy for ≥ 6 months between 2008 and 2013 and ≥ 1 serum magnesium determination(s) were identified. Patients with any magnesium levels less than 1.6 mg/dL were selected for analysis; those with recognizable causes of altered magnesium homeostasis were excluded. RESULTS Five hundred ninety participants received long-term PPIs, and 414 (70.2%) met the inclusion criteria for a total exposure of 2293 PPI-years (average, 5.7 years/subject). Of these patients, 57 (13.8%) had ≥ 1 low serum magnesium; 5 were no longer on PPIs, and 44 had other recognizable causes for hypomagnesemia (25 receiving diuretics, 8 with chronic diarrhea, 8 with chronic kidney disease, and 3 with malignancies). Of the 8 remaining patients (7 female; mean age, 71.2 ± 13.4 years; mean daily medications, 5.4 ± 1.1), mild hypomagnesemia (range, 1.2-1.5 mg/dL) was noted in 13.9% of 289 measurements. All 8 patients had normal serum levels of magnesium at their final measurement. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of known precipitating factors, chronic PPI use does not appear to be associated with hypomagnesemia.
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Dietary Inulin Fibers Prevent Proton-Pump Inhibitor (PPI)-Induced Hypocalcemia in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138881. [PMID: 26397986 PMCID: PMC4580428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proton-pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia (PPIH) is the most recognized side effect of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Additionally, PPIH is associated with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. It is hypothesized that PPIs reduce epithelial proton secretion and thereby increase the pH in the colon, which may explain the reduced absorption of and Mg2+ and Ca2+. Fermentation of dietary oligofructose-enriched inulin fibers by the microflora leads to acidification of the intestinal lumen and by this enhances mineral uptake. This study aimed, therefore, to improve mineral absorption by application of dietary inulin to counteract PPIH. Methods Here, C57BL/J6 mice were supplemented with omeprazole and/or inulin. Subsequently, Mg2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis was assessed by means of serum, urine and fecal electrolyte measurements. Moreover, the mRNA levels of magnesiotropic and calciotropic genes were examined in the large intestine and kidney by real-time PCR. Results Treatment with omeprazole significantly reduced serum Mg2+ and Ca2+ levels. However, concomitant addition of dietary inulin fibers normalized serum Ca2+ but not serum Mg2+ concentrations. Inulin abolished enhanced expression of Trpv6 and S100g in the colon by omeprazole. Additionally, intestinal and renal mRNA levels of the Trpm6 gene were reduced after inulin intake. Conclusions This study suggests that dietary inulin counteracts reduced intestinal Ca2+ absorption upon PPI treatment. In contrast, inulin did not increase intestinal absorption of Mg2+ sufficiently to recover serum Mg2+. The clinical potential of dietary inulin treatment should be the subject of future studies.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The gastrointestinal tract is the most common extra-cutaneous organ system involved with systemic sclerosis (SSc) affecting approximately 90% of patients. This review summarizes the recent advances in the evaluation and management of gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc. RECENT FINDINGS There is a growing body of evidence that uncontrolled GERD can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of SSc-associated interstitial lung disease. Newer forms of management of Barrett esophagus are showing significant promise as potentially curative therapy. Gastric antral vascular ectasias have strongly been associated with the presence of RNA polymerase III antibody. Newer technologies have advanced the assessment of gastrointestinal dysmotility in SSc. Evidence of probiotic use for the treatment of gastrointestinal complications is emerging. The UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 questionnaire is being increasingly accepted by the SSc experts as a validated instrument for evaluation of patient-reported outcomes involving the gastrointestinal tract. SUMMARY Our knowledge of the complex pathogenesis of gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc has expanded substantially in the last few decades. There has also been considerable technological progress in the evaluation of these manifestations. Patient care is being optimized by close collaboration of rheumatologists and gastroenterologists, leading to a more coordinated approach in the management of these complications.
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Toh JWT, Ong E, Wilson R. Hypomagnesaemia associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014; 3:243-53. [PMID: 25138239 PMCID: PMC4527261 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gou054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypomagnesaemia and associated hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism have been increasingly recognised as rare long-term side-effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The PPIs may inhibit active magnesium (Mg) absorption by interfering with transcellular transient receptor potential melastatin-6 and -7 (TRPM 6 and 7) channels. More recent cell culture studies have suggested concomitant inhibition of passive Mg absorption by omeprazole. After being treated with a range of PPIs, the four patients in our case series developed hypomagnesaemia, which responded to withdrawal of therapy and initiation of Mg replacement. Their clinical course and management demonstrate key aspects of hypomagnesaemia associated with long-term use of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wei Tatt Toh
- General Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Evonne Ong
- University of New South Wales Clinical School, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia and
| | - Robert Wilson
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Seto CT, Jeraldo P, Orenstein R, Chia N, DiBaise JK. Prolonged use of a proton pump inhibitor reduces microbial diversity: implications for Clostridium difficile susceptibility. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:42. [PMID: 25426290 PMCID: PMC4242847 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the gut microbiome in arresting pathogen colonization and growth is important for protection against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Observational studies associate proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and CDI incidence. We hypothesized that PPI use affected the distal gut microbiome over time, an effect that would be best explored by time-longitudinal study of healthy subjects on PPI in comparison to treatment-naïve CDI subjects. This study enrolled nine healthy human subjects and five subjects with treatment-naïve CDI. After random assignment to a low (20 mg/day) or high (2× 20 mg/day) dose group, fecal samples were collected from the nine healthy subjects before, during, and after 28 days of PPI use. This was done in conjunction with pre-treatment fecal collection from CDI subjects. High-throughput sequencing (16S rRNA) was performed on time-longitudinal samples to assess changes to the healthy gut microbiome associated with prolonged PPI usage. The healthy samples were then compared to the CDI subjects to explore changes over time to the gut microbiome associated with PPI use and potentially related to CDI. RESULTS We report that PPI usage at low and high dosages, administered for 28 days, resulted in decreases to observed operational taxonomic unit (OTU) counts after both 1 week and 1 month. This decrease resulted in observed OTU levels that were similar to those found in treatment-naïve CDI patients, which was partly reversible after a 1 month recovery period. We did not detect a dose-dependent difference in OTU levels nor did we detect significant changes in taxa previously reported to be affected by PPI treatment. CONCLUSION While our observation of diminishing observed OTU counts during PPI therapy is a preliminary finding in a small cohort, our hypothesis that PPIs disrupt the healthy human gut microbiome is supported in this group. We conclude that decreases in observed species counts were reversible after cessation of PPI usage within 1 month. This finding may be a potential explanation for the association between prolonged PPI usage and CDI incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T Seto
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota-Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patricio Jeraldo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert Orenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota-Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John K DiBaise
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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