1
|
Akça G, Akça U. Coffee Consumption Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024:99228241246398. [PMID: 38624077 DOI: 10.1177/00099228241246398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to analyze and perform a model analysis of the scope of caffeine consumption in adolescents in Turkey. The prevalence of caffeine consumption was 65.5% (321/490), with 22% of boys and 38.45% of girls consuming foodstuffs or beverages containing it. The mean daily caffeine intake was 85.8 mg. Girls consumed all types of coffee more frequently, while boys consumed black tea and energy drinks such as Red Bull and Burn more frequently than girls. Coffee was most frequently consumed to boost concentration, and tea and energy drinks out of habit. Individuals who lived in the city center, smokers, and individuals with high income levels consumed more caffeine (P = .000, P = .000, and P = .000). The level at which energy drinks were consumed by mixing with alcohol in a party setting was 11.5%, and this was more common among boys (P = .000). Greater efforts should be made to inform parents and adolescents of the potential harm resulting from misuse of caffeine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulfer Akça
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Unal Akça
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aljaadi AM, Turki A, Gazzaz AZ, Al-Qahtani FS, Althumiri NA, BinDhim NF. Soft and energy drinks consumption and associated factors in Saudi adults: a national cross-sectional study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1286633. [PMID: 38115880 PMCID: PMC10729318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1286633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The consumption of soft and energy drinks poses a significant risk for non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. Studies in Saudi Arabia have reported elevated consumption of soft/energy drinks, but nation-wide data is not available. Therefore, this study aims to explore the prevalence of soft and energy drinks consumption and its associated factors among a representative sample of Saudi adults. Methods The present research is a secondary data analysis of the 2021 Sharik Diet and Health National Survey (SDHNS). Current analysis used data on socio-demographics, anthropometrics, physical activity, and soft and energy drink consumption. The frequency of soft and energy drinks consumption is assessed on a weekly basis. Results Of the 5,194 Saudi adults, 3,928 were analyzed. Overall, 67% consumed soft drinks weekly, while 30% consumed energy drinks weekly. In multiple logistic regression, consumption of either soft drinks or energy drinks was associated with males, a younger age, lower income, and lower physical activity. Individuals with overweight or obesity were less likely to consume energy drinks [OR (95%CI): 0.83 (0.71, 0.99) and 0.73 (0.60, 0.90), respectively] than those with healthy weight. However, education level was not associated with either soft or energy drink consumption. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions designed to reduce soft and energy drinks consumption in Saudi adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Aljaadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Turki
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Z. Gazzaz
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora A. Althumiri
- Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Informed Decision Making, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F. BinDhim
- Sharik Association for Research and Studies, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Informed Decision Making, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamdy Hafez S, Mohammed NA, Osman AM, Alwesabi SA, Eltaher Hamed Abdulrahman E, Ramadan Elrefaey S, Ali Alkhadher M, Megahed Ibrahim A, Yahia Mahdy Shalby A, Saied Harfoush M. The Era of Energy Drinks: Consumption Pattern, Awareness, Perception, and Their Adverse Impact on Adolescent Health in Egypt. Cureus 2023; 15:e48966. [PMID: 38111409 PMCID: PMC10726092 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the risks associated with energy drinks (EDs), the consumption of EDs remains high, especially among adolescents, so the study aimed to assess the consumption pattern, awareness, perception of EDs, and their adverse impact on adolescent health. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used. The study setting is Damanhur City, Beheira governorate, Egypt, with a sample size of 350 participants. A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect the data and consisted of five parts: socio-demographic data, pattern of use, negative adverse effects of EDs, knowledge, and perception. RESULTS The data reveal that 38.5% of the studied sample consumed EDs, and 14.2% of them consumed more than one time per day. The main reason for consumption was feeling fatigue among 46.4%, followed by 28.7% to increase concentration. Only 36% had satisfactory awareness, and 45.7% perceived that excessive consumption has dangerous effects. Age, educational stage, gender, awareness, and perception are significant influencers on the consumption of EDs. The reported adverse impacts were polyuria among 51.4%, followed by tachycardia (40.0%) and insomnia (35%). CONCLUSION About one-third of studied adolescents consume EDs regularly and reported several adverse health effects, such as polyuria and tachycardia. The main reason for consumption was feeling fatigued among about half of the studied adolescents. Low awareness levels and negative perceptions were significantly associated with consumption. RECOMMENDATION Implement educational programs about EDs and their possible risks to improve the awareness level among adolescents. Further studies should be carried out across different countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Hamdy Hafez
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, EGY
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, SAU
| | - Noha A Mohammed
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, EGY
| | | | - Sadeq A Alwesabi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, SAU
| | | | - Samah Ramadan Elrefaey
- Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, SAU
| | - Mugahed Ali Alkhadher
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, SAU
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, SAU
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Damietta, EGY
| | - Abeer Yahia Mahdy Shalby
- Department of Medical and Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, SAU
- Faculty of Nursing, Benha University, Benha, EGY
| | - Mohamed Saied Harfoush
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University, Damanhour, EGY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Faris ME, Al Gharaibeh F, Islam MR, Abdelrahim D, Saif ER, Turki EA, Al-Kitbi MK, Abu-Qiyas S, Zeb F, Hasan H, Hashim MS, Osaili TM, Radwan H, Cheikh Ismail L, Naja F, Bettayeb FZ, Obaid RS. Caffeinated energy drink consumption among Emirati adolescents is associated with a cluster of poor physical and mental health, and unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1259109. [PMID: 37908686 PMCID: PMC10613644 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1259109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (CED) has escalated during the last few years, especially among schoolchildren, with evident adverse health sequelae in this critical age group. Objective This study examined the prevalence of CED consumption and its associations with sleep, physical and mental health, and dietary and lifestyle habits among schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Method A structured self-administered online questionnaire was developed and disseminated among schoolchildren aged 14-18 years, selected from schools of the seven emirates of the UAE. Results More than 4,500 (N= 4,648) responses received. A relatively low prevalence of CED consumption (20%) was found among schoolchildren in the UAE. However, those who reported CED consumption were more likely to report unhealthy dietary (skipping breakfast, frequent snacking, and eating fast foods, low fruit, and vegetable intake) and lifestyle behaviors (long screen time, poor sleep health), in addition to poor self-reported mental and physical health than non-users. CED consumption was significantly and variably associated with multiple sociodemographic factors such as students' nationality, parental companionship, sex, school type, education level (children's and parents'), daily allowance, academic performance, screen time, sleep quality parameters, self-reported physical and mental health, and parents' employment. Sources of knowledge about CED were social media (55%), friends/schoolmates (52%), and family members (52%). Students believed that CED constitute sugar (87%), caffeine (69%), artificial flavors (67%) sweeteners (54%), and stimulating components (43%). The majority (70%) of students reported that CED consumption increases the risks for heart disease, diabetes, high blood sugar (65%), addiction (64%), high blood pressure (59%), and obesity (57%). Conclusion These results offer important insights for health professionals, child health specialists, policymakers, and parents in the UAE regarding adolescents' attitudes, knowledge and behaviors toward CED consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MoezAlIslam E. Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fakir Al Gharaibeh
- Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - M. Rezaul Islam
- Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana Abdelrahim
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Rashid Saif
- Health Promotion Department, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Ali Turki
- Health Promotion Department, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahra Khalfan Al-Kitbi
- Health Promotion Department, Supreme Council for Family Affairs, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salma Abu-Qiyas
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falak Zeb
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona S. Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq M. Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Zohra Bettayeb
- Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad Shaker Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Research (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Associations between adolescents' energy drink consumption frequency and several negative health indicators. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:258. [PMID: 36747163 PMCID: PMC9903583 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify how various negative health indicators are associated with energy drink consumption frequency among 13- and 15-year-old Finnish adolescents. METHODS Data (N = 2429) from the nationally representative international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (2018) were analyzed via descriptive analysis and logistic regression analyses, with control for salient covariates. Relative risks (RR) were derived from the adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS Even infrequent energy drink consumption was associated with various negative health indicators. Moreover, as compared to non-users, frequent energy drink consumers were more likely to report several health-compromising behaviors: current smoking (RR = 9.85, 95% CI: 5.68-16.02), current snus use (RR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.80-6.85), cannabis use (RR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.69-6.52), alcohol consumption (RR = 3.08, 95% CI: 2.49-3.71), problematic social media use (RR = 2.53, 95% CI:1.68-3.72), short sleep (RR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.69-2.60), skipping breakfast (RR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.51-2.29), drunkenness (RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.11-2.23), inadequate tooth brushing (RR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.54). In addition, frequent energy drink consumption was associated with perceived negative health indicators: feelings of insufficient sleep (RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11-2.15), low self-rated health (RR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15-1.87), and multiple health complaints (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Energy drink consumption, even infrequent, was associated with several negative health indicators, and the reporting of these increased with the frequency of energy drink consumption. The findings support the concerns of health authorities regarding the negative associations between energy drink consumption and health, even among persons as young as 13 years. There is evidence to support specific policy level actions, including restrictions on the sale of energy drinks to adolescents. This measure has been proposed in a Finnish government program, but implementation has yet to occur. Moreover, marketing of these beverages in platforms that are popular among adolescents (e.g., the social media) should be rigorously evaluated, and comprehensive interventions and actions implemented to ensure that adolescents, parents/guardians, and professionals working with adolescents (e.g., in schools) have a good understanding of the links between energy drink consumption and health.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang CY, Chang FC, Rutherford R, Chen WY, Chiu CH, Chen PH, Chiang JT, Miao NF, Chuang HY, Tseng CC. Excessive Gaming and Online Energy-Drink Marketing Exposure Associated with Energy-Drink Consumption among Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10661. [PMID: 36078377 PMCID: PMC9518090 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined excessive online gaming by adolescents and the resultant effects of their exposure to the online marketing of energy drinks and alcohol, and whether marketing literacy could serve as a mitigating factor. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020. Data were obtained from a sample of 2613 seventh-grade students from 30 middle schools in Taiwan. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted. The results showed that nearly 18% of the adolescent respondents had used energy drinks, while 75% reported seeing energy-drink advertisements on the internet in the past year. Multiple regression results indicated that factors such as being male, reporting excessive gaming, being exposed to higher levels of online energy-drink marketing, and reporting alcohol use were positively associated with energy-drink consumption. A higher level of online energy-drink marketing-affective literacy, however, was negatively associated with energy-drink consumption. In conclusion, factors that predicted energy-drink consumption among adolescents included excessive gaming and exposure to online energy-drink marketing, but marketing-affective literacy tended to lessen the impact of such advertising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fong-Ching Chang
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Ru Rutherford
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hung Chen
- The Graduate Institute of Mass Communication, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Tung Chiang
- Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan
| | - Nae-Fang Miao
- School of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Chien Tseng
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marinoni M, Parpinel M, Gasparini A, Ferraroni M, Edefonti V. Psychological and socio-educational correlates of energy drink consumption in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:889-901. [PMID: 34825275 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are non-alcoholic beverages providing an extra boost in physical/cognitive performance and mood. Besides the physiological effects related to the high-caffeine content of EDs, long-term emotional, social, and behavioral effects have been recently receiving attention. However, a few systematic reviews have focused on the critical yet understudied periods of childhood and adolescence. We have undertaken a comprehensive systematic review of the evidence on any psychosocial correlates of ED consumption in 0-18-year-old subjects, as published up to April 1, 2021, in MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Reviews and Central Register of Controlled Trials. Of the initial 789 records, 104 original articles were included in the systematic review. Seventy percent of them were published from 2016 onwards; among investigated topics, substance use ranked first, followed by psychological and socio-educational factors; the less investigated topic was risky behaviors. Taste and energy-seeking were the main drivers of consumption, which generally happened at home or during sport/recreational activities, without perception of health-related risks. Positive associations with ED consumption were found for sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation, plan, or attempts. Finally, participants with lower grades, a low parental monitoring, or bad influences from peers were more likely to consume EDs. Conclusion: With ~ 70% of papers published since the 2 comprehensive reviews on children/adolescents were carried out, an update of the literature with a broad focus is of great importance. Consumption of EDs by children/adolescents lies in the potential interplay between personality traits, school performance, and influences by family members and peers. What is Known: • Taste and energy-seeking are the main drivers of energy drink consumption, which mostly happened at home or in sport/recreational activities. What is New: • Perception of risks related to energy drinks is associated with a lower consumption, as based on cross-sectional studies. • As mostly based on cross-sectional studies: 1. energy drink consumption is related to sensation seeking, irritability/anger, and suicide ideation or attempts; 2. students with a lower school performance, low parental monitoring, or bad peer influence, are more likely to consume energy drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Marinoni
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Maria Parpinel
- Department of Medicine - DAME, Università Degli Studi di Udine, via Colugna 50, Udine, 33100, Italy
| | - Alessio Gasparini
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Monica Ferraroni
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Venezian 1, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mekkey S, Tizkam H. The prevalence rate of energy drinks consumption among young adults in Iraqi society. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF BABYLON 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjbl.mjbl_107_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
9
|
Almohammadi AM, Edriss AM, Enani TT. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and dietary supplements among resistance trained individuals in western cities of Saudi Arabia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:117. [PMID: 34583769 PMCID: PMC8480089 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) contain testosterone-like androgens and are used as supplements to improve performance, therapeutic measures, appearance, and muscular development. Purpose This study aimed to estimate using anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) and good and bad practices about dietary supplements among resistance-trained individuals. It further seeked to determine the use of common drugs and supplements containing anabolic steroids among resistance-trained individuals (who work out at the sports centre) and assess users' knowledge about its side effects. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the sports centres of the western cities of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 male resistance-trained individuals. Results The majority of the participants (80%) reported that they had not used any hormonal bodybuilding supplement last year, while 20% said they had used such hormonal supplements. Approximately half (52.5%) of participants reported that they always used dietary supplements. A total of 44.2% of participants possessed inadequate knowledge of these products. The main reason behind the use of hormones and supplements was to increase muscle mass. Conclusions A minority of resistance-trained individuals in the studied population frequently misused AAS. However, the results cannot be generalised to the whole of Saudi Arabia. AAS consumption can be reduced by enhancing the level of awareness and knowledge of potential adverse health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Mosleh Almohammadi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anas Mohammed Edriss
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Talal Enani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Puupponen M, Tynjälä J, Tolvanen A, Välimaa R, Paakkari L. Energy Drink Consumption Among Finnish Adolescents: Prevalence, Associated Background Factors, Individual Resources, and Family Factors. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:620268. [PMID: 34744582 PMCID: PMC8565280 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.620268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Energy drink consumption among adolescents has become a notable global phenomenon, and has been associated with numerous negative health outcomes. In order to understand the popularity of energy drinks among adolescents, and to target interventions, it is important to identify the determinants underpinning consumption. Methods: The nationally representative data (cross-sectional) were drawn from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys, conducted in 2014 and 2018, each comprising 13- and 15-year-old Finnish adolescents (n = 7405). Results: Weekly energy drink consumption increased among Finnish adolescents between 2014 (18.2%) and 2018 (24.4%), especially among girls. In 2018, boys typically consumed more than girls, and 15-year-olds more than 13-year-olds. Moreover, in 2018, weekly energy drink consumption was more prevalent among 15-year-old adolescents with a non-academic educational aspiration (46.0%) than among adolescents with an academic aspiration (18.3%). Gender (boys more than girls), older age (only in 2018), less parental monitoring, lower school achievement, and a lower level of health literacy explained around 28% of the variance in weekly energy drink consumption in both years. Conclusion: According to the findings, interventions to decrease the energy drink consumption, should be targeted at all adolescents, but especially at those with fewer individual resources. The interventions should also pay attention to family-level factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Puupponen
- Research Center for Health Promotion, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jorma Tynjälä
- Research Center for Health Promotion, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Raili Välimaa
- Research Center for Health Promotion, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Paakkari
- Research Center for Health Promotion, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trapp G, Hurworth M, Christian H, Bromberg M, Howard J, McStay C, Ambrosini G, Martin K, Harray A, Cross D, Oddy W, Hammond D. Prevalence and pattern of energy drink intake among Australian adolescents. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 34:300-304. [PMID: 32827226 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks (ED) are popular among young people despite evidence of associated health risks. Research into the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among young people is sparse. The present study investigates the prevalence and pattern of ED intake among a large sample of adolescents, including how many consume them, how often, for what reasons and in what contexts. METHODS In 2018, all students in grades 7-12 attending 25 randomly selected Western Australian schools were invited to complete an online self-report survey about EDs. RESULTS Of the 3688 respondents, 51.2% reported consuming an ED. Of these 'ever consumers', 23.4% drank them monthly, 19.2% weekly and 2% every day. The average age of first intake was 10.7 years. One-fifth (19.7%) of 'ever consumers' reported consuming more than two EDs in 1 day. Reasons for ED use included taste, to boost energy levels, sport performance and studying. CONCLUSIONS The findings add to limited international evidence about adolescent ED use and provide valuable information to help ensure interventions to reduce intake address the underlying reasons and contexts of ED consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - M Hurworth
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - H Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - M Bromberg
- The Law School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - J Howard
- School of Law, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - C McStay
- The Western Australian Department of Health, East Perth, WA, Australia
| | - G Ambrosini
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,The Western Australian Department of Health, East Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K Martin
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - A Harray
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - D Cross
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - W Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - D Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Subaiea GM, Altebainawi AF, Alshammari TM. Energy drinks and population health: consumption pattern and adverse effects among Saudi population. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1539. [PMID: 31752795 PMCID: PMC6869250 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine containing energy drinks (EDs) are heavily consumed, particularly among young adults. The number of reports of caffeine intoxication from caffeinated EDs and problems related to caffeine dependence and withdrawal is increasing. The objective was to assess the knowledge and perceived beneficial effects of EDs consumers, to assess consumption patterns and determine the adverse effects experienced by different EDs consumer groups residing in Saudi Arabia. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study with data from a randomly selected Saudi population was conducted during the period of January 15th, 2015, to April 15th, 2015, using a pre-tested 43-item questionnaire. The data were obtained and collected using interview questionnaires. Sociodemographic characteristics and data on EDs consumption patterns, the level of awareness among study subjects, and the purported benefits and reported adverse effects of EDs were collected. Frequency, percentage, and arithmetic means were calculated using Chi-square and ANOVA tests, and data with p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Of the 816 individuals invited to participate in the study, 783 participants responded and completed interviews, response rate was 96%. Consumers attributed the popularity of EDs to massive advertising media (46.7%) and their stimulating and invigorating effects (37.5%). EDs are consumed by subjects for their effects on fatigue reduction (64.6%), increased alertness and focus (75.8%), and assistance during long driving trips (75.7%). Study subjects reported suffering from adverse effects, including mainly diuresis (53.7%), palpitations (50.7%), insomnia (50.7%). Importantly, an inverse association was identified between knowledge of EDs and consumption rate, and a proportional association was identified between experienced adverse effects and consumption frequency. Lower knowledge scores were identified in daily consumers than in 1-3 times monthly consumers; higher adverse events were experienced by daily consumers than by 1-3 times monthly consumers. The majority of consumers (84.6%) recommended that authorities should regulate EDs consumption. CONCLUSIONS Excessive EDs consumption is associated with an increased risk of experiencing several adverse events, which is commensurate with published studies. Increasing knowledge about EDs and their possible risks could decrease their consumption by the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehad M. Subaiea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F. Altebainawi
- Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, Ministry of Health, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M. Alshammari
- Medication Safety Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, P.O.Box 6166, Zip code 81442 Hail City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Energy drinks in children and adolescents: demographic data and immediate effects. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:649-656. [PMID: 30770983 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks consumption has become increasingly common in the last few years, despite evidence associating these products with vast adverse health effects. This led us to explore the phenomenon of energy drinks consumption in adolescents in the Israeli Arab population of the Nazareth area (Northern Israel), examining their awareness of risks associated with consumption of energy drinks, investigating their immediate effects on the body. Our study revealed that the consumption of energy drinks is very common in adolescents of both sexes, though more common in boys. Of 375 students who filled out the questionnaire, 206 reported that they consumed energy drinks (55%), 91 were male (44.4%), and 115 were female (55.6%). In the experimental stage of this study, we found that energy drinks significantly increased systolic blood pressure in most participants within a brief period of time after drinking.Conclusion: Given the prevalence of energy drinks consumption and their side effects, it is important to increase awareness of the risks associated with their regular use and to combat this phenomenon through the education system in schools. What is Known: • Energy drinks consumption has become popular and frequent among adolescents across the world. • The immediate effects of energy drinks in children and adolescents are poorly described. What is New: • Religious and social norms are not a barrier to ED consumption among the varied investigated population. • Our study describes the immediate effect of energy drinks during the first 2 h after consumption, revealing systolic blood pressure to be significantly increased.
Collapse
|
14
|
Alabbad MH, AlMussalam MZ, AlMusalmi AM, Alealiwi MM, Alresasy AI, Alyaseen HN, Badar A. Determinants of energy drinks consumption among the students of a Saudi University. J Family Community Med 2019; 26:36-44. [PMID: 30697103 PMCID: PMC6335835 DOI: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_42_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Energy drinks contain stimulants mainly caffeine. The use of these drinks by university students is on the rise despite concerns about their safety. This study identified the determinants of the consumption of energy drinks in a cohort of Saudi university students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. The students who volunteered to participate (n = 1255) were asked to complete a pretested questionnaire soliciting information on gender, marital status, class and college of study, pattern of energy drinks use, reasons for use, any benefits as well as any untoward effects experienced. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS (version 21) to determine frequencies and compare various categories of the energy drink users. Logistic regression analysis were performed to identify determinants of energy drinks consumption. RESULTS: Out of 1255 participants, 245 reported using energy drinks. Out of a total 1255 students, 903 (72%) were from medical and 352 (28%) from nonmedical colleges of the university. There were 890 junior and 365 senior students. The female participants were significantly more among both senior and junior medical students. The age of the participants (mean ± SD) was 20.2 ± 1.9 years. The frequency of energy drinks users was higher in the male nonmedical students (both senior and junior) compared to the medical students. The most significant determinants identified were male gender (odds ratio [OR] 4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] =3.34, 6.12), and being single (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.98, 4.24). In addition, being in non-medical field of study (OR = 1.3, 95% CI=0.61-2.13) was also found to have a reasonable association with energy drink consumption. CONCLUSION: We report male gender, unmarried status, and studying in nonmedical colleges of the university as the main determinants of the consumption of energy drinks by university students. Scrutiny of the patterns and reasons for the consumption of energy drinks might help in developing educational interventions to ensure the appropriate use of energy drinks by young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali I Alresasy
- King Fahd Hospital of The University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Badar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alsubaie ASR. Consumption and correlates of sweet foods, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:1045-1050. [PMID: 28917070 PMCID: PMC5694639 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.10.19849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the consumption of sweets, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks along with their correlates among primary school children. Methods: A total of 725 children (7-12 years old) were randomly recruited from 10 elementary schools from Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia in 2013, using a multi-stage stratified sampling technique and pre-tested validated questionnaire. Results: Approximately 26.1% of children reported consuming sweets on daily basis, and 63.4% consumed sweets occasionally during the week. Approximately 56.3% children were reportedly drinking carbonated beverages weekly and 17.1% in daily basis. Weekly consumption of energy drinks was reported in 21.9% and daily consumption in 4.3% of the children. Daily sweets consumption was positively associated with children age (odds ratio [OR]=1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.5-9.5, p=0.035), consuming carbonated beverages (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 2.2-5.2, p<0.001), energy drinks (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1-5.4, p=0.029), eating high fat food (OR= 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4, p=0.023), and inversely with children body mass index (BMI) (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.8-0.9, p<0.001). Consuming carbonated beverages on regular basis was positively associated with consuming energy drinks (OR=9.0, 95% CI: 4.0-21.0, p<0.001). Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary choices were found to be prevalent at early age. Comprehensive intervention programs should be established to prevent unhealthy dietary choices and promote healthier dietary behaviors. Qualitative studies are needed for better understanding of children’s dietary behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saad R Alsubaie
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Dlaigan YH, Al-Meedania LA, Anil S. The influence of frequently consumed beverages and snacks on dental erosion among preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Nutr J 2017; 16:80. [PMID: 29228963 PMCID: PMC5725932 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the prevalence of dental erosion and its association to commonly used beverages and snacks among 3 to 5 year old preschool children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods Three hundred eighty-eight preschool children between 3 and 5 years old were selected from 10 different schools using a cluster random sample selection; there were 184 (47%) boys and 204 (53%) girls. The surfaces of each tooth were examined for erosion, and the level of tooth wear was recorded. Data on the frequently used beverages and snacks were obtained by questionnaires completed by the parents of the preschool children. Results Among the 388 children examined, 47% exhibited low erosion, 10% exhibited moderate erosion and 4% exhibited severe erosion. There was no statistically significant difference between boys and girls in terms of the prevalence of erosion. Sixty percent of the children regularly consumed juice drinks. Among daily consumers, 84% of children showed erosion prevalence with strongly significant association (p < 0.005). Holding the drink in the mouth also showed a significant association with erosion (p < 0.02). Conclusion It was concluded that an association was found between the prevalence of dental erosion and the frequency of citrus and carbonated juice consumed by the preschool children in Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef H Al-Dlaigan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. BOX 60169, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Meedania
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. BOX 60169, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Visram S, Crossley SJ, Cheetham M, Lake A. Children and young people's perceptions of energy drinks: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188668. [PMID: 29190753 PMCID: PMC5708842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of soft drinks is declining in many countries, yet energy drink sales continue to increase, particularly amongst young consumers. Little is currently known about the drivers behind these trends. Energy drinks are high in sugar and caffeine, and evidence indicates that regular or heavy use by under 18s is likely to be detrimental to health. This study aimed to explore children and young people's attitudes and perceptions in relation to energy drinks in a UK context. METHODS Eight focus groups were conducted with pupils aged 10-11 years (n = 20) and 13-14 years (n = 17) from four schools in northern England. A sub-sample also took part in a mapping exercise to generate further insights. Data were analysed using the constant comparative approach. RESULTS Energy drinks were reportedly consumed in a variety of public and private places, generally linked to social activities, sports and computer gaming (particularly amongst boys). Participants demonstrated strong brand awareness and preferences that were linked to taste and perceived value for money. The relatively low price of energy drinks and their widespread availability were identified as key factors, along with gendered branding and marketing. Some participants demonstrated a critical approach to manufacturers' claims and many were keen to become better informed, often through school- or peer-based interventions. Other potential interventions included age restrictions, voluntary schemes involving retailers and improved labelling. CONCLUSIONS The lack of a single dominant factor in participants' consumption choices suggests that there is unlikely to be a 'silver bullet' in attempting to address this issue. However, the findings provide support for policy-level interventions that seek to change the behaviours of manufacturers and retailers as well as consumers, and actively involve children and young people where possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelina Visram
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Crossley
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Cheetham
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Lake
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen’s Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Al-Abdullah AS, Al-Bounni RS, Al-Omari M. Color Stability of Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill Restorative Composite Resin after Immersion in Different Drinks. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2229411217729080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the color stability of Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill composite restorative material after immersion in three different (energy drink, protein supplement solution, and combination of energy drink and protein supplement solution) drinks. Materials and Methods: Composite resin disks, 2 mm in depth and 5 mm in diameter, were prepared from the Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill composite restorative material. Specimens were tested after immersion and aging in energy drink (Red Bull) alone, protein supplement solution alone, and in combination with energy drink and protein supplement. Deionized water was used as a control group. Specimens were stored at room temperature of ±23°C for a period of one week in each drink. Color was assessed in the CIELAB using Color Eye 7000A Spectrophotometer. Color differences in different group specimens were measured. Mean values were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Further Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were applied to know the differences between the group of specimens. A p value of p < 0.05 was set as significance level. Results: N-Ceram Bulk Fill composite showed Δ L, Δ a, Δ b, and Δ E mean and standard deviation values when immersed in deionized water (–2.6 ± 3.24, 0.16 ± 0.19, 0.32 ± 1.26, and 3.51 ± 2.47), energy drink (–4.19 ± 4.24, 0.21 ± 0.21, 1.57 ± 1.32, and 5.40 ± 3.11), protein supplement (62.71 ± 12.48, –2.63 ± 0.7, 7.7 ± 5.67, and 63.45 ± 12.56), combined energy drink and protein supplement (68.52 ± 13.43, –4.06 ± 1.73, 10.94 ± 5.31, and 69.71 ± 13.42), respectively. All the color coordinates (Δ L, Δ a, and Δ b) showed statistically significant difference, p < 0.001. The color change of N-Ceram Bulk Fill composite specimens Δ E occurred by immersion in energy drink, protein supplement solution, and combined solution of energy drink and protein supplement after seven days was found to be statistically significant p < 0.001. Conclusion: The study’s finding suggests that the energy drink (Red Bull), protein supplement (ISOPURE), and combined immersion in energy drink and protein supplements caused perceptible and clinically unacceptable color change in the Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill composite material. This color change was remarkably high with a combined immersion in energy drink and protein supplement solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Saad Al-Abdullah
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roula S. Al-Bounni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al-Omari
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Al OM, Elshatarat RA. Influence of knowledge and beliefs on consumption of performance enhancing agents in north-western Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2017; 37:317-325. [PMID: 28761032 PMCID: PMC6150593 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of performance enhancing agents (PEAs) has a wide range of negative health consequences, but knowledge of these consequences among gym users of PEAs in Saudi Arabia is not well understood. OBJECTIVES Identify the knowledge, awareness, beliefs and attitudes of gym users about negative health consequences of using PEAs, and the relationship between these factors and use of these agents. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Five gyms in Madinah city, Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Convenience sampling was used to recruit gym users. An electronic self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Level of knowledge about the negative health consequences of PEAs among gym users. RESULTS About 70% of 316 participants had used one or more of PEAs over the last six months. Of those, about 68.4% used protein powder supplements and 48.1% used energy drinks. Participants who believed that protein powder supplements (c2=52.3, P < .01) and energy drinks (c2=35.2, P < .01) had health hazards used these agents less often than others during the six months preceding data collection. Participants who had less knowledge about the negative health consequences were more likely to use protein powder supplement (t=2.38, P=.018). On the other hand, those who were more knowledgeable about the negative health consequences of insulin, were more likely to use insulin (t=2.45, P=.015). CONCLUSION Misuse of PEAs is widespread among gym users in Saudi Arabia. Improving the level of knowledge and awareness of possible serious health consequences would hopefully lead to reduced PEA consumption. LIMITATIONS The temporal sequence of cause and effect could not be determined in a cross sectional study. Convenience sampling in a single city limited the generalizability of the findings to all regions of Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mansour Al
- Dr. Omar Mansour Al Nozha, Department of Internal Medicine,, Taibah University,, PO Box 30088, Madinah 41477,, Saudi Arabia, T: 966-55534992, F: 014-8484800, , ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-4683
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, Crossley SJ, Lake AA. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a rapid review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010380. [PMID: 27855083 PMCID: PMC5073652 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patterns of energy drink consumption by children and young people, attitudes towards these drinks, and any associations with health or other outcomes. DESIGN Rapid evidence assessment and narrative synthesis. DATA SOURCES 9 electronic bibliographic databases, reference lists of relevant studies and searches of the internet. RESULTS A total of 410 studies were located, with 46 meeting the inclusion criteria. The majority employed a cross-sectional design, involved participants aged 11-18 years, and were conducted in North America or Europe. Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people was found to be patterned by gender, with boys consuming more than girls, and also by activity levels, with the highest consumption observed in the most and least sedentary individuals. Several studies identified a strong, positive association between the use of energy drinks and higher odds of health-damaging behaviours, as well as physical health symptoms such as headaches, stomach aches, hyperactivity and insomnia. There was some evidence of a dose-response effect. 2 experimental studies involving small numbers of junior athletes demonstrated a positive impact on limited aspects of sports performance. 3 themes emerged from the qualitative studies: reasons for use; influences on use; and perceived efficacy and impact. Taste and energy-seeking were identified as key drivers, and branding and marketing were highlighted as major influences on young people's consumption choices. Awareness of possible negative effects was low. CONCLUSIONS There is growing evidence that consumption of energy drinks is associated with a range of adverse outcomes and risk behaviours in terms of children's health and well-being. However, taste, brand loyalty and perceived positive effects combine to ensure their popularity with young consumers. More research is needed to explore the short-term and long-term impacts in all spheres, including health, behaviour and education. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014010192.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelina Visram
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mandy Cheetham
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Crossley
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Amelia A Lake
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
- Fuse (UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health), Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nassaif MM, Alobed GJJ, Alaam NAA, Alderrazi AN, Awdhalla MS, Vaithinathan AG. Energy Drink Consumption Practices of Young People in Bahrain. Cent Asian J Glob Health 2016; 4:216. [PMID: 29138721 PMCID: PMC5661204 DOI: 10.5195/cajgh.2015.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy drink (ED) consumption is becoming increasingly popular among young Bahrainis, who may be unaware of the health risks associated with ED consumption. To date, there have been few publications on the consumption of ED in Bahrain, particularly among adolescents. This study seeks to fill a gap in the literature on energy drink consumption practices of Bahraini adolescents. Methods Data were collected using a previously established European Food Safety Authority questionnaire. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on a convenience sample of 262 Bahraini students aged 10 to 18 years. Results Most participants consumed energy drinks 2 to 3 times per week and consumed two or more cans at a time. Eighty percent of partcipants preferred energy drinks with sugar. Participants in the older age group and higher educational level consumed more ED. The majority (57%) consumed ED at home with friends as part of socialization. Notably, 60% of the parents of the respondents have not consumed energy drinks. Prominent reasons for consumption of energy drinks included: taste (40%), energy (30%), stay awake (13%), augment concentration (4%), and enhance sports performance (6%). Conclusion Energy drink consumption is a popular socialization activity among adolescents of Bahrain. The potential health risks necessitates the need for novel health promotion strategies and advocacy efforts for healthy hydration practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noor A A Alaam
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alhyas L, El Kashef A, AlGhaferi H. Energy drinks in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: A review. JRSM Open 2016; 7:2054270415593717. [PMID: 26770815 PMCID: PMC4710126 DOI: 10.1177/2054270415593717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks have become a popular beverage worldwide. This review was carried out to have an overview among adolescents and emerging adults in the Gulf Co-operation Council states about energy drinks consumption rates and other related issues such as starting age and patterns of energy drink consumption. The Medline and Embase databases were searched separately using different terms such as energy drinks, energy beverages, and caffeinated drinks. Data related to the rates of energy drinks use were entered in STATA for statistical analysis. Then, these data were used to conduct meta-analysis to estimate the rate of energy drink consumption. Overall, meta-analysis results showed that the estimated rates of energy drinks consumption is 46.9% (95% CIs, 33.2 -66.1; nine studies) with I-square 3.7%. Findings indicated that individuals start to consume energy drinks at approximately 16 years old, and males were found to consume energy drinks more frequently than females. Results from this review carry several recommendations for policy and enforcement, public education and research that can help policy and decision makers to achieve the goal of safer use of energy drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhyas
- National Rehabilitation Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | |
Collapse
|