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HCV Genotype Distribution of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C in Istanbul. MEDICAL BULLETIN OF SISLI ETFAL HOSPITAL 2021; 55:86-92. [PMID: 33935541 PMCID: PMC8085459 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2020.66990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which has no protective vaccine, is a common cause of chronic hepatitis, which is a severe public health threat. There are differences in nucleotide and amino acid sequences in different regions of the HCV genome. As a result of these differences, HCV has been shown to have at least seven major genotypes and many subtypes. In Turkey, the prevalence of genotype 1 is between 51.7% and 97.1%, the highest rate among all genotypes, while subtype 1b is the genotype with the highest rate. It is important to detect mixed genotype infection reliably as it causes treatment failure. This study aims to reveal the distribution of the HCV genotypes in our hospital in Istanbul over the years and to contribute to the epidemiological data of Turkey. Methods: For this purpose, 385 patient samples sent to Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for HCV genotype determination between January 2016 and June 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. Anti-HCV was screened by enzyme immunoassay and confirmation was performed by Line immunoassay. HCV genotyping assays targeting highly conserved 5’UTR and most variable region NS5B regions were used. Results: The most common genotype was genotype 1 (81.3%) with 313 cases and subtypes 1a and 1b were detected at the rates of 10.9% and 67.8%, respectively. In addition, genotype 3, 2, 4, 5 were detected at the rates of 8.8%, 3.4%, 2.9%, 0.8%, respectively and mixed genotype was found in 2.9% of cases. Although genotype 5 is seen in South Africa, it is found in the Middle East region, albeit at a low rate. In our study, it was observed that genotype 5 was detected in different years from patients of Syrian origin. Conclusion: In this study, genotype 1 was the most common genotype with a rate of 81.3% and subtype 1b was 67.8%, in accordance with the literature. However, genotypes 3, 2, 4 and 5 were also present at low rates. It is important to monitor these rare genotypes since some of them are dominant in surrounding countries. In addition, 2.9% of HCV mixed genotype was detected and this should be considered concerning management of HCV infection.
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Akkuzu MZ, Sezgin O, Yaraş S, Özdoğan O, Yılmaz İ, Üçbilek E, Ateş F, Altıntaş E. Patients Lost after Anti-HCV-Positive Finding in a Tertiary Care University Hospital: Increased Awareness and Action is Necessary to Eradicate HCV. SISLI ETFAL HASTANESI TIP BULTENI 2019; 53:366-370. [PMID: 32377110 PMCID: PMC7192297 DOI: 10.14744/semb.2019.46656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Though there is a global effort to eradicate hepatitis C infection (HCV), several obstacles remain. Many patients infected with the virus are not detected or go untreated. The goal of this study was to identify any barriers to treatment and any difficulties contributing to the elimination of HCV infection at a tertiary care university hospital. METHODS This was a retrospective review. The hospital data system was searched for records of patients admitted to the hospital for any reason from between 2013 and 2018 who were screened for viral markers and determined to be anti-HCV positive. The follow-up performed was then analyzed. RESULTS Viral marker testing was requested for 65,853 patients during the study period. Of those, 64.735 (98.3%) were found to be anti-HCV negative and 1118 (1.7%) were anti-HCV positive. In all, 392 (35.06%) were detected in the gastroenterology department, 417 (37.3%) were patients in the infectious diseases department, and 309 (27.64%) were identified in other clinics, including emergency services, the blood bank, and others. There were 30/392 (7.65%) patients admitted to the gastroenterology clinic who declined a biopsy and/or treatment. In other clinics, 88/309 (28.5%) patients were identified who were not treated for HCV and not followed up because they were not referred to the related specialty department. CONCLUSION It was determined that there was a significant gap in referring patients to the appropriate specialized department following an anti-HCV positive finding and thus to appropriate follow-up and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Zanyar Akkuzu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sezgin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yaraş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Osman Özdoğan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Yılmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Enver Üçbilek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Fehmi Ateş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Engin Altıntaş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
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The Predominance of Genotype 3 in Hepatitis C Virus in the Province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey/Genotype Distribution of Syrian Refugee Patients with Hepatitis C in Kahramanmaras Province. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.80872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Selek MB, Baylan O, Karagöz E, Özyurt M. Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in chronic hepatitis C infection patients. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 36:416-421. [PMID: 30429397 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes is very important in the selection of antiviral treatment, dose adjustment of antiviral agents, determining the treatment duration and following-up of treatment response. We aimed to determine the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C infection (CHC) patients. Materials and Methods We have included 106 CHC patients who were positive in the anti-HCV and HCV-RNA tests performed in our hospital during the 16-month period. Anti-HCV assays were performed on device using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, while HCV-RNA tests and HCV genotyping assays were performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Of the 106 cases; genotype 1b was detected in 67.0%, genotype 3 was detected in 16.0%, genotype 1a was detected in 14.2% and genotype 2 was detected in 2.8% patients. Genotypes 4, 5 and 6 were not detected in our study group. There were no statistically significant differences between the gender and age groups according to the HCV genotype distribution. The genotype 3 detection rate (16%) was the highest rate among the studies compared with the other studies in our country. Conclusions Events that cause social changes such as war and immigration and intense commercial and touristic activities affect and alter the HCV genotype distribution in HCV-infected patients. For this reason, further multicentre studies are required reflecting all the regions in order to determine the genotype distribution in HCV-infected patients at regular intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Burak Selek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sultan Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Baylan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Sultan Abdülhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ergenekon Karagöz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özyurt
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Karabulut N, Alacam S, Yolcu A, Onel M, Agacfidan A. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Istanbul, Turkey. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:192-196. [PMID: 30084409 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The hepatitis C virus (HCV) has seven main genotypes and multiple subtypes. The distribution of HCV genotypes varies across geographical regions worldwide. Updated estimates of HCV genotype distributions have a critical importance for developing strategies to manage or eliminate HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes in patients with HCV admitted to a university hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Materials and Methods A total of 412 HCV RNA positive patients with 46.6% of males and 53.4% of females between January 2013 and September 2016 were included in the study. Genotyping of HCV of the study population was performed by a commercial reverse hybridisation line probe-based assay. Results Genotype 1 (82.5%) was dominant genotype, followed by genotype 3 (10.7%), genotype 2 (4.6%) and genotype 4 (2.2%). Among patients with genotype 1, subtype 1a, 1b and undetermined subtype were 6.3%, 38.8% and 37.4%, respectively. It was observed that genotype proportion was dependent on gender and age of the patients. Genotype 1 and genotype 2 were more prevalent in females, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 were more prevalent in males. Genotype 1 in the older patients and genotype 3 in the younger patients were more prevalent. Conclusion The majority of patients with HCV infection had genotype 1 (82.5%), followed by genotype 3, 2 and 4. Monitoring the change in HCV genotype distribution is critical for the development of effective strategies for HCV elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Karabulut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Alacam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yolcu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Onel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Agacfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Virology and Fundamental Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kirdar S, Aydin N, Tiryaki Y, Ertugrul B, Coskun A, Bilgen M. Dynamics of HCV epidemiology in Aydin province of Turkey and the associated factors. APMIS 2017; 126:109-113. [PMID: 29271117 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper gives an update on the local distributions of HCV genotypes in Aydin province of Turkey, provides a comparison with the previous records, and discusses the potential causal reasons shaping the evolving genotype profiles. Patient files from 2011 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed, and newly detected cases were documented. Out of 286 patients, male and female ratios were determined to remain nearly the same (~50%). Genotype 1 was still the most common (90.2%), followed by genotype 3 (5.9%), genotype 2 (2.1%), and genotype 4 (1.4%) in frequency. There were international patients (4.50%). One patient had genotyped 2+3 together. Genotypes 4 and 2+3 were detected for the first time, and the patients with genotype 4 were interestingly all male and also domestic individuals. However, these patients traveled or lived abroad in the past due to occupational reasons, thereby likely acquired the infection while abroad. HCV surveillance system is currently inadequate and some infected patients may go undetected in the province. Remapping the regional distribution of HCV genotypes from time-to-time is required for identifying the local dynamics and causes leading to it. This process enhances the clinical preparation and readiness for the better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevin Kirdar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Neriman Aydin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Yasin Tiryaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Aydin State Hospital, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ertugrul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Adil Coskun
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bilgen
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Gholami-Fesharaki M, Sharafi H, Sadeghi F, Alavian SM. The Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e40357. [PMID: 27826320 PMCID: PMC5097177 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.40357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is classified into seven genotypes and more than 100 subtypes. The treatment regimen, duration and efficacy of HCV therapy may vary according to the HCV genotype. Therefore, the HCV genotype should be determined prior to antiviral therapy. The objective of the current study was to review systematically all studies reporting the distribution of HCV genotypes in the countries that make up the Middle East. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Articles were identified by searching electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar, with timeline limits (articles published between 1995 and 2016). We carried out a systematic search regarding the distribution of HCV genotypes in Middle Eastern countries. RESULTS A total of 579 studies were identified by the electronic search. Of these, a total of 187 were identified as eligible papers including 60,319 patients who were meta-analyzed for pooled distribution of HCV genotypes. In Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, and Iran, genotype 1 was the most prevalent HCV genotype with rates of 82% (95% CI, 82%-83%), 68% (95% CI, 67%-69%), 68% (95% CI, 59%-77%), and 55% (95% CI, 54%-55%), respectively. In Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, HCV genotype 4 was the most common genotype with rates of 86% (95% CI, 85%-88%), 60% (95% CI, 56%-64%), 56% (95% CI, 54%-55%), and 57% (95% CI, 54%-61%), respectively. On the basis of adjusted data, HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region, with a rate of 74.7% (95% CI, 73.4%-76%), followed by genotype 1 at 15.1% (95% CI, 14.1%-16%). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that HCV genotype 4 is the most prevalent genotype in the Middle East region. However, HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent among non-Arab countries in the region including Turkey, Iran, Cyprus, and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Heidar Sharafi
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Moayed Alavian, Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188945186, Fax: +98-2188945188, E-mail:
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Keten D, Emin Ova M, Sirri Keten H, Keten A, Gulderen E, Tumer S, Caliskan A, Kulotu S. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Among Prisoners in Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e31598. [PMID: 27127594 PMCID: PMC4842253 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.31598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are among the most important health issues in Turkey. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are less frequently observed in the country. The individuals who had blood transfusions, patients undergoing hemodialysis, and intravenous drug addicted individuals, people who had tattoos/piercings, communal living environments, contamination of a family member, and prisoners are the main risk groups. Objectives The current study aimed to discuss the prevalence and the genotypes of hepatitis and HIV infections among a specific group, namely individuals incarcerated in prisons. Patients and Methods Two-hundred and sixty-six prisoners sentenced for crimes such as robbery, sexual assault, assault substance abuse or selling drugs in the Kahramanmaras closed prison were recruited for the study. Demographic data and the presence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV were investigated in the study subjects. Results Out of the 266 cases included in the study, 89.5% were male, 10.5% were female and the mean age was 31.21 ± 8.99 years. Risk factors were detected in 27.4% of the subjects. Out of the 73 subjects, among whom the risk factors were detected, 20.3% had intravenous substance use, 3.8% had a history of operation/transfusion, 1.9% had a history of indentation and 1.5% had unprotected sexual contact. The rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity was 2.6%, the ratio of anti-HBs positive subjects was 35.0% and immunity was achieved with vaccination in 43% of the subjects. Anti-HCV was positive in 17.7% of the prisoners and the genotype 3 and genotype 1 were 68.1% (n = 32) and 2.1% (n = 1), respectively. Conclusions Continued substance abuse among most of the drug addicted individuals in prisons, common use of injection materials, tattoos and other circumstances that cause blood contact increase the risk of blood-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Keten
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Ova
- Kahramanmaras Closed Prison, General Practice, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hamit Sirri Keten
- Department of Family Medicine, Kurtul Family Health Center, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Hamit Sirri Keten, Department of Family Medicine, Kurtul Family Health Center, TR-46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Tel: +90-5535385501, Fax: +90-3442212371, E-mail:
| | - Alper Keten
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Kahramanmaras Branch, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Evrim Gulderen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Seray Tumer
- Department of Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Caliskan
- Department of Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kulotu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Üçbilek E, Abayli B, Koyuncu MB, Midikli D, Gözüküçük S, Akdağ A, Özdoğan O, Altintaş E, Sezgin O. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among intravenous drug users in the Çukurova region of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:66-71. [PMID: 27511336 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1411-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The most common hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype in Turkey is genotype 1. However, there has not been a study about the distribution of HCV genotypes among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the Çukurova region of Turkey. This study was planned to understand if there is a difference between IVDUs and the normal population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between May 2010 and May 2014, anti-HCV positive IVDUs who applied to the 6 hospitals in the Çukurova region of Turkey were included in this study. Their HCV genotypes were studied. RESULTS Ninety-seven anti-HCV positive IVDUs were screened in terms of HCV RNA and genotype. Ten were excluded from the study because their HCV RNA results were negative. Fifty-one of the 87 patients (58.6%) had genotype 3. Genotype 2 was detected in 26 (29.9%) and genotype 1 was detected in 10 (11.5%) patients. CONCLUSION HCV genotypes seem to be different between the normal population and IVDUs according to studies worldwide. Among IVDUs, we detected a dominance of genotype 3 and genotype 2, which is apparently different from the normal population. The reason for this difference can be simply explained by infection through shared needles. However, there may still be a different immunological response in IVDUs, the investigation of which may lead to further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Üçbilek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahri Abayli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Çukurova Dr. Aşkım Tüfekçi State Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bakır Koyuncu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Durdane Midikli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Adana State Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Süveyda Gözüküçük
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Ekrem Tok Psychiatry Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Alper Akdağ
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ceyhan State Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | - Osman Özdoğan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tarsus State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Engin Altintaş
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Orhan Sezgin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Altindis M, Dal T, Akyar I, Karatuna O, Gokahmetoglu S, Ulger ST, Kulah C, Uzun B, Şener AG, Ozdemir M, Aydogan S, Kuskucu MA, Midilli K, Otlu B, Celen MK, Buruk K, Guducuoglu H. Six-year distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus in Turkey: a multicentre study. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1093430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Caliskan A, Kirisci O, Ozkaya E, Ozden S, Tumer S, Caglar S, Guler SA, Senol H. Distribution and predominance of genotype 3 in hepatitis C virus carriers in the province of kahramanmaras, Turkey. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e25142. [PMID: 25972903 PMCID: PMC4426333 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15(4)2015.25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hepatitis C virus (HCV) has six major genotypes and more than 100 subtypes, and the determination of the responsible genotype, collection of epidemiological data, tailoring antiviral therapy, and prediction of prognosis have an important place in disease management. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes across geographic regions and compare these data with those obtained from other geographic locations. PATIENTS AND METHODS The HCV genotypes were identified in HCV RNA positive blood samples, obtained from different centers. The HCV genotype was determined using molecular methods [Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)] in 313 patients, who were found to be positive for HCV RNA. The presence of HCV RNA was investigated using the RT-PCR method in serum samples delivered to the Microbiology Laboratory at Kahramanmaras Necip Fazıl City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey, from the centers located in Kahramanmaras City center and peripheral districts of the province, between March 2010 and August 2014. The HCV genotype analysis was performed in HCV RNA positive samples, using RT-PCR reagents kit. Urine samples from the patients were tested for amphetamine with an Amphetamines II (AMPS2) kit, cocaine was tested with a Cocaine II (COC2) kit, opiates were tested with an Opiates II (OPI2) kit, and cannabinoids were tested with a Cannabinoids II (THC2) kit in Roche/Hitachi Cobas c501 device. RESULTS The blood samples collected from 313 patients were included in the study. Of these patients, 212 (67.7%) were male and 101 (32.3%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 41.29 ± 20.32 years. In terms of HCV genotype distribution, 162 patients (51.7%) had genotype 1, 144 patients (46%) had genotype 3, four patients (1.3%) had genotype 2, and three patients (1%) had genotype 4. The results of urine drug tests were available in only 65 patients (20.2%). Of these, 61 (93.8%) patients had HCV genotype 3. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the prevalence of HCV genotype 1 was 51.7%, which was lower than the rates reported in other studies in Turkey, while the prevalence of HCV genotype 3 was 46%, which was remarkably higher than the reported Turkish data. In addition, the prevalence rate for genotype 3 reported in the present study is the highest that has ever been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Caliskan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kirisci
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Esra Ozkaya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Ozden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Seray Tumer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Necip Fazil City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Serkan Caglar
- Department of Medical Biohemistry, Necip Fazıl City Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Selma Ates Guler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hande Senol
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Effects of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 and 4 on serum activins and follistatin in treatment naïve patients and their correlations with interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, viral load and liver damage. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:293-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bruggmann P, Berg T, Øvrehus ALH, Moreno C, Brandão Mello CE, Roudot-Thoraval F, Marinho RT, Sherman M, Ryder SD, Sperl J, Akarca U, Balık I, Bihl F, Bilodeau M, Blasco AJ, Buti M, Calinas F, Calleja JL, Cheinquer H, Christensen PB, Clausen M, Coelho HSM, Cornberg M, Cramp ME, Dore GJ, Doss W, Duberg AS, El-Sayed MH, Ergör G, Esmat G, Estes C, Falconer K, Félix J, Ferraz MLG, Ferreira PR, Frankova S, García-Samaniego J, Gerstoft J, Giria JA, Gonçales FL, Gower E, Gschwantler M, Guimarães Pessôa M, Hézode C, Hofer H, Husa P, Idilman R, Kåberg M, Kaita KDE, Kautz A, Kaymakoglu S, Krajden M, Krarup H, Laleman W, Lavanchy D, Lázaro P, Marotta P, Mauss S, Mendes Correa MC, Müllhaupt B, Myers RP, Negro F, Nemecek V, Örmeci N, Parkes J, Peltekian KM, Ramji A, Razavi H, Reis N, Roberts SK, Rosenberg WM, Sarmento-Castro R, Sarrazin C, Semela D, Shiha GE, Sievert W, Stärkel P, Stauber RE, Thompson AJ, Urbanek P, van Thiel I, Van Vlierberghe H, Vandijck D, Vogel W, Waked I, Wedemeyer H, Weis N, Wiegand J, Yosry A, Zekry A, Van Damme P, Aleman S, Hindman SJ. Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in selected countries. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21 Suppl 1:5-33. [PMID: 24713004 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading indicator for liver disease. New treatment options are becoming available, and there is a need to characterize the epidemiology and disease burden of HCV. Data for prevalence, viremia, genotype, diagnosis and treatment were obtained through literature searches and expert consensus for 16 countries. For some countries, data from centralized registries were used to estimate diagnosis and treatment rates. Data for the number of liver transplants and the proportion attributable to HCV were obtained from centralized databases. Viremic prevalence estimates varied widely between countries, ranging from 0.3% in Austria, England and Germany to 8.5% in Egypt. The largest viremic populations were in Egypt, with 6,358,000 cases in 2008 and Brazil with 2,106,000 cases in 2007. The age distribution of cases differed between countries. In most countries, prevalence rates were higher among males, reflecting higher rates of injection drug use. Diagnosis, treatment and transplant levels also differed considerably between countries. Reliable estimates characterizing HCV-infected populations are critical for addressing HCV-related morbidity and mortality. There is a need to quantify the burden of chronic HCV infection at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bruggmann
- Arud Centres for Addiction Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mousavi SF, Moosavy SH, Alavian SM, Eghbali H, Mahboobi H. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with hepatitis C virus infection in hormozgan, iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e14324. [PMID: 24403914 PMCID: PMC3877657 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 170 million people in the world are infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Determination of HCV genotype before starting the treatment is required, because HCV genotype affects the course of treatment and drug dosage. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate HCV genotypes among patients with positive results for anti-HCV in Bandar Abbas from 2011 to 2012. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five hundred and nine consecutive patients with established chronic HCV infection referred to Behavioral Diseases Consultation Center, Blood Transfusion and Center for Special Diseases from March 2011 to March 2012 were enrolled in this cross sectional study. Five mL of peripheral blood was taken from precipitants and viral RNA extracted after plasma separation. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) assay and then HCV genotypes analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS In overall, 509 patients enrolled to this study. The mean age of these patients was 38.87 ± 9.55 years ranging from 1 to 90 years. Routs of transmission were: 238 (46.7%) inject of substance, 149 (29.3%) unknown rout, 62 (12.2%) blood transfusion, 50 (9.8%) sexual contact, and 10 (2%) mother to child. Frequency of HCV genotypes were: 316 (62.1%) 1a, 117 (23%) 1b, and 76 (14.9%) 3a. there was no significant association between HCV genotypes and gender, educational degree, risk factor of Hepatitis C, job, monthly income, HIV infection, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Intravenous drug injection, and underlying disease (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This results the same as many similar studies demonstrated that common HCV genotypes in Iranian patients were 1a, 3a and 1b, respectively. Patients with 1a and 1b genotypes have lower responses to interferon treatment, and it is reasonable to perform early screening to diagnose and determine HCV genotype for effective treatment and diagnose high-risk cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Hamid Moosavy
- Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Hormozgan, University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Seyed Hamid Moosavy, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Hormozgan, University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9177635854, Fax: +98-7613354056, E-mail:
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases Center (MELD Center), Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hajar Eghbali
- Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Hormozgan, University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahboobi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IR Iran
- Department of Phychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IR Iran
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