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Ashraf H, Agrawal P, Singh N, Maheshwari N, Qamar A. Ortho-Vanillin Ameliorates Spinetoram-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Silkworm Bombyx mori: Biochemical and In Silico Insights. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:1102-1118. [PMID: 39141216 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the toxic effects of the insecticide spinetoram on the model organism Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) and explores the potential ameliorative properties of O-Vanillin. Sub-lethal concentrations of spinetoram were given to silkworm larvae via oral feed, resulting in reduced body weight, larval length, and impaired cocoon characteristics. A study of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants revealed oxidative stress in the gut, fat body, and silk gland tissues, characterized by decreased antioxidants and increased lipid peroxidation. However, post-treatment with O-Vanillin effectively mitigated these toxic effects, preserving antioxidant capacities and preventing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, O-Vanillin prevented the loss of body weight and improved cocoon characteristics. At the histological level, spinetoram exposure caused mild histological damage in the gut, fat body, and silk gland. However, O-Vanillin post-treatment had ameliorative effects and mitigated the histological damages. To delve deeper into the mechanism of amelioration of O-Vanillin, in silico studies were used to study the interaction between an important xenobiotic metabolism protein of the Bombyx mori, i.e., Cytochrome p450, specifically CYP9A19, and O-Vanillin. We performed blind molecular docking followed by molecular dynamic simulation, and the results demonstrated stable binding interactions between O-Vanillin and CYP9A19, a cytochrome P450 protein in silkworm, belonging to the subfamily CYP9A, suggesting a potential role for O-vanillin in modulating xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ashraf
- Section of Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Pallavi Agrawal
- Dept of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Section of Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | | | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Hou J, Tan C, Chen N, Zhou Y, Huang S, Chen H, Qian L. Establishment of diabetes mellitus model using Bombyx mori silkworms in a low-temperature environment. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22083. [PMID: 38288495 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, researchers have conducted numerous experimental animal studies. However, the mammalian diabetes model is cumbersome and expensive to operate, while the cheap and simple common silkworm diabetes model has the disadvantage of a short cycle time. Since the growth of silkworms is greatly affected by environmental factors, we extended the five-age cycle of silkworms by lowering the ambient temperature to establish a novel low-temperature silkworm diabetes model. Our goal was to determine whether the low-temperature feeding of a high-sugar diet to silkworms could serve as an effective animal model for diabetes. Also, we aimed to resolve certain issues concerning the normal temperature silkworm diabetes model, such as the short time frame for experiments and erratic fluctuations in blood sugar levels. Silkworms weighing between 0.9 and 1.0 g at the beginning of the fifth instar were selected, and we created diabetic silkworms by feeding mulberry leaves containing 4% glucose daily in a 16-20°C environment. When the silkworms were kept at a cooler temperature, the fifth instar stage lasted for an additional 9-11 days. In the model group, 83.3% of the silkworms had blood glucose levels greater than 7.8 mmol/L, while the total prevalence of diabetic silkworms was 89.8%. Moreover, JNK phosphorylation expression rose in the model group, while PI3K expression fell. Additionally, the JNK and PI3K signaling pathway expressions matched diabetic signals. Therefore, using silkworms to create a diabetes model in a cool environment is a straightforward and cost-effective approach to studying diabetes in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Cheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Drug and Food Vocational College, Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Drug and Food Vocational College, Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
| | - Huani Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Li Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Drug and Food Vocational College, Guangxi Vocational University of Agriculture, Nanning, China
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Wan L, Xiao W, Huang Z, Zhou A, Jiang Y, Zou B, Liu B, Deng C, Zhang Y. Systematic identification of smORFs in domestic silkworm ( Bombyx mori). PeerJ 2023; 11:e14682. [PMID: 36655040 PMCID: PMC9841908 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is not only an excellent model species, but also an important agricultural economic insect. Taking it as the research object, its advantages of low maintenance cost and no biohazard risks are considered. Small open reading frames (smORFs) are an important class of genomic elements that can produce bioactive peptides. However, the smORFs in silkworm had been poorly identified and studied. To further study the smORFs in silkworm, systematic genome-wide identification is essential. Here, we identified and analyzed smORFs in the silkworm using comprehensive methods. Our results showed that at least 738 highly reliable smORFs were found in B. mori and that 34,401 possible smORFs were partially supported. We also identified some differentially expressed and tissue-specific-expressed smORFs, which may be closely related to the characteristics and functions of the tissues. This article provides a basis for subsequent research on smORFs in silkworm, and also hopes to provide a reference point for future research methods for smORFs in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Wan
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China,College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenfu Xiao
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyan Huang
- Research and Development Center, LyuKang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Departments of Bioinformatics, DNA Stories Bioinformatics Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anlian Zhou
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaming Jiang
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Bangxing Zou
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Cao Deng
- Research and Development Center, LyuKang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Departments of Bioinformatics, DNA Stories Bioinformatics Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youhong Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute,Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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Ashraf H, Qamar A, Maheshwari N. Attenuation of hexaconazole induced oxidative stress by folic acid, malic acid and ferrocenecarboxaldehyde in an invertebrate model Bombyx mori. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12577. [PMID: 36636222 PMCID: PMC9830160 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are a class of pesticides used to ward off fungal diseases from agricultural crops to achieve maximum productivity. These chemicals are quite efficient in controlling diseases; however, the excessive use of these affects non-target organisms as well. In this study, Bombyx mori was utilized to investigate the effect of the pesticide hexaconazole (HEX) on the antioxidant system of this organism and also to find ways to mitigate it. On oral exposure to this chemical, a significant reduction in antioxidants, CAT, GPX, GSH, and SOD in the gut, fat body, and silk gland was observed. The HEX treatment also resulted in lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the three tissues. To mitigate this toxicity and protect the silkworm from oxidative stress, we tested three compounds, namely folic acid, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde, and malic acid having known antioxidant potential. Folic acid provided significant protection against HEX-induced toxicity. Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and malic acid proved to be ill-efficient in controlling oxidative stress, with ferrocenecarboxaldehyde being the least effective of the three. Folic acid was also efficient in controlling LPO up to a considerable level. Ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and malic acid also prevented LPO less efficiently than folic acid. Overall folic acid was the only compound that mitigated HEX-induced oxidative stress in silkworm with statistical significance in all the tissues viz. gut, fat body, and silk gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ashraf
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ayesha Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India,Corresponding author.
| | - Nikhil Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Toopaang W, Bunnak W, Srisuksam C, Wattananukit W, Tanticharoen M, Yang YL, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Microbial polyketides and their roles in insect virulence: from genomics to biological functions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2008-2029. [PMID: 35822627 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: May 1966 up to January 2022Entomopathogenic microorganisms have potential for biological control of insect pests. Their main secondary metabolites include polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and polyketide-nonribosomal peptide (PK-NRP) hybrids. Among these secondary metabolites, polyketides have mainly been studied for structural identification, pathway engineering, and for their contributions to medicine. However, little is known about the function of polyketides in insect virulence. This review focuses on the role of bacterial and fungal polyketides, as well as PK-NRP hybrids in insect infection and killing. We also discuss gene distribution and evolutional relationships among different microbial species. Further, the role of microbial polyketides and the hybrids in modulating insect-microbial symbiosis is also explored. Understanding the mechanisms of polyketides in insect pathogenesis, how compounds moderate the host-fungus interaction, and the distribution of PKS genes across different fungi and bacteria will facilitate the discovery and development of novel polyketide-derived bio-insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiraporn Toopaang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. .,Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Warapon Bunnak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wilawan Wattananukit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Amphoe Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
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Andoh V, Chen L, Zhu F, Ge Q, Ma L, Wang Q, Chen K. The Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Melanin by Using Silkworm as a Model Animal. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:421. [PMID: 35878159 PMCID: PMC9317675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin has been reported to have potential applications in industries such as cosmetics and food due to its anti-UV and antioxidative qualities. However, the corresponding data on its safety evaluation or biological consequences are fairly limited; such data are critical given its widespread use. The effect of different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%) of melanin on growth status (larvae length and weight, cocoon weight, and morphology), the microstructure of the various tissues (fat body, silk gland, and midgut), and silk properties was studied by using the silkworm (bombyx mori) as the model organism. The weight and length of silkworm larvae fed with melanin were lower than the control, indicating that melanin appears to have a negative effect on the growth status of silkworms; however, the histophysiology analysis indicates that the cell morphologies are not changed, the XRD and FTIR spectra indicate that the secondary and crystalline structures of silks are also well preserved, and the thermogravimetric analysis and tensile test indicate that the thermal stability and mechanical properties are well maintained and even improved to some extent. Generally, it indicates that melanin has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of silkworm larva but causes no harm to the cell microstructures or silk properties; this demonstrates that the safety of melanin as a food addictive should be considered seriously. The increase of thermal stability and mechanical properties shows that melanin may be a good chemical modifier in textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Andoh
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Feifei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Qi Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lin Ma
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.C.); (F.Z.); (Q.G.)
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Products of Sericulture and Their Hypoglycemic Action Evaluated by Using the Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), as a Model. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121059. [PMID: 34940146 PMCID: PMC8707728 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of invertebrates as animal models is gaining attention within the scientific community due to numerous advantages during the development of the experiments, low cost of rearing, and fewer ethical problems. The well-documented biology of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) makes this insect an ideal candidate to be used in different fields of research. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of using the silkworm to evaluate the hypoglycemic action of various products of sericulture included in the diet after promoting glucose or sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. The postprandial antihyperglycemic activity of fibroin, sericin, and powder made from pupae of silkworms is confirmed. These natural products are therefore ideal candidates for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, obesity, and other lifestyle-related diseases. Abstract Sericulture generates different natural products with potential medical applications. Silk peptides, worms, or even pupae are commonly employed in traditional Asian medicine with a wide variety of purposes, and some scientific work has been focused on their antidiabetic properties. This work evaluates the postprandial antihyperglycemic activity of fibroin, sericin, and powder made from either larvae or pupae of silkworms, and Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), employing the silkworm itself as an animal model. The results indicate a reduction in the glucose levels in hemolymph after sucrose or glucose-induced hyperglycemia when these products are included in the diet of the worms.
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Rasheed S, Fries F, Müller R, Herrmann J. Zebrafish: An Attractive Model to Study Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Its Use as a Drug Discovery Tool. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:594. [PMID: 34205723 PMCID: PMC8235121 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-mammalian in vivo disease models are particularly popular in early drug discovery. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an attractive vertebrate model, the success of which is driven by several advantages, such as the optical transparency of larvae, the small and completely sequenced genome, the small size of embryos and larvae enabling high-throughput screening, and low costs. In this review, we highlight zebrafish models of Staphyloccoccus aureus infection, which are used in drug discovery and for studying disease pathogenesis and virulence. Further, these infection models are discussed in the context of other relevant zebrafish models for pharmacological and toxicological studies as part of early drug profiling. In addition, we examine key differences to commonly applied models of S.aureus infection based on invertebrate organisms, and we compare their frequency of use in academic research covering the period of January 2011 to January 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Rasheed
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (S.R.); (F.F.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Franziska Fries
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (S.R.); (F.F.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (S.R.); (F.F.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (S.R.); (F.F.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Shen G, Wu J, Lin Y, Hua X, Xia Q, Zhao P. Estrogen-Related Receptor Influences the Hemolymph Glucose Content by Regulating Midgut Trehalase Gene Expression in the Last Instar Larvae of Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4343. [PMID: 33919382 PMCID: PMC8122577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of trehalase in the midgut of insects plays an important role in glucose supply to the hemolymph. Energy metabolism is usually regulated by the estrogen-related receptor (ERR). A decrease in ATP levels is caused by the ERR hindering glycolysis. However, the relationship between trehalose accumulation and ERR expression is still unclear. Here, we found that silkworm ERR (BmERR) is concentrated and BmERR expression is strongly correlated with trehalase in the midgut during the last instar silkworm larval stage. We cloned the promoter of the trehalase from Bombyx mori (BmTreh) and found that the ERR bound directly to the core response elements of the promoter. Cell level interference and the overexpression of ERR can reduce or enhance BmTreh transcription and promoter activity. Overexpressed transgenic BmERR can significantly increase the expression of BmTreh in the midgut of the last instar silkworm larvae, thereby hydrolyzing trehalose into glucose and releasing it into the hemolymph. Additionally, increased hemolymph glucose content reduces silkworm pupa weight but does not affect silk protein production from the silk gland. Our results suggest a novel function for BmERR through its involvement in BmTreh regulation and expand the understanding of ERR functions in insect trehalose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwang Shen
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jinxin Wu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (G.S.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Mroczyńska M, Brillowska-Dąbrowska A. Virulence of Clinical Candida Isolates. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040466. [PMID: 33921490 PMCID: PMC8070227 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors enabling Candida spp. infections are secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, adherence to surfaces, biofilm formation or morphological transition, and fitness attributes. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between known extracellular virulence factors and survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with clinical Candida. The 25 isolates were tested and the activity of proteinases among 24/24, phospholipases among 7/22, esterases among 14/23, hemolysins among 18/24, and biofilm formation ability among 18/25 isolates was confirmed. Pathogenicity investigation using G. mellonella larvae as host model demonstrated that C. albicans isolates and C. glabrata isolate were the most virulent and C. krusei isolates were avirulent. C. parapsilosis virulence was identified as varied, C. inconspicua were moderately virulent, and one C. palmioleophila isolate was of low virulence and the remaining isolates of this species were moderately virulent. According to our study, virulence of Candida isolates is related to the expression of proteases, hemolysins, and esterases.
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Fometu SS, Wu G, Ma L, Davids JS. A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm ( Bombyx mori). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:190-202. [PMID: 33614385 PMCID: PMC7884877 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of high-quality silkworm silk is of importance in sericulture in addition to the production of biomass, silk proteins, and animal feed. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials have the potential to improve the development of various sectors including medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. The application of nanotechnology in sericulture not only improves the survival rate of the silkworm, promotes the growth and development of silkworm, but also improves the quality of silk fiber. Despite the positive contributions of nanomaterials, there are a few concerns regarding the safety of their application to the environment, in humans, and in experimental models. Some studies have shown that some nanomaterials exhibit toxicity to tissues and organs of the silkworm, while other nanomaterials exhibit therapeutic properties. This review summarizes some reports on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm and how the application of nanomaterials improves sericulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Senyo Fometu
- School of Biotechnology and Sericulture Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Guohua Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Sericulture Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Sericulture Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Joan Shine Davids
- School of Biotechnology and Sericulture Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
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Abstract
Drugs are developed through basic studies and clinical trials. In basic studies, researchers seek drug candidates using in vitro evaluation systems and subsequently examine their effectiveness in animal experiments as in vivo evaluations. Drug candidates identified in basic studies are tested to determine whether they are effective against human diseases in clinical trials. However, most drug candidates identified in in vitro evaluation systems do not show therapeutic effects in animal experiments due to pharmacokinetics and toxicity problems in the in vivo evaluations. This review outlines drug discovery using insect disease models that allow us to perform in vivo screening. Since insects have various advantages as experimental animals such as low cost for rearing and few ethical concerns, researchers can perform large-scale in vivo screening to find drug candidates. Silkworms are insects frequently used for studies of drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Based on silkworm research, I describe the benefits of using insect disease models for drug discovery. The use of insect disease models for in vivo screening is expected to facilitate drug discovery.
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13
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Proteotranscriptomics assisted gene annotation and spatial proteomics of Bombyx mori BmN4 cell line. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:690. [PMID: 33023468 PMCID: PMC7541253 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The process of identifying all coding regions in a genome is crucial for any study at the level of molecular biology, ranging from single-gene cloning to genome-wide measurements using RNA-seq or mass spectrometry. While satisfactory annotation has been made feasible for well-studied model organisms through great efforts of big consortia, for most systems this kind of data is either absent or not adequately precise. Results Combining in-depth transcriptome sequencing and high resolution mass spectrometry, we here use proteotranscriptomics to improve gene annotation of protein-coding genes in the Bombyx mori cell line BmN4 which is an increasingly used tool for the analysis of piRNA biogenesis and function. Using this approach we provide the exact coding sequence and evidence for more than 6200 genes on the protein level. Furthermore using spatial proteomics, we establish the subcellular localization of thousands of these proteins. We show that our approach outperforms current Bombyx mori annotation attempts in terms of accuracy and coverage. Conclusions We show that proteotranscriptomics is an efficient, cost-effective and accurate approach to improve previous annotations or generate new gene models. As this technique is based on de-novo transcriptome assembly, it provides the possibility to study any species also in the absence of genome sequence information for which proteogenomics would be impossible.
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14
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Matsumoto Y, Takahashi M, Sekimizu K. Polysaccharides of a fermented food, natto, suppress sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in an in vivo evaluation system and inhibit glucose uptake by human intestinal cells. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:8-13. [PMID: 32147629 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Natto is a well-known traditional Japanese food produced by fermenting soybeans with Bacillus subtilis var natto. Here we found that the water-soluble viscous fraction of natto inhibits sucrose- or glucose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. The water-soluble viscous fraction treated with DNase I, RNase A, and proteinase K, followed by phenol extraction also suppressed sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. The enzyme-treated polysaccharide fraction of natto inhibits glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, human intestinal epithelial cells. These findings suggest that the polysaccharide components of natto selected on the basis of their suppressive effects on sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms inhibit glucose uptake by human intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Mandyam D V, Muthangi S. Survival of silk worm, Bombyx mori in azaserine induced oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 228:108637. [PMID: 31655299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells under stress generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulates the apoptotic cascade. However, mild stress or pre-conditioning lead to the evasion of apoptosis by activating mitogenic signaling, including the signaling of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), or by inactivating certain apoptotic molecules. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important economic insect which serves as a model organism in biological research. Bombyx mori apoptotic protease inducing factor (BmApaf1), a death-related ced-3/Nedd2-like protein (BmDredd), and BmSurvivin-2 (BmSvv2) are known to play significant roles in metamorphosis. Azaserine is an analogue of glutamine and irreversibly inhibits glutamine-utilizing enzymes and cysteine-glutamate transporter genes EAAT2. In the present study, we experimentally demonstrated stress induced by azaserine along with the capacity of antioxidants to modulate apoptotic/anti-apoptotic gene expression in determining the fate of the larvae. We observed higher larval survival with higher azaserine dosages and attributed this to the quantum of ROS generated and AOEs response, which favoured the BmSvv2 expression. Meanwhile higher levels of ROS with concomitant changes in AOEs were found to be responsible for BmApaf1 and BmDredd expression, which reflected a higher mortality rate.
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16
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Wang YF, Chen XD, Wang G, Li QY, Liang XY, Sima YH, Xu SQ. Influence of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate model. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2170-2181. [PMID: 31592097 PMCID: PMC6775287 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperproteinemia is a severe metabolic disease characterized by abnormally elevated plasma protein concentrations (PPC). However, there is currently no reliable animal model for PPC, and the pathological mechanism of hyperproteinemia thus remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hyperproteinemia on reproductive development in an invertebrate silkworm model with a controllable PPC and no primary disease effects. High PPC inhibited the synthesis of vitellogenin and 30K protein essential for female ovarian development in the fat body of metabolic tissues, and inhibited their transport through the hemolymph to the ovary. High PPC also induced programmed cell death in testis and ovary cells, slowed the development of germ cells, and significantly reduced the reproductive coefficient. Furthermore, the intensities and mechanisms of high-PPC-induced reproductive toxicity differed between sexes in this silkworm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Feng Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Dong Chen
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guang Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin-Yin Liang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Salah Eldein E, Abdalla M, Eltayb WA, El-Arabey AA, Ganash M, Alshammari FD, Barreto G, Ashraf GM. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and functional characterization of SP-22 gene from Bombyx mori. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15594-15603. [PMID: 31099441 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serine protease (SPs) is one of the immune enzyme's molecules that play a main role in the variation of a physiological process by controlling protease actions in vertebrates. For example, signaling cells, protector and improvement, which are included in melanization, are utilized to cascade with the meddling pathogens and defense the harmed tissue in insects. In this study, we explore the biochemical process of (SP-22) from Bombyx mori. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) discloses that BmSP-22 is expressed in all tissues including the fat body. The formative expression profile of BmSP-22 reveal that BmSP-22 messenger RNA is expressed constitutively in larvae. Injection of recombinant BmSP-22 into B. mori larvae reduces significantly the transcript levels of antimicrobial peptides in the fat body. Our results suggest that BmSP-22 plays an important role in the innate immunity of B. mori and possibly in other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshareef Salah Eldein
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Africa City of Technology Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao Shi, Shandong Sheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Wafa Ali Eltayb
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shendi University, Nher Anile, Sudan
| | - Amr Ahmed El-Arabey
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz D Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George Barreto
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Gene Expression Pattern and Regulatory Network of α-Toxin Treatment in Bombyx mori. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:7859121. [PMID: 30956974 PMCID: PMC6425383 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7859121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus bombyseptieus is a pathogen of Bombyx mori; it can cause bacterial septicemia in silkworm. One of the components of the parasporal crystal toxin of B. bombyseptieus, α-toxin, plays an important role in the process of infection in silkworm. In this study, we investigated the immune response of silkworm induced by α-toxin by using RNA-seq. We compared the changes in gene expression in the midgut, fatbody, and hemocytes of silkworm and in the B. mori embryonic cell line (BmE) after treatment with α-toxin and identified 952 differentially expressed genes and 353 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These regulated genes in different tissues were found to be enriched in different pathways. The upregulated genes in the midgut were mainly involved in peptidoglycan catabolic process and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, whereas the downregulated genes were mainly involved in chitin metabolic pathways. The upregulated genes in fatbody were also involved in peptidoglycan catabolic process, but they were for a different peptidoglycan subtype. Further, genes encoding cecropins were enriched in the fatbody. The downregulated genes were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of fundamental substances such as cellular protein metabolic process and nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process. These results suggest that α-toxin can induce various immune responses in silkworm, and further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism of α-toxin action in silkworm. Further, lncRNAs and differentially expressed genes were correlated using coexpression network analysis. Our findings revealed potential candidate genes and lncRNAs that might play important physiological functions in the immune response to α-toxins in silkworm.
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19
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Abdelli N, Peng L, Keping C. Silkworm, Bombyx mori, as an alternative model organism in toxicological research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35048-35054. [PMID: 30374720 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms, Bombyx mori, are a promising model animal in health safety and environmental pollution assessment due to their sensitivity to chemical compounds like pesticides, drugs, and heavy metals, in addition to other features like their low cost and body characteristics and their full genome sequencing. In this review, we summarize the silkworm advantages as a model organism in toxicological research. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Abdelli
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Lü Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Chen Keping
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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20
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Liu L, Qian X, Chao M, Zhao Y, Huang J, Wang T, Sun F, Ling E, Song H. Aluminum toxicity related to SOD and expression of presenilin and CREB in Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 99:e21480. [PMID: 29978503 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is an important environmental metal factor that can be potentially associated with pathological changes leading to neurotoxicity. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important economic insect and has also been used as a model organism in various research areas. However, the toxicity of Al on silkworm physiology has not been reported. Here, we comprehensively investigate the toxic effects of Al on the silkworm, focusing on its effects on viability and development, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the expression of presenilin and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in BmE cells and silkworm larvae. BmE cell viability decreased after treatment with aluminum chloride (AlCl3 ) in both dose- and time-dependent manners. When AlCl3 solution was injected into newly hatched fifth instar larvae, both larval weight gain and survival rate were significantly decreased in a manner correlating with AlCl3 dose and developmental stage. Furthermore, when BmE cells and silkworm larvae were exposed to AlCl3 , SOD activity decreased significantly relative to the control group, whereas presenilin expression increased more than twofold. Additionally, CREB and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) expression in the heads of fifth instar larvae decreased by 28.0% and 50.0%, respectively. These results indicate that Al inhibits the growth and development of silkworms in vitro and in vivo, altering SOD activity and the expressions of presenilin, CREB, and p-CREB. Our data suggest that B. mori can serve as a model animal for studying Al-induced neurotoxicity or neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoran Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Chao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Taichu Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Ishii M, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Bacterial polysaccharides inhibit sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in silkworms. Drug Discov Ther 2018; 12:185-188. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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22
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Urai M, Aizawa T, Imamura K, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. Characterization of the chemical structure and innate immune-stimulating activity of an extracellular polysaccharide from Rhizobium sp. strain M2 screened using a silkworm muscle contraction assay. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:238-245. [PMID: 29021503 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We screened innate immunostimulant-producing bacteria using a silkworm muscle contraction assay, and isolated Rhizobium sp. strain M2 from soil. We purified the innate immunostimulant from strain M2, and characterized the chemical structure by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical analyses. The innate immunostimulant (M2 EPS) comprised glucose, galactose, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid with a molar ratio of 6.8:1.0:0.9:0.4, and had a succinoglycan-like high molecular-weight heteropolysaccharide structure. To determine the structural motif involved in the innate immunostimulating activity, we modified the M2 EPS structure chemically, and found that the activity was increased by removal of the succinic and pyruvic acid substitutions. Strong acid hydrolysis completely inactivated the M2 EPS. Unmasking of the β-1,3/6-glucan structure of the side-chain by deacylation and depyruvylation may enhance the innate immune-stimulating activity of M2 EPS. These findings suggest that the succinoglycan-like polysaccharide purified from strain M2 has innate immune-stimulating activity, and its glycan structure is necessary for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Urai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Tomoko Aizawa
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Katsutoshi Imamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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23
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Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1927. [PMID: 29081766 PMCID: PMC5645804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis has emerged as one of the most important Candida species. It has been widely considered the second most virulent Candida species, only preceded by C. albicans. Besides, this species has been recognized as a very strong biofilm producer, surpassing C. albicans in most of the studies. In addition, it produces a wide range of other virulence factors, including: adhesion to buccal epithelial and endothelial cells; the secretion of lytic enzymes, such as proteinases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, bud-to-hyphae transition (also called morphogenesis) and the phenomenon called phenotypic switching. This is a species very closely related to C. albicans and has been easily identified with both phenotypic and molecular methods. In addition, no cryptic sibling species were yet described in the literature, what is contradictory to some other medically important Candida species. C. tropicalis is a clinically relevant species and may be the second or third etiological agent of candidemia, specifically in Latin American countries and Asia. Antifungal resistance to the azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins has already been described. Apart from all these characteristics, C. tropicalis has been considered an osmotolerant microorganism and this ability to survive to high salt concentration may be important for fungal persistence in saline environments. This physiological characteristic makes this species suitable for use in biotechnology processes. Here we describe an update of C. tropicalis, focusing on all these previously mentioned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme M. Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
As an important economic insect, silkworm Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) has numerous advantages in life science, such as low breeding cost, large progeny size, short generation time, and clear genetic background. Additionally, there are rich genetic resources associated with silkworms. The completion of the silkworm genome has further accelerated it to be a modern model organism in life science. Genomic studies showed that some silkworm genes are highly homologous to certain genes related to human hereditary disease and, therefore, are a candidate model for studying human disease. In this article, we provided a review of silkworm as an important model in various research areas, including human disease, screening of antimicrobial agents, environmental safety monitoring, and antitumor studies. In addition, the application potentiality of silkworm model in life sciences was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Meng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Li G, Zhou Q, Qiu L, Yao Q, Chen K, Tang Q, Hu Z. Serine protease Bm-SP142 was differentially expressed in resistant and susceptible Bombyx mori strains, involving in the defence response to viral infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175518. [PMID: 28414724 PMCID: PMC5393580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bm-SP142 is a 35 kDa protease in the silkworm, but its exact functions remain unknown. In this study, sequence alignment revealed that the His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad is embedded in the TAAHC-DIAL-GDSGGP sequence motif, establishing Bm-SP142 as a serine protease. Soluble recombinant GST-BmSP142 was expressed and purified, and serine protease activity was confirmed in vitro. RT-qPCR results indicated that Bm-SP142 was mainly expressed in the middle part of the silkworm midgut, and Bm-SP142 transcripts were significantly up-regulated at 24 hours post infection (hpi) in BmBDV-resistant strains (798) inoculated with BmBDV and BmNPV-resistant strains (NB) inoculated with BmNPV, but not in BmBDV-susceptible strains (306). Surprisingly, transcripts were significantly down-regulated at 12 hpi in BmNPV-susceptible strains (HuaBa 35) inoculated with BmNPV, compared with healthy silkworms. Recombinant BmNPV treated with purified Bm-SP142 effectively impaired its ability to infect BmN cells, and Bm-SP142 decreases the efficiency of BmNPV and BmBDV propagation in silkworms. Furthermore, overexpression of Bm-SP142 in BmN cells inhibited viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (QT)
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (QT)
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26
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Urai M, Kataoka K, Nishida S, Sekimizu K. Structural analysis of an innate immunostimulant from broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica . Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:230-237. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Urai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
- Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
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27
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Ishii M, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Usefulness of silkworm as a model animal for understanding the molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 9:234-7. [PMID: 26370522 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida grabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans are causative pathogens of opportunistic diseases in immunocompromised human patients. Silkworms are killed by injection of these pathogenic fungi into their hemolymph. In this paper, we describe recent results by our laboratory and other researchers using gene-deficient strains of these pathogenic fungi. The silkworm is considered to be a useful model animal for understanding the pathogenicity of these fungi. Silkworms are also beneficial for evaluating therapeutically active anti-fungal reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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28
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Nwibo DD, Matsumoto Y, Sekimizu K. Identification and methods for prevention of Enterococcus mundtii infection in silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori, reared on artificial diet. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:184-90. [PMID: 26193940 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was reported that Enterococcus mundtii (E. mundtii) was associated with flacherie disease of silkworm larvae reared on artificial diet. In this study, we report that E. mundtii was isolated from diseased silkworm larvae, and validated as a pathogenic bacterium of the animal. When silkworm larva was infected with 1.04 × 10⁶ colony-forming units of E. mundtii via oral administration of diet, half population died within six days, indicating that the bacterium is pathogenic to silkworm. Less severe infection was found to cause anorexia and hamper the development of larvae. This pathogen was found to proliferate in both time- and dose-dependent manner in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. The bacterium was isolated from powder of artificial diet made from mulberry leaves, and from mulberry leaves growing at a field. Minimum inhibitory concentration determination revealed that this bacterium was susceptible to tested antibiotics. Vancomycin treatment of diet significantly decreased the number of E. mundtii in intestine of silkworm larvae infected with the bacteria, compared to control. Furthermore, autoclaving or gamma ray irradiation of diet was also effective for exclusion of E. mundtii from the diet without the loss of its nutrient capacities. These results suggest that mulberry leaves used in making artificial diet for silkworm larvae is one of the sources of E. mundtii infection; and that antibiotic treatment, autoclaving or gamma ray irradiation of artificial diet can exclude the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Daniel Nwibo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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