1
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Ertekin İ, Görgülü Ö. Covid-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS): A Validity and Reliability Study. Psychiatr Q 2024:10.1007/s11126-024-10088-5. [PMID: 39183221 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-024-10088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, our aim was to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the social anxiety level of people regarding COVID-19. A total of 420 people participated in the research. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the validity and reliability of the scale. As a result of the explanatory factor analysis, it was determined that the scale consisted of 22 items and four sub-dimensions. These sub-dimensions were named "negative thinking", "sociability", "fear" and "vaccination". In examination of the fit indices obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis results, it was seen that the four-factor scale structure was high and acceptable. Based on these results, we concluded that the COVID-19 social anxiety scale (CAS) was valid and reliable for examining the level of social anxiety of people during the pandemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Ertekin
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of FEAS, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey.
| | - Özkan Görgülü
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
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2
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Islam MA, Pathak K, Saikia R, Pramanik P, Das A, Talukdar P, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP, Bhat HR. An in-depth analysis of COVID-19 treatment: Present situation and prospects. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400307. [PMID: 39106224 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) the most contagious infection caused by the unique type of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), produced a global pandemic that wreaked havoc on the health-care system, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Several methods were implemented to tackle the virus, including the repurposing of existing medications and the development of vaccinations. The purpose of this article is to provide a complete summary of the current state and future possibilities for COVID-19 therapies. We describe the many treatment classes, such as antivirals, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies, that have been repurposed or developed to treat COVID-19. We also looked at the clinical evidence for these treatments, including findings from observational studies and randomized-controlled clinical trials, and highlighted the problems and limitations of the available evidence. Furthermore, we reviewed existing clinical trials and prospective COVID-19 therapeutic options, such as novel medication candidates and combination therapies. Finally, we discussed the long-term consequences of COVID-19 and the importance of ongoing research into the development of viable treatments. This review will help physicians, researchers, and policymakers to understand the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ariful Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kalyani Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Riya Saikia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Pramanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Aparoop Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Prasenjit Talukdar
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, DUIET, Dibrugarh, University, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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3
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Yu H, Bauermeister J, Oyiborhoro U, Morales K, Aryal S, Glanz K, Villarruel A, Bonett S. The relationship between trust in federal oversight of vaccine safety and willingness to participate in COVID-19 clinical trials: a repeated measures study of Philadelphia residents (September 2021 - March 2023). BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2059. [PMID: 39085794 PMCID: PMC11290126 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic precipitated an urgent need for clinical trials to discover safe and efficacious treatments. We examined how COVID-19 experiences, clinical trial awareness, and trust in the vaccine safety process were associated with willingness to participate in COVID-19 clinical trials. The objective was to investigate the relationship between trust in federal oversight of vaccine safety and willingness to participate in clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment across four distinct time points over an 18-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We used four waves of data collected from September 2021 to March 2023 among 582 Philadelphia residents (with a missing data rate of 0.9%). Generalized estimating equations estimated the association between willingness to participate in COVID-19 clinical trials and participants' trust in the federal government's oversight of COVID-19 vaccine safety, COVID-19-related variables (COVID-19 related health challenges, history of COVID-19 infection), awareness of clinical trials and how to enroll in them, and sociodemographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, parental status, education, and insurance). RESULTS On average, willingness to participate in a COVID-19 clinical trial was positively associated with greater trust in the federal government's oversight of vaccine safety [β = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.53], having COVID-19 (β = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.08-0.73), awareness of clinical trials (β = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.04-0.73), and knowledge of how to enroll (β = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.44-1.23). Among sociodemographic characteristics, race/ethnicity (p = 0.001) and gender (p = 0.018) were identified as predictors for COVID-19 trial willingness. CONCLUSION Willingness to participate in clinical trials may be bolstered by strengthening the public's trust in the federal government's role within vaccine safety oversight, increasing the perceived relevance of clinical trials to individuals' health and well-being, and offering tailored information to educate diverse communities about ongoing trials and how to enroll in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunmin Yu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - José Bauermeister
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ufuoma Oyiborhoro
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Knashawn Morales
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Subhash Aryal
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Karen Glanz
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Antonia Villarruel
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Bonett
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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4
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Cheng L, Rui Y, Wang Y, Chen S, Su J, Yu XF. A glimpse into viral warfare: decoding the intriguing role of highly pathogenic coronavirus proteins in apoptosis regulation. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:70. [PMID: 39003473 PMCID: PMC11245872 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses employ various strategies for survival, among which the activation of endogenous or exogenous apoptosis stands out, with viral proteins playing a pivotal role. Notably, highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV exhibit a greater array of non-structural proteins compared to low-pathogenic strains, facilitating their ability to induce apoptosis via multiple pathways. Moreover, these viral proteins are adept at dampening host immune responses, thereby bolstering viral replication and persistence. This review delves into the intricate interplay between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and apoptosis, systematically elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning apoptosis induction by viral proteins. Furthermore, it explores the potential therapeutic avenues stemming from apoptosis inhibition as antiviral agents and the utilization of apoptosis-inducing viral proteins as therapeutic modalities. These insights not only shed light on viral pathogenesis but also offer novel perspectives for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Cheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yanpu Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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5
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Hershan AA. Pathogenesis of COVID19 and the applications of US FDA-approved repurposed antiviral drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia: A recent update by review of literature. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104023. [PMID: 38799719 PMCID: PMC11127266 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Still, there is no cure for the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). The COVID19 pandemic caused health emergencies which resulted in enormous medical and financial consequences worldwide including Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. The urban setting of Saudi Arabia makes it vulnerable towards SARS-CoV-2 (SCV-2). Religious areas of this country are visited by millions of pilgrims every year for the Umrah and Hajj pilgrimage, which contributes to the potential COVID19 epidemic risk. COVID19 throws various challenges to healthcare professionals to choose the right drugs or therapy in clinical settings because of the lack of availability of newer drugs. Current drug development and discovery is an expensive, complex, and long process, which involves a high failure rate in clinical trials. While repurposing of United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)-approved antiviral drugs offers numerous benefits including complete pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, which significantly shorten drug development cycles and reduce costs. A range of repurposed US FDA-approved antiviral drugs including ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir combination, oseltamivir, darunavir, remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination, and molnupiravir showed encouraging results in clinical trials in COVID19 treatment. In this article, several COVID19-related discussions have been provided including emerging variants of concern of, COVID19 pathogenesis, COVID19 pandemic scenario in Saudi Arabia, drug repurposing strategies against SCV-2, as well as repurposing of US FDA-approved antiviral drugs that might be considered to combat SCV-2 in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, drug repurposing in the context of COVID19 management along with its limitations and future perspectives have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almonther Abdullah Hershan
- The University of Jeddah, College of Medicine, Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Gerasimova TP, Zagidullin AA, Nikolaeva AN, Fayzullin RR, Saitova AM, Miluykov VA, Grimme S, Katsyuba SA. Structural flexibility of favipiravir and its structural analogues in solutions: experimental and computational insight. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3668-3683. [PMID: 38623758 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Combined UV-vis and quantum chemical studies of the structural flexibility and tautomerism of 6-R-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazine carboxamides in solutions revealed that their keto-enol transformations are accompanied by the deprotonation of enol tautomers and the formation of the corresponding anionic species. Both the solvent and the 6-R substituent strongly influence the relative abundance of the above forms in solutions. Anions are not formed in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), but the probability of deprotonation in neutral water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) increases in the order R = H < F < NO2. Only enol tautomers of all solutes are found in DCE. DMF stabilizes keto forms only moderately and assists much strongly in the deprotonation of all three compounds. Water tends to stabilize both keto tautomers and deprotonated anions: the keto form dominates in the case of R = H (antiviral drug T-1105), the anions are found exclusively for R = NO2, and the aqueous solution of another antiviral drug, favipiravir (R = F), contains both the keto tautomer and the anionic form. The results of quantum chemical free energy calculations are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Almaz A Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasiia N Nikolaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Aliya M Saitova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Vasili A Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey A Katsyuba
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
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7
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Qu S, Yang C, Sun X, Huang H, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Liang H, Zen K. Blockade of pan-viral propagation by inhibition of host cell PNPT1. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107124. [PMID: 38412930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
For successful viral propagation within infected cells, the virus needs to overcome the cellular integrated stress response (ISR), triggered during viral infection, which, in turn, inhibits general protein translation. This paper reports a tactic employed by viruses to suppress the ISR by upregulating host cell polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1 (PNPT1). The propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus and hepatovirus within their respective host cells induces PNPT1 expression. Notably, when PNPT1 is knocked down, the propagation of all three viruses is prevented. Mechanistically, the inhibition of PNPT1 facilitates the relocation of mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) to the cytoplasm, where they activate RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). This activation leads to eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, resulting in the suppression of translation. Furthermore, by scrutinizing the PNPT1 recognition element and screening 17,728 drugs and bioactive compounds approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, lanatoside C was identified as a potent PNPT1 inhibitor. This compound impedes the propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus and hepatovirus, and suppresses production of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein. These discoveries shed light on a novel strategy to impede pan-viral propagation by activating the host cell mt-dsRNA-PKR-eIF2α signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinlei Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaliang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Limin Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Zen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Brady DK, Gurijala AR, Huang L, Hussain AA, Lingan AL, Pembridge OG, Ratangee BA, Sealy TT, Vallone KT, Clements TP. A guide to COVID-19 antiviral therapeutics: a summary and perspective of the antiviral weapons against SARS-CoV-2 infection. FEBS J 2024; 291:1632-1662. [PMID: 36266238 PMCID: PMC9874604 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral therapies are integral in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 (i.e. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causative agent of COVID-19. Antiviral therapeutics can be divided into categories based on how they combat the virus, including viral entry into the host cell, viral replication, protein trafficking, post-translational processing, and immune response regulation. Drugs that target how the virus enters the cell include: Evusheld, REGEN-COV, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, bebtelovimab, sotrovimab, Arbidol, nitazoxanide, and chloroquine. Drugs that prevent the virus from replicating include: Paxlovid, remdesivir, molnupiravir, favipiravir, ribavirin, and Kaletra. Drugs that interfere with protein trafficking and post-translational processing include nitazoxanide and ivermectin. Lastly, drugs that target immune response regulation include interferons and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as dexamethasone. Antiviral therapies offer an alternative solution for those unable or unwilling to be vaccinated and are a vital weapon in the battle against the global pandemic. Learning more about these therapies helps raise awareness in the general population about the options available to them with respect to aiding in the reduction of the severity of COVID-19 infection. In this 'A Guide To' article, we provide an in-depth insight into the development of antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 and their ability to help fight COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drugan K. Brady
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Aashi R. Gurijala
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Liyu Huang
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Ali A. Hussain
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Audrey L. Lingan
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Brina A. Ratangee
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Tristan T. Sealy
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Kyle T. Vallone
- Department of Biological SciencesVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
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Gasmi A, Noor S, Menzel A, Khanyk N, Semenova Y, Lysiuk R, Beley N, Bolibrukh L, Gasmi Benahmed A, Storchylo O, Bjørklund G. Potential Drugs in COVID-19 Management. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3245-3264. [PMID: 37461346 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230717154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus first emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread worldwide. Despite the absence of a vaccination or authorized drug specifically developed to combat this infection, certain medications recommended for other diseases have shown potential effectiveness in treating COVID-19, although without definitive confirmation. This review aims to evaluate the existing literature on the efficacy of these medications against COVID-19. The review encompasses various potential treatments, including antiviral medications, anti-malaria and anti-rheumatic drugs, vaccines, corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antipyretic and analgesic medicines, antiparasitic drugs, and statins. The analysis also addresses the potential benefits and drawbacks of these medications, as well as their effects on hypertension and diabetes. Although these therapies hold promise against COVID-19, further research, including suitable product production or clinical testing, is needed to establish their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sadaf Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Nataliia Khanyk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya Semenova
- Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya Beley
- I. Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Olha Storchylo
- Medical Chemistry Department, Odessa National Medical University, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
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10
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Al Balawi AN, El-Alosey AR, Eldiasty JG, Abushalfeh IYH, Almasaude AA, Mosallam SAER, Elmetwalli A. Perceptions of medicinal herbal products during the COVID-19 pandemic period among Saudi patients: a cross-sectional study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:497-506. [PMID: 37477659 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of health benefits have been demonstrated by medicinal plants, including potent antiviral properties. Additionally, many herbal remedies are known to reduce inflammation and boost immunity, making them an effective preventive measure against viral infections. The study aims to evaluate the perception of medicinal herbs and healthy foods during the pandemic period among Saudi patients. Furthermore, the study seeks to understand how people view medicinal herbs and healthy foods as a means of mitigating the effects of the pandemic and how that perception varies across different demographics. It will also assess the availability of these options in the country and how they have been utilized by the population. A cross-sectional online study was conducted among COVID-19-infected Saudi population at the University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The perception of the use of medicinal herbs and the effect of healthy foods on the treatment or reduction of symptoms of COVID-19 was evaluated. The efficacy of 23 herbal products was evaluated. A total of 909 participants with COVID-19 infection were surveyed; 86.14% were women, 93.73% were between the ages of 18-60, 51.05% were unemployed, 57.43% had a bachelor's degree, and 90.64% were non-smokers. Study participants used medicinal herbs, slime drinks, and medicinal herb tea to reduce coronavirus infection risk by 67.11, 43.56, and 7.18%, respectively. Gender, education, consuming healthy food, and drinking medicinal herbs displayed significant variation among the studied participants (p < 0.001). The study revealed a prevalence of ginger (62.9%), lemon (51.1%), mint (46.8%), honey (45.7%), and anise (43.0%) as commonly used medicinal herb products. To conclude, the survey found a link between gender, education, consuming healthy foods, and drinking medicinal herbs to reduce infection symptoms among Saudi Arabians. Accordingly, lifestyle choices can have a positive impact on health, even in the face of a challenging environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Nawaf Al Balawi
- Biology Department, University College of Haql, "University of Tabuk", Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa R El-Alosey
- Department of Mathematics, College of Haql, "University of Tabuk", Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayda G Eldiasty
- Biology Department, University College of Haql, "University of Tabuk", Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Y H Abushalfeh
- Department of Islamic Studies, College of Haql, "University of Tabuk", Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angod Ahmed Almasaude
- Biology Department, University College of Haql, "University of Tabuk", Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alaa Elmetwalli
- Department of Clinical Trial Research Unit and Drug Discovery, Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt.
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11
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Ozbozkurt OB, Bahar E, Yesilkus F. Fear of COVID-19 as a mediator within the impact of presenteeism on social loafing1. Work 2024; 77:431-443. [PMID: 37742682 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused employees to be mentally absent at work and decreased their motivation and effort when they work collaboratively rather than individually due to the fear of transmission. OBJECTIVES The study aims to test the effect of fear caused by COVID-19 on levels of presenteeism and social loafing from job tasks of employees. METHODS Data were collected from 522 white-collar and blue-collar workers in Turkey by the snowball sampling method. Before testing the hypotheses, CFA was performed. Reliability analysis was assessed via Cronbach Alpha (FCV-19S = 0.941; PS = 0.713; SLS = 0.974), AVE (FCV-19S = 0.686; PS = 0.524; SLS = 0.725), and CR (FCV-19S = 0.734; PS = 0.722; SLS = 0.856) values. The mediating effect of fear of COVID-19 within the impact on presenteeism on social loafing was evaluated through Process Macro for SPSS. The coefficients for both direct and indirect effects were calculated in the 95% confidence interval using 5,000 bootstrap replicates. RESULTS The results show that presenteeism has a significant positive impact on social loafing. Fear of COVID-19 has a statistically significant impact on presenteeism and social loafing. Also, fear of COVID-19 partially mediates within the impact of presenteeism on social loafing in the study. CONCLUSION Organizations should consider employees' views to increase the level of well-being and productivity. A high level of inventiveness from organizations is compulsory to explore which organizational roles and workflow are at least remotely operated during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emel Bahar
- Vocational School, Tarsus University, Tarsus-Mersin, Turkey
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12
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Chaudhury S, Kaur P, Gupta D, Anand P, Chaudhary M, Tiwari S, Mittal A, Gupta J, Kaur S, Singh VD, Dhawan D, Singh P, Sahu SK. Therapeutic Management with Repurposing Approaches: A Mystery During COVID-19 Outbreak. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:712-733. [PMID: 37312440 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230613141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous pandemic that emerged due to COVID-19 affected the whole planet. People all over the globe became vulnerable to the unpredictable emergence of coronavirus. The sudden emergence of respiratory disease in coronavirus infected several patients. This affected human life drastically, from mild symptoms to severe illness, leading to mortality. COVID-19 is an exceptionally communicable disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. According to a genomic study, the viral spike RBD interactions with the host ACE2 protein from several coronavirus strains and the interaction between RBD and ACE2 highlighted the potential change in affinity from the virus causing the COVID-19 outbreak to a progenitor type of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2, which could be the principal reservoir, is phylogenetically related to the SARS-like bat virus. Other research works reported that intermediary hosts for the transmission of viruses to humans could include cats, bats, snakes, pigs, ferrets, orangutans, and monkeys. Even with the arrival of vaccines and individuals getting vaccinated and treated with FDAapproved repurposed drugs like Remdesivir, the first and foremost steps aimed towards the possible control and minimization of community transmission of the virus include social distancing, self-realization, and self-health care. In this review paper, we discussed and summarized various approaches and methodologies adopted and proposed by researchers all over the globe to help with the management of this zoonotic outbreak by following repurposed approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Chaudhury
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Paranjeet Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Deepali Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Palak Anand
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Siddhita Tiwari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Desh Bhagat University, Amloh Road, Mandi Gobindgarh, 147301, Punjab, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- School of Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur
- Department of Opthalmology, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, 144001, Punjab, India
| | - Varsh Deep Singh
- American University of Barbados, Wildey, St. Michael, BB11100, Barbados
| | - Dakshita Dhawan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Princejyot Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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13
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Gao L, Kyubwa EM, Starbird MA, Diaz de Leon J, Nguyen M, Rogers CJ, Menon N. Circulating miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients and meta-analysis: implications for disease progression and prognosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21656. [PMID: 38065980 PMCID: PMC10709343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared circulating miRNA profiles of hospitalized COVID-positive patients (n = 104), 27 with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 18) to identify miRNA signatures associated with COVID and COVID-induced ARDS. Meta-analysis incorporating data from published studies and our data was performed to identify a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in (1) COVID-positive patients versus healthy controls as well as (2) severe (ARDS+) COVID vs moderate COVID. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the genes these miRNAs interact with identified terms associated with immune response, such as interferon and interleukin signaling, as well as viral genome activities associated with COVID disease and severity. Additionally, we observed downregulation of a cluster of miRNAs located on chromosome 14 (14q32) among all COVID patients. To predict COVID disease and severity, we developed machine learning models that achieved AUC scores between 0.81-0.93 for predicting disease, and between 0.71-0.81 for predicting severity, even across diverse studies with different sample types (plasma versus serum), collection methods, and library preparations. Our findings provide network and top miRNA feature insights into COVID disease progression and contribute to the development of tools for disease prognosis and management.
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14
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Xie NN, Zhang WC, Chen J, Tian FB, Song JX. Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics of COVID-19: A Review. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:1066-1074. [PMID: 37837572 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that suddenly emerged at the end of December 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to afflict humanity, not only seriously affecting healthcare systems but also leading to global social and economic imbalances. As of August 2022, there were approximately 580 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and approximately 6.4 million confirmed deaths due to this disease. The data are sufficient to highlight the seriousness of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although most patients with COVID-19 present primarily with respiratory symptoms, an increasing number of extrapulmonary systemic symptoms and manifestations have been associated with COVID-19. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, much has been learned about the disease and its causative agent. Therefore, great effort has been aimed at developing treatments and drug interventions to treat and reduce the incidence of COVID-19. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of the epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapeutics of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Cong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang-Bing Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Xin Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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15
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Kushwaha ND, Mohan J, Kushwaha B, Ghazi T, Nwabuife JC, Koorbanally N, Chuturgoon AA. A comprehensive review on the global efforts on vaccines and repurposed drugs for combating COVID-19. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115719. [PMID: 37597435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious and potentially lethal viral infection that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since the beginning of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been investigated for their potential to manage the pandemic. Herein, we reviewed vaccine development and the associated research effort, both traditional and forward-looking, to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of their technology, in addition to their efficacy limitations against mutant SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we report repurposed drug discovery, which mainly focuses on virus-based and host-based targets, as well as their inhibitors. SARS-CoV-2 targets include the main protease (Mpro), and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), which are the most well-studied and conserved across coronaviruses, enabling the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua C Nwabuife
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Neil Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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16
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Hooda P, Al-Dosari M, Sinha N, Parvez MK, Sehgal D. Inhibition of HEV Replication by FDA-Approved RdRp Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41570-41578. [PMID: 37969986 PMCID: PMC10633873 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily a hepatotropic virus that is responsible for acute hepatitis E in the general population and for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised individuals. In the absence of a globally accessible vaccine, pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin are the only antiviral agents available for the treatment of chronic patients. As viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) are indispensable for RNA replication, they are considered potential drug targets. In this study, we screened some well-known RdRp inhibitor molecules, notably, favipiravir, sofosbuvir, remdesivir, filibuvir, and tegobuvir. Of these, monotherapy with favipiravir and sofosbuvir inhibited the RdRp activity with an IC50 value of 10.2 ± 4.9 and 5.2 ± 2.9 μM, respectively, compared to the reference drug ribavirin (3.5 ± 1.6 μM). Further investigation of the combination therapy showed a reduction in viral RNA copy numbers by approximately 90%. Therefore, favipiravir has an additive effect when used with sofosbuvir. Therefore, we propose that favipiravir is a promising anti-HEV drug that can be used in combination with sofosbuvir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Hooda
- Virology
Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar
Institute of Eminence, Gautam Budh
Nagar 201314, India
| | - Mohammed Al-Dosari
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neha Sinha
- Department
of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Mohammad K. Parvez
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Sehgal
- Virology
Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar
Institute of Eminence, Gautam Budh
Nagar 201314, India
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17
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Metwally NH, Elgemeie GH, Fahmy FG. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazolyl-pyridine Hybrids as New Antiviral Agents against H5N1 Bird Flu and SARS-COV-2 Viruses. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36636-36654. [PMID: 37841136 PMCID: PMC10568744 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of benzothiazolyl-pyridine hybrids 8a-h and 14a-e were produced from the reaction of enamine derivative 4 with each of the arylcyanoacetamides 5a-h and cyanoacetohydrazides 9a-e. The new products were characterized by spectral techniques (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS). Biological evaluation of 8a-h and 14a-e in vitro against H5N1 and SARS-COV-2 viruses showed that several compounds had significant activity. Compounds 8f-h, which contain fluorine atoms, have better activity against H5N1 and anti-SARS-CoV-2 viruses than the other compounds included in this study. Compound 8h has a trifluoromethyl group at position-3 of the phenyl ring and exhibits a high activity against H5N1 virus with 93 and 60% inhibition at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.25 μmol/μL, respectively, among the tested compounds, and it also showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus with a half-maximum inhibition rate of 3.669 μM, among the remaining compounds. The mechanism of action of 8f-h, which is expected to be repurposed against COVID-19, was investigated. The results showed that the compounds have virucidal effects at different stages of the three mechanisms of action. Furthermore, compounds 8f-h were found to possess CoV-3CL protease inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 544.6, 868.2, and 240.6 μg/mL, respectively, compared to IC50 = 129.8 μg/mL of the standard drug lopinavir. Interestingly, compounds 8f-h also showed high inhibitory activity against the H5N1 virus as well as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Moreover, compounds 8f-h fit admirably into the active site of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB ID: 6LU7) using the molecular docking Moe software 2015.10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatma Gomaa Fahmy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
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18
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Huang R, Warner Jenkins G, Kim Y, Stanfield RL, Singh A, Martinez-Yamout M, Kroon GJ, Torres JL, Jackson AM, Kelley A, Shaabani N, Zeng B, Bacica M, Chen W, Warner C, Radoicic J, Joh J, Dinali Perera K, Sang H, Kim T, Yao J, Zhao F, Sok D, Burton DR, Allen J, Harriman W, Mwangi W, Chung D, Teijaro JR, Ward AB, Dyson HJ, Wright PE, Wilson IA, Chang KO, McGregor D, Smider VV. The smallest functional antibody fragment: Ultralong CDR H3 antibody knob regions potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303455120. [PMID: 37722054 PMCID: PMC10523490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303455120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cows produce antibodies with a disulfide-bonded antigen-binding domain embedded within ultralong heavy chain third complementarity determining regions. This "knob" domain is analogous to natural cysteine-rich peptides such as knottins in that it is small and stable but can accommodate diverse loops and disulfide bonding patterns. We immunized cattle with SARS-CoV-2 spike and found ultralong CDR H3 antibodies that could neutralize several viral variants at picomolar IC50 potencies in vitro and could protect from disease in vivo. The independent CDR H3 peptide knobs were expressed and maintained the properties of the parent antibodies. The knob interaction with SARS-CoV-2 spike was revealed by electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry and established ultralong CDR H3-derived knobs as the smallest known recombinant independent antigen-binding fragment. Unlike other vertebrate antibody fragments, these knobs are not reliant on the immunoglobulin domain and have potential as a new class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Huang
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA92127
| | | | - Yunjeong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Amrinder Singh
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Maria Martinez-Yamout
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Gerard J. Kroon
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Abigail M. Jackson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Abigail Kelley
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA92127
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | | | | | - Wen Chen
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA92121
| | | | | | - Joongho Joh
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202
| | - Krishani Dinali Perera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Huldah Sang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Tae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jeff Allen
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA92121
| | | | - Waithaka Mwangi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | - Donghoon Chung
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - H. Jane Dyson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Peter E. Wright
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS66506
| | | | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA92127
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
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Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Ghoshouni H, Koochaki P, Esmaili-Dehkordi M, Aleebrahim E, Chichagi F, Jafari A, Hanaei S, Heidari-Soureshjani E, Rezaei N. Targeting the vital non-structural proteins (NSP12, NSP7, NSP8 and NSP3) from SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition of RNA polymerase by natural bioactive compound naringenin as a promising drug candidate against COVID-19. J Mol Struct 2023; 1287:135642. [PMID: 37131962 PMCID: PMC10131750 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-induced respiratory infections is now a major challenge worldwide. There is currently no specific antiviral drug to prevent or treat this disease. Infection with COVID-19 seriously needs to find effective therapeutic agents. In the present study, naringenin, as a potential inhibitor candidate for RNA Polymerase SARS-CoV-2 was compared with remdesivir (FDA-approved drug) and GS-441,524 (Derivative of the drug remdesivir) by screening with wild-type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 NSP12 (NSP7-NSP8) and NSP3 interfaces, then complexes were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to gain their stabilities. The docking results displayed scores of -3.45 kcal/mol and -4.32 kcal/mol against NSP12 and NSP3, respectively. Our results showed that naringenin had ΔG values more negative than the ΔG values of Remdesivir (RDV) and GS-441,524. Hence, naringenin was considered to be a potential inhibitor. Also, the number of hydrogen bonds of naringenin with NSP3 and later NSP12 are more than Remdesivir and its derivative. In this research, Mean root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of NSP3 and NSP12with naringenin ligand (5.55±1.58 nm to 3.45±0.56 nm and 0.238±0.01 to 0.242±0.021 nm, respectively showed stability in the presence of ligand. The root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) values of NSP3 and NSP12 amino acid units in the presence of naringenin in were 1.5 ± 0.31 nm and 0.118±0.058, respectively. Pharmacokinetic properties and prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of naringenin and RDV showed that these two compounds had no potential cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Aleebrahim-Dehkordi
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoshouni
- Medical student, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Pooneh Koochaki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Elham Aleebrahim
- PhD Student in Food Sciences and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Chichagi
- Research Development Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jafari
- Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sara Hanaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Heidari-Soureshjani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box. 115, Iran
- Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Verma G, Dhawan M, Saied AA, Kaur G, Kumar R, Emran TB. Immunomodulatory approaches in managing lung inflammation in COVID-19: A double-edge sword. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1020. [PMID: 37773723 PMCID: PMC10521379 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a gigantic problem. The lung is the major target organ of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants like Delta and Omicron variant adapted in such a way that these variants can significantly damage this vital organ of the body. These variants raised a few eyebrows as the outbreaks have been seen in the vaccinated population. Patients develop severe respiratory illnesses which eventually prove fatal unless treated early. MAIN BODY Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α which are mediators of lung inflammation, lung damage, fever, and fibrosis. Additionally, various chemokines have been found to play an important role in the disease progression. A plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines "cytokine storm" has been observed in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia that may prove fatal. To counteract cytokine storm-inducing lung inflammation, several promising immunomodulatory approaches are being investigated in numerous clinical trials. However, the benefits of using these strategies should outweigh the risks involved as the use of certain immunosuppressive approaches might lead the host susceptible to secondary bacterial infections. CONCLUSION The present review discusses promising immunomodulatory approaches to manage lung inflammation in COVID-19 cases which may serve as potential therapeutic options in the future and may prove lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and BiotechnologyPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)ChandigarhIndia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of MicrobiologyPunjab Agricultural UniversityLudhianaIndia
- Trafford CollegeAltrinchamUK
| | | | - Geetika Kaur
- Department of Opthalmology, Visual and Anatomical SciencesWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Reetesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and HumanitiesGLA UniversityMathuraIndia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesDaffodil International UniversityDhakaBangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer CenterBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUnited States
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Li J, Guo S, Tan Y, Zhang J, Wu Z, Stalin A, Zhang F, Huang Z, Wu C, Liu X, Huang J, Wu J. Integrated network pharmacology analysis and in vitro validation revealed the underlying mechanism of Xiyanping injection in treating coronavirus disease 2019. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34866. [PMID: 37653800 PMCID: PMC10470725 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide, leading to a pandemic. In China, Xiyanping injection (XYP) has been recommended as a drug for COVID-19 treatment in the Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 by the National Health Commission of the People Republic of China and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Trial eighth Edition). However, the relevant mechanisms at the molecular-level need to be further elucidated. METHODS In this study, XYP related active ingredients, potential targets and COVID-19 related genes were searched in public databases. Protein-protein interaction network and module analyzes were used to screen for key targets. gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes were performed to investigate the potentially relevant signaling pathways. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock Tools and Vina. For the validation of potential mechanism, PolyI:C was used to induce human lung epithelial cells for an inflammation model. Subsequently, CCK-8 assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were employed to determine the effect of XYP on the expression of key genes. RESULTS Seven effective active ingredients in XYP were searched for 123 targets in the relevant databases. Furthermore, 6446 COVID-19 disease targets were identified. Sodium 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide-19-yl sulfate was identified as the vital active compounds, and IL-6, TNF, IL-1β, CXCL8, STAT3, MAPK1, MAPK14, and MAPK8 were considered as the key targets. In addition, molecular docking revealed that the active compound and the targets showed good binding affinities. The enrichment analysis predicted that the XYP could regulate the IL-17, Toll-like receptor, PI3K-Akt and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Consistently, further in vitro experiments demonstrated that XYP could slow down the cytokine storm in the lung tissue of COVID-19 patients by down-regulating IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL8, and p-STAT3. CONCLUSION Through effective network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking, this study suggests that XYP contains many effective compounds that may target COVID-19 related signaling pathways. Moreover, the in vitro experiment confirmed that XYP could inhibit the cytokine storm by regulating genes or proteins related to immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, China
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tan
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhishan Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Antony Stalin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanqin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Aghamohamadi N, Shahba F, Zarezadeh Mehrabadi A, Khorramdelazad H, Karimi M, Falak R, Emameh RZ. Age-dependent immune responses in COVID-19-mediated liver injury: focus on cytokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139692. [PMID: 37654571 PMCID: PMC10465349 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is potentially pathogenic and causes severe symptoms; in addition to respiratory syndromes, patients might experience other severe conditions such as digestive complications and liver complications injury. The abnormality in the liver is manifested by hepatobiliary dysfunction and enzymatic elevation, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. The direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, cytokine storm, and adverse effects of therapeutic regimens have a crucial role in the severity of liver injury. According to aging and immune system alterations, cytokine patterns may also change in the elderly. Moreover, hyperproduction of cytokines in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. The mortality rate in elderly patients, particularly those with other comorbidities, is also higher than in adults. Although the pathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver has been widely studied, the impact of age and immune-mediated responses at different ages remain unclear. This review discusses the association between immune system responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients of different ages and liver injury, focusing on cytokine alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Aghamohamadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shahba
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarezadeh Mehrabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Milad Karimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Tamburello M, Salamone S, Anceschi L, Governa P, Brighenti V, Morellini A, Rossini G, Manetti F, Gallinella G, Pollastro F, Pellati F. Antiviral Activity of Cannabidiolic Acid and Its Methyl Ester against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1698-1707. [PMID: 37402317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the antiviral activity of cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. was assessed in vitro against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants, indicating cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was the most active. To overcome the instability issue of CBDA, its methyl ester was synthesized and tested for the first time for its antiviral activity. CBDA methyl ester showed a neutralizing effect on all the SARS-CoV-2 variants tested with greater activity than the parent compound. Its stability in vitro was confirmed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). In addition, the capacity of both CBDA and its derivative to interact with the virus spike protein was assessed in silico. These results showed that CBDA methyl ester can be considered as a lead compound to be further developed as a new effective drug against COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tamburello
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem srls, Via A. Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Governa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alice Morellini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Rossini
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- PlantaChem srls, Via A. Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Silva IF, Enes KP, Rocha GM, Varotti FP, Barbosa LA, Thomé RG, Santos HBD. Toxicological effects of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine diphosphate substances on the early-life stages of fish in the COVID-19 pandemic context. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:825-830. [PMID: 37488813 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2238587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) and chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) have been used at increased rates to treat COVID-19 but can constitute a potential environmental risk. The objective was to evaluate the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of HCQ and CQ in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) of HCQ and CQ at 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) were calculated by testing various concentrations on 2,160 embryos. The LC50 obtained were 560 and 800 µM for HCQ and CQ, respectively. Next, the embryotoxicity assay was performed, where 1,200 embryos were subjected to sublethal concentrations of HCQ and CQ. The hatching and heart rates were recorded. After euthanasia, photomicrographs of all larvae were taken to measure the total length, pericardial and yolk sac areas. The embryos exposed to sublethal concentrations of HCQ and CQ showed delayed hatching at 72 hpf, as well as an increase in the heart rate, larger pericardial and yolk sac areas, and body malformations at 96 hpf. The findings show that HCQ and CQ are toxic to fish in the early development phases. Understanding the mechanisms of toxicity will help extrapolate the effects of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives when they reach the aquatic environment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Ferreira Silva
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (Laprotec), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Keiza Priscila Enes
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (Laprotec), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pilla Varotti
- Laboratório de Bioquimica Medicinal, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (Laprotec), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Hélio Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (Laprotec), Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, Brazil
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Hançerlioğlu S, Toygar İ. Assessing psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Nurses. Int J Nurs Pract 2023:e13179. [PMID: 37448207 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). METHODS The study used a descriptive design and was conducted between April and May 2020. The participants were 213 nurses who were working in 12 hospitals in eight cities in Turkey. Content validity index, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate validity. Cronbach's alpha, item-scale correlation and test-retest reliability were used to evaluate reliability. RESULTS The CVI was 0.92 (0.81-1.00). A one-factor solution was identified and the factor loading of items in scale varied from 0.377 to 0.909. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.889 in the current study. Item-scale correlations ranged between 0.570 and 0.815. Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.71 to 0.93. CONCLUSION The Turkish version of the FCV-19S for nurses was found to be valid and reliable measure of the fear of nurses towards COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadık Hançerlioğlu
- Internal Medicine Nursing Department, Ege University Faculty of Nursing, Izmir, Turkey
| | - İsmail Toygar
- Internal Medicine Nursing Department, Ege University Faculty of Nursing, Izmir, Turkey
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Pieralli F, Pomero F, Dentali F, Norbiato C, Attardo T, Vicari S, Magnani E, Marzilli MA, Piccolo P, Valerio A, Manfellotto D. Real-world use of remdesivir for the treatment of patients admitted to Italian hospitals with COVID-19: the nationwide retrospective FADOI-RECOVER study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:454. [PMID: 37422621 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remdesivir is widely used for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 treated with remdesivir, and their outcomes during hospitalization. METHODS This retrospective observational multicenter study included consecutive patients, hospitalized for moderate-to-severe COVID-19 (September 2020-September 2021), who were treated with remdesivir. RESULTS One thousand four patients were enrolled, all with onset of symptoms occurring less than 10 days before starting remdesivir; 17% of patients had 4 or more concomitant diseases. Remdesivir was well tolerated, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) being reported in 2.3% of patients. In-hospital death occurred in 80 patients (8.0%). The median timing of the first remdesivir dose was 5 days after symptom onset. The following endpoints did not differ according to the time span from the onset of symptoms to the first dose: length of hospitalization, in-hospital death, composite outcome (in-hospital death and/or endotracheal intubation). Advanced age, number of comorbidities ≥ 4, and severity of respiratory failure at admission were associated with poor in-hospital outcomes. CONCLUSION In a real-world setting, remdesivir proved to be a safe and well-tolerated treatment for moderate-to-severe COVID-19. In patients receiving remdesivir less than 3 or 5 days from the onset of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation did not differ from the rest of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pieralli
- Internal Medicine and Intermediate Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pomero
- Internal Medicine, Michele and Pietro Ferrero Hospital, Verduno, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Department of Emergency of High-Specialty and Medical Center, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudio Norbiato
- Internal Medicine, Ordine Mauriziano di Torino Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Attardo
- Internal Medicine Department, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Susanna Vicari
- Internal Medicine, Bentivoglio Hospital, AUSL Bologna, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Magnani
- Internal Medicine, M. Bufalini Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | - Paola Piccolo
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina Hospital, Gemelli Isola, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Valerio
- Research Department, FADOI Foundation, Piazzale Cadorna, 15, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Manfellotto
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina Hospital, Gemelli Isola, Rome, Italy
- Research Department, FADOI Foundation, Piazzale Cadorna, 15, 20123, Milan, Italy
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Mayor-Silva LI, Moreno G, Girón-Daviña PR, Mohamedi-Abdelkader S, Hernández-Martín MM, Moreno-Pimentel AG, Meneses-Monroy A. Emotional empowerment through information research and communication to reduce fear of COVID-19 among nursing students: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:209. [PMID: 37332015 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an existing body of literature on anxiety reduction using multi-component methods, little is known about the effect of active student participation in research and communication of scientific information on anxiety and fear reduction. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of quality scientific information research and the production of informative videos on the preventive aspects of COVID-19 on fear and anxiety reduction. METHODS A randomised controlled trial was conducted with 220 undergraduate nursing students in the first year of the nursing degree. The participating students were randomised into two groups. The experimental group carried out an intervention based on a database search for information on preventing COVID-19 and production of a video giving scientific reasons why prevention measures should be followed. In the control group, students created posters and videos about theoretical aspects of one module of the nursing degree. Both groups were surveyed before and after the intervention, measuring their state of resilience, preventive behaviours, level of anxiety, and fear of COVID-19. RESULTS The intervention group showed a greater decrease in fear levels after the intervention than those in the control group. There were no differences between the groups in terms of resilience, preventive behaviours, or anxiety. In the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in anxiety levels and fear levels after the intervention compared to the baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS An intervention based on active participation in searches for high-quality scientific information and production of information videos on COVID-19 prevention reduced fear and anxiety caused by COVID-19 among nursing students. TRIAL REGISTRATION We have retrospectively registered the trial in Open Science Framework and the identification number is https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6QU5S .
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iván Mayor-Silva
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Moreno
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro R Girón-Daviña
- Faculty of Statistical Studies, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Samir Mohamedi-Abdelkader
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta M Hernández-Martín
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G Moreno-Pimentel
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Meneses-Monroy
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Pl. de Ramón y Cajal, 3, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Fan S, Wang H, Wu D, Liu L. Pharmaceutical approaches for COVID-19: An update on current therapeutic opportunities. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:157-173. [PMID: 37307372 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered coronavirus, has been linked to the COVID-19 pandemic and is currently an important public health issue. Despite all the work done to date around the world, there is still no viable treatment for COVID-19. This study examined the most recent evidence on the efficacy and safety of several therapeutic options available including natural substances, synthetic drugs and vaccines in the treatment of COVID-19. Various natural compounds such as sarsapogenin, lycorine, biscoclaurine, vitamin B12, glycyrrhizic acid, riboflavin, resveratrol and kaempferol, various vaccines and drugs such as AZD1222, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Sputnik V, and remdesivir, lopinavir, favipiravir, darunavir, oseltamivir, and umifenovir, resp., have been discussed comprehensively. We attempted to provide exhaustive information regarding the various prospective therapeutic approaches available in order to assist researchers and physicians in treating COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Fan
- 1Department of Intensive Care Unit, South China Hospital, Health Science Center Shenzhen University Guangdong, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Wang
- 2Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Dean Wu
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Gansu Province Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- 4The First Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang Liaoning, 110032, P. R. China
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Tian Z, Cen L. Interaction of Biochemical Processes between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pol J Microbiol 2023; 0:pjm-2023-015. [PMID: 37216361 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients with lung injury and altered pulmonary vascular anatomy or function are more susceptible to infections. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether individuals with COPD or PAH are affected synergistically by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Data sources for the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included three RNA-seq datasets from the GEO database (GSE147507, GSE106986, and GSE15197). Then, relationships between miRNAs, common DEGs, and transcription factor (TF) genes were discovered. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and other databases, as well as the forecasting of antiviral medications for COPD and PAH patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, were also performed. Eleven common DEGs were found in the three datasets, and their biological functions were primarily enriched in the control of protein modification processes, particularly phosphorylation. Growth factor receptor binding reflects molecular function. KEGG analysis indicated that co-DEGs mainly activate Ras, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and act on focal adhesions. NFKB1 interacted with HSA-miR-942 in the TF-miRNA-DEGs synergistic regulatory network. Acetaminophen is considered an effective drug candidate. There are some connections between COPD and PAH and the development of COVID-19. This research could aid in developing COVID-19 vaccines and medication candidates that would work well as COVID-19 therapies.
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Ng TLY, Majeed NM, Lua VYQ, Hartanto A. Do executive functions buffer against COVID-19 stress?: A latent variable approach. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37359680 PMCID: PMC10163301 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Levels of COVID-19 stress have soared worldwide as a result of the pandemic. Given the pernicious psychological and physiological effects of stress, there is an urgent need for us to protect populations against the pandemic's psychological impact. While there exists literature documenting the prevalence of COVID-19 stress among various populations, insufficient research has investigated psychological factors that might mitigate this worrying trend. To address this gap in the literature, the current study seeks to examine executive functions as a potential cognitive buffer against COVID-19 stress. To do so, the study adopted a latent variable approach to examine three latent factors of executive functions and their relation to COVID-19 stress among a sample of 243 young adults. Structural equation models showed differential associations between COVID-19 stress and the latent factors of executive functions. While the latent factor of updating working memory was associated with attenuated COVID-19 stress, task switching and inhibitory control were not significantly associated with COVID-19 stress. These results further our understanding of the critical processes of executive functions and highlight the nuanced link between executive functions and pandemic-related stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04652-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Y. Ng
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 10 Canning Rise, Level 5, Singapore, 179873 Singapore
| | - Nadyanna M. Majeed
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 10 Canning Rise, Level 5, Singapore, 179873 Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Verity Y. Q. Lua
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 10 Canning Rise, Level 5, Singapore, 179873 Singapore
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 10 Canning Rise, Level 5, Singapore, 179873 Singapore
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Laref S, Harrou F, Wang B, Sun Y, Laref A, Laleg-Kirati TM, Gojobori T, Gao X. Synergy of Small Antiviral Molecules on a Black-Phosphorus Nanocarrier: Machine Learning and Quantum Chemical Simulation Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083521. [PMID: 37110754 PMCID: PMC10142408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FP) and Ebselen (EB) belong to a broad range of antiviral drugs that have shown active potential as medications against many viruses. Employing molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning (ML) combined with van der Waals density functional theory, we have uncovered the binding characteristics of these two antiviral drugs on a phosphorene nanocarrier. Herein, by using four different machine learning models (i.e., Bagged Trees, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Regression Trees (RT)), the Hamiltonian and the interaction energy of antiviral molecules in a phosphorene monolayer are trained in an appropriate way. However, training efficient and accurate models for approximating the density functional theory (DFT) is the final step in using ML to aid in the design of new drugs. To improve the prediction accuracy, the Bayesian optimization approach has been employed to optimize the GPR, SVR, RT, and BT models. Results revealed that the GPR model obtained superior prediction performance with an R2 of 0.9649, indicating that it can explain 96.49% of the data's variability. Then, by means of DFT calculations, we examine the interaction characteristics and thermodynamic properties in a vacuum and a continuum solvent interface. These results illustrate that the hybrid drug is an enabled, functionalized 2D complex with vigorous thermostability. The change in Gibbs free energy at different surface charges and temperatures implies that the FP and EB molecules are allowed to adsorb from the gas phase onto the 2D monolayer at different pH conditions and high temperatures. The results reveal a valuable antiviral drug therapy loaded by 2D biomaterials that may possibly open a new way of auto-treating different diseases, such as SARS-CoV, in primary terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Laref
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouzi Harrou
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering (CIRE), School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel Laref
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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COVID-19 therapeutics: Clinical application of repurposed drugs and futuristic strategies for target-based drug discovery. Genes Dis 2023; 10:1402-1428. [PMCID: PMC10079314 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the complicated disease COVID-19. Clinicians are continuously facing huge problems in the treatment of patients, as COVID-19-specific drugs are not available hence the principle of drug repurposing serves as a one-and-only hope. Globally, the repurposing of many drugs is underway; few of them are already approved by the regulatory bodies for their clinical use and most of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Here in this review, our main aim is to discuss in detail the up-to-date information on the target-based pharmacological classification of repurposed drugs, the potential mechanism of actions, and the current clinical trial status of various drugs which are under repurposing since early 2020. At last, we briefly proposed the probable pharmacological and therapeutic drug targets that may be preferred as a futuristic drug discovery approach in the development of effective medicines.
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Nanomedicine for drug resistant pathogens and COVID-19 using mushroom nanocomposite inspired with bacteriocin – A Review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023; 152:110682. [PMID: 37041990 PMCID: PMC10067464 DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a major global health challenge and have severely threatened the health of society. Current conditions have gotten worse as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection rates in the future will rise. It is necessary to design, respond effectively, and take action to address these challenges by investigating new avenues. In this regard, the fabrication of metal NPs utilized by various methods, including green synthesis using mushroom, is highly versatile, cost-effective, eco-compatible, and superior. In contrast, biofabrication of metal NPs can be employed as a powerful weapon against MDR pathogens and have immense biomedical applications. In addition, the advancement in nanotechnology has made possible to modify the nanomaterials and enhance their activities. Metal NPs with biomolecules composite to prevents their microbial adhesion and kills the microbial pathogens through biofilm formation. Bacteriocin is an excellent antimicrobial peptide that works well as an augmentation substance to boost the antimicrobial effects. As a result, we concentrate on the creation of new, eco-compatible mycosynthesized metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite via electrostatic, covalent, or non-covalent bindings. The synergistic benefits of metal NPs with bacteriocin to combat MDR pathogens and COVID-19, as well as other biomedical applications, are discussed in this review. Moreover, the importance of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in risk analysis of manufactured metal nanocomposite nanomaterial and their future possibilities also discussed.
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Rong J, Zhao C, Xia X, Li G, Haider A, Wei H, Chen J, Xiao Z, Li Y, Zhou X, Xu H, Collier TL, Wang L, Liang SH. Evaluation of [18F]Favipiravir in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates (NHP) with Positron Emission Tomography. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040524. [PMID: 37111280 PMCID: PMC10146102 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant challenge to global public health. In response, the search for specific antiviral drugs that can effectively treat the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a priority. While significant progress has been made in this regard, much work remains to address this ongoing crisis effectively. Favipiravir is an antiviral drug initially developed for the treatment of influenza and has received approval for emergency use for COVID-19 in many countries. A better understanding of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of Favipiravir in vivo would facilitate the development and translation of clinical antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Herein, we report the evaluation of [18F]Favipiravir in naive mice, transgenic mice models of Alzheimer’s disease, and nonhuman primates (NHP) with positron emission tomography (PET). The [18F]Favipiravir was obtained in an overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 29% with a molar activity of 25 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). PET imaging in naive mice, transgenic mice models of Alzheimer’s disease, and nonhuman primates revealed a low initial brain uptake, followed by a slow washout of [18F]Favipiravir in vivo. The [18F]Favipiravir was eliminated by a combination of hepatobiliary and urinary excretion. The low brain uptake was probably attributed to the low lipophilicity and low passive permeability of the drug. We hope this proof-of-concept study will provide a unique feature to study antiviral drugs using their corresponding isotopologues by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guocong Li
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huiyi Wei
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yinlong Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Thomas L. Collier
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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De Castro F, Stefàno E, De Luca E, Benedetti M, Fanizzi FP. Platinum-Nucleos(t)ide Compounds as Possible Antimetabolites for Antitumor/Antiviral Therapy: Properties and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030941. [PMID: 36986802 PMCID: PMC10058173 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues (NAs) are a family of compounds which include a variety of purine and pyrimidine derivatives, widely used as anticancer and antiviral agents. For their ability to compete with physiological nucleosides, NAs act as antimetabolites exerting their activity by interfering with the synthesis of nucleic acids. Much progress in the comprehension of their molecular mechanisms has been made, including providing new strategies for potentiating anticancer/antiviral activity. Among these strategies, new platinum-NAs showing a good potential to improve the therapeutic indices of NAs have been synthesized and studied. This short review aims to describe the properties and future perspectives of platinum-NAs, proposing these complexes as a new class of antimetabolites.
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Cherian S, Hacisayidli KM, Kurian R, Mathews A. Therapeutically important bioactive compounds of the genus Polygonum L. and their possible interventions in clinical medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:301-327. [PMID: 36757388 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing literature data have suggested that the genus Polygonum L. possesses pharmacologically important plant secondary metabolites. These bioactive compounds are implicated as effective agents in preclinical and clinical practice due to their pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiaging, neuroprotective or immunomodulatory properties among many others. However, elaborate pharmacological and clinical data concerning the bioavailability, tissue distribution pattern, dosage and pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds are still scanty. KEY FINDINGS The major bioactive compounds implicated in the therapeutic effects of Polygonum genus include phenolic and flavonoid compounds, anthraquinones and stilbenes, such as quercetin, resveratrol, polydatin and others, and could serve as potential drug leads or as adjuvant agents. Data from in-silico network pharmacology and computational molecular docking studies are also highly helpful in identifying the possible drug target of pathogens or host cell machinery. SUMMARY We provide an up-to-date overview of the data from pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic profiles and preclinical (in-vitro and in-vivo) investigations and the available clinical data on some of the therapeutically important compounds of genus Polygonum L. and their medical interventions, including combating the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Indian Society for Plant Physiology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kushvar Mammadova Hacisayidli
- Department of Hygiene and Food Safety, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, Ganja City, Azerbaijan
| | - Renju Kurian
- Department of Pathology, Manipal University College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Allan Mathews
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia
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Mitjà O, Reis G, Boulware DR, Spivak AM, Sarwar A, Johnston C, Webb B, Hill MD, Smith D, Kremsner P, Curran M, Carter D, Alexander J, Corbacho M, Lee TC, Hullsiek KH, McDonald EG, Hess R, Hughes M, Baeten JM, Schwartz I, Metz L, Richer L, Chew KW, Daar E, Wohl D, Dunne M. Hydroxychloroquine for treatment of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of individual participant data of randomized trials. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:524-535. [PMID: 36601684 PMCID: PMC10014689 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was initially promoted as an oral therapy for early treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Conventional meta-analyses cannot fully address the heterogeneity of different designs and outcomes of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of HCQ in outpatients with mild COVID-19. We conducted a pooled analysis of individual participant data from RCTs that evaluated the effect of HCQ on hospitalization and viral load reduction in outpatients with confirmed COVID-19. We evaluated the overall treatment group effect by log-likelihood ratio test (-2LL) from a generalized linear mixed model to accommodate correlated longitudinal binary data. The analysis included data from 11 RCTs. The outcome of virological effect, assessed in 1560 participants (N = 795 HCQ, N = 765 control), did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups (-2LL = 7.66; p = 0.18) when adjusting for cohort, duration of symptoms, and comorbidities. The decline in polymerase chain reaction positive tests from day 1 to 7 was 42.0 and 41.6 percentage points in the HCQ and control groups, respectively. Among the 2037 participants evaluable for hospitalization (N = 1058 HCQ, N = 979 control), we found no significant differences in hospitalization rate between participants receiving HCQ and controls (odds ratio 0.995; 95% confidence interval 0.614-1.610; -2LL = 0.0; p = 0.98) when adjusting for cohort, duration of symptoms, and comorbidities. This individual participant data meta-analysis of 11 HCQ trials that evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 viral clearance and COVID-19 hospitalization did not show a clinical benefit of HCQ. Our meta-analysis provides evidence to support the interruption in the use of HCQ in mild COVID-19 outpatients to reduce progression to severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Mitjà
- Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Lihir Medical Center-International SOS, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | - Gilmar Reis
- Research Division, Cardresearch Cardiologia Assistencial e de Pesquisa, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Bello Horizonte, Brazil
- Cytel Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ammar Sarwar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon Webb
- Intermountain Health Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Davey Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Peter Kremsner
- University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Marla Curran
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jim Alexander
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc Corbacho
- Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Todd C Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katherine Huppler Hullsiek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily G McDonald
- Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Hess
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Luanne Metz
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kara W Chew
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - David Wohl
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Dunne
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abu-Serie MM, Habashy NH. Major royal jelly proteins elicited suppression of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication with halting lung injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:715-731. [PMID: 36584778 PMCID: PMC9794390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For reasons of high transmissibility and virulence, Alpha (UK, B.1.1.7) and Beta (South African, B.1.351) SARS-CoV-2 variants are classified with other types as variants of concern. Here we report on the influence of royal jelly (RJ) protein fraction (PF)50 (major RJ protein 2 and its isoform X1) on the entry of these variants into the ACE2-human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using the lentiviral system. The efficiency of PF50 on SARS-CoV-2 replication (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase "RdRp" activity), as well as its impact on bleomycin-induced lung injury in vitro, were also assessed. The PF50 efficiently inhibited infection of kidney cells with the UK and S. African variant spikes of pseudotyped lentivirus particles (IC50 = 7.25 μM and 16.92 μM, respectively) and suppressed the RdRp activity (IC50 = 29.93 μM). Moreover, PF50 displayed protective and therapeutic efficacy against lung injury due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiotensin II blocking activities. The current findings, taken together, offer a novel perspective on PF50 as a promising agent against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha H. Habashy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt,Corresponding author
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Fernandes S, Sosa-Napolskij M, Lobo G, Silva I. Relation of COVID-19 with liver diseases and their impact on healthcare systems: The Portuguese case. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:1109-1122. [PMID: 36844137 PMCID: PMC9950868 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the Portuguese population has been addressed in areas such as clinical manifestations, frequent comorbidities, and alterations in consumption habits. However, comorbidities like liver conditions and changes concerning the Portuguese population's access to healthcare-related services have received less attention. AIM To (1) Review the impact of COVID-19 on the healthcare system; (2) examine the relationship between liver diseases and COVID-19 in infected individuals; and (3) investigate the situation in the Portuguese population concerning these topics. METHODS For our purposes, we conducted a literature review using specific keywords. RESULTS COVID-19 is frequently associated with liver damage. However, liver injury in COVID-19 individuals is a multifactor-mediated effect. Therefore, it remains unclear whether changes in liver laboratory tests are associated with a worse prognosis in Portuguese individuals with COVID-19. CONCLUSION COVID-19 has impacted healthcare systems in Portugal and other countries; the combination of COVID-19 with liver injury is common. Previous liver damage may represent a risk factor that worsens the prognosis in individuals with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Milaydis Sosa-Napolskij
- CINTESIS@RISE, Center for Health Technology and Services Research at The Associate Laboratory RISE–Health Research Network, Faculty of Medicine of The University of Porto, Porto 4200-219, Portugal
| | - Graça Lobo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology–Department of Immuno-physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology–Department of Immuno-physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Remdesivir and Breastfeeding—A Case Report. CLINICAL LACTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1891/cl.2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective:The article presents a lactating patient who contacted the pharmacy office to inquire about the safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapy. She was given remdesivir, dexamethasone, and ceftriaxone during the 5-day hospital stay.Main Issue:The patient was worried about maintaining her milk supply during her hospital stay and the safety of the medication she received. At the hospital, she was given no information on when she could resume breastfeeding after discharge.Management:The pharmacist conducted an interview, determined the patient’s needs, assessed the safety of the drugs administered during the hospital stay in lactation, provided information to the patient, and stayed in touch with her during the hospital stay. As a result of the consultation, the patient decided to resume breastfeeding her baby 3 hours after discharge (or as soon as possible). The treatment did not impact the milk supply or affect the breastfed baby during a 6-day observation period. Follow-up focused on the mother’s health, potential adverse events in the baby, and the overall impact of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization on breastfeeding in this dyad.Conclusion:COVID-19 treatment with remdesivir, a low dose of dexamethasone, and ceftriaxone might be considered in lactating individuals without breastfeeding cessation or any other intervention apart from close observation of the infant. A change in the color of the milk might be concerning, but it is not a contraindication for breastfeeding. The effect of the maternal therapy, in this case, caused no apparent adverse reactions in the baby and did not impact the milk supply. The situation did not affect the mother’s ability to breastfeed.
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Gong X, Khan A, Wani MY, Ahmad A, Duse A. COVID-19: A state of art on immunological responses, mutations, and treatment modalities in riposte. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:233-249. [PMID: 36603376 PMCID: PMC9798670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) unleashed a global public health catastrophe that had a substantial influence on human physical and mental health, the global economy, and socio-political dynamics. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen and the cause of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which testified how unprepared humans are for pandemics. Scientists and policymakers continue to face challenges in developing ideal therapeutic agents and vaccines, while at the same time deciphering the pathology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2. Challenges in the early part of the pandemic included the rapid development of diagnostic assays, vaccines, and therapeutic agents. The ongoing transmission of COVID-19 is coupled with the emergence of viral variants that differ in their transmission efficiency, virulence, and vaccine susceptibility, thus complicating the spread of the pandemic. Our understanding of how the human immune system responds to these viruses as well as the patient groups (such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals) who are often more susceptible to serious illness have both been aided by this epidemic. COVID-19 causes different symptoms to occur at different stages of infection, making it difficult to determine distinct treatment regimens employed for the various clinical phases of the disease. Unsurprisingly, determining the efficacy of currently available medications and developing novel therapeutic strategies have been a process of trial and error. The global scientific community collaborated to research and develop vaccines at a neck-breaking speed. This review summarises the overall picture of the COVID-19 pandemic, different mutations in SARS-CoV-2, immune response, and the treatment modalities against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Gong
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amber Khan
- Department of Clinical Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriano Duse
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Division of Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Itigimatha N, Chadchan KS, Yallur BC, Hadagali MD. New Analytical Methods for the Determination of New Anti-Viral Drug Favipiravir: A Potential Therapeutic Drug Against Covid-19 Virus, in Bulk and Dosage Forms. Pharm Chem J 2023; 56:1419-1425. [PMID: 36683827 PMCID: PMC9838498 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple, accurate and robust analytical methods have been developed and validated for the determination of favipiravir (FVPR) by RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques as per the ICH guidelines. In the RP-HPLC method for FVPR determination, the mobile phase was ammonium acetate buffer pH 6.5 in pump Aand methanol in pump B. The C18 (Sunfire) 5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm column was used as a stationary phase, and the detection wavelength was at 323 nm. Under these conditions, FVPR was eluted as a sharp peak at 2.65 min and the overall time taken for each injection was 10 min. In case of the UV spectroscopy method, standard FVPR solutions were prepared with pure ethanol and scanned from 250 to 400 nm and a flourishing spectrum was obtained at 323 nm. Hence, the wavelength of 323 nm was fixed for the whole process of validation in both techniques. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the RP-HPLC method were 1.0 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established in the 10 to 50 μg/mL range. In the UV spectroscopy method, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 3.5 and 12 μg/mL, respectively, and the linearity was established within 20 to 60 μg/mL range. The regression coefficient was found to exceed 0.999 in both methods. The proposed RP-HPLC and UV spectroscopy techniques are simple, accurate, rugged and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandeesha Itigimatha
- Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India
- Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Kailash S. Chadchan
- Department of Chemistry, BLDEA’s V. P. Dr. P. G. Halakatti College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayapur, Karnataka 586103 India
| | - Basappa C. Yallur
- Department of Chemistry, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, 560054 India
- Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka 590018 India
| | - Manjunatha D. Hadagali
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere, Karnataka 577002 India
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Laref S, Wang B, Gao X, Gojobori T. Computational Studies of Auto-Active van der Waals Interaction Molecules on Ultra-Thin Black-Phosphorus Film. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020681. [PMID: 36677738 PMCID: PMC9864666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the van der Waals density functional theory, we studied the binding peculiarities of favipiravir (FP) and ebselen (EB) molecules on a monolayer of black phosphorene (BP). We systematically examined the interaction characteristics and thermodynamic properties in a vacuum and a continuum, solvent interface for active drug therapy. These results illustrate that the hybrid molecules are enabled functionalized two-dimensional (2D) complex systems with a vigorous thermostability. We demonstrate in this study that these molecules remain flat on the monolayer BP system and phosphorus atoms are intact. It is inferred that the hybrid FP+EB molecules show larger adsorption energy due to the van der Waals forces and planar electrostatic interactions. The changes in Gibbs free energy at different surface charge fluctuations and temperatures imply that the FP and EB are allowed to adsorb from the gas phase onto the 2D film at high temperatures. Thereby, the results unveiled beneficial inhibitor molecules on two dimensional BP nanocarriers, potentially introducing a modern strategy to enhance the development of advanced materials, biotechnology, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Laref
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering (CIRE), University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Tang YM, Wu TL, Liu HT. Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters' Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1097. [PMID: 36673852 PMCID: PMC9859103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As the front line of epidemic prevention, firefighters are responsible for the transportation of infected cases. Firefighters are under a lot of stress from the new COVID-19, especially the fear that they may contract the virus at work and spread the virus to their families. In particular, the framework of this study incorporates Riggs' formalism variables. When firefighters think that the epidemic prevention regulations are inconsistent with the actual epidemic prevention, it will increase their work pressure on COVID-19. In this study, firefighters from all over Taiwan were used as the respondents, and a total of 453 respondents were obtained. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the established hypotheses. The findings confirm that formalism, fear of self and family infection are positively influencing COVID-19 stress. COVID-19 stress positively affects PTSD and insomnia. COVID-19 stress negatively affects problem-focused strategies. Problem-focused strategies negatively affect post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ming Tang
- Asia Pacific Society of Fire Engineering, Kaohsiung City 825, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Wu
- Department of Leisure Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Te Liu
- Department of Public Affairs and Administration, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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Zoubir J, Bakas I, Qourzal S, Tamimi M, Assabbane A. Electrochemical sensor based on a ZnO-doped graphitized carbon for the electrocatalytic detection of the antibiotic hydroxychloroquine. Application: tap water and human urine. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2023; 53:1279-1294. [PMID: 36644408 PMCID: PMC9825087 DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01835-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In December 2019, the world experienced a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causing coronavirus disease 2019 originating from Wuhan.The virus has crossed national borders and now affects more than 200 countries and territories. Hydroxychloroquine has been considered as a drug capable of treating COVID-19. The objective of this work is to establish a simple platform for electrocatalytic detection of hydroxychloroquine in human urine samples and pharmaceutical samples (tablets) using a ZnO@CPE sensor constructed by simple and inexpensive hydrothermal methods using a square wave voltammetry method. The best results are obtained in a PBS electrolyte with irreversible behavior of the hydroxychloroquine complement and controlled by diffusion coupled with absorption phenomena. The ZnO@CPE shifts the oxidation potential of hydroxychloroquine with the formation of a single very intense peak at the position of Epa = 0.5 V/(vs Ag/AgCl) with a shift is ΔEp = 0.1 V(vs Ag/AgCl) compared to the unmodified electrode. The obtained ZnO@CPE hybrid nanocomposite was characterized by different techniques and showed excellent electrocatalytic activity and higher active surface area compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the ZnO@CPE sensor showed good analytical performance for the determination of trace amounts of hydroxychloroquine, a wide linearity range from 10-3 M to 0.8 × 10-6 M with a very low detection limit in the range of 1.33 × 10-7 M, satisfactory selectivity, acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. The calculated recovery and coefficient of variation for the two samples analyzed are very satisfactory, ranging from 97.6 to 102% and 1.2 to 2.3% respectively. The proposed applied method and the fabricated sensor offer the possibility to analyze traces of hydroxychloroquine in real human urine and water samples. Graphical abstract Strategy for the electro-oxidation reaction of hydroxychloroquine on the electro-catalytic surface of the ZnO@Carbon graphite electrode and real-time detection of hydroxychloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jallal Zoubir
- Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Idriss Bakas
- Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Samir Qourzal
- Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Malika Tamimi
- Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ali Assabbane
- Team of Catalysis and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, BP 8106, Agadir, Morocco
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Hachim SK, Ali AS, Arif KB. Effect of IL-6 and CRP titer with antibody level on severity of COVID-19 infection. Hum Antibodies 2023; 31:45-49. [PMID: 37482989 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is combined with a high death rate and morbidity in different regions across the world. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted in response to tissue injury, primarily produced by macrophages. C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered a part of innate immunity and is elevated in response to infection and cancer. METHODS This study includes one hundred patients infected with the viral pathogen known as SARS-CoV-2 and fifty healthy individuals attending Al-Salam Hospital in Baghdad. Approximately 5 ml of samples were collected from each virus-infected patient and healthy control, then separated by centrifuge and stored in a refrigerator until testing. The study timeline was from October 1st, 2020, to January 15th, 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The IL-6 was measured using the ELISA technique with a human Elisa reader. The CRP titer was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The level of SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was 0.01 ± 0.004, 0.02 ± 0.004, respectively, in healthy controls, while in COVID-19 patients, the level of SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody was 2.45 ± 1.87, and the level of IgG antibody was 5.16 ± 2.63 in COVID-19 patients. The IL-6 level was 0.88 ± 0.28, 5.82 ± 3.28 in healthy controls and COVID-19 patients, respectively. The CRP titer in healthy controls was 1.25 ± 0.36, while in COVID-19 patients, it was 13.8 ± 4.85. The aim of the research is to focus on the association between IL-6 level and CRP titer, with a concentration on COVID-19 patients, and to determine if IL-6 possesses the potential to serve as a biomarker for prognosticating the extent of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq K Hachim
- Department of Nursing Technology, Institute of Medical Technology, Baghdad Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Aesha Saber Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Khalid B Arif
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
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Alkafaas SS, Abdallah AM, Ghosh S, Loutfy SA, Elkafas SS, Abdel Fattah NF, Hessien M. Insight into the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibitors in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2403. [PMID: 36345157 PMCID: PMC9877911 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants sustainable efforts to upgrade both the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. Understanding the details of cellular and molecular basis of the virus-host cell interaction is essential for developing variant-independent therapeutic options. The internalization of SARS-CoV-2, into lung epithelial cells, is mediated by endocytosis, especially clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Although vaccination is the gold standard strategy against viral infection, selective inhibition of endocytic proteins, complexes, and associated adaptor proteins may present a variant-independent therapeutic strategy. Although clathrin and/or dynamins are the most important proteins involved in CME, other endocytic mechanisms are clathrin and/or dynamin independent and rely on other proteins. Moreover, endocytosis implicates some subcellular structures, like plasma membrane, actin and lysosomes. Also, physiological conditions, such as pH and ion concentrations, represent an additional factor that mediates these events. Accordingly, endocytosis related proteins are potential targets for small molecules that inhibit endocytosis-mediated viral entry. This review summarizes the potential of using small molecules, targeting key proteins, participating in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, as variant-independent antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review takes two approaches. The first outlines the potential role of endocytic inhibitors in preventing endocytosis-mediated viral entry and its mechanism of action, whereas in the second computational analysis was implemented to investigate the selectivity of common inhibitors against endocytic proteins in SARS-CoV-2 endocytosis. The analysis revealed that remdesivir, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, rottlerin, and Bis-T can effectively inhibit clathrin, HMG-CoA reductase, actin, and dynamin I GTPase and are more potent in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 than chloroquine. CME inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 infection remain understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- Narcotic Research DepartmentNational Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR)GizaEgypt
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Samah A. Loutfy
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
- Nanotechnology Research CenterBritish UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Sara Samy Elkafas
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design DepartmentFaculty of EngineeringMenofia UniversityMenofiaEgypt
| | - Nasra F. Abdel Fattah
- Virology and Immunology UnitCancer Biology DepartmentNational Cancer Institute (NCI)Cairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Molecular Cell Biology UniteDivision of BiochemistryDepartment of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
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Deneva V, Slavova S, Kumanova A, Vassilev N, Nedeltcheva-Antonova D, Antonov L. Favipiravir-Tautomeric and Complexation Properties in Solution. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010045. [PMID: 36678542 PMCID: PMC9864296 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tautomeric properties of favipiravir were investigated experimentally for the first time by using molecular spectroscopy (UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence and NMR), as well as DFT quantum-chemical calculations. According to the obtained results, the enol tautomer is substantially more stable in most of the organic solvents. In the presence of water, a keto form appears to be favored due to the specific solute-solvent interactions. Upon the addition of alkaline-earth-metal ions, deprotonation and complexation occurred simultaneously, giving the formation of 2 : 1 ligand : metal complexes. According to the theoretical simulations, the metal ion is captured between the carbonyl groups as a result of the size-fit effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Deneva
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (L.A.)
| | - Sofia Slavova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alina Kumanova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Nedeltcheva-Antonova
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luidmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (L.A.)
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The Potential of Stilbene Compounds to Inhibit M pro Protease as a Natural Treatment Strategy for Coronavirus Disease-2019. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 45:12-32. [PMID: 36661488 PMCID: PMC9857500 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has had a global impact on human health with increased levels of morbidity and mortality. There is an unmet need to design and produce effective antivirals to treat COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the potential ability of natural stilbenes to inhibit the Mpro protease, an acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enzyme involved in viral replication. The binding affinities of stilbene compounds against Mpro were scrutinized using molecular docking, prime molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) energy calculations, and molecular dynamic simulations. Seven stilbene molecules were docked with Mpro and compared with GC376 and N3, antivirals with demonstrated efficacy against Mpro. Ligand binding efficiencies and polar and non-polar interactions between stilbene compounds and Mpro were analyzed. The binding affinities of astringin, isorhapontin, and piceatannol were -9.319, -8.166, and -6.291 kcal/mol, respectively, and higher than either GC376 or N3 at -6.976 and -6.345 kcal/mol, respectively. Prime MM-GBSA revealed that these stilbene compounds exhibited useful ligand efficacy and binding affinity to Mpro. Molecular dynamic simulation studies of astringin, isorhapontin, and piceatannol showed their stability at 300 K throughout the simulation time. Collectively, these results suggest that stilbenes such as astringin, isorhapontin, and piceatannol could provide useful natural inhibitors of Mpro and thereby act as novel treatments to limit SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Singh S, Chauhan P, Sharma V, Rao A, Kumbhar BV, Prajapati VK. Identification of multi-targeting natural antiviral peptides to impede SARS-CoV-2 infection. Struct Chem 2022; 34:1-16. [PMID: 36570051 PMCID: PMC9759041 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and its variants cause serious health concerns throughout the world. The alarming increase in the daily number of cases has become a nightmare in many low-income countries; although some vaccines are available, their high cost and low vaccine production make them unreachable to ordinary people in developing countries. Other treatment strategies are required for novel therapeutic options. The peptide-based drug is one of the alternatives with low toxicity, more specificity, and ease of synthesis. Herein, we have applied structure-based virtual screening to identify potential peptides targeting the critical proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Non-toxic natural antiviral peptides were selected from the enormous number of peptides. Comparative modeling was applied to prepare a 3D structure of selected peptides. 3D models of the peptides were docked using the ClusPro docking server to determine their binding affinity and peptide-protein interaction. The high-scoring peptides were docked with other crucial proteins to analyze multiple targeting peptides. The two best peptides were subjected to MD simulations to validate the structure stability and evaluated RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and H-bonding from the trajectory analysis of 100 ns. The proposed lead peptides can be used as a broad-spectrum drug and potentially develop as a therapeutic to combat SARS-CoV-2, positively impacting the current pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11224-022-02113-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| | - Priya Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| | - Vinita Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University (Deemed), Vile Parle, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817 India
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab India
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