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Tsoukos A, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Zajac A, Panagiotopoulos MG, Psarras II, Petraki DP, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. Fatigue and Metabolic Responses during Repeated Sets of Bench Press Exercise to Exhaustion at Different Ranges of Motion. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:61-76. [PMID: 38689577 PMCID: PMC11057609 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of different ranges of motion (ROM) on fatigue and metabolic responses during repeated sets of bench press exercise. Ten resistance trained men performed three sets to momentary failure with two-min rest intervals at three different ROM: full ROM (FULL), and partial ROM in which the barbell was moved either at the bottom half (BOTTOM) or the top half (TOP) of the full barbell vertical displacement. In TOP, a higher load was lifted, and a higher total number of repetitions was performed compared to FULL and BOTTOM (130 ± 17.6 vs. 102.5 ± 15.9 vs. 98.8 ± 17.5 kg; 55.2 ± 9.8, 32.2 ± 6.5 vs. 49.1 ± 16.5 kg, respectively p < 0.01). Work per repetition was higher in FULL than TOP and BOTTOM (283 ± 43 vs. 205 ± 32 vs. 164 ± 31 J/repetition, p < 0.01). Mean barbell velocity at the start of set 1 was 21.7% and 12.8% higher in FULL compared to TOP and BOTTOM, respectively. The rate of decline in mean barbell velocity was doubled from set 1 to set 3 (p < 0.01) and was higher in FULL than both TOP and BOTTOM (p < 0.001). Also, the rate of mean barbell velocity decline was higher in BOTTOM compared to TOP (p = 0.045). Blood lactate concentration was similarly increased in all ROM (p < 0.001). Training at TOP ROM allowed not only to lift a higher load, but also to perform more repetitions with a lower rate of decline in mean barbell velocity. Despite the lower absolute load and work per repetition, fatigue was higher in BOTTOM than TOP and this may be attributed to differences in muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michail G. Panagiotopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias-Iason Psarras
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina P. Petraki
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Christ T, Ringleb M, Haunhorst S, Fennen L, Jordan PM, Wagner H, Puta C. The acute effects of pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on the immunoregulatory stress hormone release in experienced endurance athletes-a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1264814. [PMID: 38362064 PMCID: PMC10868406 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1264814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In times of physical stress, the body orchestrates a multisystemic regulatory response. The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role in the immediate regulation chain, while cortisol is involved in delayed regulation. The release of those stress hormones in response to exercise has previously been reported to elicit diverse immune reactions. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine and present the acute effects of immediate pre- and mid-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in experienced endurance athletes. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines up to February 2023. Randomized controlled trials in English or German language were included if baseline and at least two follow-up measures of blood plasma or serum of chosen stress hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were collected in response to prolonged continuous endurance activity. Eligibility furthermore required an acute carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g of carbohydrates per hour no more than 30 min before start of the exercise, as well as a placebo-controlled study design. Results Eleven studies of moderate to high quality were included in this review. Carbohydrate ingestion of at least 30 g per hour was able to attenuate rises in cortisol concentration in majority of the included studies. Epinephrine levels were considerably lower with ingestion of carbohydrates compared to placebo in all studies. Norepinephrine concentrations were largely unaffected by acute carbohydrate feeding. Conclusion Pre- and mid-exercise ingestion of carbohydrates seems an effective dietary strategy to attenuate rises in cortisol and epinephrine levels and, thus, an effective countermeasure for endurance exercise-induced increases in stress hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Christ
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miriam Ringleb
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- NeuroPsycho Immunology Research Unit, Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena Fennen
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Movement Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control & Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Li R, Chee CS, Kamalden TF, Ramli AS, Yang K. Effects of blood flow restriction training on sports performance in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:55-65. [PMID: 37902798 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective training method to improve sports performance in healthy athletes. Nevertheless, a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding how BFRT affects sports performance in athletes is still lacking. Consequently, the study attempted to expand and consolidate the prior studies regarding the effect of BFRT on technical and physical performance in athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This study was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) statement guidelines for a systematic review of the academic databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SportDiscus), and Google Scholar. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included publications, which ranged from moderate to high quality. The systematic review protocol was registered on inplasy.com (INPLASY202380049). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Out of 249 studies identified, 93 articles were evaluated as eligible, and after the screening, 18 studies were finally included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis results showed a significant enhancement on vertical jump height in the BFRT group compared to the control group (SMD=1.39, 95% CI=0.30-2.49, P=0.01). BFRT was able to significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (SMD=1.65, 95% CI=0.56-2.74, P<0.01). While no significant improvement in sprint time was observed (SMD= -0.18, 95% CI=-1.18-0.82, P=0.115). CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that BFRT is beneficial to athletes as this training method can be effective in enhancing physical and technical performance in athletes. Nevertheless, further analysis needs to be conducted to fully determine the effectiveness of the moderators of the intervention on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen S Chee
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia -
| | - Tengku F Kamalden
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alif S Ramli
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mao J, Wang T, Wang Y, Kuan G. Effect of resistance training programs differing in set structure on muscular hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1301535. [PMID: 38148897 PMCID: PMC10749963 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1301535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects on muscle hypertrophy and muscular performance of two resistance training (RT) programs that differed only in set structure: traditional set structure (TS) vs. rest redistribution set structure (RR). Methods: Thirty untrained young men were pair-matched and randomly assigned to a TS (n = 15) or an RR (n = 15) protocol based on individual baseline measures. Participants trained for 8 weeks using the same total body RT routines performed twice weekly. The TS protocol comprised four sets of 10 repetitions per exercise with 120-s interset rest, and the RR involved eight sets of five repetitions per exercise with 51-s interset rest. Participants were tested pre- and post-intervention for body composition, regional muscle thickness, upper- and lower-body muscle maximal strength [1-repetition maximum (1RM)], mean power output and velocity at 75% 1RM and muscular endurance (repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM). Results: Compared to baseline, both groups exhibited equally significantly decreased body fat mass (p < 0.05), increased fat-free mass (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.05), upper and lower-body muscular maximal strength (p < 0.001) and endurance performance (p < 0.001). However, both groups only increase the lower-body power output (p < 0.001) but not the upper-body (p > 0.05). No significant differences existed between groups for all measurements (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that RR and TS groups have similar effects for improving muscle hypertrophy and performance in untrained young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mao
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- College of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Leite CDFC, Zovico PVC, Rica RL, Barros BM, Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Leite RD, Barauna VG, Maia AF, Bocalini DS. Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage after a High-Intensity Interval Exercise Session: Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7082. [PMID: 37998313 PMCID: PMC10671292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered an effective method to improve fitness and health indicators, but its high-intensity exercises and the mechanical and metabolic stress generated during the session can lead to the occurrence of exercise-induced muscle damage. Therefore, this study aimed to describe, by means of a systematic review, the effects of a single HIIT session on exercise-induced muscle damage. A total of 43 studies were found in the Medline/PubMed Science Direct/Embase/Scielo/CINAHL/LILACS databases; however, after applying the exclusion criteria, only 15 articles were considered eligible for this review. The total sample was 315 participants. Among them, 77.2% were men, 13.3% were women and 9.5 uninformed. Their age ranged from 20.1 ± 2 to 47.8 ± 7.5 years. HIIT protocols included running with ergometers (n = 6), CrossFit-specific exercises (n = 2), running without ergometers (n = 3), swimming (n = 1), the Wingate test on stationary bicycles (n = 2), and cycling (n = 1). The most applied intensity controls were %vVO2max, "all out", MV, MAV, Vmax, and HRreserve%. The most used markers to evaluate muscle damage were creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. The time for muscle damage assessment ranged from immediately post exercise to seven days. HIIT protocols were able to promote changes in markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, evidenced by increases in CK, Mb, LDH, AST, ALT, pain, and muscle circumference observed mainly immediately and 24 h after the HIIT session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine D. F. C. Leite
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo V. C. Zovico
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | - Roberta L. Rica
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Estacio de Sá University, Vitoria 29090640, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre F. Machado
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Richard D. Leite
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil;
| | - Valerio G. Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria 29043900, ES, Brazil;
| | - Adriano F. Maia
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29043900, ES, Brazil;
| | - Danilo S. Bocalini
- Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, ES, Brazil
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Ali Y, Aubeeluck R, Gurney T. Fourteen-Days Spirulina Supplementation Increases Hemoglobin, but Does Not Provide Ergogenic Benefit in Recreationally Active Cyclists: A Double-Blinded Randomized Crossover Trial. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:261-280. [PMID: 37807529 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2263564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Spirulina supplementation has been reported to increase hemoglobin concentration as well as a variety of cardiorespiratory and lactate-based performance parameters during maximal and submaximal states of exercise. This study investigates the efficacy of supplementing a 6 g/day dosage of spirulina for 14-days in recreationally active individuals, analyzing cardiorespiratory parameters during maximal and submaximal cycling as well as the potential mechanistic role of hemoglobin augmentation. 17 recreationally active individuals (Male = 14, Female = 3, Age 23 ± 5 years, V̇O2max 43.3 ± 8.6 ml/min·kg) ingested 6 g/day of spirulina or placebo for 14-days in a double-blinded randomized crossover study, with a 14-day washout period between trials. Participants completed a 20-min submaximal cycle at 40% maximal power output (WRmax), followed by a V̇O2max test. Hemoglobin (g/L), WRmax (watts), time to fatigue (seconds), heart rate (bpm), oxygen uptake (ml/min·kg), RER and blood lactate response (mmol/L) were measured and compared between conditions. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded at 5-min intervals and lactate was measured at 10-min intervals during the submaximal exercise. There was a significant 3.4% increase in hemoglobin concentration after spirulina supplementation in comparison to placebo (150.4 ± 9.5 g/L Vs 145.6 ± 9.4 g/L, p = 0.047). No significant differences existed between either condition in both testing protocols for V̇O2max, WRmax, time to fatigue, heart rate, oxygen uptake, RER and blood lactate response (p > 0.05). 14-days of spirulina supplementation significantly improved hemoglobin concentration but did not lead to any considerable ergogenic improvements during maximal or submaximal exercise at a 6 g/day dosage in recreationally active individuals whilst cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Ali
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rama Aubeeluck
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Gurney
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Agentilho GI, DE Lucena EGP, Teixeira LFM, Boas VV, Ribeiro IC, Barroso R, Schoenfeld BJ, Uchida MC. Low-Load x High-Load Resistance Exercise: Greater Cell Swelling After a Training Session. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:513-524. [PMID: 37622037 PMCID: PMC10446953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell swelling caused by resistance training is proposed to provide an anabolic stimulus for muscle growth and it is believed that these effects are heightened with the use of low loads. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of two volume-equated resistance training (RT) protocols, low-load (LL) versus high-load (HL), on elbow flexor muscles thickness, arm circumference, and blood lactate concentration in well-trained individuals. Eight resistance-trained males performed the following two RT protocols involving unilateral elbow flexion of the dominant arm: i) LL, four sets with 50% 1 repetition-maximum [1 RM] and ii) HL, ten sets with 85% 1 RM until failure, and equated volume. Pre- and post-session measurements included muscle thickness of the elbow flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis), upper arm circumference, and blood lactate concentration. Significant pre- to post-session increases were found in both protocols for muscle thickness (F (1, 28) = 11.74, p = 0.0019), and blood lactate (F (1, 28) = 35.55, p < 0.0001); no statistically significant differences were observed between conditions, however, the magnitude of increases favored LL. Significant between-condition differences favoring LL were observed for total repetitions (p = 0.007), time under tension (p = 0.007), and training density (p = 0.007). These results suggest that LL training promotes superior post-session increases in muscle thickness, indicating that RT protocols with longer times under tension and densities are beneficial when the goal is to promote acute cell swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Agentilho
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - Erick G P DE Lucena
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - Luis F M Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, BRAZIL
| | - Vanessa V Boas
- University Center of the Associated Colleges of Education, São João da Boa Vista, BRAZIL
| | - Isadora C Ribeiro
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | - Renato Barroso
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
| | | | - Marco C Uchida
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, BRAZIL
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Saeidi A, Nouri-Habashi A, Razi O, Ataeinosrat A, Rahmani H, Mollabashi SS, Bagherzadeh-Rahmani B, Aghdam SM, Khalajzadeh L, Al Kiyumi MH, Hackney AC, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Zouhal H. Astaxanthin Supplemented with High-Intensity Functional Training Decreases Adipokines Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020286. [PMID: 36678157 PMCID: PMC9866205 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity training with astaxanthin supplementation on adipokine levels, insulin resistance and lipid profiles in males with obesity. Sixty-eight males with obesity were randomly stratified into four groups of seventeen subjects each: control group (CG), supplement group (SG), training group (TG), and training plus supplement group (TSG). Participants underwent 12 weeks of treatment with astaxanthin or placebo (20 mg/d capsule daily). The training protocol consisted of 36 sessions of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), 60 min/sessions, and three sessions/week. Metabolic profiles, body composition, anthropometrical measurements, cardio-respiratory indices and adipokine [Cq1/TNF-related protein 9 and 2 (CTRP9 and CTRP2) levels, and growth differentiation factors 8 and 15 (GDF8 and GDF15)] were measured. There were significant differences for all indicators between the groups (p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that the levels of CTRP9, CTRP2, and GDF8 were different from CG (p < 0.05), although levels of GDF15 were similar to CG (p > 0.05). Levels of GDF8 were similar in the SG and TG groups (p > 0.05), with reductions of GDF15 levels in both training groups (p < 0.05). A total of 12 weeks of astaxanthin supplementation and exercise training decreased adipokines levels, body composition (weight, %fat), anthropometrical factors (BMI), and improved lipid and metabolic profiles. These benefits were greater for men with obesity in the TSG group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Akbar Nouri-Habashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Movements, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia 57561-51818, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Razi University, Kermanshah 94Q5+6G3, Iran
| | - Ali Ataeinosrat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Hiwa Rahmani
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938 93973, Iran
| | | | - Behnam Bagherzadeh-Rahmani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar M3J+373, Iran
| | - Shahin Mahmoudi Aghdam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Leila Khalajzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
| | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat H5QC+36M, Oman
- Correspondence: (A.N.-H.); (M.H.A.K.)
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé, University of Rennes, M2S—EA 1274, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
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Yuan J, Wu L, Xue Z, Xu G, Wu Y. Application and progress of blood flow restriction training in improving muscle mass and strength in the elderly. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1155314. [PMID: 37035674 PMCID: PMC10079911 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging training method, blood flow restriction training has been proved to promote the growth of muscle mass and strength. In recent years, it has been gradually applied in different populations. However, there are few studies on how blood flow restriction training affects muscle mass and strength in the elderly. The relevant literature is compiled and summarized in this study. Through the comparison of blood flow restriction training with traditional training methods and its application in the elderly, it shows that blood flow restriction training can effectively increase muscle mass and strength, prevent muscle atrophy, improve cardiopulmonary function, facilitate injury and postoperative rehabilitation, and intervene in related degenerative diseases as a training method suitable for the elderly,. The main mechanism of blood flow restriction training promoting muscle mass and strength growth is metabolic stress response, including muscle fiber recruitment, protein synthesis signal pathway activation, hormone secretion, etc., and is also related to cell swelling caused by pressure. At present, although the application of blood flow restriction training in the elderly population is increasing, there is a lack of personalized programs. In the future, more research on the dose effect and safety of blood flow restriction training is needed to develop more accurate personalized training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guodong Xu
- *Correspondence: Guodong Xu, ; Yuxiang Wu,
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- *Correspondence: Guodong Xu, ; Yuxiang Wu,
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Exercise training-induced changes in immunometabolic markers in youth badminton athletes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15539. [PMID: 36109571 PMCID: PMC9477844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic and inflammatory fluctuations in two seasonal phases of badminton training, and the ability of youth badminton athletes to respond to an inflammatory challenge given by acute exercise on these markers. Thirteen youth badminton athletes who participated in national and international competitions were recruited. Metabolic and cytokine profile were measured at rest and in response to a maximal exercise intermittent test, in the pre- and final phases of a badminton annual season. At rest, glucose (–7.58 mg/dL; p = 0.045) and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) (–26.87 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) decreased at final-season. The variation of HDL-c in response to a maximal exercise test increased at final-season in comparison to pre-season (+ 10.20 mg/dL p = 0.042). Similarly, delta changes of IL-10 (+ 3.41 pg/ml; p = 0.047) and IL-1Ra (+ 141.3 pg/ml; p = 0.031) were greater at final-season. In addition, a significantly greater variation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10/IL-17 ratio was observed at final-season (+ 0.37; p = 0.010). In conclusion, our results showed a major responsivity of IL-10 and IL-1Ra to a maximal exercise even at the end of an entire season. The major responsivity of these cytokines at this time point suggests a more effective acute inflammatory response in youth badminton athletes. Therefore, the results of this study may be applied by coaches, trainers and sport nutritionist for proper training management.
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Lim ZX, Goh J. Effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) with resistance exercise on musculoskeletal health in older adults: a narrative review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35725379 PMCID: PMC9208167 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging leads to a number of structural and physiological deficits such as loss of muscle mass and strength. Strength training at ~ 70% of 1 repetition max (RM) is recommended to prevent age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. However, most older adults may not be able to perform 70% of 1RM or higher intensity. An alternative exercise training program combining low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) can result in similar acute and chronic benefits to skeletal muscles in older adults. Main body and short conclusion The potential mechanisms involved are discussed, and include reactive hyperaemia, metabolic stress, and hypoxia. Key issues and safety with the use of BFR in older adults, especially those with chronic conditions are also discussed. Although there has been no reported evidence to suggest that BFR elevates the risk of clinical complications any more than high intensity exercise, it is recommended for individuals to be medically cleared of any cardiovascular risks, prior to engaging in BFR exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xiang Lim
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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12
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Kabasakalis A, Nikolaidis S, Tsalis G, Mougios V. Low-Volume Sprint Interval Swimming Is Sufficient to Increase Blood Metabolic Biomarkers in Master Swimmers. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:318-324. [PMID: 33084521 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1832183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Sprint interval exercise is a time-efficient way of inducing beneficial adaptations. However, little is known about its minimal effective volume, especially in swimming. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two sprint interval swimming sets of different low volumes on blood biomarkers. Method: Twenty-one master swimmers [11 females aged 38.5 (8.5) years, 10 males aged 42.7 (5.7) years] completed two freestyle swimming sets of 4 × 50 m and 4 × 25 m at maximal intensity and a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1, on different days, in random and counterbalanced order. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and one hour after exercise for determination of a number of biochemical parameters. Results: Swimming speed was higher in the 4 × 25-m set. Lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and reduced glutathione increased immediately post-exercise, while uric acid increased 1 h post-exercise (p < .05). All aforementioned biomarkers, excluding glucagon, increased more with the 4 × 50-m set, compared to the 4 × 25-m set (p < .05). Session rating of perceived exertion was higher after the 4 × 50-m set (p = .011). Conclusion: Both sprint interval swimming sets elicited increases in blood biomarkers in master swimmers. The set of higher volume elicited greater increases in most of the biochemical markers studied but also in subjective load. Thus, although the set of higher volume was more efficient in perturbing blood biomarkers, even the very low-volume set induced metabolic stress that may trigger adaptive mechanisms.
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13
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Effects of Resistance Training in Hypobaric vs. Normobaric Hypoxia on Circulating Ions and Hormones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063436. [PMID: 35329124 PMCID: PMC8949299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) seems to lead to different responses compared to normobaric hypoxia (NH) during physical conditioning. The aim of the study was to analyze the hormonal and circulating ion responses after performing high-intensity resistance training with different inter-set rest under HH and NH condition. Sixteen male volunteers were randomly divided into two training groups. Each group completed two counterbalanced resistance training sessions (three sets × ten repetitions, remaining two repetitions in reserve), with both one- and two-minute inter-set rest, under HH and NH. Blood samples were obtained to determine hormones and circulating ions (Ca2+, Pi, and HCO3−) at baseline and after training sessions (5, 10, and 30 min). Resistance training with one-minute rest caused greater hormonal stress than with two-minute rest in cortisol and growth hormone, although the hypoxic environmental condition did not cause any significant alterations in these hormones. The short inter-set rest also caused greater alterations in HCO3− and Pi than the longer rest. Additionally, higher levels of Ca2+ and Pi, and lower levels of HCO3−, were observed after training in HH compared to NH. Metabolic and physiological responses after resistance training are mediated by inter-set rest intervals and hypoxic environmental condition. According to the alterations observed in the circulating ions, HH could cause greater muscular fatigue and metabolic stress than NH.
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14
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Hirono T, Ikezoe T, Taniguchi M, Tanaka H, Saeki J, Yagi M, Umehara J, Ichihashi N. Relationship Between Muscle Swelling and Hypertrophy Induced by Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:359-364. [PMID: 31904714 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hirono, T, Ikezoe, T, Taniguchi, M, Tanaka, H, Saeki, J, Yagi, M, Umehara, J, and Ichihashi, N. Relationship between muscle swelling and hypertrophy induced by resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 359-364, 2022-Muscle swelling immediately after resistance exercise may be induced by metabolic stress. The accumulation of metabolic stress is considered to promote muscle hypertrophy after several weeks of resistance training (RT). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between muscle swelling immediately after the first session of RT and muscle hypertrophy after a 6-week RT using ultrasonography. Twenty-two untrained young men performed knee extension resistance exercise consisting of 3 sets with 8 repetitions at a load of 80% of one repetition maximum for 6 weeks (3 d·wk-1). Muscle thickness of the quadriceps femoris was measured using ultrasonography device at 3 anatomical sites (proximal, medial, and distal sites) of the middle, lateral, and medial part of the anterior thigh. The sum of the muscle thickness at 9 measurement sites was used for analysis. Acute change in muscle thickness immediately after the first session of RT was used as an indicator of muscle swelling. Chronic change in muscle thickness after the 6-week RT was used as an indicator of muscle hypertrophy. A significant increase in muscle thickness was observed immediately after the first session of RT (8.3 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001). After the 6-week RT, muscle thickness increased significantly (2.9 ± 2.6%, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between muscle swelling and muscle hypertrophy (ρ = 0.443, p = 0.039). This study suggests that the greater the muscle swelling immediately after the first session of RT, the greater the muscle hypertrophy after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan ; and
| | - Junya Saeki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Orozco CA, González-Giraldo Y, Bonilla DA, Forero DA. An in silico analysis of genome-wide expression profiles of the effects of exhaustive exercise identifies heat shock proteins as the key players. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2022.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Plaza-Diaz J, Izquierdo D, Torres-Martos Á, Baig AT, Aguilera CM, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010126. [PMID: 35052805 PMCID: PMC8773693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
| | - David Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Torres-Martos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 85M, Canada
| | - Concepción M. Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz, Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
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17
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Sinclair P, Kadhum M, Paton B. Tolerance to Intermittent vs. Continuous Blood Flow Restriction Training: A meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:3-10. [PMID: 34535020 DOI: 10.1055/a-1537-9886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The proven beneficial effects of low-load blood flow restriction training on strength gain has led to further exploration into its application during rehabilitation, where the traditional use of heavy loads may not be feasible. With current evidence showing that low-load blood flow restriction training may be less well tolerated than heavy-load resistance training, this review was conducted to decipher whether intermittently deflating the pressure cuff during rest intervals of a training session improves tolerance to exercise, without compromising strength. Four databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of intermittent versus continuous blood flow restriction training on outcomes of exercise tolerance or strength in adults. Nine studies were identified, with six included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference in rate of perceived exertion was found (SMD-0.06, 95% CI-0.41 to 0.29, p=0.73, I 2=80%). Subgroup analysis excluding studies that introduced bias showed a shift towards favoring the use of intermittent blood flow restriction training (SMD-0.42, 95% CI-0.87 to 0.03, p=0.07, I 2=0%). There was no significant difference in strength gain. Intermittent cuff deflations during training intervals does not improve tolerance to exercise during blood flow restriction training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sinclair
- Department of Institute of Sports and Exercise Health (ISEH), University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Murtaza Kadhum
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bruce Paton
- Department of Institute of Sports and Exercise Health (ISEH), University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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18
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Carnovale F, Xiao J, Shi B, Kaart T, Arney D, Phillips CJC. The Effects of Vehicle Type, Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Feeding on the Welfare of Sheep Transported in Low Temperatures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061659. [PMID: 34199657 PMCID: PMC8227339 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperatures can provide a risk to the welfare of sheep during transport because of increased ventilation chilling the sheep, and we examined the importance of three factors-covering the vehicle, duration of transport, and feeding prior to transport-on the welfare of sixty transported 4-month-old Dorper × Mongolian female sheep in a cold climate. Sheep in a covered vehicle had greater increases in head and ear temperatures than those in an open vehicle. Sheep transported for 2 h increased their leg temperatures, whereas those transported for 1 h had reduced leg temperatures. Increases in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood samples during the long transport suggested that sheep had more muscular and metabolic activity, compromising their well-being. Feeding prior to transport did not affect body temperatures, but those not fed prior to transport had reduced alanine transferase, HSP and cortisol in their blood, whereas those that were fed had reduced NEFAs, LDH and creatine kinase. Prior feeding had no effect on the sheep temperature indices over a two-hour transport period. Thus, the sheep most at risk of the adverse effects of cold temperatures were those transported in open vehicles, those transported for a longer time, and those not fed before transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carnovale
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.C.); (B.S.)
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Jin Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.C.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010018, China; (F.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Tanel Kaart
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.K.); (D.A.)
| | - David Arney
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (T.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, PKent St., Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
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19
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Young TR, Duncan BT, Cook SB. Evaluation of muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis by ultrasound imaging following blood flow restricted resistance exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 41:376-384. [PMID: 33884750 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise results in transient muscle growth that may be due to metabolite accumulation, hyperaemia and muscle damage, possibly serving as a stimulus for hypertrophy. Understanding the duration of this growth is important for exercise recovery and measurement of hypertrophy. PURPOSE To measure changes in muscle size via ultrasound throughout a 48-h period after a session of BFR knee extension (KE) exercise. METHODS Muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured via ultrasound in 12 participants (six males and six females, age: 20.3 ± 1.1 years) before and immediately, 10 min, 30 min, 1, 3, 8, 24, and 48 h after unilateral exercise. One leg served as a non-exercise control while the other leg performed four sets of unilateral BFR KE at 30% of one-repetition maximum with a pressurized cuff applied to the proximal thigh and inflated to 50% arterial occlusion pressure. RESULTS Vastus lateralis thickness was 34.9 ± 7.2% higher immediately after exercise, 28.6 ± 7.9% at 10 min, 25.2 ± 6.1% at 30 min, 14.9 ± 4.8% at 1 h and 11.8 ± 5.6% at 3 h (p < 0.05). There were no changes compared to pre-exercise measurements past 3 h, and the control limb did not change (p > 0.05). The muscle thickness of the exercise leg was significantly greater than that of the control leg from immediately after exercise up to 1 h post-exercise (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Muscle thickness of the VL increases for 3 h post-BFR exercise and returns to normal within 8 h. This timeframe should be considered when prescribing exercise and planning muscle hypertrophy assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teigue R Young
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Brittany T Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Summer B Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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20
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Low-Dose Ammonium Preconditioning Enhances Endurance in Submaximal Physical Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020029. [PMID: 33669436 PMCID: PMC7920466 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning is often used in medicine to protect organs from ischemic damage and in athletes to enhance the performances. We tested whether low-dose ammonium preconditioning (AMP) could have a beneficial effect on physical exercises (PE). We used Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) on a treadmill to investigate the effects of low-dose AMP on the physical exercise capacity of professional track and field athletes and tested twenty-five athletes. Because of the individual differences between athletes, we performed a preliminary treadmill test (Pre-test) and, according to the results, the athletes were randomly allocated into the AMP and control (placebo, PL) group based on the similarity of the total distance covered on a treadmill. In the AMP group, the covered distance increased (11.3 ± 3.6%, p < 0.02) compared to Pre-test. Similarly, AMP significantly increased O2 uptake volume—VO2 (4.6 ± 2.3%, p < 0.03) and pulmonary CO2 output—VCO2 (8.7 ± 2.8%, p < 0.01). Further, the basic blood parameters (pH, pO2, and lactate) shift was lower despite the greater physical exercise progress in the AMP group compared to Pre-test, whereas in the placebo group there were no differences between Pre-test and Load-test. Importantly, the AMP significantly increased red blood cell count (6.8 ± 2.0%, p < 0.01) and hemoglobin concentration (5.3 ± 1.9%, p < 0.01), which might explain the beneficial effects in physical exercise progress. For the first time, we showed that low-dose AMP had clear beneficial effects on submaximal PE.
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21
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VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, Stratton MT, Moriarty T, Kerksick CM, Mangine GT, Holmes AJ, Lee M, Endito MR, Mermier CM. Impact of Varying Dosages of Fish Oil on Recovery and Soreness Following Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082246. [PMID: 32727162 PMCID: PMC7468920 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish oils (FOs) are rich in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have been purported to enhance recovery of muscular performance and reduce soreness post-exercise. However, the most effective FO dose for optimizing recovery remains unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of FO supplementation dosing on the recovery of measures of muscular performance, perceived soreness, and markers of muscle damage following a rigorous bout of eccentric exercise. Thirty-two college-aged resistance-trained males (~23.6 years, 71.6 kg, 172.1 cm) were supplemented with 2, 4, 6 g/day (G) FO or placebo (PL) for ~7.5 weeks. Following 7 weeks of supplementation, pre-exercise (PRE) performance assessments of vertical jump (VJ), knee extensor strength, 40-yard sprint, T-test agility, and perceived soreness were completed prior to a bout of muscle-damaging exercise and were repeated immediately post (IP), 1-, 2-, 4-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h (H) post-exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated a treatment × time interaction (p < 0.001) for VJ and perceived soreness, but no group differences were observed at any time point. VJ returned to PRE (54.8 ± 7.9 cm) by 1H (51.8 ± 6.5 cm, p = 0.112) for 6G, while no other groups returned to baseline until 48H. Lower soreness scores were observed in 6G compared to PL at 2H (mean difference [MD] = 2.74, p = 0.046), at 24H (MD: 3.45, p < 0.001), at 48H (MD = 4.45, p < 0.001), and at 72H (MD = 3.00, p = 0.003). Supplementation with 6G of FO optimized the recovery of jump performance and muscle soreness following a damaging bout of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (G.T.M.); (A.J.H.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-470-578-4266
| | - Kurt A. Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Kelly E. Johnson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29528, USA;
| | - Matthew T. Stratton
- Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Terence Moriarty
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 50614, USA;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (G.T.M.); (A.J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Alyssa J. Holmes
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (G.T.M.); (A.J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Matthew Lee
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (G.T.M.); (A.J.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Marvin R. Endito
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (M.R.E.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Christine M. Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (M.R.E.); (C.M.M.)
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22
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Hovsepian A, Esfarjani F, Bambaeichi E, Zolaktaf V. The effect of high intensity functional training on the oxidative status, muscle damage and performance of basketball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:188-198. [PMID: 32674538 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks of two different in-season training programs on the oxidative status and muscle damage and performance of professional basketball players. We hypothesized that high intensity functional training (HIFT) induces more redox sensitive adaptations than common strength and conditioning training (CSCT). METHODS Twenty professional basketball players of Iran national women's basketball league (age 21.95±2.45, years of experience 7.15±1.7), were divided into two equal training groups; HIFT and CSCT (in average of 80-150 and 180-240 minutes per week respectively). Blood samples and performance tests including VO<inf>2max</inf>, basketball simulated performance (BEST), anaerobic power, agility and vertical jump were taken before and after training. Oxidative status and tissue damage were assessed through xanthine oxidase, total antioxidant capacity, pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and creatine kinase. Data were analyzed through repeated measure mixed ANOVA. RESULTS BEST, average power and Fatigue Index significantly improved in HIFT group (α<0.05). VO<inf>2max</inf> and agility t-test improved significantly in both groups (α<0.05), with no significant difference between the two groups. Lateral agility and vertical jump did not change significantly in neither of the groups. No significant group × time interaction was observed in the biochemical factors. XO increased, TAC and CK decreased significantly in both groups (α<0.05), with no significant change in PAB in neither of the groups after training. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study showed no oxidative stress and tissue damage in none of the training groups, recommending the implication of more time-efficient HIFT method into the in-season training of team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Hovsepian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Esfarjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran -
| | - Efat Bambaeichi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Zolaktaf
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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23
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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances strength training volume but not the force-velocity profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1881-1891. [PMID: 32533243 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the acute effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the force-velocity relationship, strength training volume, movement velocity, and ratings of perceived exertion. METHODS Fourteen healthy men (age 22.8 ± 3.0 years) were randomly stimulated over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with either ANODAL, CATHODAL or SHAM tDCS for 15 min at 2 mA. The one-repetition maximum (1RM) and force-velocity relationship parameters were evaluated during the bench press exercise before and after receiving the tDCS. Subsequently, participants completed a resistance training session consisting of sets of five repetitions with 1 min of inter-set rest against the 75%1RM until failure. RESULTS No significant changes were observed in the 1RM or in the force-velocity relationship parameters (p ≥ 0.377). The number of repetitions was higher for the ANODAL compared to the CATHODAL (p = 0.025; ES = 0.37) and SHAM (p = 0.009; ES = 0.47) conditions. The reductions of movement velocity across sets were lower for the ANODAL than for the CATHODAL and SHAM condition (p = 0.014). RPE values were lower for the ANODAL compared to the CATHODAL (p = 0.119; ES = 0.33) and SHAM (p = 0.150; ES = 0.44) conditions. No significant differences between the CATHODAL and SHAM conditions were observed for any variable. CONCLUSION The application of ANODAL tDCS before a resistance training session increased training volume, enabled the maintenance of higher movement velocities, and reduced RPE values. These results suggest that tDCS could be an effective method to enhance resistance-training performance.
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24
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Törpel A, Peter B, Schega L. Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32411007 PMCID: PMC7198789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) under hypoxic conditions has been used to increase muscular performance under normoxic conditions in young people. However, the effects of RT and thus of RT under hypoxia (RTH) could also be valuable for parameters of physical capacity and body composition across the lifespan. Therefore, we compared the effects of low- to moderate-load RTH with matched designed RT on muscular strength capacity, cardiopulmonary capacity, hematological adaptation, and body composition in young and older people. Methods In a pre–post randomized, blinded, and controlled experiment, 42 young (18 to 30 year) and 42 older (60 to 75 year) participants were randomly assigned to RTH or RT (RTH young, RT young, RTH old, RT old). Both groups performed eight resistance exercises (25–40% of 1RM, 3 × 15 repetitions) four times a week over 5 weeks. The intensity of hypoxic air for the RTH was administered individually in regards to the oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2): ∼80–85%. Changes and differences in maximal isokinetic strength, cardiopulmonary capacity, total hemoglobin mass (tHb), blood volume (BV), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined pre–post, and the acute reaction of erythropoietin (EPO) was tested during the intervention. Results In all parameters, no significant pre–post differences in mean changes (time × group effects p = 0.120 to 1.000) were found between RTH and RT within the age groups. However, within the four groups, isolated significant improvements (p < 0.050) of the single groups were observed regarding the muscular strength of the legs and the cardiopulmonary capacity. Discussion Although the hypoxic dose and the exercise variables of the resistance training in this study were based on the current recommendations of RTH, the RTH design used had no superior effect on the tested parameters in young and older people in comparison to the matched designed RT under normoxia after a 5-week intervention period. Based on previous RTH-studies as well as the knowledge about RT in general, it can be assumed that the expected higher effects of RTH can may be achieved by changing exercise variables (e.g., longer intervention period, higher loads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beate Peter
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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25
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Nitzsche N, Lenz JC, Voronoi P, Schulz H. Adaption of Maximal Glycolysis Rate after Resistance Exercise with Different Volume Load. Sports Med Int Open 2020; 4:E39-E44. [PMID: 32377562 PMCID: PMC7198261 DOI: 10.1055/a-1146-4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six-weeks of
resistance training with different volume load on the maximum glycolysis
rate. 24 male strength-trained volunteers were assigned in a high volume low
load (50% of their 1RM with 5 sets and reps up to muscle failure)
and a low volume high load (70% of their 1RM with 5 sets of ten
reps) resistance exercise group. The resistance training performed 3 days
per week over 6 weeks. The maximum glycolysis rate was determined using
isokinetic force testing before and after the intervention. There was a
significant increase in glycolysis rate over the training period across all
subjects (p=0.032). High volume low load exercise increased
significantly from 0.271±0.067
mmol·l
−1
·s
−1
to
0.298±0.067
mmol·l
−1
·s
−1
(p=0.022) and low volume high load exercise showed no significant
changes from 0.249±0.122
mmol·l
−1
·s
−1
to
0.291±0.089
mmol·l
−1
·s
−1
(p=0.233). No significant effect on glycolysis rate was observed
between the training groups (p=0.650). Resistance training increases
glycolysis rate regardless of volume load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Nitzsche
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Julian Christian Lenz
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Pjotr Voronoi
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Henry Schulz
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
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26
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L-carnitine's role in KAATSU training- induced neuromuscular fatigue. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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27
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Barakat C, Barroso R, Alvarez M, Rauch J, Miller N, Bou-Sliman A, De Souza EO. The Effects of Varying Glenohumeral Joint Angle on Acute Volume Load, Muscle Activation, Swelling, and Echo-Intensity on the Biceps Brachii in Resistance-Trained Individuals. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7090204. [PMID: 31487841 PMCID: PMC6783981 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on how manipulating joint angles during isolation exercises may impact overall session muscle activation and volume load in resistance-trained individuals. We investigated the acute effects of varying glenohumeral joint angle on the biceps brachii with a crossover repeated measure design with three different biceps curls. One session served as the positive control (CON), which subjects performed 9 sets of bicep curls with their shoulder in a neutral position. The experimental condition (VAR), varied the glenohumeral joint angle by performing 3 sets in shoulder extension (30°), 3 sets neutral (0°), and 3 sets in flexion (90°). Volume load and muscle activation (EMG) were recorded during the training sessions. Muscle swelling and strain were assessed via muscle thickness and echo-intensity responses at pre, post, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. There were no significant differences between conditions for most dependent variables. However, the overall session EMG amplitude was significantly higher (p = 0.0001) in VAR compared to CON condition (95%-CI: 8.4% to 23.3%). Our findings suggest that varying joint angles during resistance training (RT) may enhance total muscle activation without negatively affecting volume load within a training session in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil.
| | - Michael Alvarez
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Jacob Rauch
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Nicholas Miller
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Anton Bou-Sliman
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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28
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Durguerian A, Piscione J, Mathieu B, Lacome M. Integrating Strength and Power Development in the Long-Term Athletic Development of Young Rugby Union Players: Methodological and Practical Applications. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Efficacy of a new strength training design: the 3/7 method. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Behringer M, Willberg C. Application of Blood Flow Restriction to Optimize Exercise Countermeasures for Human Space Flight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:33. [PMID: 30740059 PMCID: PMC6355682 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a strong increase in publications on blood flow restriction (BFR) training. In particular, the fact that this type of training requires only low resistance to induce muscle strength and mass gains, makes BFR training interesting for athletes and scientists alike. For the same reason this type of training is particularly interesting for astronauts working out in space. Lower resistance during training would have the advantage of reducing the risk of strain-induced injuries. Furthermore, strength training with lower resistances would have implications for the equipment required for training under microgravity conditions, as significantly lower resistances have to be provided by the training machines. Even though we are only about to understand the effects of blood flow restriction on exercise types other than low-intensity strength training, the available data indicate that BFR of leg muscles is also able to improve the training effects of walking or running at slow speeds. The underlying mechanisms of BFR-induced functional and structural adaptations are still unclear. An essential aspect seems to be the premature fatigue of Type-I muscle fibers, which requires premature recruitment of Type-II muscle fibers to maintain a given force output. Other theories assume that cell swelling, anabolic hormones, myokines and reactive oxygen species are involved in the mediation of BFR training-related effects. This review article is intended to summarize the main advantages and disadvantages, but also the potential risks of such training for astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behringer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Willberg
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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31
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Wallace W, Ugrinowitsch C, Stefan M, Rauch J, Barakat C, Shields K, Barninger A, Barroso R, De Souza EO. Repeated Bouts of Advanced Strength Training Techniques: Effects on Volume Load, Metabolic Responses, and Muscle Activation in Trained Individuals. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7010014. [PMID: 30621334 PMCID: PMC6359665 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of advanced training techniques (ATT) on muscular responses and if performing a second training session would negatively affect the training stimulus. Eleven strength-trained males performed a traditional strength training session (TST) and four different ATT: pre-exhaustion A (PE-A), pre-exhaustion B (PE-B), forced repetitions (FR), and super-set (SS). On day 1, SS produced lower volume load than TST, FR, and PE-B (−16.0%, p ≤ 0.03; −14.9, p ≤ 0.03 and −18.2%, p ≤ 0.01, respectively). On day 2, SS produced lower volumes than all the other ATT (−9.73–−18.5%, p ≤ 0.03). Additionally, subjects demonstrated lower perceived exertion on day 1 compared to day 2 (6.5 ± 0.4 AU vs. 8.7 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.0001). For blood lactate concentration [La-] on days 1 and 2, [La-] after the tenth set was the highest compared to all other time points (baseline: 1.7 ± 0.2, fifth-set: 8.7 ± 1.0, tenth-set 9.7 ± 0.9, post-5 min: 8.7 ± 0.7 mmol∙L−1, p ≤ 0.0001). Acute muscle swelling was greater immediately and 30-min post compared to baseline (p ≤ 0.0001). On day 2, electromyography (EMG) amplitude on the clavicular head of the pectoralis major was lower for SS than TST, PE-A, and PE-B (−11.7%, p ≤ 0.01; −14.4%, p ≤ 0.009; −20.9%, p = 0.0003, respectively). Detrimental effects to the training stimulus were not observed when ATT (besides SS) are repeated. Strength trained individuals can sustain performance, compared to TST, when they are using ATT in an acute fashion. Although ATT have traditionally been used as a means to optimize metabolic stress, volume load, and neuromuscular responses, our data did not project differences in these variables compared to TST. However, it is important to note that different ATT might produce slight changes in volume load, muscle excitation, and fluid accumulation in strength-trained individuals from session to session.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wallace
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
- Leadership-Health and Human Performance Department, Concordia University Chicago, River Forrest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, Brazil.
| | - Matt Stefan
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Jacob Rauch
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Kevin Shields
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| | - Andrew Barninger
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
- Leadership-Health and Human Performance Department, Concordia University Chicago, River Forrest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Science and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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32
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Qi M, Moyle W, Jones C, Weeks B. Tai Chi Combined With Resistance Training for Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Systematic Review. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2018; 43:32-41. [PMID: 30531200 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite Tai Chi and resistance training being recommended as suitable exercise for older adults, there are no systematic reviews synthesizing the effectiveness of a combination of Tai Chi and resistance training on health promotion of older adults. This study aimed to review the existing literature regarding the effect of Tai Chi and resistance training on physical health, mental health, pain, health-related quality of life, and age-related impairment in adults aged 50 years and older. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to report the health outcomes of Tai Chi combined with resistance training research in adults aged 50 years and older. Articles were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and the Cochrane library using search terms representing "Tai Chi" and "resistance" and "older adults." Quantitative experimental studies with participants aged 50 years and older, where one of the interventions was Tai Chi and resistance training, were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The literature search yielded 648 articles from which 7 met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, the studies involved 703 participants aged 50 years and older, including healthy older adults, older adults with history of falls, postmenopausal women, and people diagnosed with end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Studies included different Tai Chi forms in combination with various types of resistance training. Training sessions were 2 to 7.5 h/wk and lasted between 12 weeks and 12 months. After long-term Tai Chi and resistance training, the participants showed significant improvement in upper and lower extremity muscle strength, aerobic endurance, balance, and mobility. However, 1 study failed to show improvement in Functional Movement Screening compared with traditional Tai Chi and nonexercise groups. No study examined the effects of Tai Chi and resistance training on health-related quality of life, fear of falling, or mental health in adults aged 50 years and older. CONCLUSIONS The review supports that Tai Chi in combination with resistance training improves physical function and muscle strength in adults aged 50 years and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Qi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wendy Moyle
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cindy Jones
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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33
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Steele J, Butler A, Comerford Z, Dyer J, Lloyd N, Ward J, Fisher J, Gentil P, Scott C, Ozaki H. Similar acute physiological responses from effort and duration matched leg press and recumbent cycling tasks. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4403. [PMID: 29507824 PMCID: PMC5834933 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of exercise utilising traditional resistance training (leg press) or ‘cardio’ exercise (recumbent cycle ergometry) modalities upon acute physiological responses. Nine healthy males underwent a within session randomised crossover design where they completed both the leg press and recumbent cycle ergometer conditions. Conditions were approximately matched for effort and duration (leg press: 4 × 12RM using a 2 s concentric and 3 s eccentric repetition duration controlled with a metronome, thus each set lasted 60 s; recumbent cycle ergometer: 4 × 60 s bouts using a resistance level permitting 80–100 rpm but culminating with being unable to sustain the minimum cadence for the final 5–10 s). Measurements included VO2, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate, energy expenditure, muscle swelling, and electromyography. Perceived effort was similar between conditions and thus both were well matched with respect to effort. There were no significant effects by ‘condition’ in any of the physiological responses examined (all p > 0.05). The present study shows that, when both effort and duration are matched, resistance training (leg press) and ‘cardio’ exercise (recumbent cycle ergometry) may produce largely similar responses in VO2, RER, blood lactate, energy expenditure, muscle swelling, and electromyography. It therefore seems reasonable to suggest that both may offer a similar stimulus to produce chronic physiological adaptations in outcomes such as cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and hypertrophy. Future work should look to both replicate the study conducted here with respect to the same, and additional physiological measures, and rigorously test the comparative efficacy of effort and duration matched exercise of differing modalities with respect to chronic improvements in physiological fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom.,ukactive Research Institute, ukactive, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Butler
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Comerford
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Dyer
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Lloyd
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Ward
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - James Fisher
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Exercise, Health, and Sport Sciences, University of Southern Maine, United States of America
| | - Hayao Ozaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Jutendo University, Japan
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