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Cao R, Guo S, Min L, Li P. Roles of Rictor alterations in gastrointestinal tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:37. [PMID: 38186315 PMCID: PMC10807360 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumors account for five of the top 10 causes of mortality from all cancers (colorectal, liver, stomach, esophageal and pancreatic cancer). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is commonly dysregulated in various human cancers. As a core component of the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), Rictor is a key effector molecule of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A high alteration rate of Rictor has been observed in gastrointestinal tumors, and such Rictor alterations are often associated with resistance to chemotherapy and related adverse clinical outcomes. However, the exact roles of Rictor in gastrointestinal tumors remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to critically discuss the following: i) Mutation and biological characteristics of Rictor in tumors with a detailed overview of Rictor in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and drug resistance; ii) the role of Rictor in tumors of the digestive system, particularly colorectal, hepatobiliary, gastric, esophageal and pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma; and iii) the current status and prospects of targeted therapy for Rictor by inhibiting Akt activation. Despite the growing realization of the importance of Rictor/mTORC2 in cancer, the underlying mechanistic details remain poorly understood; this needs to change in order for the development of efficient targeted therapies and re‑sensitization of therapy‑resistant cancers to be made possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos School of Clinical Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017000, P.R. China
| | - Shuilong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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2
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Ren Q, Sun Q, Fu J. Dysfunction of autophagy in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:221-241. [PMID: 37700498 PMCID: PMC10813589 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2254191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACOX1: acyl-CoA oxidase 1; ADH5: alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide; ADIPOQ: adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CRTC2: CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; F2RL1: F2R like trypsin receptor 1; FA: fatty acid; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; GLP1R: glucagon like peptide 1 receptor; GRK2: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2; GTPase: guanosine triphosphatase; HFD: high-fat diet; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; HTRA2: HtrA serine peptidase 2; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; KD: knockdown; KDM6B: lysine demethylase 6B; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LDs: lipid droplets; Li KO: liver-specific knockout; LSECs: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K5: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5; MED1: mediator complex subunit 1; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NFE2L2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NOS3: nitric oxide synthase 3; NR1H3: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3; OA: oleic acid; OE: overexpression; OSBPL8: oxysterol binding protein like 8; PA: palmitic acid; RUBCNL: rubicon like autophagy enhancer; PLIN2: perilipin 2; PLIN3: perilipin 3; PPARA: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha; PRKAA2/AMPK: protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2; RAB: member RAS oncogene family; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SIRT3: sirtuin 3; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1;SREBF2: sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TAGs: triacylglycerols; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TP53/p53: tumor protein p53; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VMP1: vacuole membrane protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Huang X, You L, Nepovimova E, Psotka M, Malinak D, Valko M, Sivak L, Korabecny J, Heger Z, Adam V, Wu Q, Kuca K. Inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase family (PIKK). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2237209. [PMID: 37489050 PMCID: PMC10392309 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2237209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKK) are two structurally related families of kinases that play vital roles in cell growth and DNA damage repair. Dysfunction of PIKK members and aberrant stimulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway are linked to a plethora of diseases including cancer. In recent decades, numerous inhibitors related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling have made great strides in cancer treatment, like copanlisib and sirolimus. Notably, most of the PIKK inhibitors (such as VX-970 and M3814) related to DNA damage response have also shown good efficacy in clinical trials. However, these drugs still require a suitable combination therapy to overcome drug resistance or improve antitumor activity. Based on the aforementioned facts, we summarised the efficacy of PIKK, PI3K, and AKT inhibitors in the therapy of human malignancies and the resistance mechanisms of targeted therapy, in order to provide deeper insights into cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Huang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Li You
- College of Physical Education and Health, Chongqing College of International Business and Economics, Chongqing, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Sivak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Lisi L, Pizzoferrato M, Ciotti GMP, Martire M, Navarra P. mTOR Inhibition Is Effective against Growth, Survival and Migration, but Not against Microglia Activation in Preclinical Glioma Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9834. [PMID: 37372982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially introduced in therapy as immunosuppressants, the selective inhibitors of mTORC1 have been approved for the treatment of solid tumors. Novel non-selective inhibitors of mTOR are currently under preclinical and clinical developments in oncology, attempting to overcome some limitations associated with selective inhibitors, such as the development of tumor resistance. Looking at the possible clinical exploitation in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, in this study we used the human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG, T98G and microglia (CHME-5) to compare the effects of a non-selective mTOR inhibitor, sapanisertib, with those of rapamycin in a large array of experimental paradigms, including (i) the expression of factors involved in the mTOR signaling cascade, (ii) cell viability and mortality, (iii) cell migration and autophagy, and (iv) the profile of activation in tumor-associated microglia. We could distinguish between effects of the two compounds that were overlapping or similar, although with differences in potency and or/time-course, and effects that were diverging or even opposite. Among the latter, especially relevant is the difference in the profile of microglia activation, with rapamycin being an overall inhibitor of microglia activation, whereas sapanisertib was found to induce an M2-profile, which is usually associated with poor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lisi
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Pizzoferrato
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maria Pia Ciotti
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Martire
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Catholic University Medical School, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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5
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Li Q, Li Z, Luo T, Shi H. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways for cancer therapy. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:47. [PMID: 36539659 PMCID: PMC9768098 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in nearly all kinds of neoplasms, with the component in this pathway alternations. RAF/MEK/ERK signaling cascades are used to conduct signaling from the cell surface to the nucleus to mediate gene expression, cell cycle processes and apoptosis. RAS, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are frequent upstream alternative sites. These mutations resulted in activated cell growth and downregulated cell apoptosis. The two pathways interact with each other to participate in tumorigenesis. PTEN alterations suppress RAF/MEK/ERK pathway activity via AKT phosphorylation and RAS inhibition. Several inhibitors targeting major components of these two pathways have been supported by the FDA. Dozens of agents in these two pathways have attracted great attention and have been assessed in clinical trials. The combination of small molecular inhibitors with traditional regimens has also been explored. Furthermore, dual inhibitors provide new insight into antitumor activity. This review will further comprehensively describe the genetic alterations in normal patients and tumor patients and discuss the role of targeted inhibitors in malignant neoplasm therapy. We hope this review will promote a comprehensive understanding of the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in facilitating tumors and will help direct drug selection for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfang Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Breast, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer Cells: Emerging Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061303. [PMID: 35745875 PMCID: PMC9227908 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant changes in cancer cell bioenergetics are widely known as metabolic reprogramming. Reprogramming is a process mediated by multiple factors, including oncogenes, growth factors, hypoxia-induced factors, and the loss of suppressor gene function, which support malignant transformation and tumor development in addition to cell heterogeneity. Consequently, this hallmark promotes resistance to conventional anti-tumor therapies by adapting to the drastic changes in the nutrient microenvironment that these therapies entail. Therefore, it represents a revolutionary landscape during cancer progression that could be useful for developing new and improved therapeutic strategies targeting alterations in cancer cell metabolism, such as the deregulated mTOR and PI3K pathways. Understanding the complex interactions of the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming during cancer initiation and progression is an active study field. Recently, novel approaches are being used to effectively battle and eliminate malignant cells. These include biguanides, mTOR inhibitors, glutaminase inhibition, and ion channels as drug targets. This review aims to provide a general overview of metabolic reprogramming, summarise recent progress in this field, and emphasize its use as an effective therapeutic target against cancer.
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7
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He W, Wang W, Ma J, Zheng G, Zimin AA, Jiang W, Tian J, Lu Y. Crossregulation of rapamycin and elaiophylin biosynthesis by RapH in Streptomyces rapamycinicus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2147-2159. [PMID: 35218390 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is an important macrocyclic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces rapamycinicus. In the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), there are up to five regulatory genes, which have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of rapamycin biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrated that the rapamycin BGC-situated LAL family regulator RapH co-ordinately regulated the biosynthesis of both rapamycin and elaiophylin. We showed that rapH overexpression not only resulted in enhanced rapamycin production but also led to increased synthesis of another type I polyketide antibiotic, elaiophylin. Consistent with this, rapH deletion resulted in decreased production of both antibiotics. Through real-time RT-PCR combined with β-glucuronidase reporter assays, four target genes controlled by RapH, including rapL (encoding a lysine cyclodeaminase)/rapH in the rapamycin BGC and ela3 (encoding a LuxR family regulator)/ela9 (encoding a hypothetical protein) in the elaiophylin BGC, were identified. A relatively conserved signature sequence recognized by RapH, which comprises two 4-nt inverted repeats separated by 8-nt, 5'-GTT/AC-N8-GTAC-3', was defined. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that RapH was involved in co-ordinated regulation of two disparate BGCs specifying two unrelated antibiotics, rapamycin and elaiophylin. These results further expand our knowledge of the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. rapamycinicus. KEY POINTS: • The cluster-situated regulator RapH controlled the synthesis of two antibiotics. • Four promoter regions recognized by RapH were identified. • A 16-nt signature DNA sequence essential for RapH regulation was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan He
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jiaxiang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Guosong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Andrei A Zimin
- G.K. Scriabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinzhong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yinhua Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Karagianni F, Pavlidis A, Malakou LS, Piperi C, Papadavid E. Predominant Role of mTOR Signaling in Skin Diseases with Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031693. [PMID: 35163615 PMCID: PMC8835793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and motility in response to availability of energy and nutrients as well as mitogens. The mTOR signaling axis regulates important biological processes, including cellular growth, metabolism, and survival in many tissues. In the skin, dysregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may lead to severe pathological conditions characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and inflammation, including skin hyperproliferative as well as malignant diseases. Herein, we provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the pathogenic implication of the mTOR pathway in skin diseases with inflammatory features (such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, and acne) and malignant characteristics (such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and melanoma) while we critically discuss current and future perspectives for therapeutic targeting of mTOR axis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Antreas Pavlidis
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Lina S. Malakou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
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9
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The Bumpy Road towards mTOR Inhibition in Glioblastoma: Quo Vadis? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121809. [PMID: 34944625 PMCID: PMC8698473 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, is a lethal brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Despite recent advances in the molecular biology of GBM, neuro-oncologists have very limited treatment options available to improve the survival of GBM patients. A prominent signaling pathway implicated in GBM pathogenesis is that of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Attempts to target the mTOR pathway with first-generation mTOR inhibitors appeared promising in the preclinical stage; however, results have been disappointing in clinical trials, owing to the heterogeneous nature of GBM, escape mechanisms against treatment, the blood–brain barrier, drug-related toxicities, and the imperfect design of clinical trials, among others. The development of next-generation mTOR inhibitors and their current evaluation in clinical trials have sparked new hope to realize the clinical potential of mTOR inhibitors in GBM. Meanwhile, studies are continuously furthering our understanding of mTOR signaling dysregulation, its downstream effects, and interplay with other signaling pathways in GBM tumors. Therefore, it remains to be seen whether targeting mTOR in GBM will eventually prove to be fruitful or futile.
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Patras M, Decullier E, Lebbé C, Delyon J, Dantal J, Legendre C, Mazloum M, Du Thanh A, Boukari F, Morelon E, Jullien D, Kanitakis J, Ducroux E. Outcome of pretransplant melanoma after solid organ transplantation: an observational study. Transpl Int 2021; 34:2154-2165. [PMID: 34519106 DOI: 10.1111/tri.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The number of patients with a history of melanoma who are awaiting a solid organ transplantation (SOT) is increasing. Few recommendations exist on the timing to transplantation after melanoma diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess the melanoma recurrence-free survival after pretransplant melanoma (PTM). We conducted a multicenter ambispective observational study. Organ transplant recipients (OTR) with a history of PTM and complete AJCC staging were included. Thirty-seven patients (predominantly men with a renal allograft) were included. Five melanomas were in situ, 21 stage IA, 4 stage IB, 5 stage II, and 2 stage IIIB. The median post-transplantation follow-up time was 4 years. Sixty-two percent of patients were followed up more than 2 years. Recurrence-free survival since melanoma reached 89.9%, but varied significantly according to AJCC staging (P = 0.0129). Three patients presented a recurrence. Despite the rather limited sample size and a wide range of follow-up, our findings concerning the recurrence-free survival appear reassuring for in situ and stage IA PTM; accordingly, we suggest that a waiting time to transplantation is not mandatory in patients with in situ or stage IA PTM, especially whenever SOT is urgently needed. Caution is, however, needed for patients with higher stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Decullier
- Service d'Epidémiologie et Recherches Cliniques, Pôle de Santé Publique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- AP-HP Dermatology, INSERM U976, Saint Louis Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Delyon
- Service de Dermatologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dantal
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire de Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Legendre
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Manal Mazloum
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Du Thanh
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Feriel Boukari
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Jullien
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Universitaire Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Kanitakis
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Universitaire Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Ducroux
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Universitaire Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Molecular Prognostic Factors for Distant Metastases in Premenopausal Patients with HR+/HER2- Early Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090835. [PMID: 34575612 PMCID: PMC8468490 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular factors that drive metastasis in premenopausal patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2−), early breast cancer (EBC) are largely unknown. To identify markers/signatures contributing to metastasis, we analyzed molecular changes in tumors from premenopausal patients who developed metastasis (M1) and who did not (M0). Ninety-seven premenopausal patients with HR+/HER2− EBC were included (M1, n = 48, median distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS): 54 (7–184) months; M0, n = 49, median follow-up: 149 (121–191) months). Gene expression profiling on tumor RNA (Breast Cancer 360TM panel, Nanostring) was performed, followed by comprehensive bioinformatic and statistical analyses. Significantly enhanced ROR (risk of recurrence) scores and reduced signature scores of PGR (progesterone receptor), claudin-low, and mammary stemness were determined in M1. These differences were significantly associated with shorter DMFS in univariate survival analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis showed an enriched mTORC1 pathway in M1. Moreover, a metastasis signature of 19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were DMFS-related was defined. Multivariate analysis including the four signatures, 19 DEGs, pN, and pT status, identified LRP2, IBSP, and SCUBE2 as independent prognostic factors. We identified prognostic gene signatures and single-gene markers for distant metastasis in premenopausal HR+/HER2− EBC potentially applicable in future clinical practice.
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12
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Orabi D, Berger NA, Brown JM. Abnormal Metabolism in the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanistic Insights to Chemoprevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3473. [PMID: 34298687 PMCID: PMC8307710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise and becoming a major contributor to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reasons for this include the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome in contrast to the marked advances in prevention and treatment strategies of viral HCC. These shifts are expected to rapidly propel this trend even further in the coming decades, with NAFLD on course to become the leading etiology of end-stage liver disease and HCC. No Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications are currently available for the treatment of NAFLD, and advances are desperately needed. Numerous medications with varying mechanisms of action targeting liver steatosis and fibrosis are being investigated including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists. Additionally, drugs targeting components of metabolic syndrome, such as antihyperglycemics, have been found to affect NAFLD progression and are now being considered in the treatment of these patients. As NAFLD drug discovery continues, special attention should be given to their relationship to HCC. Several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of NAFLD have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, and therapies aimed at NAFLD may additionally harbor independent antitumorigenic potential. This approach may provide novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Orabi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nathan A. Berger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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13
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Zha JH, Xia YC, Ye CL, Hu Z, Zhang Q, Xiao H, Yu BT, Xu WH, Xu GQ. The Anti-Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Activity by a mTOR Kinase Inhibitor PQR620. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669518. [PMID: 34178653 PMCID: PMC8222575 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. PQR620 is a novel and highly-potent mTOR kinase inhibitor. We here tested its potential activity in NSCLC cells. In primary human NSCLC cells and established cell lines (A549 and NCI-H1944), PQR620 inhibited cell growth, proliferation, and cell cycle progression, as well as cell migration and invasion, while inducing significant apoptosis activation. PQR620 disrupted assembles of mTOR complex 1 (mTOR-Raptor) and mTOR complex 2 (mTOR-Rictor-Sin1), and blocked Akt, S6K1, and S6 phosphorylations in NSCLC cells. Restoring Akt-mTOR activation by a constitutively-active Akt1 (S473D) only partially inhibited PQR620-induced cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells. PQR620 was yet cytotoxic in Akt1/2-silenced NSCLC cells, supporting the existence of Akt-mTOR-independent mechanisms. Indeed, PQR620 induced sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition, ceramide production and oxidative stress in primary NSCLC cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that daily oral administration of a single dose of PQR620 potently inhibited primary NSCLC xenograft growth in severe combined immune deficient mice. In PQR620-treated xenograft tissues, Akt-mTOR inactivation, apoptosis induction, SphK1 inhibition and oxidative stress were detected. In conclusion, PQR620 exerted potent anti-NSCLC cell activity via mTOR-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Zha
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying-Chen Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chun-Lin Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiu Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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14
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Parate S, Kumar V, Lee G, Rampogu S, Hong JC, Lee KW. Marine-Derived Natural Products as ATP-Competitive mTOR Kinase Inhibitors for Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030282. [PMID: 33801030 PMCID: PMC8003863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase portraying a quintessential role in cellular proliferation and survival. Aberrations in the mTOR signaling pathway have been reported in numerous cancers including thyroid, lung, gastric and ovarian cancer, thus making it a therapeutic target. To attain this objective, an in silico investigation was designed, employing a pharmacophore modeling approach. A structure-based pharmacophore (SBP) model exploiting the key features of a selective mTOR inhibitor, Torkinib directed at the ATP-binding pocket was generated. A Marine Natural Products (MNP) library was screened using SBP model as a query. The retrieved compounds after consequent drug-likeness filtration were subjected to molecular docking with mTOR, thus revealing four MNPs with better scores than Torkinib. Successive refinement via molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the hits formed crucial interactions with key residues of the pocket. Furthermore, the four identified hits exhibited good binding free energy scores through MM-PBSA calculations and the subsequent in silico toxicity assessments displayed three hits deemed essentially non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic. The hits presented in this investigation could act as potent ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors, representing a platform for the future discovery of drugs from marine natural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Parate
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Gihwan Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.P.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.H.); (K.W.L.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1360 (K.W.L.)
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK21 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (V.K.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.H.); (K.W.L.); Tel.: +82-55-772-1360 (K.W.L.)
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15
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Zhang J. Targeting mTOR by CZ415 Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis via Lipin-1 in Cervical Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:524-531. [PMID: 32944878 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CZ415, a novel inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in several types of cancer. However, its biological function and underlying mechanism of action in cervical cancer (CC) have not been fully studied. Two CC cell lines (Hela and Siha) were treated with increasing concentrations of CZ415. Cell viability was tested with the CCK-8 assay, cell proliferation was determined by Edu staining and the colony formation assay, and apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. Protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. A nude mouse xenograft model was used to confirm the anti-tumor activity of CZ415 in vivo. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were performed on samples of tumor tissue. Results showed that CZ415 inhibited CC cell survival in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and 100 nanomolar and 48 h were the optimal conditions. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that treatment with CZ415 significantly inhibited spheroid formation, cell proliferation, and tumor growth. Further studies showed that the anti-cancer effects of CZ415 were due to an induction of apoptosis, which was accompanied by an upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 through Lipin-1. CZ415 also reduced the levels of mTOR/STAT3 expression. However, these phenotypic changes were reversed by overexpression of Lipin-1. Our results suggest that the novel mTOR inhibitor CZ415 mediates tumor malignancy via Lipin-1 and might be useful for treating CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Women's Health Care, Xiaonan District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Xiaogan City, 432000, Hubei Province, China.
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16
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Singh P, Kumar V, Gupta SK, Kumari G, Verma M. Combating TKI resistance in CML by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in combination with TKIs: a review. Med Oncol 2021; 38:10. [PMID: 33452624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative hematopoietic cancer, is caused by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation produces a small Philadelphia chromosome, which contains the Bcr-Abl oncogene. The Bcr-Abl oncogene encodes the BCR-ABL protein, upregulates various signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and out of which the specifically highly active pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Among early treatments for CML, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were found to be the most effective, but drug resistance against kinase inhibitors led to the discovery of novel alternative therapies. At this point, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components became new targets due to stimulation of this pathway in TKIs-resistant CML patients. The current review article deals with reviewing the scientific literature on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors listed in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) drug dictionary and proved effective against multiple cancers. And out of those enlisted inhibitors, the US FDA has also approved some PI3K inhibitors (Idelalisib, Copanlisib, and Duvelisib) and mTOR inhibitors (Everolimus, Sirolimus, and Temsirolimus) for cancer therapy. So far, several inhibitors have been tested, and further investigations are still ongoing. Even in Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Ponatinib-resistant CML cells, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, showed antiproliferative activity. Therefore, by considering the literature data of these reviews and further examining some of the reported inhibitors, which proved effective against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in multiple cancers, may improve the therapeutic approaches towards TKI-resistant CML cells where the respective signaling pathway gets upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Veerandra Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Gudia Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India. .,School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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17
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Diao W, Zhu C, Guo Q, Cao Y, Song Y, Feng H, Li J, Xue X, Lu P. Tripartite motif‑containing 14 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in cervical cancer via the Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5145-5154. [PMID: 33174608 PMCID: PMC7646967 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif‑containing (TRIM) 14 is a protein of the TRIM family. Studies have indicated that TRIM14 may be used as an oncogene in tumor cells, such as osteosarcoma, non‑small cell lung cancer and breast cancer through different pathways. However, the functions of TRIM14 in cervical cancer cells remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the functions of TRIM14 in cervical cancer cells and its underlying mechanism. Caski cells stably expressing TRIM14 and SiHa, and HeLa cells stably expressing TRIM14 short hairpin RNA were constructed by lentivirus‑mediated overexpression or knockdown systems. The effects of TRIM14 on proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were detected by Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q) PCR and western blotting were used to investigate the expression levels of TRIM14 and of signaling pathway marker protein including P21, caspase‑3, cleaved caspase‑3, Akt and phosphorylated Akt. The results of RT‑qPCR and western blotting revealed that TRIM14 was highly expressed in human cervical cancer tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent normal tissues and normal cervical epithelial cells. TRIM14 also regulated cell proliferation and apoptosis of human SiHa, HeLa and Caski cervical cancer cell lines through the Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, TRIM14 protein levels were related to the clinical and pathological features of cervical cancer. CCK‑8 assay and flow cytometry demonstrated that TRIM14 expression could promote cervical cancer cell proliferation and autophagy suppression. Taken together, TRIM14‑induced cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition may by evoked by the activation of the Akt pathway. This study demonstrated the role of TRIM14 in cervical cancer, and reveals its mechanism of action as a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Diao
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Caiying Zhu
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Qisang Guo
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yuankui Cao
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yu Song
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hua Feng
- Medical Center of Cervical Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Xue
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai No. 8 People's Hospital, Shanghai 200235, P.R. China
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18
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GDC-0349 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 33154352 PMCID: PMC7644631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related human mortality with a clear need for new therapeutic intervention. GDC-0349 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor. In A549 cells and primary human NSCLC cells, GDC-0349 inhibited cell growth, proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, while inducing significant apoptosis activation. Although GDC-0349 blocked Akt-mTORC1/2 activation in NSCLC cells, it also exerted cytotoxicity in Akt1-knockout A549 cells. Furthermore, restoring Akt-mTOR activation by a constitutively-active Akt1 only partially attenuated GDC-0349-induced A549 cell apoptosis, indicating the existence of Akt-mTOR-independent mechanisms. In NSCLC cells GDC-0349 induced sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition, ceramide accumulation, JNK activation and oxidative injury. Conversely, N-acetylcysteine, the JNK inhibitor and sphingosine 1-phosphate alleviated GDC-0349-induced NSCLC cell apoptosis. In vivo, daily oral administration of GDC-0349 potently inhibited NSCLC xenograft growth in mice. Akt-mTOR in-activation, SphK1 inhibition, JNK activation and oxidative stress were detected in NSCLC xenograft tissues with GDC-0349 administration. In summary, GDC-0349 inhibits NSCLC cell growth via Akt-mTOR-dependent and Akt-mTOR-independent mechanisms.
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19
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Zheng B, Sun X, Chen XF, Chen Z, Zhu WL, Zhu H, Gu DH. Dual inhibition of DNA-PKcs and mTOR by CC-115 potently inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell growth. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20445-20456. [PMID: 33109772 PMCID: PMC7655216 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CC-115 is a dual inhibitor of DNA-PKcs and mTOR, both are valuable therapeutic targets for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our results showed that CC-115 inhibited survival and proliferation of established RCC cell lines (786-O and A489) and primary human RCC cells. The dual inhibitor induced selective apoptosis activation in RCC cells, as compared to no cytotoxicity nor apoptotic effects toward normal renal epithelial cells. CC-115 inhibited DNA-PKcs and mTORC1/2 activation in RCC cells. It was however ineffective in DNA-PKcs-mTOR double knockout (DKO) 786-O cells. CC-115 induced feedback autophagy activation in RCC cells. Autophagy inhibitors or Beclin-1/Light chain 3 (LC3) silencing potentiated CC-115-induced anti-RCC cell activity. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of Beclin-1 inhibited CC-115-induced cytotoxicity. At last CC-115 oral administration inhibited 786-O subcutaneous xenograft growth in nude mice. Taken together, dual inhibition of DNA-PKcs and mTOR by CC-115 potently inhibited RCC cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Hospital Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xin-Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhu
- Port Clinic, Changshu Customs, Changshu, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong-Hua Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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20
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BRD4 inhibition sensitizes renal cell carcinoma cells to the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor VS-5584. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19147-19158. [PMID: 33051401 PMCID: PMC7732329 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promotes the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study tested the anti-RCC cell activity of the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, VS-5584. We show that VS-5584 inhibited PI3K/AKT/mTORC1/2 activation in established (786-O and A498 lines) and primary RCC cells, thereby suppressing cell survival, proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression. VS-5584 induced significant apoptosis in RCC cells. A daily single oral dose of VS-5584 (20 mg/kg) significantly inhibited 786-O tumor growth in vivo. VS-5584 treatment of 786-O tumor xenografts and RCC cells resulted in feedback upregulation of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4). Furthermore, BRD4 inhibition (by JQ1 and CPI203), knockdown or complete knockout potentiated VS-5584-induced RCC cell death and apoptosis. Conversely, forced overexpression of BRD4 attenuated the cytotoxicity of VS-5584 in 786-O cells. Collectively, VS-5584 potently inhibits RCC cell proliferation and survival. Its anti-tumor activity is further enhanced by the targeted inhibition of BRD4.
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21
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Kuroshima K, Yoshino H, Okamura S, Tsuruda M, Osako Y, Sakaguchi T, Sugita S, Tatarano S, Nakagawa M, Enokida H. Potential new therapy of Rapalink-1, a new generation mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, against sunitinib-resistant renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1607-1618. [PMID: 32232883 PMCID: PMC7226215 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib, a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor including vascular endothelial growth factor, has been widely used as a first-line treatment against metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, mRCC often acquires resistance to sunitinib, rendering it difficult to treat with this agent. Recently, Rapalink-1, a drug that links rapamycin and the mTOR kinase inhibitor MLN0128, has been developed with excellent therapeutic effects against breast cancer cells carrying mTOR resistance mutations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of Rapalink-1 against renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to temsirolimus, which is commonly used as a small molecule inhibitor of mTOR and is a derivative of rapamycin. In comparison with temsirolimus, Rapalink-1 showed significantly greater effects against proliferation, migration, invasion and cFolony formation in sunitinib-naïve RCC cells. Inhibition was achieved through suppression of the phosphorylation of substrates in the mTOR signal pathway, such as p70S6K, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and AKT. In addition, Rapalink-1 had greater tumor suppressive effects than temsirolimus against the sunitinib-resistant 786-o cell line (SU-R 786-o), which we had previously established, as well as 3 additional SU-R cell lines established here. RNA sequencing showed that Rapalink-1 suppressed not only the mTOR signaling pathway but also a part of the MAPK signaling pathway, the ErbB signaling pathway and ABC transporters that were associated with resistance to several drugs. Our study suggests the possibility of a new treatment option for patients with RCC that is either sunitinib-sensitive or sunitinib-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kuroshima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Okamura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tsuruda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Osako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakaguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tatarano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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22
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Zhao D, Jiang M, Zhang X, Hou H. The role of RICTOR amplification in targeted therapy and drug resistance. Mol Med 2020; 26:20. [PMID: 32041519 PMCID: PMC7011243 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-0146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has changed the current treatment paradigm and achieved good results in recent decades. However, an increasing number of studies have indicated that the complex network of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) co-activation could influence the characteristic phenotypes of cancer and the tumor response to targeted treatments. One of strategies to blocking RTK co-activation is targeting the downstream factors of RTK, such as PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. RICTOR, a core component of mTORC2, acts as a key effector molecule of the PI3K-AKT pathway; its amplification is often associated with poor clinical outcomes and resistance to TKIs. Here, we discuss the biology of RICTOR in tumor and the prospects of targeting RICTOR as a complementary therapy to inhibit RTK co-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deze Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266005, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266005, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266005, China
| | - Helei Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266005, China.
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Wichmann CW, Goh YW, Parslow AC, Rigopoulos A, Guo N, Scott AM, Ackermann U, White JM. Synthesis and validation of [ 18F]mBPET-1, a fluorine-18 labelled mTOR inhibitor derivative based on a benzofuran backbone. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:3. [PMID: 31974638 PMCID: PMC6977806 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapy of HER2 positive breast cancer has led to clinical success in some cases with primary and secondary resistance being major obstacles. Due to the substantial involvement of mTOR kinase in cell growth and proliferation pathways it is now targeted in combination treatments to counteract HER2 targeted therapy resistance. However, the selection of receptive patient populations for a specific drug combination is crucial. This work aims to develop a molecular probe capable of identifying patients with tumour populations which are receptive to RAD001 combination therapy. Based on the structure of a mTOR inhibitor specific for mTORC1, we designed, synthesised and characterised a novel benzofuran based molecular probe which suits late stage fluorination via Click chemistry. Results Synthesis of the alkyne precursor 5 proceeded in 27.5% yield over 7 linear steps. Click derivatisation gave the non-radioactive standard in 25% yield. Radiosynthesis of [18F]1-((1-(2-Fluoroethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) methyl)-4-((5-methoxy-2-phenylbenzofuran-4-yl) methyl) piperazine ([18F]mBPET-1) proceeded over two steps which were automated on an iPhase FlexLab synthesis module. In the first step, 2-[18F]fluoroethylazide ([18F]6) was produced, purified by automated distillation in 60% non-decay-corrected yield and subjected to Click conditions with 5. Semi-preparative RP-HPLC purification and reformulation gave [18F]mBPET-1 in 40% ± 5% (n = 6) overall RCY with a process time of 90 min. Radiochemical purity was ≥99% at end of synthesis (EOS) and ≥ 98% after 4 h at room temperature. Molar activities ranged from typically 24.8 GBq/μmol (EOS) to a maximum of 78.6 GBq/μmol (EOS). Lipophilicity of [18F]mBPET-1 was determined at pH 7.4 (logD7.4 = 0.89). [18F]mBPET-1 showed high metabolic stability when incubated with mouse S9 liver fractions which resulted in a 0.8% drop in radiochemical purity after 3 h. Cell uptake assays showed 1.3–1.9-fold increased uptake of the [18F]mBPET-1 in RAD001 sensitive compared to insensitive cells across a panel of 4 breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion Molecular targeting of mTOR with [18F]mBPET-1 distinguishes mTOR inhibitor sensitive and insensitive cell lines. Future studies will explore the ability of [18F]mBPET-1 to predict response to mTOR inhibitor treatment in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Wichmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Yit Wooi Goh
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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史 琳, 王 柯, 邓 玉, 王 莹, 朱 双, 杨 旭, 廖 文. [Role of lipophagy in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the molecular mechanism]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:867-874. [PMID: 31340923 PMCID: PMC6765557 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.07.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have discovered a selective autophagy-lipophagy, which can selectively identify and degrade lipids and plays an important role in regulating cellular lipid metabolism and maintaining intracellular lipid homeostasis. The process of lipophagy can be directly or indirectly regulated by genes, enzymes, transcriptional regulators and other factors. This review examines the role of lipophagy in reducing liver lipid content, regulating pancreatic lipid metabolism, and regulating adipose tissue differentiation, and summarizes the findings of the molecules (Rab GTPase, enzymes, ion channels, transcription factors, small molecular substances) involved in the regulation of lipophagy, which points to new directions for the treatment of diseases caused by lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 琳娜 史
- 南方医科大学 南方医院营养科,广东 广州 510515Department of Nutrition, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 柯 王
- 华南理工大学食品科学与工程学院,广东 广 州 510640College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - 玉娣 邓
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 莹娜 王
- 广州市三兴生物技术有限公司,广东 广州 510000Guangzhou Sanxing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 双玲 朱
- 中山大学附属第一医院,广东 广州 510080First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat- sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 旭珊 杨
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 文镇 廖
- 南方医科大学公共卫生学院,广东 广州 510515School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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25
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Zoeller RA, Geoghegan-Barek K. A cell-based high-throughput screen identifies tyrphostin AG 879 as an inhibitor of animal cell phospholipid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100621. [PMID: 30899803 PMCID: PMC6406593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of animal cell phospholipid biosynthesis has been proposed for anticancer and antiviral therapies. Using CHO—K1 derived cell lines, we have developed and used a cell-based high-throughput procedure to screen a 1280 compound, small molecule library for inhibitors of phospholipid biosynthesis. We identified tyrphostin AG 879 (AG879), which inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis by 85–90% at a concentration of 10 μM, displaying an IC50 of 1–3 μM. The synthesis of all phospholipid head group classes was heavily affected. Fatty acid biosynthesis was also dramatically inhibited (90%). AG879 inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis in all additional cell lines tested, including MDCK, HUH7, Vero, and HeLa cell lines. In CHO cells, AG879 was cytostatic; cells survived for at least four days during exposure and were able to divide following its removal. AG879 is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and inhibitors of signaling pathways known to be activated by RTK's also inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis. We speculate that inhibition of RTK by AG879 results in an inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis with a resulting decrease in phospholipid biosynthesis and that AG879's effect on fatty acid synthesis and/or phospholipid biosynthesis may contribute to its known capacity as an effective antiviral/anticancer agent.
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Key Words
- 32Pi, [32P]orthophosphate
- AFU, Arbitrary fluorescence units
- AG879, Tyrphostin AG 879
- Anticancer
- Antiviral
- CE, Cholesterol ester
- CL, Cardiolipin
- Drug screening
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- Fatty acid biosynthesis
- HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HTS, High-throughput screen
- P12, 12-(1′-pyrene) dodecanoic acid
- PA, Phosphatidic acid
- PC, Phosphatidylcholine
- PE, Phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI, Phosphatidylinositol
- PL, Phospholipid
- Phospholipid biosynthesis
- RTK, Receptor tyrosine kinase
- TG, Triacylglycerol
- Tyrphostin AG 879
- trkA, Tropomyosin analogue receptor kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael A Zoeller
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Room W302, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kathleen Geoghegan-Barek
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Room W302, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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26
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Wu CE, Chen MH, Yeh CN. mTOR Inhibitors in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E500. [PMID: 30682771 PMCID: PMC6386826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), have poor prognosis so novel treatment is warranted for advanced BTC. In current review, we discuss the limitations of current treatment in BTC, the importance of mTOR signalling in BTC, and the possible role of mTOR inhibitors as a future treatment in BTC. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is still the standard of care and no targeted therapy has been established in advanced BTC. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway linking to several other pathways and networks regulates cancer proliferation and progression. Emerging evidences reveal mTOR activation is associated with tumorigenesis and drug-resistance in BTC. Rapalogs, such as sirolimus and everolimus, partially inhibit mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and exhibit anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo in BTC. Rapalogs in clinical trials demonstrate some activity in patients with advanced BTC. New-generation mTOR inhibitors against ATP-binding pocket inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2 and demonstrate more potent anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo, however, prospective clinical trials are warranted to prove its efficacy in patients with advanced BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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27
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Bastola P, Oien DB, Cooley M, Chien J. Emerging Cancer Therapeutic Targets in Protein Homeostasis. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:94. [PMID: 30151644 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic aberrations inside malignant cells through copy number alterations, aneuploidy, and mutations can exacerbate misfolded and unfolded protein burden resulting in increased proteotoxic stress. Increased proteotoxic stress can be deleterious to malignant cells; therefore, these cells rely heavily on the protein quality control mechanisms for survival and proliferation. Components of the protein quality control, such as the unfolded protein response, heat shock proteins, autophagy, and the ubiquitin proteasome system, orchestrate a cascade of downstream events that allow the mitigation of the proteotoxic stress. This dependency makes components of the protein quality control mechanisms attractive targets in cancer therapeutics. In this review, we explore the components of the protein homeostasis especially focusing on the emerging cancer therapeutic agents/targets that are being actively pursued actively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Bastola
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66130, USA
| | - Derek B Oien
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Megan Cooley
- Methods Development, Small Molecules, PRA Health Sciences, Lenexa, KS, 66215, USA
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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28
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Lamanuzzi A, Saltarella I, Desantis V, Frassanito MA, Leone P, Racanelli V, Nico B, Ribatti D, Ditonno P, Prete M, Solimando AG, Dammacco F, Vacca A, Ria R. Inhibition of mTOR complex 2 restrains tumor angiogenesis in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20563-20577. [PMID: 29755672 PMCID: PMC5945497 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is an intracellular serine/threonine kinase that mediates intracellular metabolism, cell survival and actin rearrangement. mTOR is made of two independent complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, activated by the scaffold proteins RAPTOR and RICTOR, respectively. The activation of mTORC1 triggers protein synthesis and autophagy inhibition, while mTORC2 activation promotes progression, survival, actin reorganization, and drug resistance through AKT hyper-phosphorylation on Ser473. Due to the mTOR pivotal role in the survival of tumor cells, we evaluated its activation in endothelial cells (ECs) from 20 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and 47 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and its involvement in angiogenesis. MM-ECs showed a significantly higher expression of mTOR and RICTOR than MGUS-ECs. These data were supported by the higher activation of mTORC2 downstream effectors, suggesting a major role of mTORC2 in the angiogenic switch to MM. Specific inhibition of mTOR activity through siRNA targeting RICTOR and dual mTOR inhibitor PP242 reduced the MM-ECs angiogenic functions, including cell migration, chemotaxis, adhesion, invasion, in vitro angiogenesis on Matrigel®, and cytoskeleton reorganization. In addition, PP242 treatment showed anti-angiogenic effects in vivo in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) and Matrigel® plug assays. PP242 exhibited a synergistic effect with lenalidomide and bortezomib, suggesting that mTOR inhibition can enhance the anti-angiogenic effect of these drugs. Data to be shown indicate that mTORC2 is involved in MM angiogenesis, and suggest that the dual mTOR inhibitor PP242 may be useful for the anti-angiogenic management of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lamanuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Saltarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Desantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, General Pathology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Dammacco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Ria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Internal Medicine Unit G. Baccelli, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
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29
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Feng H, Yang Z, Bai X, Yang M, Fang Y, Zhang X, Guo Q, Ning H. Therapeutic potential of a dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification: An in vitro study. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2099-2107. [PMID: 29344639 PMCID: PMC5810205 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) serves a central role in regulating cell growth and survival, and has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathological progression of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). In the present study, the potency of PP242, a novel dual inhibitor of mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2), in the suppression of the growth of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) was investigated. Using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 and a wound healing assay, it was demonstrated that PP242 inhibited the proliferation and migration of HLECs. In addition, western blot analysis indicated that PP242 completely inhibited mTORC1 and mTORC2 downstream signaling activities, whereas rapamycin only partially inhibited mTORC1 activity within LECs. Furthermore, PP242 treatment led to an upregulation of the expression levels of p53 and B cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X and downregulation of Bcl‑2. In addition, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that PP242 induced the cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, which may have caused apoptosis and induced autophagy within the LECs. The results of the present study suggested that administration of PP242 may potentially offer a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Shenyang
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Meirong Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University
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30
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Xiong Z, Zang Y, Zhong S, Zou L, Wu Y, Liu S, Fang Z, Shen Z, Ding Q, Chen S. The preclinical assessment of XL388, a mTOR kinase inhibitor, as a promising anti-renal cell carcinoma agent. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30151-30161. [PMID: 28404914 PMCID: PMC5444733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
XL388 is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor. We demonstrated that XL388 inhibited survival and proliferation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines (786-0 and A549) and primary human RCC cells. XL388 activated caspase-dependent apoptosis in the RCC cells. XL388 blocked mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 activation, and depleted hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and HIF-2α expression in RCC cells. Yet, XL388 was ineffective in RCC cells with mTOR shRNA knockdown or kinase-dead mutation. Notably, XL388 was more efficient than mTORC1 inhibitors (rapamycin, everolimus and temsirolimus) in killing RCC cells. Further studies showed that activation of MEK-ERK might be a key resistance factor of XL388. Pharmacological or shRNA-mediated inhibition of MEK-ERK pathway sensitized XL388-induced cytotoxicity in RCC cells. In vivo, oral administration of XL388 inhibited in nude mice 786-0 RCC tumor growth, and its anti-tumor activity was sensitized with co-administration of the MEK-ERK inhibitor MEK162. Together, these results suggest that concurrent inhibition of mTORC1/2 by XL388 may represent a fine strategy to inhibit RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuquan Xiong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujia Zou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishuo Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zujun Fang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhoujun Shen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Zhu YR, Zhou XZ, Zhu LQ, Yao C, Fang JF, Zhou F, Deng XW, Zhang YQ. The anti-cancer activity of the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor XL388 in preclinical osteosarcoma models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49527-49538. [PMID: 27385099 PMCID: PMC5226526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the activity of XL388, a novel mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor, in preclinical osteosarcoma (OS) models. XL388 was cytotoxic, cytostatic and pro-apoptotic to multiple established OS cell lines and primary human OS cells. XL388 blocked mTORC1/2 activation and downregulated cyclin D1/B1 expressions in OS cells, leaving AKT Thr-308 phosphorylation un-affected. Intriguingly, AKT1 T308A mutation potentiated XL388-induced cytotoxicity in OS cells. XL388 activated cytoprotective autophagy in OS cells. Autophagy inhibition, either pharmacologically or genetically, augmented XL388-induced anti-OS activity. Further, XL388 oral administration inhibited U2OS xenografts growth in severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Such activity was enhanced with co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Similarly, Beclin-1-silenced U2OS xenografts were remarkably more sensitive to XL388. Thus, concurrent blockage of mTORC1/2 with XL388 may have therapeutic value for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Zhou
- The Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lun-Qing Zhu
- The Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Children's Bone Diseases, The Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Joint group of Orthopedic Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Xiong-Wei Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
| | - Yun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 215600, China
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32
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Zhen MC, Wang FQ, Wu SF, Zhao YL, Liu PG, Yin ZY. Identification of mTOR as a primary resistance factor of the IAP antagonist AT406 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9466-9475. [PMID: 28036295 PMCID: PMC5354745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins (IAPs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with poor prognosis. Here we showed that AT406, an IAP antagonist, was cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic to both established (HepG2, SMMC-7721 lines) and primary HCC cells. Activation of mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells. mTOR inhibition (by OSI-027), kinase-dead mutation or knockdown remarkably enhanced AT406-induced lethality in HCC cells. Reversely, forced-activation of mTOR by adding SC79 or exogenous expressing a constitutively active S6K1 (T389E) attenuated AT406-induced cytotoxicity against HCC cells. We showed that AT406 induced degradation of IAPs (cIAP-1 and XIAP), but didn't affect another anti-apoptosis protein Mcl-1. Co-treatment of OSI-027 caused simultaneous Mcl-1 downregulation to overcome AT406's resistance. Significantly, shRNA knockdown of Mcl-1 remarkably facilitated AT406-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. In vivo, AT406 oral administration suppressed HepG2 tumor growth in nude mice. Its activity was potentiated with co-administration of OSI-027. We conclude that mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chuan Zhen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhao
- Department of Tumor Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Ping-Guo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
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Vergaro V, Civallero M, Citti C, Cosenza M, Baldassarre F, Cannazza G, Pozzi S, Sacchi S, Fanizzi FP, Ciccarella G. Cell-Penetrating CaCO₃ Nanocrystals for Improved Transport of NVP-BEZ235 across Membrane Barrier in T-Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E31. [PMID: 29370086 PMCID: PMC5836063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their nano-sized porous structure, CaCO₃ nanocrystals (CaCO₃NCs) hold the promise to be utilized as desired materials for encapsulating molecules which demonstrate wide promise in drug delivery. We evaluate the possibility to encapsulate and release NVP-BEZ235, a novel and potent dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor that is currently in phase I/II clinical trials for advanced solid tumors, from the CaCO₃NCs. Its chemical nature shows some intrinsic limitations which induce to administer high doses leading to toxicity; to overcome these problems, here we proposed a strategy to enhance its intracellular penetration and its biological activity. Pristine CaCO₃ NCs biocompatibility, cell interactions and internalization in in vitro experiments on T-cell lymphoma line, were studied. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor NCs-cell interactions and cellular uptake. We have further investigated the interaction nature and release mechanism of drug loaded/released within/from the NCs using an alternative approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Our approach provides a good loading efficiency, therefore this drug delivery system was validated for biological activity in T-cell lymphoma: the anti-proliferative test and western blot results are very interesting because the proposed nano-formulation has an efficiency higher than free drug at the same nominal concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vergaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento & UdR INSTM di Lecce, Campus Universitario, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Monica Civallero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena & Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Maria Cosenza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena & Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento & UdR INSTM di Lecce, Campus Universitario, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Samantha Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena & Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena & Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento & UdR INSTM di Lecce, Campus Universitario, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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Yang B, Xu QY, Guo CY, Huang JW, Wang SM, Li YM, Tu Y, He L, Bi ZG, Ji C, Cheng B. MHY1485 ameliorates UV-induced skin cell damages via activating mTOR-Nrf2 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12775-12783. [PMID: 28061443 PMCID: PMC5355053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra Violet (UV)-caused skin cell damage is a main cause of skin cancer. Here, we studied the activity of MHY1485, a mTOR activator, in UV-treated skin cells. In primary human skin keratinocytes, HaCaT keratinocytes and human skin fibroblasts, MHY1485 ameliorated UV-induced cell death and apoptosis. mTOR activation is required for MHY1485-induced above cytoprotective actions. mTOR kinase inhibitors (OSI-027, AZD-8055 and AZD-2014) or mTOR shRNA knockdown almost abolished MHY1485-induced cytoprotection. Further, MHY1485 treatment in skin cells activated mTOR downstream NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, causing Nrf2 Ser-40 phosphorylation, stabilization/upregulation and nuclear translocation, as well as mRNA expression of Nrf2-dictated genes. Contrarily, Nrf2 knockdown or S40T mutation almost nullified MHY1485-induced cytoprotection. MHY1485 suppressed UV-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA single strand breaks in skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Together, we conclude that MHY1485 inhibits UV-induced skin cell damages via activating mTOR-Nrf2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Wen Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Bi
- Department of Dermatology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Yin G, Fan J, Zhou W, Ding Q, Zhang J, Wu X, Tang P, Zhou H, Wan B, Yin G. ERK inhibition sensitizes CZ415-induced anti-osteosarcoma activity in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82027-82036. [PMID: 29137241 PMCID: PMC5669867 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR is a valuable oncotarget for osteosarcoma. The anti-osteosarcoma activity by a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, CZ415, was evaluated. We demonstrated that CZ415 potently inhibited survival and proliferation of known osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS, MG-63 and SaOs2), and primary human osteosarcoma cells. Further, CZ415 provoked apoptosis and disrupted cell cycle progression in osteosarcoma cells. CZ415 treatment in osteosarcoma cells concurrently blocked mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation. Intriguingly, ERK-MAPK activation could be a major resistance factor of CZ415. ERK inhibition (by MEK162/U0126) or knockdown (by targeted ERK1/2 shRNAs) dramatically sensitized CZ415-induced osteosarcoma cell apoptosis. In vivo, CZ415 oral administration efficiently inhibited U2OS tumor growth in mice. Its activity was further potentiated with co-administration of MEK162. Collectively, we demonstrate that ERK inhibition sensitizes CZ415-induced anti-osteosarcoma activity in vitro and in vivo. CZ415 could be further tested as a promising anti-osteosarcoma agent, alone or in combination of ERK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Wujin Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213017, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qingfeng Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Bowen Wan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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Jin Z, Niu H, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Yang A. Preclinical study of CC223 as a potential anti-ovarian cancer agent. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58469-58479. [PMID: 28938571 PMCID: PMC5601667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of mTOR contributes to ovarian cancer progression. CC223 is a novel and potent mTOR kinase inhibitor. The current study tested its activity against human ovarian cancer cells. We showed that CC223, at nM concentrations, inhibited survival and proliferation of established/primary human ovarian cancer cells. Further, significant apoptosis activation was observed in CC223-treated ovarian cancer cells. CC223 disrupted assembly of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 in SKOV3 cells. Meanwhile, activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 was almost completely blocked by CC223. Intriguingly, restoring mTOR activation by introduction of a constitutively-active Akt1 only partially inhibited CC223-induced cytotoxicity in SKOV3 cells. Further studies showed that CC223 inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in SKOV3 cells. At last, oral administration of CC223 potently inhibited SKOV3 xenografted tumor growth in nude mice. The results of this study imply that CC223 could be further studied as a potential anti-ovarian cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Jin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Huanfu Niu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microarray Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Aijun Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Xie Z, Wang J, Liu M, Chen D, Qiu C, Sun K. CC-223 blocks mTORC1/C2 activation and inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173252. [PMID: 28334043 PMCID: PMC5363890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related human mortalities. Over-activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is important for HCC tumorigenesis and progression. The current study assessed the potential anti-HCC activity by a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, CC-223. We demonstrate that CC-223, at nM concentrations, induced profound cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities against established HCC cell lines (HepG2, KYN-2 and Huh-7) and primary human HCC cells. Meanwhile, CC-223 activated caspase-3/-9 and apoptosis in the above HCC cells. CC-223 concurrently blocked mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation, and its cytotoxicity against HCC cells was much more potent than the traditional mTORC1 inhibitors (RAD001 and rapamycin). Further studies demonstrated that CC-223 disrupted mitochondrial function, and induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the other hand, ROS scavengers and mPTP blockers (cyclosporin A or sanglifehrin A) largely attenuated CC-223-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis. In vivo studies showed that oral administration of CC-223 dramatically inhibited growth of HepG2 xenografts in severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. mTORC1/2 activation was also blocked in xenografts with CC-223 administration. Together, CC-223 simultaneously blocks mTORC1/2 and efficiently inhibits human HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Xie
- Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiqin Wang
- Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deshan Chen
- Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (KS); (CQ)
| | - Keyu Sun
- Emergency Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (KS); (CQ)
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Pan XD, Gu DH, Mao JH, Zhu H, Chen X, Zheng B, Shan Y. Concurrent inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 by WYE-687 inhibits renal cell carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172555. [PMID: 28257457 PMCID: PMC5336203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents a valuable oncotarget for treatment. We here tested the potential anti-RCC activity by a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor WYE-687in vitro and in vivo.WYE-687 was cytotoxic and anti-proliferative to established RCC cell lines (786-O and A498) and primary human RCC cells. Yet, it was non-cytotoxic toHK-2 tubular epithelial cells.WYE-687 provoked caspase-dependent apoptosis in the RCC cells. At the molecular level, WYE-687 almost completely blocked mTORC1 (p-S6K1 and p-S6) and mTORC2 (p-Akt Ser 473) activation in both 786-Ocells and primary human RCC cells, where it downregulated both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α expression. Significantly, oral administration of WYE-687 potently suppressed786-O tumor xenograft growth in nude mice. mTORC1/2 activation and HIF-1α/2α expression were also remarkably downregulated in WYE-687-treated tumor tissues. Thus, our preclinical results imply that WYE-687 may have important translational value for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Pan
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong-hua Gu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Mao
- Department of pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bing Zheng
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (YS)
| | - Yuxi Shan
- The Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (YS)
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Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields Enhance the Anti-tumour Effects of the mTOR Inhibitor Everolimus against Melanoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39597. [PMID: 28054548 PMCID: PMC5215571 DOI: 10.1038/srep39597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway is activated in most melanomas, but mTOR inhibitors used singly have limited activity against advanced melanomas. The application of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) is a promising cancer therapy approach. In this study, we evaluated the synergistic anti-tumour efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in conjunction with nsPEFs against melanoma. The combined treatment of nsPEFs and everolimus gradually decreased cell growth concurrent with nsPEF intensity. nsPEFs alone or combined with everolimus could promote melanoma cell apoptosis, accompanied with a loss in cellular mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in Ca2+ levels. In vivo experiments showed that a combination of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus and nsPEFs improved the inhibitory effect, and all skin lesions caused by nsPEFs healed in 1 week without any observed adverse effect. Combination treatment induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through the upregulation of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Everolimus and nsPEFs synergistically inhibited angiogenesis by decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor (VEGFR), and CD34. Our findings indicate that nsPEFs in combination with an mTOR inhibitor can be used as a potential treatment approach for advanced melanoma.
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Yang MH, Chen KC, Chiang PW, Chung TW, Chen WJ, Chu PY, Chen SCJ, Lu YS, Yuan CH, Wang MC, Lin CY, Huang YF, Jong SB, Lin PC, Tyan YC. Proteomic Profiling of Neuroblastoma Cells Adhesion on Hyaluronic Acid-Based Surface for Neural Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1917394. [PMID: 28053978 PMCID: PMC5174748 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1917394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of neuron cells plays a crucial role in regulating neural development and regeneration. Hyaluronic acid (HA) biomaterial has been applied in a wide range of medical and biological fields and plays important roles in neural regeneration. PC12 cells have been reported to be capable of endogenous NGF synthesis and secretion. The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of HA biomaterial combining with PC12 cells conditioned media (PC12 CM) in neural regeneration. Using SH-SY5Y cells as an experimental model, we found that supporting with PC12 CM enhanced HA function in SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and adhesion. Through RP-nano-UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses, we identified increased expression of HSP60 and RanBP2 in SH-SY5Y cells grown on HA-modified surface with cotreatment of PC12 CM. Moreover, we also identified factors that were secreted from PC12 cells and may promote SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and adhesion. Here, we proposed a biomaterial surface enriched with neurotrophic factors for nerve regeneration application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Chiang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Wen Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jou Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sharon Chia-Ju Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Office of Safety, Health and Environment, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemical, Molecular and Materials Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | - Ming-Chen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli 300, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fong Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Bin Jong
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Keppler-Noreuil KM, Parker VE, Darling TN, Martinez-Agosto JA. Somatic overgrowth disorders of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway & therapeutic strategies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:402-421. [PMID: 27860216 PMCID: PMC5592089 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays an essential role in regulation of normal cell growth, metabolism, and survival. Somatic activating mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are among the most common mutations identified in cancer, and have been shown to cause a spectrum of overgrowth syndromes including PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum, Proteus syndrome, and brain overgrowth conditions. Clinical findings in these disorders may be isolated or multiple, including sporadic or mosaic overgrowth (adipose, skeletal, muscle, brain, vascular, or lymphatic), and skin abnormalities (including epidermal nevi, hyper-, and hypopigmented lesions), and have the potential risk of tumorigenesis. Key negative regulators of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway include PTEN and TSC1/TSC2 and germline loss-of function mutations of these genes are established to cause PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Mosaic forms of these conditions lead to increased activation of PI3K and mTOR at affected sites and there is phenotypic overlap between these conditions. All are associated with significant morbidity with limited options for treatment other than symptomatic therapies and surgeries. As dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been implicated in cancer, several small molecule inhibitors targeting different components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway are under clinical investigation. The development of these therapies brings closer the prospect of targeting treatment for somatic PI3K/AKT/mTOR-related overgrowth syndromes. This review describes the clinical findings, gene function and pathogenesis of these mosaic overgrowth syndromes, and presents existing and future treatment strategies to reduce or prevent associated complications of these disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Keppler-Noreuil
- National Human Genome Research institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Victoria E.R. Parker
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas N. Darling
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julian A. Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Wang H, Li D, Li X, Ou X, Liu S, Zhang Y, Ding J, Xie B. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor RAD001 sensitizes endometrial cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis via the induction of autophagy. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5029-5035. [PMID: 28105210 PMCID: PMC5228433 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, RAD001, on the growth of human endometrial cancer cells. The effects of RAD001 on human endometrial cancer Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell proliferation were determined by MTT assay. Green fluorescent protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3α (GFP-LC3) protein aggregates were observed under a confocal microscope, and Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The expression levels of LC3-I, LC3-II and mTOR proteins were detected by western blot analysis. The results showed that RAD001 effectively inhibited human endometrial cancer Ishikawa and HEC-1A cell proliferation via downregulation of AKT/mTOR phosphorylation. Moreover, RAD001 induced autophagic cell death and a higher sensitivity to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that RAD001 could have therapeutic potential in human endometrial cancer with hyperactivated AKT/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomao Li
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xueling Ou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510089, P.R. China
| | - Suiling Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510089, P.R. China
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43
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Ong PS, Wang LZ, Dai X, Tseng SH, Loo SJ, Sethi G. Judicious Toggling of mTOR Activity to Combat Insulin Resistance and Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:395. [PMID: 27826244 PMCID: PMC5079084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), via its two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1, and mTORC2, plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth, metabolism, and migration. A dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has in turn been implicated in several pathological conditions including insulin resistance and cancer. Overactivation of mTORC1 and disruption of mTORC2 function have been reported to induce insulin resistance. On the other hand, aberrant mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling via either genetic alterations or increased expression of proteins regulating mTOR and its downstream targets have contributed to cancer development. These underlined the attractiveness of mTOR as a therapeutic target to overcome both insulin resistance and cancer. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the notion of intermittent, low dose rapamycin for treating insulin resistance. It further highlights recent data on the continuous use of high dose rapamycin analogs and related second generation mTOR inhibitors for cancer eradication, for overcoming chemoresistance and for tumor stem cell suppression. Within these contexts, the potential challenges associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Z Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Jun Loo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Pinto-Leite R, Arantes-Rodrigues R, Sousa N, Oliveira PA, Santos L. mTOR inhibitors in urinary bladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11541-11551. [PMID: 27235118 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great scientific advances that have been made in cancer treatment, there is still much to do, particularly with regard to urinary bladder cancer. Some of the drugs used in urinary bladder cancer treatment have been in use for more than 30 years and show reduced effectiveness and high recurrence rates. There have been several attempts to find new and more effective drugs, to be used alone or in combination with the drugs already in use, in order to overcome this situation.The biologically important mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is altered in cancer and mTOR inhibitors have raised many expectations as potentially important anticancer drugs. In this article, the authors will review the mTOR pathway and present their experiences of the use of some mTOR inhibitors, sirolimus, everolimus and temsirolimus, in isolation and in conjunction with non-mTOR inhibitors cisplatin and gemcitabine, on urinary bladder tumour cell lines. The non-muscle-invasive cell line, 5637, is the only one that exhibits a small alteration in the mTOR and AKT phosphorylation after rapalogs exposure. Also, there was a small inhibition of cell proliferation. With gemcitabine plus everolimus or temsirolimus, the results were encouraging as a more effective response was noticed with both combinations, especially in the 5637 and T24 cell lines. Cisplatin associated with everolimus or temsirolimus also gave promising results, as an antiproliferative effect was observed when the drugs were associated, in particular on the 5637 and HT1376 cell lines. Everolimus or temsirolimus in conjunction with gemcitabine or cisplatin could have an important role to play in urinary bladder cancer treatment, depending on the tumour grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pinto-Leite
- Genetic Service, Cytogenetic Laboratory, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.
| | - R Arantes-Rodrigues
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (I3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Health School, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Health School, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
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Wang L, Zhu YR, Wang S, Zhao S. Autophagy inhibition sensitizes WYE-354-induced anti-colon cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11743-11752. [PMID: 27020593 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 are frequently dysregulated in human colon cancers. In the present study, we evaluated the potential anti-colon cancer cell activity by a novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor WYE-354. We showed that WYE-354 was anti-survival and anti-proliferative when adding to primary (patient-derived) and established (HCT-116, HT-29, Caco-2, LoVo, and DLD-1 lines) colon cancer cells. In addition, WYE-354 treatment activated caspase-dependent apoptosis in the colon cancer cells. Mechanistically, WYE-354 blocked mTORC1 and mTORC2 activation. Meanwhile, it also induced autophagy activation in the colon cancer cells. Autophagy inhibitors (bafilomycin A1 and 3-methyladenine), or shRNA-mediated knockdown of autophagy elements (Beclin-1 and ATG-5), remarkably sensitized WYE-354-mediated anti-colon cancer cell activity in vitro. Further studies showed that WYE-354 administration inhibited HT-29 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Importantly, its activity in vivo was further potentiated with co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. Phosphorylations of Akt (Ser-473) and S6 were also decreased in WYE-354-treated HT-29 xenografts. Together, these pre-clinical results demonstrate the potent anti-colon cancer cell activity by WYE-354, and its activity may be further augmented with autophagy inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, No 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Yun-Rong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Jiangyin City, 214400, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, No 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin, 300211, China.
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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C6 ceramide sensitizes the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) activity by AZD-8055, a novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11039-48. [PMID: 26897748 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays pivotal roles in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Here, we tested the potential anti-HCC activity by a novel mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor AZD-8055 and, more importantly, the potential AZD-8055 sensitization effect by a cell-permeable short-chain ceramide (C6). We showed that AZD-8055 mainly exerted moderate cytotoxic effect against a panel of HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, and SMMC-7721). Co-treatment of C6 ceramide remarkably augmented AZD-8055-induced HCC cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, C6 ceramide dramatically potentiated AZD-8055-induced HCC cell apoptotic death. Further studies demonstrated that AZD-8055 and C6 ceramide synergistically induced anti-survival and pro-apoptotic activity in primary cultured human HCC cells, but not in the non-cancerous human hepatocytes. Signaling studies showed that AZD-8055 and C6 ceramide synergistically suppressed Akt-mTOR complex 1/2 cascade activation. In vivo, AZD-8055 oral administration suppressed HepG2 hepatoma xenograft growth in nude mice, while moderately improving mice survival. Its anti-tumor activity was dramatically potentiated with co-administration of a liposome-packed C6 ceramide. Together, these results demonstrate that concurrent targeting mTORC1/2 by AZD-8055 exerts anti-tumor ability in preclinical HCC models, and its activity is further sensitized with co-administration of C6 ceramide.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deficiency of maternally inherited UBE3A, an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Despite recent progress in understanding the mechanism underlying UBE3A imprinting, there is no effective treatment. Further investigation of the roles played by UBE3A in the central nervous system (CNS) is needed for developing effective therapies. AREA COVERED This review covers the literature related to genetic classifications of AS, recent discoveries regarding the regulation of UBE3A imprinting, alterations in cell signaling in various brain regions and potential therapeutic approaches. Since a large proportion of AS patients exhibit comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD), potential common molecular bases are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Advances in understanding UBE3A imprinting provide a unique opportunity to induce paternal UBE3A expression, thus targeting the syndrome at its 'root.' However, such efforts have yielded less-than-expected rescue effects in AS mouse models, raising the concern that activation of paternal UBE3A after a critical period cannot correct all the CNS defects that developed in a UBE3A-deficient environment. On the other hand, targeting abnormal downstream cell signaling pathways has provided promising rescue effects in preclinical research. Thus, combined reinstatement of paternal UBE3A expression with targeting abnormal signaling pathways should provide better therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Bi
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Jiandong Sun
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Angela X Ji
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Michel Baudry
- b Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
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Activity of BKM120 and BEZ235 against Lymphoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:870918. [PMID: 26557706 PMCID: PMC4628710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/870918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas encompass a heterogeneous group of cancers, with 85–90% arising from B lymphocytes and the remainder deriving from T lymphocytes or NK lymphocytes. These tumors are molecularly and clinically heterogeneous, showing dramatically different responses and outcomes with standard therapies. Deregulated PI3K signaling is linked to oncogenesis and disease progression in hematologic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors and apparently enhances resistance to antineoplastic therapy, resulting in a poor prognosis. Here, we have evaluated and compared the effects of the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 on mantle, follicular, and T-cell lymphomas. Our results suggest that BKM120 and BEZ235 can effectively inhibit lymphoma cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest and can lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis and autophagy mediated by ROS accumulation. Despite great advances in lymphoma therapy after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, many patients still die from disease progression. Therefore, novel treatment approaches are needed. BKM120 and BEZ235 alone and in combination are very effective against lymphoma cells in vitro. If further studies confirm their effectiveness in animal models, they may be promising candidates for development as new drugs.
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O’Donovan TR, Rajendran S, O’Reilly S, O’Sullivan GC, McKenna SL. Lithium Modulates Autophagy in Esophageal and Colorectal Cancer Cells and Enhances the Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134676. [PMID: 26248051 PMCID: PMC4527721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers, particularly gastrointestinal tract cancers, remain poor prognosis diseases, due to resistance to cytotoxic therapy and local or metastatic recurrence. We have previously shown that apoptosis incompetent esophageal cancer cells induce autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents and this can facilitate their recovery. However, known pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy could not enhance cytotoxicity. In this study, we have examined two well known, clinically approved autophagy inducers, rapamycin and lithium, for their effects on chemosensitivity in apoptosis incompetent cancer cells. Both lithium and rapamycin were shown to induce autophagosomes in esophageal and colorectal cancer cells by western blot analysis of LC3 isoforms, morphology and FACS quantitation of Cyto-ID or mCherry-GFP-LC3. Analysis of autophagic flux indicates inefficient autophagosome processing in lithium treated cells, whereas rapamycin treated cells showed efficient flux. Viability and recovery was assessed by clonogenic assays. When combined with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil, rapamycin was protective. In contrast, lithium showed strong enhancement of non-apoptotic cell death. The combination of lithium with 5-fluorouracil or oxaliplatin was then tested in the syngenic mouse (balb/c) colorectal cancer model—CT26. When either chemotherapeutic agent was combined with lithium a significant reduction in tumor volume was achieved. In addition, survival was dramatically increased in the combination group (p < 0.0001), with > 50% of animals achieving long term cure without re-occurrence (> 1 year tumor free). Thus, combination treatment with lithium can substantially improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in apoptosis deficient cancer cells. Induction of compromised autophagy may contribute to this cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey R. O’Donovan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Rajendran
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seamus O’Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald C. O’Sullivan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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50
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Lakhlili W, Chevé G, Yasri A, Ibrahimi A. Determination and validation of mTOR kinase-domain 3D structure by homology modeling. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1923-30. [PMID: 26257525 PMCID: PMC4525790 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s84200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is considered as one of the commonly activated and deregulated signaling pathways in human cancer. mTOR is associated with other proteins in two molecular complexes: mTOR complex 1/Raptor and the mTOR complex 2/Rictor. Using the crystal structure of the related lipid kinase PI3Kγ, we built a model of the catalytic region of mTOR. The modeling of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the mTOR was performed by homology modeling program SWISS-MODEL. The quality and validation of the obtained model were performed using PROCHECK and PROVE softwares. The overall stereochemical property of the protein was assessed by the Ramachandran plot. The model validation was also done by docking of known inhibitors. In this paper, we describe and validate a 3D model for the mTOR catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiame Lakhlili
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie (MedBiotech), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morroco
| | - Gwénaël Chevé
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelaziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Parc Euromédecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie (MedBiotech), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, Rabat, Morroco
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