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Portella DL, Vidal-Espinoza R, Sulla-Torres J, Castelli Correia de Campos LF, Gomez-Campos R, Cossio-Bolaños M. Reference values for body composition and physical fitness of young Brazilian elite soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1285952. [PMID: 38028780 PMCID: PMC10652792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1285952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: a) to verify whether body composition and physical fitness should be analyzed by chronological age and/or maturity stage in young Brazilian soccer players and b) to propose reference values for the evaluation of body composition and physical fitness by maturity stage in elite soccer players. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was carried out in 206 young Brazilian soccer players (11-16 years old). The sample selection was non-probabilistic by convenience. Weight and standing height were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BC indicators [(percent fat (%F), Fat-free mass (FFM), Fat mass (FM) and Bone mass (BM)] were extracted. For physical fitness (PF), we applied the Flexibility (cm) sit and reach tests, explosive strength tests [Counter Movement Jump CMJ (cm) and horizontal jump HJ (cm)], speed [Speed 10, 20, 30 and 40 m (seconds)] and Yo-Yo endurance level I test. Percentiles were constructed for BC and PF using the LMS method [L (Lambda; skewness), M (Mu; median) and S (Sigma; coefficient of variation)]. Results: The explanatory power between chronological age (CA) with BC was: FM (R2 = 0.03%), FFM (R 2 = 0.66%) and BM (R 2 = 0.62%), while between maturity status (MS) with BC were: FM (R 2 = 0.04%), FFM (R 2 = 0.71%) and BM (R 2 = 0.66). The explanatory power between the CA with the physical fitness tests ranged from: (R 2 = 0.22-0.62%). While between MS with physical fitness the values ranged from: (R 2 = 0.23-0.64%). Percentiles per MS (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90, P95 and P97) were proposed for both BC and PF. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown that the evaluation of BC and PF of young soccer players should be performed by controlling for MS rather than for CA. The inclusion of a non-invasive method to control MS by means of percentiles during puberty may contribute to the development of retention and exclusion of young soccer players, thus, they may have a better chance of achieving sporting success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Leite Portella
- School of Physical Education, Master Program in Innovation in Health Education, Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ruben Vidal-Espinoza
- Escuela de Ingenieria de Sistemas, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rossana Gomez-Campos
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Carrera de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
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Stankovic M, Djordjevic D, Trajkovic N, Milanovic Z. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physical Performance in Female Team Sports: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:78. [PMID: 37594624 PMCID: PMC10439062 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding adaptation of HIIT in female athletes which is important since the adaptation to HIIT may be different compared to male athletes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of HIIT on physical performance in female team sports athletes. METHODS The following databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Science Direct were searched prior to September 2nd, 2022. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies written in English, elite, sub-elite or college female team sports participants, and HIIT intensity had to be at 80-100% maximal heart rate. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the age of the participants or their training experience. The primary outcome measures were maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated sprint ability (RSA), change of direction speed, speed, explosive strength and body composition. RESULTS A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 230 participants. HIIT improved VO2max in five studies (ES from 0.19 to 1.08), while three studies showed improvement in their RSA (ES from 0.32 to 0.64). In addition, change of direction speed was improved in five studies (ES from 0.34 to 0.88), while speed improved in four studies (ES from 0.12 to 0.88). Explosive strength results varied (ES from 0.39 to 1.05), while in terms of body composition, the results were inconsistent through observed team sports. CONCLUSION HIIT has significant effects on VO2max, RSA, change of direction speed, speed and explosive strength in female team sports, regardless of the competition level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mima Stankovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dusan Djordjevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Trajkovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Čarnojevičeva 10a, 18000, Niš, Serbia.
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000, Koper, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Incubator of Kinanthropological Research, Masaryk University, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Čaušević D, Rani B, Gasibat Q, Čović N, Alexe CI, Pavel SI, Burchel LO, Alexe DI. Maturity-Related Variations in Morphology, Body Composition, and Somatotype Features among Young Male Football Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040721. [PMID: 37189970 DOI: 10.3390/children10040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate differences in anthropometry, body composition (BC), and somatotype in young football players of the same chronological age according to the maturity stage. Overall, 64 elite players (age: 14.28 ± 0.46 years) were evaluated for standing and sitting body height, girth measures, and BC using the bioelectric impedance scale and skinfold thickness. In total, two-thirds (73.44%, n = 47) of football players were classified as on-time maturers, 12.50% (n = 8) were early maturing, and 14.06% (n = 9) were late maturing. Standing and sitting height, leg length, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were significantly different (p < 0.001) across maturity groups. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) with maturity progression was seen for subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds along with a girth increase at all sites (p < 0.05). Early maturers were balanced ectomorphs, while on-time and late maturers featured mesomorph-ectomorph characteristics. The obtained results suggested that mature players have better BC presented as a lower fat percentage along with higher muscle mass, advantages in circumferences, and longitudinal dimensions of the body with highlighted mesomorph features. Maturity can have a substantial influence on body measures, thereby affecting sport-specific performance. Early maturers can use their anthropometric advantages and compensate for a lack of talent, consequently preventing even participation of physically undeveloped players in training. A better understanding of maturity, BC, and somatotypes can help in the selection of young talented players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Čaušević
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Babina Rani
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation & Medicine (Physiotherapy), Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Qais Gasibat
- Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nedim Čović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Cristina Ioana Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Silviu Ioan Pavel
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
| | - Lucian Ovidiu Burchel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physics, Physical Education and Sports Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University in Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania
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Pastucha D, Štěpánek L, Botek M, Filipčíková R, Zapletalová J, Hudec Š, Horáková D. Comparison of performance and anthropometric parameters in paediatric competitive athletes during COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health 2023; 31:38-42. [PMID: 37086419 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2020, measures against the spread of COVID-19 were adopted, including nationwide school closures, restrictions on the free movement of persons and leisure time sports activities. The aim was to assess the impact of COVID-19-associated restrictions on the performance of paediatric and adolescent competitive athletes by comparing basic anthropometric and performance parameters. METHODS The sample comprised 389 participants (115 girls, 274 boys). All participants were examined during regular preventive sports health checks from September to November 2019 and a year later. At the initial examination, the mean age of the entire sample was 12.2 ± 2.7 years (median 12.0, minimum 7.0; maximum 17.0). The examination consisted of a complete medical history and physical examination including maximal exercise testing on a leg cycle ergometer. RESULTS In the entire sample, as well as in the boy and girl subgroups, body height, weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, and power output significantly increased according to a percentile graph for boys and girls in 2020. A reduction in power output (W/kg) was found. By 2020, W/kg dropped in 56.4% of the youngest participants (7-13 years), 75% of those aged 14-16 years and 64.9% of the oldest individuals (16-17 years). The percentage of the youngest children with power output reductions was statistically significantly lower than the percentages of the other age subgroups (p = 0.007). There were no significant differences in results between genders. CONCLUSIONS Performance and anthropometric parameters worsened especially among older children. This should be reflected when planning epidemic measures in case of any similar situation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Pastucha
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava and University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- ReFit Clinic s.r.o., Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Štěpánek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Botek
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Zapletalová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Hudec
- ReFit Clinic s.r.o., Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine I - Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Horáková
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Nobari H, Gorouhi A, Mallo J, Lozano D, Prieto-González P, Mainer-Pardos E. Variations in cumulative workload and anaerobic power in adolescent elite male football players: associations with biological maturation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:11. [PMID: 36721183 PMCID: PMC9890843 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is considered that the maturity condition of young football players is related to their physical performance during short high-intensity efforts dependent on anaerobic power ability. Hence, the aim was to determine possible relationships between maturity status and training intensity by measuring the footballer´s peak height velocity (PHV), maturity offset and anaerobic power. METHODS Seventeen youth male players of different playing positions participated in the study and performed tests at three different stages of the season (early-, mid- and end-season) All the anthropometric parameters and biomarkers related to maturation were controlled during the season. The training intensity and load was monitored and the anaerobic power of the players was assessed by a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST). RESULTS The analysis of all the recorded data revealed a positive relationship between PHV and anaerobic power in the early- and end-season stages (p < 0.05). Maturity offset and anaerobic power (mean RAST) showed an absolute correlation in early- and end -season stages (r: - 0.39 to 0.91). The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that min RAST was the best predictor for both PHV and maturity offset. The analysis of the training intensity and workloads showed a positive effect on the performance in the fitness test (p < 0.05). Additionally, players experienced less fatigue at the end-season stage than at the early-season. CONCLUSIONS The results show that coaches might benefit from monitoring training loads and the maturity status of the players in order to enhance their physical performance during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- grid.413026.20000 0004 1762 5445Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199‑11367 Iran ,grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain ,grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Armin Gorouhi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Mallo
- grid.5690.a0000 0001 2151 2978Facultad de Ciencias de La Actividad Física Y El Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- grid.440816.f0000 0004 1762 4960Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autovia A23 Km 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Saragossa Spain
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- grid.443351.40000 0004 0367 6372Health and Physical Education Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, 11586 Saudi Arabia
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Tornero-Aguilera JF, Villegas-Mora BE, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Differences in Body Composition Analysis by DEXA, Skinfold and BIA Methods in Young Football Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1643. [PMID: 36360370 PMCID: PMC9688600 DOI: 10.3390/children9111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The most widely used method in professional sports for fat percentage assessment is the skinfold method. However, there is the chance of bias and human error. For this reason, other more precise methods are used, such as single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). However, there are limited data that demonstrate the methodological shortcomings or congruences in fat and fat-free mass estimates including gender differences and differences in athlete populations. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare total body fat (%BF) estimated by six skinfold thickness measurement (SKF) and single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods, using three different sets of equations, to that assessed by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) method using a DEXA Hologic Serie Discovery QDR. For this aim, 76 males and 70 females belonging to the professional Spanish football federation were evaluated. We found significant differences between the three measures. BIA significantly underestimates the fat percentage, followed by skinfolds. With DEXA being the more objective or accurate method, an equation is established by means of linear regression analysis that allows the percentage of adipose tissue to be obtained either through anthropometry or electrical bioimpedance and adjusted to that which would be obtained by the DEXA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Bella Esperanza Villegas-Mora
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain
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Mroczek A, Golachowska M, Kaczorowska A. Anthropometry and body composition of young soccer players. MEDICAL SCIENCE PULSE 2022. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.9298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Body composition and other anthropometric measurements are important factors influencing the overall performance of an athlete. Together with motor coordination, physical fitness, physical, functional, and psychosocial conditions, as well as learned technique and tactics, a player's sports potential and probability of success can be determined.
Aim of the study: Our study aimed to describe anthropometric variables and body composition of young soccer players of various ages.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 61 young soccer players in the under-15, under-16, and under-19 categories. We used a bioimpedance analyzer to measure the following indicators: body height (BH), body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), total body water (TBW), muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), body fat (BF) percentage, and visceral fat (VF).
Results: The mean findings for the variables among players in the U-15, U-17, and U-19 groups were age (14.79 ± 0.32; 16.07 ± 0.44; 17.43 ± 0.87), BH (175.63 ± 7.36 cm; 179.89 ± 7.49 cm; 180.28 ± 6.42 cm), BM (62.32 ± 8.13 kg; 67.38 ± 8.14 kg; 73.81 ± 8.86 kg), BMI (20.15 ± 1.88 kg/m2; 20.77 ± 1.58 kg/m2; 22.68 ± 2.18 kg/m2), TBW (40.72 ± 5.19 L; 44.13 ± 5.18 L; 47.63 ± 5.58 L), MM (31.18 ± 4.26 kg; 34.06 ± 4.22 kg; 37.11 ± 4.64 kg), FM (6.8 ± 2.68 kg; 7.12 ± 2.48 kg; 8.72 ± 2.72 kg), BF (10.83 ± 3.6%; 10.47 ± 2.83%; 11.79 ± 3.09), and VF (1.83 ± 1.09; 1.89 ± 1.2; 2.61 ± 1.33). Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences between groups in terms of age, BM, BMI, MM, and TBW. Age had a statistically significant positive correlation with BH, BM, BMI, TBW, MM, and FM.
Conclusions: BM, MM, and TBW increase in the subsequent age groups of soccer players. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between age and BH, BM, BMI, TBW, MM, and FM. The conclusion from this study can help adjust training programs to the individual characteristics of a given player, which will allow for better performance and professional success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mroczek
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Opole, Poland
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Al-Rubaye TEM, Sobhani V, Shab-Bidar S, Djafarian K. Association of the dietary inflammatory index and body composition among Paralympic athletes with hemodialysis and hemophilia. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 49:504-509. [PMID: 35623858 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS One of the essential parameters of athletes that enhancing fitness and success rate in sports career is body composition. Additionally, perfect performance of athletes is significantly influenced by training and dietary intake. This study aimed to determine the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and body composition among Iran's Paralympic athletes with hemodialysis and hemophilia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, which recruited 100 athletes with hemodialysis and hemophilia who participated in the 2020 competitive pre-season tests. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, physical activity, sleep pattern, and dietary intake were used in the analysis. DII was scored based on information obtained using food frequency questionnaire. Body composition was assessed using Bio impedance analyzer BIA (TANITA BC-418) and with 7-points skinfold measures. Linear regression model was used for finding the associations between DII with body composition. RESULTS The overall DII score was -2.83 and there was a significant difference for the mean body fat percent (P = 0.001) and mean fat free mass percent (P = ≤0.001) between 7-points skin fold measurements and BIA. No significant association had been found between the DII of the participants with the components of their body composition including, body mass index BMI (P = 0.99), waist circumference (P = 0.33), waist hip ratio (P = 0.25), fat mass percent (P = 0.47) and fat free mass percent (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION Although athletes in the current study had DII scores indicating their anti-inflammatory diets, we did not find any significant associations between DII with the parameters of body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Communiy Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran, Iran.
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Relationship between Variations in the Accumulated Workload and the Change of Direction Ability in Elite Young Soccer Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between training workload (WL) parameters with variations in the change of direction (COD) in under-16 soccer players. Methods: Twenty-seven under-16 elite soccer players were daily monitored for their WL across 15 weeks during the competitive soccer season. Additionally, players were assessed two times for anthropometric measures (weight, height, sitting height and leg length), COD performance (modified 505 test) and maturity offset measured using the peak height velocity (PHV). Results: A correlational analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variation in COD performance and accumulated WL parameters. Moreover, a regression analysis was executed to explain the variations in the percentage of COD performance considering the accumulated WL parameters and PHV of the season (r = 0.93; p ≤ 0.01) and training monotony during the early-season (r = 0.53; p ≤ 0.05). There were associations between the acute workload during the start of the season and the COD during the end of the season (r = 0.47; p ≤ 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 55% of the variation in COD performance between the early and end of season could be explained by the acute or chronic WL, training monotony or strain and the PHV. Conclusions: This information might be useful for practitioners and coaches aiming to improve the COD performance in youth soccer players during an entire competitive season.
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Gastrointestinal Hormones, Morphological Characteristics, and Physical Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1371-1381. [PMID: 35320775 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relationship between gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1), ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, morphological characteristics, and physical performances in elite soccer players. METHODS Q2 Twenty-two elite male soccer players (age = 23.1 [2.7] y, height = 177.0 [0.1] cm, weight = 70.2 [2.9] kg, body mass index = 22.1 [1.8] kg/m2) completed 3-day food records each week during the 5-week training period. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast before and after preseason training to assess gastrointestinal hormones (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY). Continuous analysis of the training load was used during the training period. Preintervention and postintervention tests assessed jumping (countermovement jump), sprinting (10, 20, and 30 m), and endurance fitness (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 [YYIRT1]) levels. RESULTS Preseason training decreased body mass index (P = .001; effect size [ES] = 0.183) and body fat percentage (P = .001; ES = 0.516). There were increases in countermovement jump (P = .032; ES = 0.215), 20- (P = .016; ES = 0.195) and 30-m sprints (P = .001; ES = 0.188), and YYIRT1 performance (P = .001; ES = 0.9). Levels of cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin did not change during preseason training, although changes in leptin (P = .001; ES = 0.41) and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels (P = .039; ES = 0.606) were recorded. Leptinemia correlated with anthropometric parameters (body mass index, r = .77, P = .001; percentage of body fat,r = .67, P = .006) and the total distance covered during the YYIRT1 (r = -.54; P = .03). CONCLUSION Changes in morphological parameters and physical performance in elite-level male soccer players are related to variations in selected gastrointestinal hormones.
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Body Composition Interactions with Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional Study in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063598. [PMID: 35329288 PMCID: PMC8950089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to: (i) analyze fat mass and physical fitness variations among age-groups and playing positions, and (ii) explore the relationship between fat mass and physical fitness in youth male soccer players. A total of 66 players from under-16, under-17, and under-19 were tested. Body mass, skinfolds, countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg triple hop jump (SLTH), bilateral triple hop jump (BTH), and yo-yo intermittent recovery Level 2 (YYIR-2) were assessed. A two- and one-way ANOVA were conducted, and the effect size was measured. Interactions were found in skin folds and fat mass. The under-19 group was taller, heavier, with a greater BMI and muscle mass than the under-16 group. They also exceeded the under-16 and under-17 in SLTH, BTH, and YYIRT-2. The under-17 group jumped higher and longer than under-16 group. Goalkeepers were taller and heavier than the midfielders. Central defenders were taller and had more muscle mass than midfielders and were heavier than the midfielders and wingers. The wingers jumped higher than the midfielders and showed better YYIRT-2. BMI was small correlated with YYIRT-2 and moderately with CMJ. Fat mass had a moderate negative correlation with CMJ and YYIRT-2. Muscle mass largely correlated with CMJ, UTH, very large with BTH and moderate with YYIRT-2. Summarily, with increasing age, better performances and body compositions were registered. Muscle mass better influences performance than body fat. Body composition can distinguish players positions.
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Variations of the Locomotor Profile, Sprinting, Change-of-Direction, and Jumping Performances in Youth Soccer Players: Interactions between Playing Positions and Age-Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020998. [PMID: 35055819 PMCID: PMC8775578 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (i) analyze the variations of locomotor profile, sprinting, change-of-direction (COD) and jumping performances between different youth age-groups; and (ii) test the interaction effect of athletic performance with playing positions. A cross-sectional study design was followed. A total of 124 youth soccer players from five age-groups were analyzed once in a time. Players were classified based on their typical playing position. The following measures were obtained: (i) body composition (fat mass); (ii) jump height (measured in the countermovement jump; CMJ); (iii) sprinting time at 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25- and 30-m; (iv) maximal sprint speed (measured in the best split time; MSS); (v) COD asymmetry index percentage); (vi) final velocity at 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT); and (vii) anaerobic speed reserve (ASR = MSS − VIFT). A two-way ANOVA was used for establishing the interactions between age-groups and playing positions. Significant differences were found between age-groups in CMJ (p < 0.001), 5-m (p < 0.001), 10-m (p < 0.001), 15-m (p < 0.001), 20-m (p < 0.001), 25-m (p < 0.001), 30-m (p < 0.001), VIFT (p < 0.001), ASR (p = 0.003), MSS (p < 0.001), COD (p < 0.001). Regarding variations between playing positions no significant differences were found. In conclusion, it was found that the main factor influencing changes in physical fitness was the age group while playing positions had no influence on the variations in the assessed parameters. In particular, as older the age group, as better was in jumping, sprinting, COD, and locomotor profile.
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Spehnjak M, Gušić M, Molnar S, Baić M, Andrašić S, Selimi M, Mačak D, Madić DM, Žilič Fišer S, Sporiš G, Trajković N. Body Composition in Elite Soccer Players from Youth to Senior Squad. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4982. [PMID: 34067121 PMCID: PMC8125322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between body composition and performance in male soccer players. This study aimed to display an optimal body height and weight, and body composition profile of male soccer players for four competitive age groups. This cross-sectional study included four groups: U-15 (n = 152), U-17 (n = 154), U-19 (n = 61), and seniors (n = 27). Body height and weight were measured under standard conditions, and the bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) analyzed body composition. On average, soccer players in the U-15 group had significantly lower body height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, total body water and basal metabolic rate than U-17, U-19 and seniors, but a higher percentage of body fat than U-17 and U-19, p < 0.05. In addition, the results show significant non-linear increases in body height, weight and body composition as the age of soccer players increases, with the exception of the percentage of body fat mass, which tends to significantly decrease with age. The main findings of this study are that body fat mass remains stable and similar across all age groups, including in the senior squad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Spehnjak
- Archdiocese of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (D.M.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Marko Gušić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Slavko Molnar
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (M.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Mario Baić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Slobodan Andrašić
- Faculty of Economics, University of Novi Sad, 24000 Subotica, Serbia;
| | - Musa Selimi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Draženka Mačak
- Archdiocese of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (D.M.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Dejan M. Madić
- Archdiocese of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (D.M.); (D.M.M.)
| | | | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
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Toselli S, Campa F, Maietta Latessa P, Greco G, Loi A, Grigoletto A, Zaccagni L. Differences in Maturity and Anthropometric and Morphological Characteristics among Young Male Basketball and Soccer Players and Non-Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083902. [PMID: 33917743 PMCID: PMC8068181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: An aspect that influences sport performance is maturation status, since, within the same chronological age group, boys who have advanced maturation outperform their late maturing peers in tests of muscular strength, power, and endurance. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (i) to investigate the differences in biological maturation and anthropometric and morphological characteristics among three groups of Italian adolescents, two of which were sportive (practicing basketball and football) and one non-sportive, and (ii) to identify the anthropometric and morphological predictors that best discriminate these three groups. Methods: Sixty-one basketball and 62 soccer players and 68 non-sportive youths were measured (mean age = 13.0 ± 1.1 y). Anthropometric characteristics were taken and body mass index, cormic index, body composition parameters, and somatotype were derived. An estimation of maturity status was carried out considering the years from peak height velocity (PHV). Two-way 3 × 3 ANOVAs was performed on all anthropometric characteristics to test the differences within sport groups and maturity status groups. Discriminant function analysis (stepwise criteria) was then applied to anthropometric and body composition variables to classify subjects into the three different sport categories. Results: Differences in anthropometric characteristics were detected among the three groups. For somatotype, differences among all of the considered groups were higher for endomorphy (p < 0.001; effect size = 0.13). Biological maturity influences the differences in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition among subjects of the same chronological age during adolescence. The variables that best discriminated the three groups were represented by body composition parameters, body proportions, and body build. Conclusions: This study confirms that boys who practice sport present healthier body composition parameters, with lower level of fat parameters. The assessment of maturity status is a fundamental factor in explaining anthropometric and body composition differences among peers in this period. Its comprehension may assist coaches and technical staff in optimizing competitive efficiency and monitoring the success of training regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (F.C.); (P.M.L.)
| | | | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Loi
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sport Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (A.G.)
| | - Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Center of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
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Campa F, Matias CN, Nikolaidis PT, Lukaski H, Talluri J, Toselli S. Prediction of Somatotype from Bioimpedance Analysis in Elite Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218176. [PMID: 33167449 PMCID: PMC7663908 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The accurate body composition assessment comprises several variables, causing it to be a time consuming evaluation as well as requiring different and sometimes costly measurement instruments. The aim of this study was to develop new equations for the somatotype prediction, reducing the number of normal measurements required by the Heath and Carter approach. A group of 173 male soccer players (age, 13.6 ± 2.2 years, mean ± standard deviation; body mass index, BMI, 19.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2), members of the academy of a professional Italian soccer team participating in the first division (Serie A), participated in this study. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed using the single frequency of 50 kHz and fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated using a BIA specific, impedance based equation. Somatotype components were estimated according to the Heath-Carter method. The participants were randomly split into development (n = 117) and validation groups (n = 56). New anthropometric and BIA based models were developed (endomorphy = −1.953 − 0.011 × stature2/resistance + 0.135 × BMI + 0.232 × triceps skinfold, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.28; mesomorphy = 6.848 + 0.138 × phase angle + 0.232 × contracted arm circumference + 0.166 × calf circumference − 0.093 × stature, R2 = 0.87, SEE = 0.40; ectomorphy = −5.592 − 38.237 × FFM/stature + 0.123 × stature, R2 = 0.86, SEE = 0.37). Cross validation revealed R2 of 0.84, 0.80, and 0.87 for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, respectively. The new proposed equations allow for the integration of the somatotype assessment into BIA, reducing the number of collected measurements, the instruments used, and the time normally required to obtain a complete body composition analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal;
- CIPER—Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisboa, Portugal
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Ingrediente Métrico S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, Hyslop Sports Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Jacopo Talluri
- Department of clinical research and development, Akern Ltd., 56121 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Bernal-Orozco MF, Posada-Falomir M, Quiñónez-Gastélum CM, Plascencia-Aguilera LP, Arana-Nuño JR, Badillo-Camacho N, Márquez-Sandoval F, Holway FE, Vizmanos-Lamotte B. Anthropometric and Body Composition Profile of Young Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1911-1923. [PMID: 32058363 PMCID: PMC7310300 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and Vizmanos-Lamotte, B. Anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1911–1923, 2020—The purpose was to describe the anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players and to compare the players profiles between different competitive divisions and playing positions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with anthropometric data obtained from the records of soccer players of Club Deportivo Guadalajara, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico) in the under-17, under-20, second, third, and fourth division categories. Body mass, height, sitting-height, skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths were measured by certified anthropometrists from September 2011 to March 2015, following the procedures recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body composition was determined using the 5-way fractionation method. Comparisons between playing positions in each division and between divisions were performed using analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc analyses (SPSS version 22 for Windows, p < 0.05 considered as significant). Data from 755 subjects were analyzed. The mean age was 18.1 ± 1.7 years old (minimum 14.8, maximum 23.2). The under-20 division registered higher anthropometric and body composition values than all other competitive divisions. In addition, goalkeepers were taller, heavier, and obtained the highest values for adipose mass, whereas forwards presented higher percentages of muscle mass. These tables can be used during nutritional assessment and nutritional monitoring of players to establish body composition goals. In addition, the strength and conditioning practitioner may also use these data to design effective and specific training programs most suitable to the anthropometric and body composition profile of each player, taking into consideration his competitive division and playing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Bernal-Orozco
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Juan R Arana-Nuño
- Nutrition Department, Guadalajara Sports Club, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; and
| | - Nayeli Badillo-Camacho
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francis E Holway
- International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (Level 4 anthropometrist), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Vizmanos-Lamotte
- Doctorate in Traslational Nutritional Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Nutritional profile and oxidative stress in adolescent soccer players. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2020.4-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Leão C, Camões M, Clemente FM, Nikolaidis PT, Lima R, Bezerra P, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Anthropometric Profile of Soccer Players as a Determinant of Position Specificity and Methodological Issues of Body Composition Estimation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132386. [PMID: 31284403 PMCID: PMC6651378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was (a) to describe the anthropometric profile of a large group of soccer players based on different age groups and their playing positions on the field, and (b) to examine the variations of body composition among adult soccer players using diverse equations based on skinfold thickness. A total of 618 Greek soccer players who were grouped by age (i.e., 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, and 18-37 years) and playing position (i.e., goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward) were evaluated for weight, height, and skinfolds. The Pařízková formula was used to estimate the percentage of body fat. Furthermore, for players who were 18 years or older the Reilly and Evans formulas was used to estimate the percentage of body fat. Independent of the age, in this large sample, goalkeepers presented higher values for weight, height and the percentage of body fat estimation as compared with other field positions. An anthropometric pattern was observed in each tactical position, namely, across a specific age of increasing maturation process (14-16 years). With the Pařízková formula, we found a mean (SD) range of variation in the percentage of body fat estimation between 4.87 ± 1.46 and 5.51 ± 1.46 as compared with the Evans formula. The same pattern of differences was found when the Reilly equation was considered. In conclusion, we observed a position specificity of anthropometric characteristics across different age categories. Additionally, the same data supported different validated equations which resulted in large differences in the final outcome estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leão
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
| | - Miguel Camões
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
| | - Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia 18450, Greece
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 12243, Greece
| | - Ricardo Lima
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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The Relationship of Age and BMI with Physical Fitness in Futsal Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040087. [PMID: 30991654 PMCID: PMC6524461 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of age and body mass status with field and laboratory measures of physical fitness in futsal players. Futsal players (n = 65, age 12.9 ± 2.8 years), who were classified into U11 (n = 28, 9-11 years), U13 (n = 21, 11-13 years), and adults (n = 16, >18 years), performed a physical fitness battery consisting of both laboratory and field tests. A similar prevalence of overweight (25%) was observed in all age groups (χ² = 1.94, p = 0.380, φ = 0.17). Age groups differed for all parameters, except body fat percentage, with adult players showing higher values than the younger groups (p < 0.05). U13 was heavier, taller, and had larger fat-free mass than U11 (p < 0.05). Adult players had superior values than their younger counterparts for all physical fitness parameters (p < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) correlated inversely with aerobic capacity (U13), jumping ability, relative isometric muscle strength, and relative mean power in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) (U11) (p < 0.05). Also, it correlated directly with absolute isometric muscle strength (U11) and peak power, mean power (all groups), and fatigue index (U11, U13) in WAnT (p < 0.05). Considering the results of this study, it was concluded that the prevalence of overweight in futsal players should be an important concern for practitioners working in this team sport. Optimizing BMI should be considered as a training and nutrition goal in order to improve sport performance.
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20
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Body Composition and Dietary Pattern of Iranian Male Soccer Players, a Large National Study. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.83684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Slimani M, Nikolaidis PT. Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of male soccer players according to their competitive level, playing position and age group: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:141-163. [PMID: 29199782 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present systematic review was to profile soccer players' anthropometric, physiological, and physical attributes relative to different competitive levels, playing positions and age groups. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The systematic search was conducted using different databases and according to the Population/Intervention or Exposure/Comparison/Outcome(s) [PICO] criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The present review shows that the somatotype characteristics, percentage (%) of body fat, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated-sprint ability (RSA), running speed, strength, and muscular power of the lower limbs were the most powerful discriminators between male soccer players of different competitive levels, playing positions, and age groups. Specifically, higher VO2max, muscle strength, muscular power (vertical jump height), running speed (10-30 m) and agility, and lower % of body fat were identified in elite soccer players (higher-level) compared to all other competitive levels (i.e., lower-level: sub-elite, amateur, recreational). As for the competitive level differences, higher VO2max, mean anaerobic power, RSA and sprint performances (5 to 20 m), and lower % of body fat and lower limbs' explosive capabilities (countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ]) were found in outfielders (forwards, midfielders, and defenders) as compared to goalkeepers, from a very youth age (8 years old). Concerning age-related performance, it appears that physical performance increased significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS These data, together with the fact that each position, age category, and playing level has a different physiological background in male soccer players, demonstrate that training programs should be individualized to each position, playing level and age category, as is already done with goalkeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunisia -
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22
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Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R, Mendes B, Sousa M. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020028. [PMID: 29910389 PMCID: PMC5968974 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary elite soccer features increased physical demands during match-play, as well as a larger number of matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects related to performance optimization are highly regarded by both players and soccer coaches. Here, nutrition takes a special role as most elite teams try to provide an adequate diet to guarantee maximum performance while ensuring a faster recovery from matches and training exertions. It is currently known that manipulation and periodization of macronutrients, as well as sound hydration practices, have the potential to interfere with training adaptation and recovery. A careful monitoring of micronutrient status is also relevant to prevent undue fatigue and immune impairment secondary to a deficiency status. Furthermore, the sensible use of evidence-based dietary supplements may also play a role in soccer performance optimization. In this sense, several nutritional recommendations have been issued. This detailed and comprehensive review addresses the most relevant and up-to-date nutritional recommendations for elite soccer players, covering from macro and micronutrients to hydration and selected supplements in different contexts (daily requirements, pre, peri and post training/match and competition).
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Affiliation(s)
- César Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo 4960-320, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caetano
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Diana Granja
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Saúde, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
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Zouita S, Zouita ABM, Kebsi W, Dupont G, Ben Abderrahman A, Ben Salah FZ, Zouhal H. Strength Training Reduces Injury Rate in Elite Young Soccer Players During One Season. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1295-307. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Perroni F, Vetrano M, Camolese G, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Anthropometric and Somatotype Characteristics of Young Soccer Players: Differences Among Categories, Subcategories, and Playing Position. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2097-104. [PMID: 25734780 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Considering that anthropometric parameters are important factors in the performance of the soccer players, the aim of this study was to explore the differences in anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of Italian young soccer players. Weight, height, body mass index, and somatotype of 112 young soccer players, grouped in Giovanissimi "A" (14 years), "B" (13 years), and "C" (12 years) as well as Allievi "B" (15 years) and "A" (16 years) and "Juniores" (older than 17 years), were evaluated. Statistical analysis tests were computed at p ≤ 0.05, and an analysis of variance for each somatotype was calculated to analyze the main effects and interactions of the factors: categories, subcategories, and playing position. Bonferroni's post hoc analysis was used to identify differences among mean values. Considering all subjects, we have found significant differences in categories, subcategories, and playing position between anthropometric values and a somatotype value of 2.8-3.8-2.9. Significant differences have found among goalkeepers and the others playing position in endomorphy (p ≤ 0.001) and with defenders and midfielders in ectomorphy (p < 0.01) components, whereas no differences in mesomorphy. Analyzing the interaction between subcategories and playing position factors, a significant effect was found only in the endomorphy component (p = 0.05). The analysis of anthropometric characteristic of Italian young soccer players indicates that players have high muscularity value and low adiposity. This study showed the presence of somatotype differences for playing position within categories also in the youngest categories and subcategories, in particular, in the endomorphy component. Young soccer players should be trained with more appropriate and specific training load to avoid the increased injury risk during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Perroni
- 1Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences (SUISM), University of Turin, Turin, Italy; and 2Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
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Portes LA, Canhadas IL, Silva RLP, de Oliveira NC. Anthropometry and fitness of young elite soccer players by field position. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nikolaidis PT. Can maximal aerobic running speed be predicted from submaximal cycle ergometry in soccer players? The effects of age, anthropometry and positional roles. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:226. [PMID: 26623401 PMCID: PMC4638050 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.166649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering maximal aerobic running speed (MAS) as a useful tool to evaluate aerobic capacity and monitor training load in soccer, there is an increasing need to develop indirect assessment methods of MAS, e.g., submaximal tests. The aim of this study was to examine the prediction of MAS from the physical working capacity (PWC) in heart rate (HR) 170 beat/min test (PWC170). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was done on adolescent (n = 67) and adult soccer players (n = 82) were examined for anthropometric characteristics, PWC170 and performed Conconi test to assess MAS. RESULTS Midfielders scored higher than goalkeepers (GKs) and defenders in MAS while GKs scored lower than all the other playing positions. Although this trend was also observed in PWC170, statistical difference was only observed between midfielders and GKs. Players with higher MAS had also higher PWC170 in both age groups (P < 0.05). The odds ratio of a player of the best PWC170 group to belong also to the best MAS group was 3.96 (95% confidence interval 2.00; 7.84). That is players with high-performance in the PWC170 were about 4 times more likely than those with low PWC170 to achieve a high score in MAS. Regression analysis suggested body fat (BF) percentage, PWC170, maximal HR and age as predictors of MAS (R = 0.61, R (2) = 0.37 and standard error of estimate [SEE] =1.3 km/h, in total; R = 0.74, R (2) = 0.55 and SEE = 1.2 km/h, in adolescents; R = 0.55, R (2) = 0.30 and SEE = 1.3 km/h, in adults). CONCLUSIONS While there was only moderate correlation between MAS and PWC170, the former can be predicted from the latter when BF, HRmax, and age are considered (large to very large multiple correlation coefficients).
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Gutnik B, Zuoza A, Zuozienė I, Alekrinskis A, Nash D, Scherbina S. Body physique and dominant somatotype in elite and low-profile athletes with different specializations. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2015; 51:247-52. [PMID: 26424190 DOI: 10.1016/j.medici.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Somatotyping is helpful in sports in which the body shape could influence the resulting performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the somatotype of high profile Lithuanian athletes in kayaking, basketball and football and to compare between disciplines and with low level sportsmen of the same age. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 young male sportsmen aged from 18 to 24 years were divided into three groups (kayakers, basketball and football players). Each group contained almost equal numbers of low level and elite, international level sportsmen. Anthropometric measurements of the players were used to establish somatotypes. RESULTS The greatest difference was observed in the mesomorphic component of elite kayakers compared to the low profile sportsmen. Mesomorphy could also be used to predict sport ability. The range of mesomorphy for elite footballers was from 0 to 4.6, for basketball players from 4.6 to 5.9, and for kayaking, from 5.9 and higher. Individual groups of elite sportsmen displayed different modes of somatotype. The kayakers were predominantly endomorphic; the basketball players mostly endomorphic and the footballers most often ectomorphic. No distinguishable patterns of somatotype were displayed by the low level sportsmen. CONCLUSIONS Morphometric characteristics of the athlete's body and the fractional somatotype can be used as guiders and markers of the chosen sport and method of training. The results emphasize the necessity for a specific somatotype to reach a high profile in the selected area of sport and thus support morphometric oriented studies. Further studies could elucidate differentiation by age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gutnik
- Physiology Department, Russian State Medical Research University by Pyrogov, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Aurelijus Zuoza
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ilona Zuozienė
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Derek Nash
- Department of Nursing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Study on the adult physique with the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype in the Han of Xi'an, China. Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:180-7. [PMID: 25940679 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of somatotypes has important significance for medical and physical anthropology as well as sports science. The aim of this study was to understand the somatotype components of the Han population in Xi'an and compare the somatotypes of the Han and five other nationalities in China. The study sample consisted of 429 people of Han nationality (207 males, 222 females) from Xi'an, China, aged ≥20 years old. The Heath-Carter anthropometric method was employed. We evaluated the differences in age and sex by one-way ANOVA and t test. A comparison of somatotypes between the Han and other nationalities was made using the U test. The results showed that the male and female samples all could be classified as having a mesomorphic endomorph profile. The difference in endomorphy was strongest between sexes in all age groups (P < 0.01). There were prominent differences in mesomorphy and ectomorphy between males and females in the 50-59- and ≥60-year-old age groups. In females, the differences in somatotype components appeared to be distinguished between ages (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). However, in males, there were prominent differences in somatotype components between the 20-29 year olds and all other age groups (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) except for between those 20-29 and ≥60 years old in endomorphy. Compared with the other five nationalities, there were prominent differences in somatotype components between males and females. These results suggest that the somatotype of the Han population in Xi'an, China, has a predominantly mesomorphic endomorph profile. The endomorphic component shows distinct differences between ages and genders, respectively. Additionally, there are distinct differences in the somatotype components between Xi'an Han and five other nationalities in China in males and females.
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Noh JW, Kim MY, Lee LK, Park BS, Yang SM, Jeon HJ, Lee WD, Kim JH, Lee JU, Kwak TY, Lee TH, Kim JY, Kim J. Somatotype and body composition analysis of Korean youth soccer players according to playing position for sports physiotherapy research. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1013-7. [PMID: 25995545 PMCID: PMC4433966 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the somatotype and physical characteristic differences among elite youth soccer players. [Subjects and Methods] In the present study, we evaluated twenty-two Korean youth soccer players in different playing positions. The playing positions were divided into forward (FW), midfielder (MF), defender (DF), and goalkeeper (GK). The participants' lean body mass (LBM), fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured and their somatotype determined according to the Heath-Carter method. [Results] The youth soccer players had twelve ectomorphic, eight mesomorphic, and two central predominant types. The DFs were taller than, but otherwise similar in physical characteristics to the FWs and MFs. The GKs were taller and heavier than the other players; however, their somatotype components were not significantly different. LBM, FFM, and BMR were significantly higher in GKs than in FWs and MFs. Although LBM, FFM, and BMR values between GKs and DFs showed large differences, they were not statistically significant. [Conclusion] The present study may contribute to our understanding of the differences in somatotype and body composition of Korean youth soccer players involved in sports physiotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woong Noh
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lim-Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea ; Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Sun Park
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Joo Jeon
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Deok Lee
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Welfare, Wonkwang Health Science University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Uk Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Honam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Yong Kwak
- Department of Taekwondo Instructor Education, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Welfare, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
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Anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular function in young judo athletes by sex, age and weight category. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nikolic S, Todorovska L, Maleska V, Dejanova B, Efremova L, Zivkovic V, Pluncevic-Gligoroska J. Analysis of body mass components in national club football players in republic of macedonia. Med Arch 2015; 68:191-4. [PMID: 25568532 PMCID: PMC4240323 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2014.68.191-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to analyze body composition in adult male football players and its changes during adulthood. Methods: Adult male football players (n=942, mean age 24.11 ±4.69y), all members of national competitive clubs from Macedonia were included in the study. The absolute and the relative body components were calculated: lean body mass (LBMkg), muscle mass (MMkg; MM%), bone mass (BMkg; BM%) and fat components (FMkg; FM%), using the anthropometric protocol by Matiegka. Results: Mean values of anthropometric measures for all included participants were as follows: height=178.39±6.11cm; weight=77.02±7.57; LBM=65.65±6.38; MM%=53.23±2.78; BM%=17.05±1.27; FM%=14.58±1.48. Descriptive statistics for these parameters was made for age specific groups. Conclusions: The results obtained could be used as reference values for adult football players in Republic of Macedonia. In the examined age span (18-35 years) a slight increase of absolute values of all three body components has been registered with advancing age. The most significant increase in the absolute values was registered for the muscle component, followed by the fat and bone components, respectively. Regarding the relative values (%), the muscle and the fat components showed an equally slight positive correlation with the age increase of 1 year, whilst the bone component decreased with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Nikolic
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Lidija Todorovska
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Vesela Maleska
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Beti Dejanova
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Ljudmila Efremova
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Vujica Zivkovic
- Faculty of Physical Education, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
| | - Jasmina Pluncevic-Gligoroska
- Institute of Physiology and Anthropology, Medical Faculty, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, R. Macedonia
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the morphological configuration of youth athletes from professional soccer clubs and to verify their differences according to the tactical position on the field. Overall, 67 male players aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. The examined anthropometric measurements included body mass, body height, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal and medial calf), girths (flexed and tensed arm and calf) and breadths (humerus and femur). For statistical purposes, analysis of variance and post hoc Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. We concluded that goalkeepers were heavier and taller than center backs (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001), midfielders (p = 0.005 and p <0.001) and center forward players (p = 0.024 and p <0.001). The average somatotype for defense, forward and goalkeeper positions was a balanced mesomorph. Midfield players showed ectomorphic-mesomorph characteristics. It was concluded that goalkeepers were characterized as being taller and heavier and that somatotype features of athletes were similar between positions, except for midfield players.
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Noh JW, Kim JH, Kim MY, Lee JU, Lee LK, Park BS, Yang SM, Jeon HJ, Lee WD, Kwak TY, Jang SH, Lee TH, Kim JY, Kim J. Somatotype analysis of elite boxing athletes compared with nonathletes for sports physiotherapy. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1231-5. [PMID: 25202187 PMCID: PMC4155226 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to show somatotype and physical characteristic
differences between elite boxing athletes and non-athletes. [Methods] The somatotypes of
23 elite boxing athletes and 23 nonathletes were measured with the Heath-Carter method.
The subjects were divided into four weight divisions as follows: lightweight, light
middleweight, middleweight, and heavyweight class. [Results] The endomorphic component
values of the boxing athletes were lower than those of the nonathletes. However, the
mesomorphic component values of the boxing athletes were higher than those of the
nonathletes. There was no significant difference in the ectomorphic component between the
two groups. The higher weight divisions tended to have higher values of height, weight,
and BMI than the lower weight divisions. The higher weight divisions also tended to have
higher values for the endomorphic and mesomorphic components and a lower value for the
ectomorphic component than the lower weight divisions. The group of nonathletes consisted
of eight endomorphs, four mesomorphs, six ectomorphs, and five central types. Among the
boxing athletes, there were 16 mesomorphic, four ectomorphic, and two central types and
one endomorphic type. Subdividing the athletes into 13 somatotypes resulted in five
balanced mesomorphs, five endomorphic mesomorphs, five mesomorph-ectomorphs, three
mesomorph-endomorphs, two mesomorphic ectomorphs, two central types, and one ectomorphic
mesomorph type. [Conclusion] The data from this study provides in part physical
characteristics of elite boxing athletes that can be used to establish a reference for
systemic study of sports physiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woong Noh
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea ; Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Uk Lee
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lim-Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Sun Park
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Joo Jeon
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Deok Lee
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Yong Kwak
- Departments of Taekwondo Instructor Education, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jang
- Department of Judo, College of Martial Arts, Yongin Univesrity, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Combative Martial Arts Training, College of Martial Arts, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Health Science and Nanophysiotherapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Welfare, Yongin University, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although maximal heart rate (HR)max is used widely to assess exercise intensity in sport training and particularly in various team sports, there are limited data with regards to the use of age-based prediction equations of HRmax in sport populations. The aim of this study was to compare the measured-HRmax with three prediction equations (Fox-HRmax = 220-age and Tanaka-HRmax = 208-0.7×age and Nikolaidis-HRmax = 223-1.44×age) in young team sport athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Athletes of soccer, futsal, basketball and water polo, classified into three age groups (u-12, 9-12 years, n = 50; u-15, 12-15 years, n = 40; u-18, 15-18 years, n = 57), all members of competitive clubs, voluntarily performed a graded exercise field test (20 m shuttle run endurance test) to assess HRmax. RESULTS Fox-HRmax and Nikolaidis-HRmax overestimated measured-HRmax, while Tanaka-HRmax underestimated it (P < 0.001). However, this trend was not consistent when examining each group separately; measured-HRmax was similar with Tanaka-HRmax in u-12 and u-15, while it was similar with Nikolaidis-HRmax in u-18. CONCLUSION The results of this study failed to validate two widely used and one recently developed prediction equations in a large sample of young athletes, indicating the need for specific equation in different age groups. Therefore, coaches and fitness trainers should prefer Tanaka-HRmax when desiring to avoid overtraining, while Fox-HRmax and Nikolaidis-HRmax should be their choice in order to ensure adequate exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Athens, Greece ; Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece
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Age-Related Differences of Hamstring Flexibility in Male Soccer Players. BALTIC JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10131-012-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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