Resveratrol-Dependent Down-regulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products and Oxidative Stress in Kidney of Rats With Diabetes

Modulatory effects of quercetin on histological changes, biochemical and oxidative stress of rat placenta induced by inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor

The inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor (COV) has been shown to have adverse effects on the placenta and fetal development. The modulatory effects of quercetin (QUE) as a natural phenolic compound with antioxidant properties are promising for the protection of placental structure. This study aimed to investigate the modulatory role of QUE in mitigating histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and biochemical alteration in the placenta of COV-exposed pregnant rats. Forty-eight pregnant rats were divided into eight groups (days 15 and 20) as follows: 1-2) Control groups, 3-4) COV groups, 5-6) COV+QUE groups, and 7-8) QUE-treated groups (50 mg/kg). The inhalation method was used to expose pregnant rats to COV, and QUE was administered orally. On the 15th and 20th days of gestation, placental tissue was analyzed using PAS and H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. The expression of the caspase-3 gene and oxidative stress biomarkers including TAC, CAT, MDA, GPx, and SOD were investigated in the placental tissue. The COV significantly decreased the weight, diameter, and thickness of the placenta as well as the thickness of the junctional zone and labyrinth and the number of trophoblast giant cells in 15- and 20-day-old placentas (P<0.05). Also, COV significantly increased placental expression of caspase-3 and the oxidative stress biomarkers (P<0.05). The administration of QUE along with exposure to COV reduced morphometric and histological alteration, oxidative stress, and caspase-3 expression (P<0.05). Our findings indicated that QUE in COV-exposed pregnant rats can prevent placental histopathological alternations by increasing the activity of the antioxidant system.

Hypoglycemic effects and associated mechanisms of resveratrol and related stilbenes in diet

Hyperglycemia has become a global health problem due to changes in diet and lifestyle. Most importantly, persistent hyperglycemia can eventually develop into type II diabetes. While the usage of current drugs is limited by their side effects, stilbenes derived from fruits and herbal/dietary plants are considered as important phytochemicals with potential hypoglycemic properties. Herein, the most common stilbenoids in consumed foods, i.e. resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol, oxyresveratrol, and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucopyranoside (THSG), are reviewed in this paper. These stilbenes are found to regulate glucose homeostasis via (a) modulation of feeding behaviour and nutrition absorption; (b) restoration of insulin signalling by enhancing insulin production/insulin sensitivity; (c) improvement of gut permeability, gut microbial profile and resulting metabolomes; and (d) amelioration of circadian rhythm disruption. In this review, we have summarized the underlying mechanisms for the hypoglycemic effects of the five most common dietary stilbenoids listed above, providing a comprehensive framework for future study and applications.

Resveratrol may dose-dependently modulate nephrin and OTULIN levels in a doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity model

One of the most important side effects of Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, is nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to determine whether different doses of natural polyphenol Resveratrol (RSV) show antioxidative, anti-inflammatory or antiapoptotic effects in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity and to detect how nephrin and OTULIN levels are affected in this process. A total of six equal groups made up of the 42 Sprague-Dawley rats utilized in the study (n = 7) were randomly assigned. Except for the control group (no treatment), all treatments were given intraperitoneally to the DOX (15 mg/kg), DOX + RSV I (15 mg/kg DOX+ 1 mg/kg/day RSV), DOX + RSV II (15 mg/kg DOX+ 5 mg/kg/day RSV), RSV I and RSV II groups. Kidney tissues taken from rats sacrificed on the fifteenth day were analyzed biochemically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Accordingly, it was determined that nephrin and OTULIN levels decreased in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, DOX caused oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as histopathological changes in kidney tissue. However, it was observed that DOX-induced changes were regulated by RSV application. RSV was demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in dose-dependent DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. RSV may exert nephroprotective effects by modulating DOX-induced altered nephrin and OTULIN levels.

Inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor induces behavioural deficits by increasing oxidative stress and histopathological changes in rat hippocampus: Quercetin therapeutic approach

OBJECTIVE

Inhalation exposure to crude oil vapor (COV) and petroleum products is considered responsible for neurobehavioral toxicity in human and animal models. The antioxidant activity of quercetin (Que) and its derivatives are promising for protecting the hippocampus. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Que against COV-induced behavioral alterations and hippocampus damage.

METHODS

Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following three groups (n = 6): the control, the COV, and the COV + Que group. The inhalation method was used to expose the rats to crude oil vapors for 5 h daily, and Que (50 mg/kg) was administered orally. After 30 days of treatment, the spatial working memory and anxiety levels were evaluated using the cross-arm maze and elevated plus maze (EPM), respectively. TUNEL assay and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were used to identify the necrosis, normal and apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. Moreover, the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were investigated in the hippocampus tissue.

RESULTS

The results indicated that exposure to COV was associated with a significant decrease in spatial working memory and activity of CAT, TAC, SOD, and GPx enzymes compared to the control (P < 0.05). Moreover, COV significantly increased the level of anxiety, MDA, and hippocampal apoptosis (P < 0.05). The simultaneous administration of quercetin along with exposure to COV improved the behavioral alterations, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and hippocampal apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that quercetin prevents COV-induced hippocampal damage by enhancing the antioxidant system and preventing cell apoptosis.

A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also recognized as diabetic kidney disease, is a kidney malfunction caused by diabetes mellitus. A possible contributing factor to the onset of DN is hyperglycemia. Poorly regulated hyperglycemia can damage blood vessel clusters in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. Its treatment is difficult and expensive because its causes are extremely complex and poorly understood. Extracts from medicinal plants can be an alternative treatment for DN. The bioactive content in medicinal plants inhibits the progression of DN. This work explores the renoprotective activity and possible mechanisms of various medicinal plant extracts administered to diabetic animal models. Research articles published from 2011 to 2022 were gathered from several databases including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect to ensure up-to-date findings. Results showed that medicinal plant extracts ameliorated the progression of DN via the reduction in oxidative stress and suppression of inflammation, advanced glycation end-product formation, cell apoptosis, and tissue injury-related protein expression.

Resveratrol Inhibits High Glucose-Induced H9c2 Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Damage via RAGE-Dependent Inhibition of the NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 Pathways

Hyperglycaemia is associated with the development of cardiac vascular disease. Resveratrol (RES) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound that possesses many biological properties, including anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidation functions. Our study aimed to explore the RES's protective roles on high glucose (HG)-induced H9c2 cells and the underlying mechanisms. Small-molecule inhibitors, western blotting (WB), as well as reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying HG-induced damage in H9c2 cells. RES (40 μg/mL) treatment significantly alleviated HG-induced cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction. RES abated the HG‐induced increase in the levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and inflammatory cytokines, reducing ECM accumulation and inflammatory responses. Additionally, RES administration prevented HG‐induced mitochondrion‐mediated cardiac apoptosis of myocardial cells. In terms of mechanisms, we demonstrated that RES ameliorated the HG‐induced overexpression of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and downregulation of NF-κB signalling. Moreover, RES inhibited HG‐induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/Smad3‐mediated ECM synthesis in cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Further studies revealed that the effects of RES against HG‐induced upregulation of NF-κB and TGF‐β1/Smad3 pathways were similar to those of FPS-ZM1, a RAGE inhibitor. Collectively, the results implied that RES might help alleviate HG‐induced cardiotoxicity via RAGE‐dependent downregulation of the NF-κB and TGF‐β/Smad3 pathways. This study provided evidence that RES can be developed as a promising cardioprotective drug.

The effect of resveratrol on advanced glycation end products in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) lead to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn augment diabetes complications. Resveratrol plays a potential role in relation to diabetes due to improving of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The aim of this review was to evaluate the scientific literature to identify the impacts of resveratrol on the accumulation of AGEs. The literature was searched in the online databases, viz. PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar until May 2019. From a total of 338 retrieved articles, 10 papers were eligible for the present analysis. Except one clinical trial, all studies were conducted on animals. All the included studies, except one, showed inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the accumulation of AGE or receptor for AGEs. The findings indicate that resveratrol is a potential protective agent against the accumulation of AGEs. There is, however, the need for future studies to investigate this effect on human.

Resveratrol and Curcumin Attenuate Ex Vivo Sugar-Induced Cartilage Glycation, Stiffening, Senescence, and Degeneration

OBJECTIVE

Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) accumulation is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis in aging and diabetic populations. Here, we develop a representative nonenzymatic glycation-induced OA cartilage explant culture model and investigate the effectiveness of resveratrol, curcumin, and eugenol in inhibiting AGEs and the structural and biological hallmarks of cartilage degeneration.

DESIGN

Bovine cartilage explants were treated with AGE-bovine serum albumin, threose, and ribose to determine the optimal conditions that induce physiological levels of AGEs while maintaining chondrocyte viability. AGE crosslinks, tissue stiffness, cell viability, metabolism and senescence, nitrite release and loss of glycosaminoglycans were assessed. Explants were cotreated with resveratrol, curcumin, or eugenol to evaluate their anti-AGE properties. Blind docking analysis was conducted to estimate binding energies of drugs with collagen II.

RESULTS

Treatment with 100 mM ribose significantly increased AGE crosslink formation and tissue stiffness, resulting in reduced chondrocyte metabolism and enhanced senescence. Blind docking analysis revealed stronger binding energies of both resveratrol and curcumin than ribose, with glycation sites along a human collagen II fragment, indicating their increased likelihood of competitively inhibiting ribose activity. Resveratrol and curcumin, but not eugenol, successfully inhibited AGE crosslink formation and its associated downstream biological response.

CONCLUSIONS

We establish a cartilage explant model of OA that recapitulates several aspects of aged human cartilage. We find that resveratrol and curcumin are effective anti-AGE therapeutics with the potential to decelerate age-related and diabetes-induced OA. This in vitro nonenzymatic glycation-induced model provides a tool for screening OA drugs, to simultaneously evaluate AGE-induced biological and mechanical changes.

Role of Polyphenol in Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is known as one of the driving sources of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DN prevalence continues to increase in every corner of the world andthat has been a major concern to healthcare professionals as DN is the key driver of diabetes mellitus (DM) morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia is closely connected with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress response as well as numerous cellular and molecular modifications. Oxidative stress is a significant causative factor to renal damage, as it can activate other immunological pathways, such as inflammatory, fibrosis, and apoptosis pathways. These pathways can lead to cellular impairment and death as well as cellular senescence. Natural substances containing bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, have been reported to exert valuable effects on various pathological conditions, including DM. The role of polyphenols in alleviating DN conditions has been documented in many studies. In this review, the potential of polyphenols in ameliorating the progression of DN via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as cellular senescence, has been addressed. This information may be used as the strategies for the management of DN and development as nutraceutical products to overcome DN development.

Genetic, biochemical and histopathological evaluations of thymoquinone on male reproduction system damaged by paclitaxel in Wistar rats

This study was aimed to evaluate therapeutic effects of thymoquinone on male reproductive damages induced by paclitaxel. Forty-eight male rats were divided; control, paclitaxel (4 mg/kg), paclitaxel + thymoquinone (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and thymoquinone (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). Paclitaxel and thymoquinone were administrated intraperitoneally for 4 and 14 days respectively. Then, the testes were removed for H&E staining, sperm parameters and apoptotic genes expression assessments. Serum levels of nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity and testosterone were evaluated, and sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed. Paclitaxel significantly (p < .05) increased nitric oxide, decreased total antioxidant capacity and reduced testosterone levels than control group. Sperm motility, viability and count were significantly (p < .05) reduced in paclitaxel group than control. Co-administration of thymoquinone + paclitaxel caused decreased levels of nitric oxide and increased total antioxidant capacity, testosterone levels and reproductive parameters than paclitaxel group significantly (p < .05). Paclitaxel significantly (p < .05) increased caspase-3 and p-53 and decreased Bcl-2 genes expression than control. Sperm DNA fragmentation index was also increased significantly (p < .05) in paclitaxel group than control, and this value was decreased in whole doses of paclitaxel + thymoquinone groups than paclitaxel. Thymoquinone can alleviate the side effects of paclitaxel on the male reproductive system.

Protective effects of Quercetin and Resveratrol on aging markers in kidney under high glucose condition: in vivo and in vitro analysis

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol and Quercetin as powerful herbal antioxidant reduce kidney complications of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Quercetin and Resveratrol on aging markers in high glucose condition.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, HEK-293 cells and kidney tissue of male Wistar rats were used in hyperglycemia condition. Quercetin and Resveratrol for cell culture and in vivo evaluation were used. Amount of methylglyoxal and the gene and protein expression of the Senescence Marker Protein30 (SMP30) were measured using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. High glucose condition in kidney cell and tissue caused increase in glyoxal amount compared to control sample. Treatment with Resveratrol and/or Quercetin significantly decreased the amount of methylglyoxal in a dose-dependent manner. SMP30 expression significantly decreased compare to control group while treatment with Resveratrol and/or Quercetin considerably increased expression level of the protein. Six weeks treatment with Quercetin and Resveratrol had more beneficial effects on aging markers compared with three weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results, it can be concluded that resveratrol and quercetin, as potent herbal antioxidants, may have significant effects in reducing the complications of diabetes in kidneys, as well as preventing the aging of the kidney cells.

An updated pharmacological insight of resveratrol in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy

As one of the most common complications of diabetes, nephropathy develops in approximately 40% of diabetic individuals. Although end stage kidney disease is known as one of the most consequences of diabetic nephropathy, the majority of diabetic individuals might die from cardiovascular diseases and infections before renal replacement treatment. Moreover, the routine medical treatments for diabetes hold undesirable side effects. The explosive prevalence of diabetes urges clinicians and scientists to investigate the complementary or alternative therapies. Phytochemicals are emerging as alternatives with a wide range of therapeutic effects on various pathologies, including diabetic kidney disease. Of those phytochemicals, resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic stilbene, has been found to exert a broad spectrum of health benefits via various signaling molecules. In particular, resveratrol has gained a great deal of attention because of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, cardiovascular-protective, and anti-tumor properties. In the renal system, emerging evidence shows that resveratrol has already been used to ameliorate chronic or acute kidney injury. This review critically summarizes the current findings and molecular mechanisms of resveratrol in diabetic renal damage. In addition, we will discuss the adverse and inconsistent effects of resveratrol in diabetic nephropathy. Although there is increasing evidence that resveratrol affords great potential in diabetic nephropathy therapy, these results should be treated with caution before its clinical translation. In addition, the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics profiles, such as poor bioavailability, may limit its extensive clinical applications. It is clear that further research is needed to unravel these limitations and improve its efficacy against diabetic nephropathy. Increasing investigation of resveratrol in diabetic kidney disease will not only help us better understand its pharmacological actions, but also provide novel potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Kiwifruit Supplementation Increases the Activity of the Paraoxonase Enzyme and decreases Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in High-Fat Diet Fed Hamsters

Background: It is shown that kiwifruit elevates serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and exhibits beneficial effects on human health due to its antioxidant potential. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of kiwifruit on the activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme, as a main antioxidant enzyme in HDL functionality, in a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: To this end, 42 male Syrian hamsters were divided into 6 groups including hamsters receiving a normal diet (the control normal group), a regular diet supplemented with kiwifruit at two concentrations (i.e., 1.86 g/kg and 3.73 g/kg), a HFD comprised of 15% butterfat + 0.05% cholesterol (the control high-fat group), and a HFD supplemented with kiwifruit at two concentrations (i.e., 1.86 and 3.73 g/kg) for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that supplementation of kiwifruit to the HFD increased the levels of HDL-C and remarkably reduced the concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with the control-HF group. In addition, the paraoxonase activity of PON1 significantly increased in HFD supplemented with kiwifruit (1.86 g/kg), and finally, arylesterase (ARE) activity increased in all treated groups when compared with untreated groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that kiwifruit can improve the lipid profile and prevent oxidative stress-induced by lipid peroxidation in hamsters receiving HFD, thus increasing the ARE and paraoxonase activities of PON1.

Influence of melatonin on the kidneys of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus type 2

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by numerous pathological changes in the body. Under conditions of diabetes, hyperglycemic intoxication of the organism rapidly develops, which in turn leads to an increase of oxidative stress with subsequent disturbance of the anatomical and functional integrity of the components of organisms. Today, the search for the substances that would contribute to the multi-vectoral effect on the negative consequences of diabetes is actively being pursued. Melatonin is one of such substances. In this work, we studied the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress markers (oxidized products content, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase), the concentration of metabolism end products (creatinine and urea), main ions concentration (potassium and chlorine), and protein content (total protein and electropherogram in polyacrylamide gel), enzymatic activity of gamma-glutamyltrasferase in the cytosolic fraction of rat kidneys under condition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (EDM2). Experimental studies were performed on 18 white adult Wistar rats divided into three groups (control, group with EDM2 and group with EDM2, which were treated with melatonin). The increase of concentration of oxidized products, the activity of catalase and gamma-glutamyltrasferase, creatinine, urea, K+ and Cl– and the decrease of concentration of superoxide dismutase in the rats’ kidneys was noted after development of EDM2. The electrophoretic proteinogram of the cytosolic proteins obtained from the rats’ kidneys showed an increase of content of high-molecular-weight and a decrease of low-molecular-weight proteins. Administration of melatonin in a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days after development of EDM2 restored the studied parameters almost to the control group values. Therefore, the influence of melatonin can prevent chronic development of oxidative stress in kidneys under hyperglycemic intoxication, and lead to normalization of kidney function and the restoration of homeostasis.

Accelerated Kidney Aging in Diabetes Mellitus

With aging, the kidney undergoes inexorable and progressive changes in structural and functional performance. These aging-related alterations are more obvious and serious in diabetes mellitus (DM). Renal accelerated aging under DM conditions is associated with multiple stresses such as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The main hallmarks of cellular senescence in diabetic kidneys include cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, telomere shortening, and diabetic nephropathy-associated secretory phenotype. Lysosome-dependent autophagy and antiaging proteins Klotho and Sirt1 play a fundamental role in the accelerated aging of kidneys in DM, among which the autophagy-lysosome system is the convergent mechanism of the multiple antiaging pathways involved in renal aging under DM conditions. Metformin and the inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 are recommended due to their antiaging effects independent of antihyperglycemia, besides angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers. Additionally, diet intervention including low protein and low AGEs with antioxidants are suggested for patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, their long-term benefits still need further study. Exploring the interactive relationships among antiaging protein Klotho, Sirt1, and autophagy-lysosome system may provide insight into better satisfying the urgent medical needs of elderly patients with aging-related DN.

Resveratrol: Evidence for Its Nephroprotective Effect in Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Dietary habits play a major role in determining the onset and progression of DM-related disorders and a proper diet (rich in fruits and vegetables) can delay or prevent the process of DM pathogenesis. Thus, increasing attention has been paid to polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods since their increased intake has been associated with a reduced incidence of DM and its associated complications. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin that is mainly found in grapevines and berries. It is available in various pharmaceutical dosages and is widely recommended as a dietary supplement due to its beneficial effects. Remarkably, resveratrol's capability to effectively lower blood glucose levels without any side effects has been amply demonstrated in many in vitro and in vivo studies. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss the nephroprotective effect of resveratrol during DN and its associated mechanisms. Resveratrol exerts its nephroprotective effects via various mechanisms including reducing oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, stimulating autophagy, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, ameliorating lipotoxicity, activating the AMP kinase (AMPK) pathway, and modulating angiogenesis. Moreover, the use of resveratrol as an adjuvant to conventional antidiabetic therapies could be an effective approach to manage DN in humans. However, evidence is scarce to support whether resveratrol has beneficial effects in humans during DN. Therefore, clinical studies are warranted to elucidate resveratrol's role against DN.

Resveratrol reduces oxidative damage and inflammation in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis

Trichinellosis is a serious food-borne zoonotic infection of cosmopolitan distribution. Currently, treatment for trichinellosis is far from ideal. Given the important role of oxidative stress and immune-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of trichinellosis, this study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) during the intestinal and muscular phases of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. The oral administration of RSV at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for two weeks resulted in significant reductions in both adult and larval counts; significant improvements in the redox status of the small intestine and muscles; a significant reduction in interleukin 4, pentraxin 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression; and the mitigation of intestinal and muscular inflammation. In conclusion, this study identifies RSV as a promising agent for the treatment of experimental trichinellosis, and more studies in experimental animals and humans are worth consideration.

Polyphenols and AGEs/RAGE axis. Trends and challenges

The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is a key pathophysiological event linked not only to the onset and progression of diabetic complications, but also to neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and others important human diseases. AGEs contributions to pathophysiology are mainly through the formation of cross-links and by engaging the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages, and during many years, important efforts have been made to elucidate their beneficial effects on human health, mainly ascribed to their antioxidant activities. In the present review, we highlighted the beneficial actions of polyphenols aimed to diminish the harmful consequences of advanced glycation, mainly by the inhibition of ROS formation during glycation, the inhibition of Schiff base, Amadori products, and subsequent dicarbonyls group formation, the activation of the glyoxalase system, as well as by blocking either AGEs-RAGE interaction or cell signaling.

Redox Signaling and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) in Diet-Related Diseases

Diets are currently characterized by elevated sugar intake, mainly due to the increased consumption of processed sweetened foods and drinks during the last 40 years. Diet is the main source of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). These are toxic compounds formed during the Maillard reaction, which takes place both in vivo, in tissues and fluids under physiological conditions, favored by sugar intake, and ex vivo during food preparation such as baking, cooking, frying or storage. Protein glycation occurs slowly and continuously through life, driving AGE accumulation in tissues during aging. For this reason, AGEs have been proposed as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of diet-related diseases such as diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, kidney injury, and age-related and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs are associated with an increase in oxidative stress since they mediate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increasing the intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide (O₂⁻), and nitric oxide (NO). The interaction of AGEs with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) enhances oxidative stress through ROS production by NADPH oxidases inside the mitochondria. This affects mitochondrial function and ultimately influences cell metabolism under various pathological conditions. This short review will summarize all evidence that relates AGEs and ROS production, their relationship with diet-related diseases, as well as the latest research about the use of natural compounds with antioxidant properties to prevent the harmful effects of AGEs on health.

Advanced Glycation End Products: Potential Mechanism and Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Complications under Diabetes

The occurrence and development of cardiovascular complications are predominantly responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality observed in patients with diabetes. Oxidative stress under hyperglycemia is currently considered the initial link to diabetic cardiovascular complications and a key node for the prevention and treatment of diabetes-related fatal cardiovascular events. Numerous studies have indicated that the common upstream pathway in the context of oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system under diabetic conditions is the interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with their receptors (RAGEs). Therefore, a further understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and AGEs is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes. In this review, we will briefly summarize the recent research advances in diabetes with an emphasis on oxidative stress and its association with AGEs in diabetic cardiovascular complications.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1), a New Potential Target for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Today, the incidence of cancer in the world is rising, and it is expected that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from cancer or (the cancer rate) will double. Cancer is defined as the excessive and uncontrolled growth of cells; of course (in simple terms), cancer is considered to be a set of other diseases that ultimately causes normal cells to be transformed into neoplastic cells. One of the most important causes of the onset and exacerbation of cancer is excessive oxidative stress. One of the most important proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria is Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Modulator 1 (ROMO1) that interferes with the production of ROS, and with increasing the rate of this protein, oxidative stress will increase, which ultimately leads to some diseases, especially cancer. In this overview, we use some global databases to provide information about ROMO1 cellular signaling pathways, their related proteins and molecules, and some of the diseases associated with the mitochondrial protein, especially cancer.

Redox signaling in aging kidney and opportunity for therapeutic intervention through natural products

Kidney diseases are serious public problems with high morbidity and mortality in the general population and heavily retard renal function with aging regardless of the cause. Although myriad strategies have been assigned to prevent or harness disease progression, unfortunately, thus far, there is a paucity of effective therapies partly due to an insufficient knowledge of underlying pathological mechanisms, indicating deeper studies are urgently needed. Additionally, natural products are increasingly recognized as an alternative source for disease intervention owing to the potent safety and efficacy, which might be exploited for novel drug discovery. In this review, we primarily expatiate the new advances on mediators that might be amenable to targeting aging kidney and kidney diseases, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated γ receptor (PPARγ), advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as well as microRNAs and vitagenes. Of note, we conclude by highlighting some natural products which have the potential to facilitate the development of novel treatment for patients with myriad renal diseases.

The impact of resveratrol on toxicity and related complications of advanced glycation end products: A systematic review

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promotes the generation of free radicals, which leads to chronic oxidative stress predisposing to chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and related diseases. This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of resveratrol (RSV) on AGE-induced toxicity and its deleterious consequences. A comprehensive search was performed through literature were published until December 2018 using relevant keywords. The databases that were used for the search were PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. A total of 29 eligible studies were found and included in the review for the analysis. Except one, all studies showed suppressing effects for RSV on the production of AGEs or receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its detrimental consequences including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cellular immune reactions, insulin response, and atherosclerosis. RSV exerts its effects through influencing RAGE, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activities. This review suggests that RSV has got potential to decrease AGEs toxicity and inhibit the AGE-induced complications. More clinical trials are suggested to evaluate the beneficial effect of RSV on AGEs in chronic metabolic diseases.

Blockade of fast A-type and TEA-sensitive potassium channels provide an antiparkinsonian effect in a 6-OHDA animal model

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of K⁺ channels inhibitors in treatment of parkinson’s disease (PD).

Methods:

This prospective comparative study was conducted in the Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from April 2015 to January 2016. Male rats (n=37) received intraperitoneal doses of TEA (2 and 5 mg/kg) or 4-AP (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) twice-daily, before a stereotactic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) for the following 7 days. The 6-OHDA was injected into right medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the rat brains. Development and severity of PD were assessed using the apomorphine-induced rotational test, the elevated body swing test and rotarod tests. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, was measured in rat sera.

Results:

Tetraethylammonium and 4-AP significantly reduced the number of apomorphine-induced rotations and improved motor learning in the rotarod test at both doses. Administration of 4-AP and TEA together was more effective than single administration of either agent. Malondialdehyde measurement showed that pretreatment with TEA could not prevent 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress.

Conclusion:

Our results showed that pretreatment with TEA and 4-AP has a neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.

Elafibranor Inhibits Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in NASH Mice

Identification of new pharmacological approaches to inhibit the excessive fat intake-induced steatohepatitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is important. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatohepatitis and CKD share common pathogenesis involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and -δ. Elafibranor, a dual PPARα/δ agonist, can ameliorate the HFD-induced steatohepatitis. Nonetheless, the effects of HFD-induced CKD had not yet explored. This study investigated the effects of elafibranor (elaf) on the progression of HFD-induced CKD in mice. In vivo and in vitro renal effects were evaluated in HFD-elaf mice receiving 12 weeks of elafibranor (from 13^th to 24^th week of HFD feeding) treatment. In elafibranor-treated HFD mice, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced obesity and body fat mass, decreased severity of steatohepatitis, increased renal expression of PPARα, PPARδ, SIRT1, and autophagy (Beclin-1 and LC3-II) as well as glomerular/renal tubular barrier markers [synaptopodin (podocyte marker), zona occludin-1, and cubulin], reduced renal oxidative stress and caspase-3, and less urinary 8-isoprostanes excretion were observed. Aforementioned benefits of elafibranor were associated with low renal tubular injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis scores, less albuminuria, low urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and preserved glomerular filtration rate. Acute incubation of podocytes and HK-2 cells with elafibranor or recombinant SIRT1 reversed the HFD-sera-induced oxidative stress, autophagy dysfunction, cell apoptosis, barrier marker loss, albumin endocytosis, and reuptake reduction. Besides hepatoprotective and metabolic beneficial effects, current study showed that elafibranor inhibited the progression of HFD-induced CKD through activation of renal PPARα, PPARδ, SIRT1, autophagy, reduction of oxidative stress, and apoptosis in mice with steatohepatitis.

Mechanisms by which fibroblast growth factor 20 improves motor performance in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Genome-wide studies have reported that Parkinson’s disease is associated with abnormal expression of various growth factors. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice aged 10 weeks were used to establish Parkinson’s disease models using an intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. 28 days later, 10 or 100 ng fibroblast growth factor 20 was injected intracerebroventricularly. The electrophysiological changes in the mouse hippocampus were recorded using a full-cell patch clamp. Expression of Kv4.2 in the substantia nigra was analyzed using a western blot assay. Serum malondialdehyde levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The motor coordination of mice was evaluated using the rotarod test. The results showed that fibroblast growth factor 20 decreased A-type potassium current in neurons of the substantia nigra, increased long-term potentiation amplitude in the hippocampus, and downregulated Kv4.2 expression. A high dose of fibroblast growth factor 20 reduced serum malondialdehyde levels and enhanced the motor coordination of mice. These findings confirm that fibroblast growth factor 20 has a therapeutic effect on the toxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and its mechanism of action is associated with the inhibition of A-type K⁺ currents and Kv4.2 expression. All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China in 2017 (approval No. KYLL-2017-0012).

Effect of Resveratrol, a Dietary-Derived Polyphenol, on the Oxidative Stress and Polyol Pathway in the Lens of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes

Resveratrol is found in grapes, apples, blueberries, mulberries, peanuts, pistachios, plums and red wine. Resveratrol has been shown to possess antioxidative activity and a variety of preventive effects in models of many diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate if this substance may counteract the oxidative stress and polyol pathway in the lens of diabetic rats. The study was conducted on the rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. After the administration of resveratrol (10 and 20 mg/kg po for 4 weeks), the oxidative stress markers in the lens were evaluated: activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as levels of total and soluble protein, level of glutathione, vitamin C, calcium, sulfhydryl group, advanced oxidation protein products, malonyldialdehyde, Total Oxidant Status and Total Antioxidant Reactivity. The obtained results indicate that the administration of resveratrol to the diabetic rats shows antioxidative properties. It is not a result of antiglycaemic activity but resveratrol probably directly affects the antioxidative system. Resveratrol did not affect the polyol pathway in the lens of diabetic rats. Our results may indirectly indicate benefits of consumption of foods as well as dietary supplements containing resveratrol in diminishing oxidative stress in lenses of individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus.

Gene Expression of Sirtuin-1 and Endogenous Secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Healthy and Slightly Overweight Subjects after Caloric Restriction and Resveratrol Administration

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) and an endogenous secretory receptor for an advanced glycation end product (esRAGE) are associated with vascular protection. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resveratrol (RSV) and caloric restriction (CR) on gene expression of Sirt-1 and esRAGE on serum levels of Sirt1 and esRAGE in healthy and slightly overweight subjects. The study included 48 healthy subjects randomized to 30 days of RSV (500 mg/day) or CR (1000 cal/day). Waist circumference (p = 0.011), TC (p = 0.007), HDL (p = 0.031), non-HDL (p = 0.025), ApoA1 (p = 0.011), and ApoB (p = 0.037) decreased in the CR group. However, TC (p = 0.030), non-HDL (p = 0.010), ApoB (p = 0.034), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.038) increased in the RSV group. RSV and CR increased serum levels of Sirt-1, respectively, from 1.06 ± 0.71 ng/mL to 5.75 ± 2.98 ng/mL (p < 0.0001) and from 1.65 ± 1.81 ng/mL to 5.80 ± 2.23 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). esRAGE serum levels were similar in RSV (p = NS) and CR (p = NS) groups. Significant positive correlation was observed between gene expression changes of Sirt-1 and esRAGE in RSV (r = 0.86; p < 0.0001) and in CR (r = 0.71; p < 0.0001) groups, but not for the changes in serum concentrations. CR promoted increases in the gene expression of esRAGE (post/pre). Future long-term studies are needed to evaluate the impact of these outcomes on vascular health.

Biological Activities of Stilbenoids

Stilbenoids are a group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in various plant species. They share a common backbone structure known as stilbene, but differ in the nature and position of substituents. Stilbenoids are classified as phytoalexins, which are antimicrobial compounds produced de novo in plants to protect against fungal infection and toxins. In this review, the biological effects of stilbenoids such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, gnetol and piceatannol are discussed. Stilbenoids exert various biological activities ranging from cardioprotection, neuroprotection, anti-diabetic properties, depigmentation, anti-inflammation, cancer prevention and treatment. The results presented cover a myriad of models, from cell culture to animal studies as well as clinical human trials. Although positive results were obtained in most cell culture and animal studies, further human studies are needed to substantiate beneficial effects of stilbenoids. Resveratrol remains the most widely studied stilbenoid. However, there is limited information regarding the potential of less common stilbenoids. Therefore, further research is warranted to evaluate the salutary effects of various stilbenoids.

Silymarin Attenuates ELMO-1 and KIM-1 Expression and Oxidative Stress in the Kidney of Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

Chronic diabetes mellitus is accompanied with overexpression of ELMO1 and KIM1 and enhanced oxidative stress. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of administration of silymarin on oxidative stress markers and ELMO1 and KIM1 expression in the kidney tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: Control, silymarin-treated control (60 and 120 mg/kg/day), diabetic, and silymarin-treated diabetic groups (60 and 120 mg/kg/day). Tissue levels of oxidative stress and biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Lipid peroxidation levels in the kidney tissue were measured by fluorometric method. Insulin was determined using immunoassay. Gene expression analysis was determined by qPCR technique. The level of expression of ELMO1 and KIM1 in the diabetic groups treated with silymarin was significantly reduced (P < 0.001). Total antioxidant levels and thiol groups contents increased (P < 0.001) dramatically in treated groups. A significant decrease in tissue levels of malondialdehyde and total oxidant were observed in the silymarin treated diabetic rats (P < 0.001). The results showed that the urinary amount of protein in the treatment groups was significantly lower than of diabetic control (P < 0.001). These results indicate that silymarin has a blood glucose lowering effect and, due to its antioxidant properties, increases the antioxidant parameters and reduces the oxidant markers. The administration of silymarin has beneficial effects on kidney of diabetic rats with reduction of ELMO1 and KIM1expression.

Trans-resveratrol mitigates type 1 diabetes-induced oxidative DNA damage and accumulation of advanced glycation end products in glomeruli and tubules of rat kidneys

Hyperglycemia induces the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGEs), which alter several intracellular signaling mechanisms leading to the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. The present study focused on, i) modulatory effects of trans-resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) on structural changes, AGE (N^Ɛ-carboxymethyl-lysine), RAGE, oxidative stress and DNA damage, and apoptosis, and ii) localization of fibrotic changes, AGE, RAGE, 8-oxo-dG and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in diabetic rat kidneys. Resveratrol (5mg/kg; po, administered during last 45days of 90-day-long hyperglycemic period) administration to streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats reduced renal hypertrophy and structural changes (tubular atrophy, mesangial expansion or shrinkage, diffuse glomerulonephritis, and fibrosis), AGE accumulation, oxidative stress and DNA damage (8-oxo-dG), 4-HNE, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3, but not the RAGE expression. The AGE accumulated in the mesangium, vascular endothelium, and proximal convoluted tubules and less intensely in distal convoluted tubules of diabetic rat kidneys. The RAGE expression increased in the convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of diabetic rat kidneys, but not in the mesangium. Diabetes increased the expression of 8-oxo-dG in nuclei and cytoplasm of renal cells, and 4-HNE in glomeruli, convoluted tubules, the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. Hyperglycemia-induced AGE-RAGE axis and oxidative stress in turn induced apoptosis in diabetic kidneys. Resveratrol mitigated all diabetic effects except the RAGE expression. In conclusion, Resveratrol significantly alleviates diabetes-induced glycation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis to inhibit the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Resveratrol supplementation may be useful to hinder the onset and progression of diabetic kidney diseases.

Resveratrol Does Not Protect from Ischemia-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in an in Vivo Rat Model

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) has been shown to ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced damage. Therefore, a rat model of I/R-induced AKI equipped with intensive monitoring was utilized to examine direct renal protection by RSV in vivo.

METHODS

AKI was induced by bilateral renal clamping (45 min) followed by reperfusion (3 h). Solvent-free RSV was continuously infused intravenously (0.056 and 0.28 mg/kg) in a total volume of 7 ml/kg/h starting from 30 min before renal clamping. At a mean arterial blood pressure below 70 mmHg for more than 5 min, bolus injections of 0.5 ml 0.9% NaCl solution were administered repetitively (max. 5 ml/kg/h).

RESULTS

No differences could be found between normoxic control groups with/without RSV. Bilateral renal clamping and subsequent reperfusion caused a progressive rise in creatinine, cystatin C, and CK, a decrease in cellular ATP content and diuresis. Infusion of RSV increased sirtuin 1 expression after ischemia/reperfusion and was associated with decreased blood pressure during ischemia and early reperfusion accompanied by an increased requirement of bolus injections as well as with increased expression of TNFα.

CONCLUSION

RSV did not exert protective effects on I/R-induced AKI in the present short-term in vivo rat model. The lack of protection is potentially connected to aggravation of blood pressure instability.

Resveratrol and Amyloid-Beta: Mechanistic Insights

The amyloid-beta (Aβ) hypothesis that dyshomeostasis between Aβ production and clearance is a very early, key molecular factor in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed and examined in the AD research field. Scientists have focused on seeking natural products or drugs to influence the dynamic equilibrium of Aβ, targeting production and clearance of Aβ. There is emerging evidence that resveratrol (Res), a naturally occurring polyphenol mainly found in grapes and red wine, acts on AD in numerous in vivo and in vitro models. Res decreases the amyloidogenic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), enhances clearance of amyloid beta-peptides, and reduces Aβ aggregation. Moreover, Res also protects neuronal functions through its antioxidant properties. This review discusses the action of Res on Aβ production, clearance and aggregation and multiple potential mechanisms, providing evidence of the useful of Res for AD treatment.

Resveratrol ameliorates oxidative stress and organ dysfunction in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice

Schistosoma mansoni causes a major chronic debilitating disease in more than 230 million people around the world. The pathognomonic granuloma is a major cause of the oxidative stress encountered as a consequence of infection not only in the liver, but also in other important organs as spleen, lung, brain and kidney. Resveratrol administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg once daily for two weeks to mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni resulted in improvement in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Enzymatic antioxidant profile showed significant modulations in Superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and reduced glutathione levels. Specific biomarkers for homeostasis of brain and lung i.e. Tau and RAGE respectively, showed significant improvement after resveratrol administration.

Increased Expression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) Is Associated with Advanced Breast Cancer Stage

BACKGROUND

The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a multiligand transmembrane receptor that is overexpressed in various pathological conditions including cancers. However, the expression pattern of RAGE in breast cancer tumors is still not completely clear.

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the expression levels of RAGE in 25 fresh-frozen breast cancer samples and corresponding noncancerous tissue samples collected from breast cancer patients, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, we performed immunohistochemistry on breast cancer specimens.

RESULTS

The results indicate a high expression of the RAGE-encoding gene in the cancerous tissues. RAGE expression at the mRNA and protein levels was statistically significantly up-regulated in advanced-stage and triple-negative breast tumors and node-positive tissues compared with other tissues (p < 0.001). A significant association between RAGE expression and tumor size was observed (p = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of RAGE in advanced-stage tumors may be a useful biomarker for diagnosis and the prediction of breast cancer progression.

Emerging Liver-Kidney Interactions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Mounting evidence connects non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to chronic kidney disease (CKD). We review emerging mechanistic links between NAFLD and CKD, including altered activation of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2, nutrient/energy sensors sirtuin-1 and AMP-activated kinase, as well as impaired antioxidant defense mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Dietary fructose excess may also contribute to NAFLD and CKD. NAFLD affects renal injury through lipoprotein dysmetabolism and altered secretion of the hepatokines fibroblast growth factor-21, fetuin-A, insulin-like growth factor-1, and syndecan-1. CKD may mutually aggravate NAFLD and associated metabolic disturbances through altered intestinal barrier function and microbiota composition, the accumulation of uremic toxic metabolites, and alterations in pre-receptor glucocorticoid metabolism. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for the treatment of NAFLD and CKD.

Resveratrol alleviates endotoxemia-associated adrenal insufficiency by suppressing oxidative/nitrative stress

We have recently demonstrated that endotoxin causes oxidative stress and overproduction of nitric oxide in adrenal glands, thereby leading to adrenocortical insufficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of resveratrol, a natural plant polyphenol with anti-oxidant and anti-nitrative properties, on endotoxemia-associated adrenocortical insufficiency. Resveratrol was administered immediately before injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty four hours later, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests was been performed to measure the plasma corticosterone level and the adrenal gland tissues were collected for histopathologic examination, and determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite production. Treatment with resveratrol significantly inhibited endotoxemia-induced iNOS expression, NO production, and peroxynitrite formation and also attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress in the adrenal gland, as evidenced by the decrease of pro-oxidant biomarker (MDA), and the increases of anti-oxidant biomarkers (T-AOC, CAT and SOD activity). H&E staining demonstrated that administration of LPS resulted in increased into the adrenal gland. H&E-stained sections of adrenal glands demonstrated signs of leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage during endotoxemia, which were significantly improved by resveratrol treatment. In addition, resveratrol reversed the LPS-induced downregulation of ACTH receptor and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in adrenal gland, as well as adrenocortical hyporesponsiveness to ACTH. Resveratrol exerts protective effects against endotoxemia-associated adrenocortical insufficiency by suppressing oxidative/nitrative stress. These findings support the potential for resveratrol as a possible pharmacological agent to improve adrenocortical insufficiency resulting from oxidative/nitrative damage.

Antidiabetic Effects of Resveratrol: The Way Forward in Its Clinical Utility

Despite recent advances in the understanding and management of diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of the disease is increasing unabatedly with resulting disabling and life-reducing consequences to the global human population. The limitations and side effects associated with current antidiabetic therapies have necessitated the search for novel therapeutic agents. Due to the multipathogenicity of diabetes mellitus, plant-derived compounds with proven multiple pharmacological actions have been postulated to "hold the key" in the search for an affordable, efficacious, and safer therapeutic agent in the treatment of the disease and associated complications. Resveratrol, a phytoalexin present in few plant species, has demonstrated beneficial antidiabetic effects in animals and humans through diverse mechanisms and multiple molecular targets. However, despite the enthusiasm and widespread successes achieved with the use of resveratrol in animal models of diabetes mellitus, there are extremely limited clinical data to confirm the antidiabetic qualities of resveratrol. This review presents an update on the mechanisms of action and protection of resveratrol in diabetes mellitus, highlights challenges in its clinical utility, and suggests the way forward in translating the promising preclinical data to a possible antidiabetic drug in the near future.

Resveratrol relieves gestational diabetes mellitus in mice through activating AMPK

BACKGROUND

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease often manifests in mid to late pregnancy with symptoms including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and fetal mal-development. The C57BL/KsJ-Lep (db/+) (db/+) mouse is a genetic GDM model that closely mimicked human GDM symptoms. Resveratrol (RV) is a naturally existing compound that has been reported to exhibit beneficial effects in treating type-2 diabetes.

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the effect of RV on the pregnant db/+ GDM mouse model, and the underlying molecular mechanism.

RESULTS

RV greatly improved glucose metabolism, insulin tolerance and reproductive outcome of the pregnant db/+ females. Moreover, we found that RV relieved GDM symptoms through enhancing AMPK activation, which in turn reduced production and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in both pregnant db/+ females and their offspring.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings further supported the potential therapeutic effect of RV on not only diabetes, but also alleviating GDM.