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Drummond BE, Ercanbrack WS, Wingert RA. Modeling Podocyte Ontogeny and Podocytopathies with the Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010009. [PMID: 36810461 PMCID: PMC9944608 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are exquisitely fashioned kidney cells that serve an essential role in the process of blood filtration. Congenital malformation or damage to podocytes has dire consequences and initiates a cascade of pathological changes leading to renal disease states known as podocytopathies. In addition, animal models have been integral to discovering the molecular pathways that direct the development of podocytes. In this review, we explore how researchers have used the zebrafish to illuminate new insights about the processes of podocyte ontogeny, model podocytopathies, and create opportunities to discover future therapies.
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Liu C, Li Y, Wang X. TDAG51-Deficiency Podocytes are Protected from High-Glucose-Induced Damage Through Nrf2 Activation via the AKT-GSK-3β Pathway. Inflammation 2022; 45:1520-1533. [PMID: 35175494 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) has been implicated in the development of various pathological conditions. However, whether TDAG51 plays a role in diabetic renal disease remains unknown. The current work investigated the possible function of TDAG51 in diabetic renal disease using high-glucose (HG)-stimulated podocytes in vitro. The elevation of TDAG51 was observed in podocytes in response to HG exposure and the glomeruli of diabetic mice. The siRNAs targeting TDAG51 were applied to deplete TDAG51 in HG-stimulated podocytes. Crucially, TDAG51 deficiency was sufficient to decrease the apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation caused by HG. Mechanically, the inhibition of TDAG51 was capable of enhancing the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) associated with the upregulation of AKT-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) pathway. The reduction of AKT abolished the activation of Nrf2 elicited by TDAG51 deficiency. Additionally, the reduction of Nrf2 diminished the anti-HG injury effect elicited by TDAG51 deficiency. Overall, these data demonstrate that TDAG51 deficiency defends against HG-induced podocyte damage through Nrf2 activation by regulating AKT-GSK-3β pathway. This study suggests that TDAG1 may have a potential role in diabetic renal disease by affecting HG-induced podocyte damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yanling Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
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Wang Q, Li R, Xiao Z, Hou C. Lycopene attenuates high glucose-mediated apoptosis in MPC5 podocytes by promoting autophagy via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2870-2878. [PMID: 32765784 PMCID: PMC7401945 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury serves an important role during the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and lycopene (Lyc) may display a potential protective effect against DN progression. The effects of Lyc on high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood; therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of Lyc on HG-induced MPC5 podocyte apoptosis and the underlying mechanism. In the present study, MPC5 podocytes were exposed to HG and different doses of Lyc. MPC5 podocyte viability and apoptosis were assessed by performing the MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. To explore the effects of Lyc on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and autophagy, LY294002 (LY) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were used as PI3K and autophagy inhibitors, respectively. The expression levels of nephrin, podocin, apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3), autophagy-related proteins [Beclin-1 and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)II/LC3I] and certain key proteins involved in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were measured via western blotting. The results suggested that Lyc reversed the inhibitory effect of HG on cell viability, and the protein expression levels of nephrin and podocin, as well as the promoting effect of HG on MPC5 podocyte apoptosis. In addition, under HG conditions, Lyc upregulated the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT, and reduced HG- and LY-mediated MPC5 podocyte apoptosis. Moreover, Lyc further increased HG-induced protein expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3II/LC3I, and attenuated LY-mediated inhibition of HG-induced MPC5 podocyte autophagy. In addition, the effects of Lyc on HG-mediated MPC5 podocyte apoptosis were alleviated by 3-MA. Therefore, the present study suggested that Lyc may protect against HG-induced MPC5 podocyte apoptosis by promoting autophagy activity via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 255610, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nephrology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 255610, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 255610, P.R. China
| | - Cun Hou
- Department of Nephrology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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4
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Yu S, Choi WI, Choi YJ, Kim HY, Hildebrandt F, Gee HY. PLCE1 regulates the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of podocytes. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:594-603. [PMID: 32238860 PMCID: PMC7210307 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PLCE1 encodes phospholipase C epsilon, and its mutations cause recessive nephrotic syndrome. However, the mechanisms by which PLCE1 mutations result in defects associated with glomerular function are not clear. To address this, we investigated the function of PLCE1 in podocytes called glomerular epithelial cells, where the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome converges. PLCE1 colocalized with Rho GTPases in glomeruli. Further, it interacted with Rho GTPases through the pleckstrin homology domain and Ras GTP-binding domains 1/2. Knockdown or knockout of PLCE1 in podocytes resulted in decreased levels of GTP-bound Rac1 and Cdc42, but not those of RhoA, and caused a reduction in cell migration. PLCE1 interacted with NCK2 but not with NCK1. Similar to the PLCE1 knockout, NCK2 knockout resulted in decreased podocyte migration. Knockout of PLCE1 reduced the EGF-induced activation of ERK and cell proliferation in podocytes, whereas knockout of NCK2 did not affect proliferation. Further, the knockout of PLCE1 also resulted in decreased expression of podocyte markers, including NEPH1, NPHS1, WT1, and SYNPO, upon differentiation, but the knockout of NCK2 did not affect the expression of these markers. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that PLCE1 regulates Rho GTPase activity and cell migration through interacting with NCK2 and that PLCE1 also plays a role in the proliferation and differentiation of podocytes, regardless of the presence of NCK2. A genetic mutation associated with kidney disease impairs the maturation and migration of cells that filter waste products out of the blood. Tiny tendrils from kidney cells called podocytes establish a tight meshwork that keeps blood proteins in circulation while allowing unwanted contaminants to pass through. Mutations in the PLCE1 gene disrupt this filter, leading to a disorder called nephrotic syndrome Researchers led by Heon Yung Gee at Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, have uncovered mechanisms underlying this malfunction. Working with cultured podocytes, they showed that loss of PLCE1 impairs cell migration, potentially undermining their ability to form a meshwork. The researchers also found that the protein encoded by PLCE1 interacts with other molecules that promote cell division and maturation, revealing another mechanism by which mutations could contribute to loss of podocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yo Jun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hye-Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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5
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Lu XY, Liu BC, Cao YZ, Song C, Su H, Chen G, Klein JD, Zhang HX, Wang LH, Ma HP. High glucose reduces expression of podocin in cultured human podocytes by stimulating TRPC6. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1605-F1611. [PMID: 31566428 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00215.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel and podocin are colocalized in the glomerular slit diaphragm as an important complex to maintain podocyte function. Gain of TRPC6 function and loss of podocin function induce podocyte injury. We have previously shown that high glucose induces apoptosis of podocytes by activating TRPC6; however, whether the activated TRPC6 can alter podocin expression remains unknown. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy were used to examine both expression levels of TRPC6, podocin, and nephrin and morphological changes of podocytes in response to high glucose. High glucose increased the expression of TRPC6 but reduced the expression of podocin and nephrin, in both cultured human podocytes and type 1 diabetic rat kidneys. The decreased podocin was diminished in TRPC6 knockdown podocytes. High glucose elevated intracellular Ca2+ in control podocytes but not in TRPC6 knockdown podocytes. High glucose also elevated the expression of a tight junction protein, zonula occludens-1, and induced the redistribution of zonula occludens-1 and loss of podocyte processes. These data together suggest that high glucose reduces protein levels of podocin by activating TRPC6 and induces morphological changes of cultured podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Lu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bing-Chen Liu
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ze Cao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Song
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guangping Chen
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Janet D Klein
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hui-Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Arif E, Nihalani D. Beta2-adrenergic receptor in kidney biology: A current prospective. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:497-503. [PMID: 30848004 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2 -AR) is a G-protein-coupled adrenergic receptor family member, whose clinical significance has been extensively investigated in lung, cardiovascular and muscular diseases, but its role in kidney biology remains understudied. In this review, we discuss some of the recent studies, where the effect of agonist/antagonist-mediated activation/inhibition of β2 -AR on disease pathogenesis process was studied, and highlighted the role of β2 -AR in kidney biology. The expression of β2 -AR has been noted in many kidney subunits including proximal tubules, glomeruli and podocytes. In vivo studies have shown that in cultured proximal tubules β2 -AR is involved in Na-ATPase activity and transcellular Na-transport through protein kinase-C activation; whereas in cultured podocytes, it was associated with depolarization of the membrane. The animal studies further revealed that β2 -AR activation by short-acting β2 agonists attenuated monocyte activation, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses through β-arrestin2 dependent NF-kB inactivation in diabetic kidney disease; in contrast, activation by long-acting β2 agonists restored mitochondrial and renal function in the acute kidney injury mice models through PGC-1α dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, the activation of β2 -AR may present a rapidly developing therapeutic target for renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Arif
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Deepak Nihalani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Comprehensive and Systematic Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns Associated with Body Mass Index. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7447. [PMID: 31092860 PMCID: PMC6520409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors are suggested to influence overweight and obesity risks. Although individual loci and genes have been frequently shown to be associated with body mass index (BMI), the overall interaction of these genes and their role in BMI remains underexplored. Data were collected in 90 healthy, predominately Caucasian participants (51% female) with a mean age of 26.00 ± 9.02 years. Whole blood samples were assayed by Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. We integrated and analyzed the clinical and microarray gene expression data from those individuals to understand various systematic gene expression patterns underlying BMI. Conventional differential expression analysis identified seven genes RBM20, SEPT12, AX748233, SLC30A3, WTIP, CASP10, and OR12D3 associated with BMI. Weight gene co-expression network analysis among 4,647 expressed genes identified two gene modules associated with BMI. These two modules, with different extents of gene connectivity, are enriched for catabolic and muscle system processes respectively, and tend to be regulated by zinc finger transcription factors. A total of 246 hub genes were converted to non-hub genes, and 286 non-hub genes were converted to hub genes between normal and overweight individuals, revealing the network dynamics underlying BMI. A total of 28 three-way gene interactions were identified, suggesting the existence of high-order gene expression patterns underlying BMI. Our study demonstrated a variety of systematic gene expression patterns associated with BMI and thus provided novel understanding regarding the genetic factors for overweight and obesity risks on system levels.
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8
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Chen Z, Zhang Y, Zhao X. FAM40A alters the cytoskeleton of podocytes in familial focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis by regulating F-actin and nephrin. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:165-173. [PMID: 30697267 PMCID: PMC6348344 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FFSGS) was found in a large cohort of patients in our previous study. Under the sponsorship of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, we conducted linkage analysis and full exon sequencing on the genomes of 54 patients diagnosed with FFSGS. The results revealed a FAM40A gene signature in those patients. To determine whether FAM40A was associated with podocyte lesions and whether changes in the podocyte cytoskeleton could affect podocyte function, mouse podocytes (MPs) were used in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS FAM40A silencing, over-expression and mutant-type over-expression models of renal MPs were established, whereby roles of wild-type FAM40A and mutant FAM40A (c.1562T>C, p521M>T) in regulating the function of the MP cytoskeleton were explored by using cellular immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS FAM40A was expressed and localized in MPs and significantly enriched in the nucleus and perinuclear zone. Changes of FAM40A expression altered the morphology of the MPs and their cytoskeletal organization, which was characterized by disordered distribution of F-actin, loss of the foot process architecture and the functional protein of the slit diaphragm nephrin (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). FAM40A mutation (p521M>T) led to the formation of round and blunt morphology of the MPs and loss of the foot-process structure. In addition, expression of the cytoskeletal protein F-actin was increased and concentrated in FAM40A mutated cells, whereas the expression of nephrin decreased in those cells (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS FAM40A played an important role in maintaining the normal morphology and function of MPs by stabilizing the cytoskeleton of MPs. Moreover, mutant FAM40A (p521M>T) was able to alter the morphology and cytoskeleton of the MPs, and to decrease the expression of nephrin, which may be the main factor contributing to FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Kidney Institute of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Kidney Institute of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Yangpu District Central Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Kidney Institute of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Shanghai, China
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9
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Liu C, Hu Y, Lin J, Fu H, Lim LY, Yuan Z. Targeting strategies for drug delivery to the kidney: From renal glomeruli to tubules. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:561-578. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Ping Liu
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu China
| | - You Hu
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu China
| | - Ju‐Chun Lin
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu China
| | - Hua‐Lin Fu
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu China
| | - Lee Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, Centre for Optimization of Medicines, School of Allied Health, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley Australia
| | - Zhi‐Xiang Yuan
- Department of PharmacyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu China
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10
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Embry AE, Liu Z, Henderson JM, Byfield FJ, Liu L, Yoon J, Wu Z, Cruz K, Moradi S, Gillombardo CB, Hussain RZ, Doelger R, Stuve O, Chang AN, Janmey PA, Bruggeman LA, Miller RT. Similar Biophysical Abnormalities in Glomeruli and Podocytes from Two Distinct Models. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1501-1512. [PMID: 29572404 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FSGS is a pattern of podocyte injury that leads to loss of glomerular function. Podocytes support other podocytes and glomerular capillary structure, oppose hemodynamic forces, form the slit diaphragm, and have mechanical properties that permit these functions. However, the biophysical characteristics of glomeruli and podocytes in disease remain unclear.Methods Using microindentation, atomic force microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative RT-PCR, and a three-dimensional collagen gel contraction assay, we studied the biophysical and structural properties of glomeruli and podocytes in chronic (Tg26 mice [HIV protein expression]) and acute (protamine administration [cytoskeletal rearrangement]) models of podocyte injury.Results Compared with wild-type glomeruli, Tg26 glomeruli became progressively more deformable with disease progression, despite increased collagen content. Tg26 podocytes had disordered cytoskeletons, markedly abnormal focal adhesions, and weaker adhesion; they failed to respond to mechanical signals and exerted minimal traction force in three-dimensional collagen gels. Protamine treatment had similar but milder effects on glomeruli and podocytes.Conclusions Reduced structural integrity of Tg26 podocytes causes increased deformability of glomerular capillaries and limits the ability of capillaries to counter hemodynamic force, possibly leading to further podocyte injury. Loss of normal podocyte mechanical integrity could injure neighboring podocytes due to the absence of normal biophysical signals required for podocyte maintenance. The severe defects in podocyte mechanical behavior in the Tg26 model may explain why Tg26 glomeruli soften progressively, despite increased collagen deposition, and may be the basis for the rapid course of glomerular diseases associated with severe podocyte injury. In milder injury (protamine), similar processes occur but over a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addie E Embry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhenan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Jefferson Byfield
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joonho Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katrina Cruz
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Moradi
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rihanna Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Audrey N Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - R Tyler Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; .,Department of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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11
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Li J, Wang B, Zhou G, Yan X, Zhang Y. Tetrahydroxy Stilbene Glucoside Alleviates High Glucose-Induced MPC5 Podocytes Injury Through Suppression of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355:588-596. [PMID: 29891042 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrahydroxy stilbene glucoside (TSG) is an active ingredient of Heshouwu and is an antioxidant. The underlying mechanisms of the renoprotective effect of TSG in diabetic nephropathy have not been previously reported. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of TSG in preventing podocytes injury in high glucose (HG) condition. METHODS Cultured mouse podocytes (MPC5) were incubated in HG (30mmol/L) plus various concentration of TSG (0.1, 1 and 10μM) for 48 hours. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence intensity, caspase-3 activity and the mRNA expression of nephrin in cultured podocytes were determined. The protein expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammsome, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nephrin was detected by Western blot. RESULTS When the podocytes were incubated with various concentrations of TSG under HG conditions for 48 hours, TSG decreased ROS production, MDA levels, TUNEL fluorescence intensity and caspase-3 activity, but increased cell viability and the expression of nephrin in HG-induced podocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, the podocytes treated with TSG at 10 μΜ decreased the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β compared with that of control. Furthermore, the podocytes transfected with NLRP3- small interfering RNA (siRNA) exhibited a significant decrease in the expression of caspase-1 and IL-1β, but exhibited a significant increase in the expression of nephrin. Eventually, TSG significantly increased the expression of nephrin in IL-1β-treated podocytes. CONCLUSIONS TSG attenuates high glucose-induced cell apoptosis in vitro partly through the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 264200, Weihai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 264200, Weihai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guangjie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 264200, Weihai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiujuan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 264200, Weihai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Weihai Municipal Hospital, 264200, Weihai, Shandong Province, China.
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12
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Liu YC, Chun J. Prospects for Precision Medicine in Glomerulonephritis Treatment. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2018; 5:2054358117753617. [PMID: 29449955 PMCID: PMC5808958 DOI: 10.1177/2054358117753617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Glomerulonephritis (GN) consists of a group of kidney diseases that are categorized based on shared histopathological features. The current classifications for GN make it difficult to distinguish the individual variability in presentation, disease progression, and response to treatment. GN is a significant cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and improved therapies are desperately needed because current immunosuppressive therapies sometimes lack efficacy and can lead to significant toxicities. In recent years, the combination of high-throughput genetic approaches and technological advances has identified important regulators contributing to GN. Objectives: In this review, we summarize recent findings in podocyte biology and advances in experimental approaches that have opened the possibility of precision medicine in GN treatment. We provide an integrative basic science and clinical overview of new developments in GN research and the discovery of potential candidates for targeted therapies in GN. Findings: Advances in podocyte biology have identified many candidates for therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers of glomerular disease. The goal of precision medicine in GN is now being pursued with recent technological improvements in genetics, accessibility of biologic and clinical information with tissue biobanks, high-throughput analysis of large-scale data sets, and new human model systems such as kidney organoids. Conclusion: With advances in data collection, technologies, and experimental model systems, we now have vast tools available to pursue precision medicine in GN. We anticipate a growing number of studies integrating data from high-throughput analysis with the development of diagnostic tools and targeted therapies for GN in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Cherry Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Chun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Chen X, Xu Y, Cheng Z, Su H, Liu X, Xu D, Kapron C, Liu J. Low-dose cadmium activates the JNK signaling pathway in human renal podocytes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2359-2365. [PMID: 29393374 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxin. Our previous study demonstrated that low‑dose Cd damages the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Podocytes are a major component of the GFB, which regulate the passage of proteins. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low‑dose Cd on human renal podocytes (HRPs). HRPs were treated with Cd and activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was examined by western blot analysis. Proliferation, viability and apoptosis of HRPs were evaluated by MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The properties of HRPs were validated by immunofluorescence staining and Phalloidin‑labeling. The results indicated that 4 µM Cd may activate the JNK pathway, and increase the protein expression levels of c‑Jun and c‑Fos. However, proliferation, viability, apoptosis and alignment of the F‑actin cytoskeleton in HRPs were not significantly affected by Cd treatment, with or without SP600125 pretreatment. In addition, the expression levels of CD2‑associated protein and synaptopodin, which are differentiation markers of HRPs, remained unchanged following Cd treatment. These results indicated that low‑dose Cd activates the JNK pathway but does not significantly affect HRP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Chen
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yinghua Xu
- School of Graduate Studies, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Zuowang Cheng
- School of Graduate Studies, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Cardiography, Binzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Carolyn Kapron
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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14
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Unraveling the podocyte injury in lupus nephritis: Clinical and experimental approaches. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017; 46:632-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Ha TS. Genetics of hereditary nephrotic syndrome: a clinical review. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2017; 60:55-63. [PMID: 28392820 PMCID: PMC5383633 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2017.60.3.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in podocytology and genetic techniques have expanded our understanding of the pathogenesis of hereditary steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). In the past 20 years, over 45 genetic mutations have been identified in patients with hereditary SRNS. Genetic mutations on structural and functional molecules in podocytes can lead to serious injury in the podocytes themselves and in adjacent structures, causing sclerotic lesions such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or diffuse mesangial sclerosis. This paper provides an update on the current knowledge of podocyte genes involved in the development of hereditary nephrotic syndrome and, thereby, reviews genotype-phenotype correlations to propose an approach for appropriate mutational screening based on clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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16
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Reproducibility of the NEPTUNE descriptor-based scoring system on whole-slide images and histologic and ultrastructural digital images. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:671-84. [PMID: 27102348 PMCID: PMC5515468 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The multicenter Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) digital pathology scoring system employs a novel and comprehensive methodology to document pathologic features from whole-slide images, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural digital images. To estimate inter- and intra-reader concordance of this descriptor-based approach, data from 12 pathologists (eight NEPTUNE and four non-NEPTUNE) with experience from training to 30 years were collected. A descriptor reference manual was generated and a webinar-based protocol for consensus/cross-training implemented. Intra-reader concordance for 51 glomerular descriptors was evaluated on jpeg images by seven NEPTUNE pathologists scoring 131 glomeruli three times (Tests I, II, and III), each test following a consensus webinar review. Inter-reader concordance of glomerular descriptors was evaluated in 315 glomeruli by all pathologists; interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (244 cases, whole-slide images) and four ultrastructural podocyte descriptors (178 cases, jpeg images) were evaluated once by six and five pathologists, respectively. Cohen's kappa for inter-reader concordance for 48/51 glomerular descriptors with sufficient observations was moderate (0.40<kappa≤0.60) for 17 and good (0.60<kappa≤0.80) for 8, for 52% with moderate or better kappas. Clustering of glomerular descriptors based on similar pathologic features improved concordance. Concordance was independent of years of experience, and increased with webinar cross-training. Excellent concordance was achieved for interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Moderate-to-excellent concordance was achieved for all ultrastructural podocyte descriptors, with good-to-excellent concordance for descriptors commonly used in clinical practice, foot process effacement, and microvillous transformation. NEPTUNE digital pathology scoring system enables novel morphologic profiling of renal structures. For all histologic and ultrastructural descriptors tested with sufficient observations, moderate-to-excellent concordance was seen for 31/54 (57%). Descriptors not sufficiently represented will require further testing. This study proffers the NEPTUNE digital pathology scoring system as a model for standardization of renal biopsy interpretation extendable outside the NEPTUNE consortium, enabling international collaborations.
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17
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Mao N, Tan RZ, Wang SQ, Wei C, Shi XL, Fan JM, Wang L. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits angiotensin II-induced podocyte autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/PI3K pathway. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:917-25. [PMID: 27296076 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches have reported the extensive pharmacological activities of Ginsenoside Rg1 including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Furthermore Rg1 was also shown to protect various kinds of cells from self-digestion by its anti-autophagy activity. In previous studies, angiotensin II (Ang II), a key mediator of renin-angiotensin system, has been demonstrated to contribute to the progression of renal injury including abnormal autophagy. However, whether Rg1 can relieve Ang II-induced autophagy in podocyte as well as the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we employed Ang II-treated podocyte as a model to investigate the effect of Rg1 on autophagy and the involved signal pathways. In the present study, we found that Ang II strongly promoted autophagy in immortalized mouse podocyte cells by observing the formation of autophagosomes and detecting the expression of autophagic marker, for example, LC3-II. Notably, compared to the Ang II-treated cells, treatment with Rg1 significantly inhibited the formation of autophagosomes and expression of autophagy-related proteins in Ang II pre-treated podocyte. Meanwhile, Rg1 downregulated the activity of AMPK and GSK-3β and upregulated the activity of P70S6K in Ang II-treated podocyte. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that Ang II promotes autophagy in podocyte, and Rg1 effectively attenuates this process through AMPK/mTOR/PI3K pathway, suggesting that Rg1 may be beneficial to alleviate podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Rui-Zhi Tan
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Shao-Qing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin-Li Shi
- Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Jun-Ming Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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18
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Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule. When it comes to glomerular filtration, podocytes play an active role in preventing plasma proteins from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by providing a barrier comprising filtration slits between foot processes, which in aggregate represent a dynamic network of cellular extensions. Foot processes interdigitate with foot processes from adjacent podocytes and form a network of narrow and rather uniform gaps. The fenestrated endothelial cells retain blood cells but permit passage of small solutes and an overlying basement membrane less permeable to macromolecules, in particular to albumin. The cytoskeletal dynamics and structural plasticity of podocytes as well as the signaling between each of these distinct layers are essential for an efficient glomerular filtration and thus for proper renal function. The genetic or acquired impairment of podocytes may lead to foot process effacement (podocyte fusion or retraction), a morphological hallmark of proteinuric renal diseases. Here, we briefly discuss aspects of a contemporary view of podocytes in glomerular filtration, the patterns of structural changes in podocytes associated with common glomerular diseases, and the current state of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Singh L, Singh G, Dinda AK. Understanding podocytopathy and its relevance to clinical nephrology. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:1-7. [PMID: 25684864 PMCID: PMC4323905 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.134531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathies are the most common group of glomerular disorder leading to proteinuria. On the basis of pathophysiology, light microscopic and ultrastructural evaluation, the podocytopathies include minimal change disease, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and collapsing glomerulopathy. The present review summarizes the basic etiopathogenesis of podocytopthies, highlights the common genetic and acquired factors in its causation, puts forth various diagnostic modalities and discusses the role of emerging agents or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - G Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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20
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Li L, Zhang T, Diao W, Jin F, Shi L, Meng J, Liu H, Zhang J, Zeng CH, Zhang MC, Liang S, Liu Y, Zhang CY, Liu Z, Zen K. Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Glucocorticoid-Mediated Amelioration of FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2183-97. [PMID: 25568177 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which glucocorticoids alleviate renal inflammatory disorders remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that the efficacy of glucocorticoids in ameliorating FSGS depends on the capacity to expand myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). After glucocorticoid treatment, the frequency of CD11b(+)HLA-DR(-)CD14(-)CD15(+) MDSCs in peripheral blood rapidly increased in patients with glucocorticoid-sensitive FSGS but remained unchanged in patients with glucocorticoid-resistant FSGS. The frequency of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) MDSCs in mouse peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, kidney-draining lymph nodes (KDLNs), and kidney also increased after glucocorticoid treatment. The induced MDSCs from glucocorticoid-treated mice strongly suppressed T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages but induced regulatory T cells in spleen, KDLNs, and kidney. Moreover, glucocorticoid treatment suppressed doxorubicin-induced T cell proliferation, dendritic cell and macrophage infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas this protective effect was largely abolished by depleting MDSCs using anti-Gr-1 antibody. Finally, the adoptive transfer of induced MDSCs into the doxorubicin-treated mice not only confirmed the protective role of MDSCs in doxorubicin-induced renal injury but also showed that the transferred MDSCs rapidly migrated into the lymphocyte-accumulating organs, such as the spleen and KDLNs, where they suppressed T cell proliferation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that glucocorticoid treatment ameliorates FSGS by expanding functional MDSCs and that this rapid elevation of MDSCs in peripheral blood may serve as an indicator for predicting the efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Wenli Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jiao Meng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Hong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Ming-Chao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Shaoshan Liang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Yuan Liu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China;
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology, Nanjing, China; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
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21
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Tenta M, Uchida HA, Nunoue T, Umebayashi R, Okuyama Y, Kitagawa M, Maeshima Y, Sugiyama H, Wada J. Successful treatment by mycophenolate mofetil in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. CEN Case Rep 2014; 4:190-195. [PMID: 28509096 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-014-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment may be associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. We report a 16-year-old man who exhibited nephrotic syndrome and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Intensive antihypertensive therapy restored him to consciousness. Renal biopsy revealed that he suffered from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Although he was treated with prednisolone and low-density lipoprotein apheresis therapy, his proteinuria remained at high level. Then, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with less influence on vessel endothelium compared with CsA and tacrolimus was administered. Soon after, he reached remission of nephrotic syndrome without recurrence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. This is the first case that a young patient of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome achieved a complete remission by MMF treatment without recurrence of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. MMF may be effective for young patients of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis especially with clinical condition of vascular endothelial damage such as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Tenta
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Haruhito Adam Uchida
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Nunoue
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryoko Umebayashi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuka Okuyama
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitagawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yohei Maeshima
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peritoneal Dialysis, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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22
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Curcumin ameliorates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of podocytes in vivo and in vitro via regulating caveolin-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Ohashi R, Ishii H, Naito Z, Shimizu A. Morphological spectrum of renal pathology and its correlation to clinical features in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation: A study involving a series of 21 autopsy cases. Pathol Int 2014; 64:443-52. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Ohashi
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology; Nippon Medical School Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishii
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology; Nippon Medical School Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Zenya Naito
- Department of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology; Nippon Medical School; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology; Nippon Medical School; Tokyo Japan
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24
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Rituximab in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: does it make sense? Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:1313-9. [PMID: 23793923 PMCID: PMC3856183 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) includes three different entities: minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Historically, this condition has been attributed to a T-cell disorder resulting in the secretion of a circulating factor that increases glomerular permeability to plasma proteins. The therapeutic approach to control the proteinuria of INS remains the use of drugs that have been considered to suppress the production of the "circulating factor" secreted by T cells. Recently, rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 cell surface receptor expressed on B cells, has emerged as potential therapeutic agent. The number of publications reporting clinical experience with RTX in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome has greatly increased in the last few years. However, there is currently no good evidence from clinical or experimental studies that support a role of RTX in the treatment of MCD and FSGS proteinuria. In summary, there is the need for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the proteinuria in INS and the potential role of RTX in this condition.
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25
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Penning ME, Bloemenkamp KWM, van der Zon T, Zandbergen M, Schutte JM, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM, Baelde HJ. Association of preeclampsia with podocyte turnover. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1377-85. [PMID: 25035270 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.12811213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, and increased shedding of podocytes into the urine is a common finding. This finding raises the question of whether preeclamptic nephropathy involves podocyte damage. This study examined podocyte-related changes in a unique sample of renal tissues obtained from women who died of preeclampsia. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS All patients with preeclampsia who died in The Netherlands since 1990 and had available autopsy tissue were identified using a nationwide database of the Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). This resulted in a cohort of 11 women who died from preeclampsia. Three control groups were also identified during the same time period, and consisted of normotensive women who died during pregnancy (n=25), and nonpregnant controls either with (n=14) or without (n=13) chronic hypertension. Glomerular lesions, including podocyte numbers, podocyte proliferation, and parietal cell activation, were measured. RESULTS Patients with preeclampsia had prominent characteristic glomerular lesions. The results showed that the number of podocytes per glomerulus did not differ significantly between the patients with preeclampsia and the control groups. However, preeclampsia was associated with a significant increase in intraglomerular cell proliferation (7.3% [SD 9.4] of the glomeruli of patients with preeclampsia had Ki-67-positive cells versus 1.6% [SD 3.3] of the glomeruli of hypertensive controls and 1.1% [SD 1.3] of nonpregnant controls; P=0.004) and activated parietal epithelial cells on a podocyte location (34% [SD 13.1] of the glomeruli of patients with preeclampsia versus 18.0% [SD 15.3] of pregnant controls, 11.9% [SD 13.2] of hypertensive controls, and 10.8% [SD 13.4] of nonpregnant controls; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the recently described mechanisms of podocyte replacement play a role in preeclampsia. These results provide key new insights into the pathogenesis of preeclamptic nephropathy, and they open new possibilities for developing therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joke M Schutte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isala Zwolle, Zwolle, The Netherlands
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26
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Lu W, Liu S, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Li T. The effect of connective tissue growth factor on renal fibrosis and podocyte injury in hypertensive rats. Ren Fail 2014; 36:1420-7. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.934692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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27
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Caliskan Y, Kiryluk K. Novel biomarkers in glomerular disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2014; 21:205-16. [PMID: 24602470 PMCID: PMC3963477 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are major contributors to the global burden of end-stage kidney disease. The clinical course and outcome of these disorders are extremely variable and difficult to predict. The clinical trajectories range from a benign and spontaneously remitting condition to a symptomatic and rapidly progressive disease. The diagnosis is based entirely on the evaluation of kidney biopsy, but this invasive procedure carries multiple risks and often fails to predict the clinical course or responsiveness to treatment. However, more recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have facilitated elucidation of novel pathogenic mechanisms of these disorders. These discoveries fuel the development of novel biomarkers and offer prospects of noninvasive diagnosis and improved prognostication. Our review focuses on the most promising novel biomarkers that have recently emerged for the major types of glomerular diseases, including immunoglobulin A nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/urine
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis/metabolism
- Glomerulonephritis/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/metabolism
- Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/metabolism
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/genetics
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/metabolism
- Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/genetics
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Humans
- Kidney/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Caliskan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Krzysztof Kiryluk
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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Choung HYG, Meleg-Smith S. Glomerulopathy in Adult Recipients of Pediatric Kidneys. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:141-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.888112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lovastatin inhibits human B lymphoma cell proliferation by reducing intracellular ROS and TRPC6 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:894-901. [PMID: 24518247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that statins reduce cancer incidence and mortality. However, there is lack of in vitro data to show the mechanism by which statins can reduce the malignancies of cancer cells. We used a human B lymphoma Daudi cells as a model and found that lovastatin inhibited, whereas exogenous cholesterol (Cho) stimulated, proliferation cell cycle progression in control Daudi cells, but not in the cells when transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel was knocked down. Lovastatin decreased, whereas Cho increased, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) respectively by decreasing or increasing the expression of p47-phox and gp91-phox (NOX2). Reducing intracellular ROS with either a mimetic superoxide dismutase (TEMPOL) or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) inhibited cell proliferation, particularly in Cho-treated cells. The effects of TEMPOL or apocynin were mimicked by inhibition of TRPC6 with SKF-96365. Lovastatin decreased TRPC6 expression and activity via a Cho-dependent mechanism, whereas Cho increased TRPC6 expression and activity via an ROS-dependent mechanism. Consistent with the fact that TRPC6 is a Ca(2+)-permeable channel, lovastatin decreased, but Cho increased, intracellular Ca(2+) also via ROS. These data suggest that lovastatin inhibits malignant B cell proliferation by reducing membrane Cho, intracellular ROS, TRPC6 expression and activity, and intracellular Ca(2+).
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do Nascimento JF, Canani LH, Gerchman F, Rodrigues PG, Joelsons G, dos Santos M, Pereira S, Veronese FV. Messenger RNA levels of podocyte-associated proteins in subjects with different degrees of glucose tolerance with or without nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:214. [PMID: 24103534 PMCID: PMC3853360 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate gene expression of podocyte-specific proteins in urine of diabetes and prediabetes subjects and the association of these proteins with albuminuria. METHODS Fifteen controls, 19 prediabetes, and 67 diabetes subjects were included. Messenger RNA of nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, TRPC6, alpha-actinin-4, and TGF-β1 were measured using RT-PCR. Podocyte marker expression was correlated with albuminuria, glycemic control, and renal function. The diagnostic performance of the genes used to detect increased albuminuria was assessed using ROC curves and Poisson regressions. RESULTS Podocyte marker expression was significantly higher in diabetic subjects. Urinary nephrin was correlated with increasing levels of albuminuria; risk of albuminuria increased by 20% for every one-unit increase in the log10 of nephrin mRNA. Nephrinuria was found in 53%, 71%, and 90% of normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuric diabetes subjects, respectively (p = 0.023). Urinary nephrin, podocalyxin, TRPC6, podocin, and alpha actinin-4 were correlated with glycemic control and albuminuria but not with renal function. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes subjects had higher urinary mRNA levels of podocyte proteins than nondiabetic subjects, even the normoalbuminuric patients. Nephrinuria was correlated with diabetic nephrophathy stage and predicted pathological albuminuria. Urinary mRNA levels of podocyte markers of prediabetic subjects did not differ from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis H Canani
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia G Rodrigues
- Post Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Joelsons
- Post Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane dos Santos
- Post Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sane Pereira
- Post Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco V Veronese
- Post Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS ZIP 90035-003, Brazil
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Ponticelli C, Graziani G. Current and emerging treatments for idiopathic focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:251-61. [PMID: 23445199 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis is a frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis is still unknown, although the body of evidence suggests that focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis is caused by a not clearly identified circulating factor that alters the permselectivity of the glomerular barrier. Proteinuria is followed by podocyte injury. Glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, cytotoxic agents and mycophenolate mofetil, either given alone or in combination, may obtain complete or partial remission of proteinuria in 50-60% of patients and protect them from end-stage renal disease, but the remaining patients are resistant to the available drugs. A number of new drugs, including rituximab, galactose and antifibrotic agents, are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ponticelli
- Division of Nephrology, IRCCS Humanitas Hospital, via Manzoni 56,20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
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Liu BC, Song X, Lu XY, Li DT, Eaton DC, Shen BZ, Li XQ, Ma HP. High glucose induces podocyte apoptosis by stimulating TRPC6 via elevation of reactive oxygen species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1434-42. [PMID: 23499875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte number is significantly reduced in diabetic patients and animal models, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we found that high glucose induced apoptosis in control podocytes which express transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channels, but not in TRPC6 knockdown podocytes in which TRPC6 was knocked down by TRPC6 silencing short hairpin RNA (shRNA). This effect was reproduced by treatment of podocytes with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Single-channel data from cell-attached, patch-clamp experiments showed that both high glucose and H2O2 activated the TRPC6 channel in control podocytes, but not in TRPC6 knockdown podocytes. Confocal microscopy showed that high glucose elevated ROS in podocytes and that H2O2 reduced the membrane potential of podocytes and elevated intracellular Ca(2+) via activation of TRPC6. Since intracellular Ca(2+) overload induces apoptosis, H2O2-induced apoptosis may result from TRPC6-mediated elevation of intracellular Ca(2+). These data together suggest that high glucose induces apoptosis in podocytes by stimulating TRPC6 via elevation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Barisoni L, Nast CC, Jennette JC, Hodgin JB, Herzenberg AM, Lemley KV, Conway CM, Kopp JB, Kretzler M, Lienczewski C, Avila-Casado C, Bagnasco S, Sethi S, Tomaszewski J, Gasim AH, Hewitt SM. Digital pathology evaluation in the multicenter Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:1449-59. [PMID: 23393107 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08370812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathology consensus review for clinical trials and disease classification has historically been performed by manual light microscopy with sequential section review by study pathologists, or multi-headed microscope review. Limitations of this approach include high intra- and inter-reader variability, costs, and delays for slide mailing and consensus reviews. To improve this, the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) is systematically applying digital pathology review in a multicenter study using renal biopsy whole slide imaging (WSI) for observation-based data collection. Study pathology materials are acquired, scanned, uploaded, and stored in a web-based information system that is accessed through a web-browser interface. Quality control includes metadata and image quality review. Initially, digital slides are annotated, with each glomerulus identified, given a unique number, and maintained in all levels until the glomerulus disappears or sections end. The software allows viewing and annotation of multiple slide sections concurrently. Analysis utilizes "descriptors" for patterns of injury, rather than diagnoses, in renal parenchymal compartments. This multidimensional representation via WSI, allows more accurate glomerular counting and identification of all lesions in each glomerulus, with data available in a searchable database. The use of WSI brings about efficiency critical to pathology review in a clinical trial setting, including independent review by multiple pathologists, improved intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility, efficiencies and risk reduction in slide circulation and mailing, centralized management of data integrity and slide images for current or future studies, and web-based consensus meetings. The overall effect is improved incorporation of pathology review in a budget neutral approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1400 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Ma T, Zhu J, Chen X, Zha D, Singhal PC, Ding G. High glucose induces autophagy in podocytes. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:779-89. [PMID: 23384600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular pathway involved in protein and organelle degradation. It is relevant to many types of cellular homeostasis and human diseases. High level of glucose is known to inflict podocyte injury, but little is reported about the relationship between high concentrations of glucose and autophagy in these cells. The present study demonstrates that high glucose promotes autophagy in podocytes. Rapamycin further enhances this effect, but 3-methyadenine inhibits it. The proautophagic effect of high glucose manifested in the form of enhanced podocyte expression of LC3-2 and beclin-1; interestingly, antioxidants such as NAC were found to inhibit high glucose-induced autophagy. High glucose induced the generation of ROS by podocytes in a time-dependent manner. High glucose also enhanced podocyte expression of MnSOD and catalase. These findings indicate that high glucose-induced autophagy is mediated through podocyte ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tean Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
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Wei C, Trachtman H, Li J, Dong C, Friedman AL, Gassman JJ, McMahan JL, Radeva M, Heil KM, Trautmann A, Anarat A, Emre S, Ghiggeri GM, Ozaltin F, Haffner D, Gipson DS, Kaskel F, Fischer DC, Schaefer F, Reiser J. Circulating suPAR in two cohorts of primary FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:2051-9. [PMID: 23138488 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) causes pathology in animal models similar to primary FSGS, and one recent study demonstrated elevated levels of serum suPAR in patients with the disease. Here, we analyzed circulating suPAR levels in two cohorts of children and adults with biopsy-proven primary FSGS: 70 patients from the North America-based FSGS clinical trial (CT) and 94 patients from PodoNet, the Europe-based consortium studying steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Circulating suPAR levels were elevated in 84.3% and 55.3% of patients with FSGS patients in the CT and PodoNet cohorts, respectively, compared with 6% of controls (P<0.0001); inflammation did not account for this difference. Multiple regression analysis suggested that lower suPAR levels associated with higher estimated GFR, male sex, and treatment with mycophenolate mofetil. In the CT cohort, there was a positive association between the relative reduction of suPAR after 26 weeks of treatment and reduction of proteinuria, with higher odds for complete remission (P=0.04). In the PodoNet cohort, patients with an NPHS2 mutation had higher suPAR levels than those without a mutation. In conclusion, suPAR levels are elevated in geographically and ethnically diverse patients with FSGS and do not reflect a nonspecific proinflammatory milieu. The associations between a change in circulating suPAR with different therapeutic regimens and with remission support the role of suPAR in the pathogenesis of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Testagrossa L, Azevedo Neto R, Resende A, Woronik V, Malheiros D. Immunohistochemical expression of podocyte markers in the variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:91-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moysiadis DK, Perysinaki GS, Bertsias G, Stratakis S, Kyriacou K, Nakopoulou L, Boumpas DT, Daphnis E. Early treatment with glucocorticoids or cyclophosphamide retains the slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and podocin in experimental lupus nephritis. Lupus 2012; 21:1196-207. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203312451784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Renal podocytes and their slit diaphragms ensure the integrity of renal basement membrane and prevent urinary protein loss. We have previously reported that decreases of the podocyte slit diaphragm proteins nephrin and podocin represent early events in the podocytopathy of lupus nephritis (LN). We asked whether immunosuppressive agents such as glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide may have direct effects on podocytes. We assessed in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/W) F1 LN mice glomerular nephrin and podocin expression and localization by the use of Western blot and immunofluorescence; mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and renal histology by light and electron microscopy. Early treatment with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide halted the histologic alterations associated with LN, preserving podocyte foot processes. Nephrin and podocin protein expression significantly increased in both glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide groups as early as after three months of therapy. Real-time PCR revealed similar enhancement in nephrin and podocin mRNA levels after three to six months of treatment. This study documents that early treatment in experimental LN with glucocorticoids or cyclophosphamide preserves slit diaphragm proteins in podocytes and halts histological changes of the glomeruli, thus raising the possibility of a direct protective effect of these drugs on podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- DK Moysiadis
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
| | - GS Perysinaki
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
| | - G Bertsias
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
| | - S Stratakis
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
| | - K Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Cyprus
| | - L Nakopoulou
- Pathology Department, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - DT Boumpas
- Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
| | - E Daphnis
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Medical Department, University of Crete, Greece
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Pereira RL, Reis VO, Semedo P, Buscariollo BN, Donizetti-Oliveira C, Cenedeze MA, Soares MF, Pacheco-Silva A, Savage PB, Câmara NOS, Keller AC. Invariant natural killer T cell agonist modulates experimental focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32454. [PMID: 22427838 PMCID: PMC3299669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates a correlation between Th2 cytokines and the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Therefore, we hypothesized that GSL-1, a monoglycosylceramide from Sphingomonas ssp. with pro-Th1 activity on invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) lymphocytes, could counterbalance the Th2 profile and modulate glomerulosclerosis. Using an adriamycin(ADM)-based model of FSGS, we found that BALB/c mice presented albuminuria and glomerular degeneration in association with a Th2-like pro-fibrogenic profile; these mice also expressed a combination of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and chemokines, such as RANTES and eotaxin. In addition, we observed a decrease in the mRNA levels of GD3 synthase, the enzyme responsible for GD3 metabolism, a glycolipid associated with podocyte physiology. GSL-1 treatment inhibited ADM-induced renal dysfunction and preserved kidney architecture, a phenomenon associated with the induction of a Th1-like response, increased levels of GD3 synthase transcripts and inhibition of pro-fibrotic transcripts and inflammatory cytokines. TGF-β analysis revealed increased levels of circulating protein and tissue transcripts in both ADM- and GSL-1-treated mice, suggesting that TGF-β could be associated with both FSGS pathology and iNKT-mediated immunosuppression; therefore, we analyzed the kidney expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 and SMAD7 proteins, molecules associated with the deleterious and protective effects of TGF-β, respectively. We found high levels of phosphoSMAD2/3 in ADM mice in contrast to the GSL-1 treated group in which SMAD7 expression increased. These data suggest that GSL-1 treatment modulates the downstream signaling of TGF-β through a renoprotective pathway. Finally, GSL-1 treatment at day 4, a period when proteinuria was already established, was still able to improve renal function, preserve renal structure and inhibit fibrogenic transcripts. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the iNKT agonist GSL-1 modulates the pathogenesis of ADM-induced glomerulosclerosis and may provide an alternative approach to disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L. Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vanessa O. Reis
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Semedo
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Bruna N. Buscariollo
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos A. Cenedeze
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Soares
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Unidade de Transplante Renal, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Niels O. S. Câmara
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre C. Keller
- Departamento de Medicina – Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Barisoni L. Podocyte biology in segmental sclerosis and progressive glomerular injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2012; 19:76-83. [PMID: 22449344 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During the past 2 decades, progress has been made in understanding the biology and mechanisms of podocyte injury and the relationship of these processes to glomerulosclerosis. In addition, studies of human biopsies and animal models have provided insights into the mechanisms of glomerular disease progression and repair. These new developments are critical for establishing better therapeutic guidelines that target specific pathways, which otherwise would lead to irreversible injury.
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40
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Freedman BI, Langefeld CD. The new era of APOL1-associated glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:1288-91. [PMID: 22302261 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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41
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Ochoa F, Oltra G, Gerhardt E, Hermes R, Cohen L, Damiano AE, Ibarra C, Lago NR, Zotta E. Microalbuminuria and early renal response to lethal dose Shiga toxin type 2 in rats. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2012; 5:29-36. [PMID: 22334798 PMCID: PMC3278253 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s27623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) constitutes the most frequent cause of acute renal failure in children. Approximately 2%–4% of patients die during the acute phase, and one-third of the 96% who survive are at risk of chronic renal sequelae. Little information is available about the direct effect of Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) on the onset of proteinuria and the evolution of toxin-mediated glomerular or tubular injury. In this work, rats were injected intraperitoneally with recombinant Escherichia coli culture supernatant containing Stx2 (sStx2; 20 μg/kg body weight) to induce HUS. Functional, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry studies were carried out to determine alterations in slit diaphragm proteins and the proximal tubule endocytic system at 48 hours post-inoculation. We detected a significant increase in microalbuminuria, without changes in the proteinuria values compared to the control rats. In immunoperoxidase studies, the renal tubules and glomerular mesangium showed an increased expression of transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1). The expression of megalin was decreased by immunoperoxidase and the cytoplasm showed a granular pattern of megalin expression by immunofluorescence techniques. Western blot analysis performed in the renal cortex from sStx2-treated and control rats using anti-nephrin and anti-podocalyxin antibodies showed a decreased expression of these proteins. We suggest that the alterations in slit diaphragm proteins and megalin expression could be related to the development of microalbuminuria in response to lethal doses of Stx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ochoa
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chandra P, Kopp JB. Viruses and collapsing glomerulopathy: a brief critical review. Clin Kidney J 2012; 6:1-5. [PMID: 23372939 PMCID: PMC3560379 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sft002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collapsing glomerulopathy may occur in an idiopathic (primary) form and in association with a wide spectrum of infectious and inflammatory conditions and medications. The association of collapsing glomerulopathy with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is well established; less certain is the association with other viral infections. METHODS We searched PubMed for articles in all languages that addressed glomerulopathies associated with parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40). RESULTS Case reports and small-case series link infection with these common viruses and glomerular injury. The evidence for a pathogenic role is generally stronger for glomerulonephritis than for collapsing glomerulopathy. CONCLUSIONS The evidence linking collapsing glomerulopathy with CMV is relatively strong but not yet conclusive, while the evidence for a pathogenic role for EBV and parvovirus B19 is weaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chandra
- Nephrology Division , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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43
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Reis VO, Silva JC, Souza GT, Semedo P, Buscariollo B, Pereira RL, Cenedeze MA, Pacheco-Silva A, Longo-Maugéri IM, Câmara NOS, Keller AC. The polysaccharide fraction of Propionibacterium acnes modulates the development of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Immunobiology 2011; 217:831-41. [PMID: 22257707 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) appears to be associated with type-2 cytokines and podocyte dysfunction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that immunization with the polysaccharide fraction of Propionibacterium acnes (PS), a pro-Th1 agonist, may subvert the type-2 profile and protect podocytes from adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis. Adriamycin injection resulted in albuminuria and increased serum creatinine in association with loss of glomerular podocin and podoplanin expression, which is consistent with podocyte dysfunction. Renal tissue analysis revealed the expression of transcripts for GATA3 and fibrogenic-related proteins, such as TGF-β, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). In association with the expression of fibrogenic transcripts, we observed peri-glomerular expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), indicating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in tubular cells, suggesting intense proliferative activity. Previous immunization with PS inhibited albuminuria and serum creatinine in association with the preservation of podocyte proteins and inhibition of fibrogenic transcripts and the expression of α-SMA and PCNA proteins. Tissue analysis also revealed that PS treatment induced expression of mRNA for GD3 synthase, which is a glycosiltransferase related to the synthesis of GD3, a ganglioside associated with podocyte physiology. In addition, PS treatment inhibited the influx of inflammatory CD8(pos) and CD11b(pos) cells to kidney tissue. Finally, PS treatment on day 4 post-ADM, a period when proteinuria was already established, was able to improve renal function. Thus, we demonstrate that the PS fraction of P. acnes can inhibit FSGS pathogenesis, suggesting that immunomodulation can represent an alternative approach for disease management.
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Oshima Y, Kinouchi K, Ichihara A, Sakoda M, Kurauchi-Mito A, Bokuda K, Narita T, Kurosawa H, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Yamada T, Takemoto M, Saleem MA, Quaggin SE, Itoh H. Prorenin receptor is essential for normal podocyte structure and function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:2203-12. [PMID: 22052048 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prorenin receptor is an accessory subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, suggesting that it has fundamental functions beyond activation of the local renin-angiotensin system. Podocytes express the prorenin receptor, but its function in these cells is unknown. Here, podocyte-specific, conditional, prorenin receptor-knockout mice died of kidney failure and severe proteinuria within 4 weeks of birth. The podocytes of these mice exhibited foot process effacement with reduced and altered localization of the slit-diaphragm proteins nephrin and podocin. Furthermore, the podocytes contained numerous autophagic vacuoles, confirmed by enhanced accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-positive intracellular vesicles. Ablation of the prorenin receptor selectively suppressed expression of the V(0) c-subunit of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase in podocytes, resulting in deacidification of intracellular vesicles. In conclusion, the prorenin receptor is important for the maintenance of normal podocyte structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Oshima
- Department of Endocrinology & Anti-Aging Medicine and Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Therapeutic off-target activities are well recognized for small-molecule drugs. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) traditionally are believed to act specifically and lack off-target therapeutic effects. In this issue of Science Translational Medicine, Fornoni et al. show therapeutic benefit, through an off-target-mediated mechanism, of the mAb drug rituximab in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) after kidney transplantation. These data shed new light on FSGS pathogenesis and suggest new therapeutic interventions for proteinuric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Chan
- Research Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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46
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Abstract
We have generated 3 mouse lines, each with a different mutation in the nonmuscle myosin II-A gene, Myh9 (R702C, D1424N, and E1841K). Each line develops MYH9-related disease similar to that found in human patients. R702C mutant human cDNA fused with green fluorescent protein was introduced into the first coding exon of Myh9, and D1424N and E1841K mutations were introduced directly into the corresponding exons. Homozygous R702C mice die at embryonic day 10.5-11.5, whereas homozygous D1424N and E1841K mice are viable. All heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice show macrothrombocytopenia with prolonged bleeding times, a defect in clot retraction, and increased extramedullary megakaryocytes. Studies of cultured megakaryocytes and live-cell imaging of megakaryocytes in the BM show that heterozygous R702C megakaryocytes form fewer and shorter proplatelets with less branching and larger buds. The results indicate that disrupted proplatelet formation contributes to the macrothrombocytopenia in mice and most probably in humans. We also observed premature cataract formation, kidney abnormalities, including albuminuria, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and progressive kidney disease, and mild hearing loss. Our results show that heterozygous mice with mutations in the myosin motor or filament-forming domain manifest similar hematologic, eye, and kidney phenotypes to humans with MYH9-related disease.
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47
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Kiffel J, Rahimzada Y, Trachtman H. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and chronic kidney disease in pediatric patients. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2011; 18:332-8. [PMID: 21896374 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is one of the most common forms of acquired glomerular disease leading to end-stage kidney disease. Its incidence is rising around the world. There is no proven therapy for those patients who do not respond to corticosteroids and it can recur in 20% to 25% of patients who receive a kidney transplant. The disease can be primary, or it can be secondary to various conditions including vesicoureteral reflux, obesity, medications, and infections. Recent advances have demonstrated the important role of genetic mutations in podocyte proteins as a cause of FSGS. There is an urgent need for randomized clinical trials to develop safe and effective therapy for FSGS that occurs in the native or transplanted kidney.
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48
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Shimizu A, Higo S, Fujita E, Mii A, Kaneko T. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2011; 25 Suppl 23:6-14. [PMID: 21623907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a clinicopathologic syndrome of proteinuria, usually of nephrotic range, associated with focal and segmental sclerotic glomerular lesions. Therefore, FSGS is diagnosed by clinical features and histopathological examination of renal biopsy. The natural history of the condition varies, and although it may respond to treatment, FSGS is an important disease in the etiology of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Furthermore, after kidney transplantation, approximately 30% of patients with FSGS develop recurrent FSGS. The risk factors for recurrence of FSGS include childhood onset and age <15 yr, rapid progression of the primary FSGS to ESRD, recurrence of FSGS in a previous allograft, diffuse mesangial hypercellularity in the native kidney, collapsing FSGS, and podocin gene mutation. In addition, after kidney transplantation, de novo FSGS also develops in approximately 10-20% of allografts, associated with a complication of hyperfiltration injury, chronic transplant glomerulopathy, and calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. FSGS is considered a podocyte disease, and the pathology is characterized by segmental FSGS lesion with glomerular epithelial hypercellularity. The pathological diagnosis of FSGS is based on the 2004 Columbia classification system. In the present minireview, we discuss the pathology of recurrence and de novo FSGS after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimizu
- Department of Pathology (Analytic Human Pathology), Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Howie AJ. Problems with 'focal segmental glomerulosclerosis'. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1197-205. [PMID: 21125407 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term 'focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)' has been applied to many different conditions. All classifications of 'FSGS', including those describing 'variants', perpetuate the misconceptions that the entities included have something in common and that the term 'FSGS' has some value. With a rigorous approach to renal biopsies showing segmental lesions, especially with knowledge of clinical circumstances and with detailed analysis of features such as the appearance of lesions and their position within glomeruli, a pathologist can provide information that is clinically more useful than merely the bald diagnosis 'FSGS'. More precise terms should be used. 'Overload changes' can be used to describe the changes seen in reduced renal mass. 'Tip changes' can be seen in many conditions and are not a disease in themselves. 'The glomerular tip lesion as originally defined' means the occurrence of tip changes in otherwise normal glomeruli, in the nephrotic syndrome. 'Early classical segmental sclerosing glomerulopathy' is the combination of tip changes and otherwise abnormal glomeruli, in the nephrotic syndrome. 'Late classical segmental sclerosing glomerulopathy' means segmental lesions at various sites within glomeruli, in the nephrotic syndrome. 'Collapsing glomerulopathy' is distinctive, and its inclusion in classifications emphasises the lack of specificity of 'FSGS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Howie
- Department of Pathology, University College London, London, WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Trachtman H, Fervenza FC, Gipson DS, Heering P, Jayne DRW, Peters H, Rota S, Remuzzi G, Rump LC, Sellin LK, Heaton JPW, Streisand JB, Hard ML, Ledbetter SR, Vincenti F. A phase 1, single-dose study of fresolimumab, an anti-TGF-β antibody, in treatment-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1236-43. [PMID: 21368745 PMCID: PMC3257033 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease with poor prognosis and high unmet therapeutic need. Here, we evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose infusions of fresolimumab, a human monoclonal antibody that inactivates all forms of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), in a phase I open-label, dose-ranging study. Patients with biopsy-confirmed, treatment-resistant, primary FSGS with a minimum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and a urine protein to creatinine ratio over 1.8 mg/mg were eligible. All 16 patients completed the study in which each received one of four single-dose levels of fresolimumab (up to 4 mg/kg) and was followed for 112 days. Fresolimumab was well tolerated with pustular rash the only adverse event in two patients. One patient was diagnosed with a histologically confirmed primitive neuroectodermal tumor 2 years after fresolimumab treatment. Consistent with treatment-resistant FSGS, there was a slight decline in eGFR (median decline baseline to final of 5.85 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). Proteinuria fluctuated during the study with the median decline from baseline to final in urine protein to creatinine ratio of 1.2 mg/mg with all three Black patients having a mean decline of 3.6 mg/mg. The half-life of fresolimumab was ∼14 days, and the mean dose-normalized Cmax and area under the curve were independent of dose. Thus, single-dose fresolimumab was well tolerated in patients with primary resistant FSGS. Additional evaluation in a larger dose-ranging study is necessary.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Biomarkers/urine
- Biopsy
- Creatinine/urine
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Europe
- Female
- Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/drug therapy
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/physiopathology
- Humans
- Infusions, Parenteral
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proteinuria/drug therapy
- Proteinuria/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- United States
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Trachtman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA.
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