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Giri S, Singh A. Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India - An Updated Review for 2024. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101447. [PMID: 38957612 PMCID: PMC11215952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with chronic liver disease. As a reflection of geographical variations in India, there is significant variation in the prevalence and etiological factors of HCC. In contrast to previous studies reporting viral hepatitis as the most common etiology, recent data indicates a changing etiological pattern of cirrhosis and HCC, with alcohol and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) emerging as the foremost cause. Thus, there was a need for an updated review of the current literature and databases for the changing epidemiology and etiological spectrum of HCC in India. The review included data primarily from the National Cancer Registry Program and the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, with the inclusion of other studies from India. The highlights of the present review are summarized in the following lines. Although the current incidence (2.15 per 100,000), prevalence (2.27 per 100,000), and mortality (2.21 per 100,000) rate of HCC in India remain lower compared to the global data, the annual rates of change in these parameters are higher in India. Among Indians, the present incidence, prevalence, and mortality related to HCC are higher in males, while the annual rate of change is higher in females. The Northeastern states have higher incidence, prevalence, and mortality related to HCC, but the Western states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala are emerging as newer hotspots with higher annual rates of change in incidence, prevalence, and mortality. The incidence of HCC related to hepatitis B is on a downtrend, while those related to alcohol and MASLD are rising. Public health initiatives, awareness campaigns, and focused treatments are all necessary to combat these changes, particularly in areas with high incidence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Giri S, Choudhury A, Praharaj DL, Singh A, Vaidya A, Harindranath S, Anirvan P, Kalia S, Shukla A. Changing Etiological Spectrum of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101391. [PMID: 38559423 PMCID: PMC10979108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2024.101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies from both India and outside India have shown a change in the etiological profile of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to analyze the etiological spectrum and changing trends of HCC etiology in India using a systematic review of current literature and meta-analysis. Methods Electronic databases of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception to July 2023 for studies reporting the data on the etiology of HCC from India. The pooled proportions with 95% confidence interval were calculated using summative statistics. Results A total of 60 studies (n = 12,327) were included in the final analysis. The pooled proportions of HCC cases with at least one positive and negative viral marker were 56.0 (49.5-62.6) and 43.1% (36.5-49.8), respectively. The pooled proportion of HCC cases with positive hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers was 41.0 (35.8-46.1), while those with positive markers for hepatitis C virus were 20.3 (17.0-23.6). The pooled proportion of cases with HCC with significant alcohol intake was 19.0% (15.6-22.4), and those related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were 16.9% (12.1-21.7). Around 7.9% (5.8-10.0) of the cases had HCC with multiple etiologies. Subgroup analysis showed a significant variation with the location of the study based on zone. Meta-regression analysis based on publication year (1990-2023) showed a significant reduction in the proportion of cases with HBV and an increase in cases with NAFLD. In contrast, the proportion of cases with hepatitis C virus and alcohol did not change significantly. Conclusion Viral hepatitis is the most common etiology of HCC in India, predominantly HBV. The proportions of cases with HCC related to NAFLD are increasing, and those related to HBV are declining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashok Choudhury
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dibya L Praharaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Arun Vaidya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sidharth Harindranath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prajna Anirvan
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shivam Kalia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Kusano H, Ogasawara S, Omuraya M, Okudaira M, Mizuochi S, Mihara Y, Kinjo Y, Yano Y, Nakayama M, Kondo R, Naito Y, Akiba J, Nakashima O, Yano H. Sonic hedgehog expression in steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinicopathological significance. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:442. [PMID: 39091582 PMCID: PMC11292461 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, and the sonic Hh (SHh) protein, a pivotal molecule in the Hh pathway, is expressed in ballooned hepatocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance of SHh expression in steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine SHh gene and SHh protein expression in SH-HCC. Additionally, patients with conventional HCC (C-HCC) were included in the control group. Comparisons of patient and tumor characteristics were also performed. The prevalence of SH-HCC was 3% in the whole cohort, and it was significantly associated with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus. SHh mRNA was detected in all patients with SH-HCC, but not in 23% of patients with C-HCC. Notably, SHh mRNA expression was not significantly different between patients with SH-HCC and those with C-HCC; however, high SHh protein expression was significantly more frequent in SH-HCC patients than in those with C-HCC. Although the prognosis was not significantly different between the SH-HCC and C-HCC groups, high SHh protein expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for HCC. In conclusion, SHh could potentially serve as a therapeutic target for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kusano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, NHO Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 802-8533, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinji Mizuochi
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mihara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kinjo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masamichi Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Naito
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Jun Akiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-8543, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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Faure A, Dioguardi Burgio M, Cannella R, Sartoris R, Bouattour M, Hobeika C, Cauchy F, Trapani L, Beaufrère A, Vilgrain V, Ronot M. Imaging and prognostic characterization of fat-containing hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2024; 129:687-701. [PMID: 38512627 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-024-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is characterized by intratumoral fat with > 50% inflammatory changes. However, intratumoral fat (with or without inflammation) can also be found in not-otherwise specified HCC (NOS-HCC). We compared the imaging features and outcome of resected HCC containing fat on pathology including SH-HCC (> 50% steatohepatitic component), NOS-HCC with < 50% steatohepatitic component (SH-NOS-HCC), and fatty NOS-HCC (no steatohepatitic component). MATERIAL AND METHODS From September 2012 to June 2021, 94 patients underwent hepatic resection for fat-containing HCC on pathology. Imaging features and categories were assessed using LIRADS v2018. Fat quantification was performed on chemical-shift MRI. Recurrence-free and overall survival were estimated. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (26%) had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The median intra-tumoral fat fraction was 8%, with differences between SH-HCC and SH-NOS-HCC (9.5% vs. 5% p = 0.03). There was no difference in major LI-RADS features between all groups; most tumors were classified as LR-4/5. A mosaic architecture on MRI was rare (7%) in SH-HCC, a fat in mass on CT was more frequently depicted (48%) in SH-HCC. A combination of NASH with no mosaic architecture on MRI or NASH with fat in mass on CT yielded excellent specificity for diagnosing SH-HCC (97.6% and 97.7%, respectively). The median recurrence-free and overall survival were 58 and 87 months, with no difference between groups (p = 0.18 and p = 0.69). CONCLUSION In patients with NASH, an SH-HCC may be suspected in L4/LR-5 observations with no mosaic architecture at MRI or with fat in mass on CT. Oncological outcomes appear similar between fat-containing HCC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Faure
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Marco Dioguardi Burgio
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France.
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartoris
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Christian Hobeika
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Francois Cauchy
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Loïc Trapani
- Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Ronot
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
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Delagnes A, Roux M, Vilgrain V, Guiu B, Laurent V, Sutter O, Bricault I, Trillaud H, Aubé C, Paisant A. Fat-containing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: proposal of a diagnostic modification regarding enhancement characteristics. Eur Radiol 2024; 34:2283-2293. [PMID: 37816923 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop and validate an algorithm for the non-invasive diagnosis of these fat-containing HCCs. METHODS Eighty-four cirrhotic patients with 77 fat-containing HCCs and 11 non-HCC fat-containing nodules were retrospectively included. All MRIs were reviewed; nodule characteristics, European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and LI-RADS classifications, and survival were collected. One of the major features of LI-RADS v2018 (non-rim-like arterial phase hyperenhancement [APHE]) was changed to include different enhancing patterns at arterial phase and a new fat-LI-RADS algorithm was created for fat-containing nodules in cirrhosis. Its diagnostic performance was evaluated in both a derivation and external validation cohort (external cohort including 58 fat-containing HCCs and 10 non-HCC fat nodules). Reproducibility of this new algorithm was assessed. RESULTS In the derivation cohort, 54/77 (70.1%) fat-containing HCCs had APHE, 62/77 (80.5%) had enhancement compared to the nodule itself at arterial phase (APE), 43/77 (55.8%) had washout, and 20/77 (26.0%) had an enhancing capsule. EASL and LI-RADS had a sensitivity of 37.7% (29/77) and 36.4% (28/77), respectively, for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC and both had a specificity of 100% (11/11). The new fat-LI-RADS algorithm increased sensitivity to 50.6% (39/77) without decreasing the specificity of 100% (11/11). The validation cohort confirmed the increased sensitivity, with a slight decrease in specificity. The concordance for the diagnosis of HCC for fat-LR5 was 85.3% (58/68). CONCLUSION The new fat-LI-RADS algorithm proposed here significantly improves the performance of the non-invasive diagnosis of fat-containing HCC and thus could reduce the number of biopsies conducted for fat-containing HCCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The European Association for the Study of the Liver and LI-RADS guidelines are poorly sensitive for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC, mainly because of the low rate of arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) displayed by fat-containing HCC. Using all types of enhancement instead of APHE improves sensitivity of LI-RADS. KEY POINTS • Fat-containing HCCs on MRI account for 7.5% of HCCs and have different imaging characteristics from non-fatty HCCs. • The European Association for the Study of the Liver and LI-RADS algorithms for the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC have low sensitivity for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC with MRI (37.7% and 36.4%, respectively). • The new fat-LI-RADS, which includes a slight modification of the "arterial enhancement" criterion, improves the sensitivity for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC using MRI, without degrading the specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Delagnes
- Department of Radiology, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France.
| | - Marine Roux
- HIFIH Laboratory, EA 3859, UNIV Angers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Department of Radiology, APHP, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Beaujon, Clichy, France
- INSERM U1149, CRI, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Boris Guiu
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Eloi Hospital, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Laurent
- Department of Radiology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, 54500, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Sutter
- Department of Radiology, Avicenne Hospital, Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis University Hospitals, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Ivan Bricault
- Laboratory of Techniques for Biomedical Engineering and Complexity Management, University Grenoble Alpes, National Center for Scientific Research, Grenoble, France
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University Hospital, Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Hervé Trillaud
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
- EA Imotion, University of Bordeaux, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Aubé
- Department of Radiology, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, EA 3859, UNIV Angers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Anita Paisant
- Department of Radiology, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, EA 3859, UNIV Angers, 49045, Angers, France
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Takahashi Y, Dungubat E, Kusano H, Fukusato T. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-Associated Hepatic Tumors. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2761. [PMID: 37893134 PMCID: PMC10604511 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the livers of patients without a history of alcohol abuse. It is classified as either simple steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, it was suggested that the terms "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)" and "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)" should replace the terms "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)" and "nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)", respectively, with small changes in the definitions. MASLD, a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is rapidly increasing in incidence globally, and is becoming an increasingly important cause of HCC. Steatohepatitic HCC, a histological variant of HCC, is characterized by its morphological features resembling non-neoplastic steatohepatitis and is closely associated with underlying steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome. Variations in genes including patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily 2 (TM6SF2), and membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 7 (MBOAT7) are associated with the natural history of MASLD, including HCC development. The mechanisms of HCC development in MASLD have not been fully elucidated; however, various factors, including lipotoxicity, inflammation, reactive oxygen species, insulin resistance, and alterations in the gut bacterial flora, are important in the pathogenesis of MASLD-associated HCC. Obesity and MASLD are also recognized as risk factors for hepatocellular adenomas, and recent meta-analyses have shown an association between MASLD and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, we outline the pathology and pathogenesis of MASLD-associated liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan; (E.D.); (H.K.)
| | - Erdenetsogt Dungubat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan; (E.D.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia
| | - Hiroyuki Kusano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita 286-8686, Japan; (E.D.); (H.K.)
| | - Toshio Fukusato
- General Medical Education and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
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Trapani L, Beaufrère A, Hobeika C, Codjia T, Albuquerque M, Bouattour M, Lesurtel M, Cauchy F, Paradis V. Pathological overview of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma in a surgical series. Histopathology 2023; 83:526-537. [PMID: 37222200 DOI: 10.1111/his.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS According to the last WHO classification, steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is recognized as a distinct HCC subtype, even though a consensual definition is still lacking. The objectives of the study were to carefully describe the morphological features of SH-HCC and evaluate its impact on prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a single-centre retrospective study including 297 surgically resected HCC. Pathological features including SH criteria (steatosis, ballooning, Mallory-Denk bodies, fibrosis, and inflammation) were assessed. SH-HCC was defined by the presence of at least four of the five SH criteria and the SH component represented >50% of the tumour area. According to this definition, 39 (13%) HCC cases corresponded to SH-HCC and 30 cases (10%) corresponded to HCC with an SH component (<50%). SH criteria in SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC were distributed as follows: ballooning (100% versus 11%), fibrosis (100% versus 81%), inflammation (100% versus 67%), steatosis (92% versus 8%), and Mallory-Denk bodies (74% versus 3%). Inflammation markers (c-reactive protein [CRP] and serum amyloid A [SAA]) were significantly more expressed in SH-HCC compared to non-SH-HCC (82% versus 14%, P = <0.001). Five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) were similar for SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC (P = 0.413 and P = 0.866, respectively). The percentage of SH component does not impact OS and RFS. CONCLUSION We confirm in a large cohort the relatively high prevalence (13%) of SH-HCC. Ballooning is the most specific criteria for this subtype. The percentage of the SH component does not impact prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Trapani
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Christian Hobeika
- AP-HP, Department of HPB and digestive surgery, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Codjia
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of HPB surgery, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Miguel Albuquerque
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Hepatology, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Mickael Lesurtel
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of HPB surgery, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - François Cauchy
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
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Choi JH, Thung SN. Advances in Histological and Molecular Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2582. [PMID: 37761023 PMCID: PMC10526317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer characterized by hepatocellular differentiation. HCC is molecularly heterogeneous with a wide spectrum of histopathology. The prognosis of patients with HCC is generally poor, especially in those with advanced stages. HCC remains a diagnostic challenge for pathologists because of its morphological and phenotypic diversity. However, recent advances have enhanced our understanding of the molecular genetics and histological subtypes of HCC. Accurate diagnosis of HCC is important for patient management and prognosis. This review provides an update on HCC pathology, focusing on molecular genetics, histological subtypes, and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Swan N. Thung
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Chen K, Xu Y, Dong Y, Han H, Mao F, Wang H, Song X, Luo R, Wang WP. Contrast-Enhanced Imaging Features and Clinicopathological Investigation of Steatohepatitic Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071337. [PMID: 37046555 PMCID: PMC10093104 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is a distinctive histologic variant of HCC for the presence of steatohepatitis. This study intended to evaluate the contrast-enhanced imaging features and clinicopathological characteristics of 26 SH-HCCs in comparison with 26 age-and-sex-matched non-SH-HCCs. The frequency of obesity (34.6%, p = 0.048) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (23.1%, p = 0.042) were significantly higher in SH-HCC patients. As seen via B-mode ultrasound (BMUS), SH-HCCs were predominantly hyperechoic (65.4%, p = 0.002) lesions, while non-SH-HCCs were mainly hypo-echoic. As seen via contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), 96.2% of SH-HCCs exhibited hyperenhancement in the arterial phase. During the portal venous and late phase, 88.5% of SH-HCCs showed late and mild washout. Consequently, most SH-HCCs and all non-SH-HCCs were categorized as LR-4 or LR-5. As seen via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a signal drop in the T1WI opposed-phase was observed in 84.6% of SH-HCCs (p = 0.000). Notably, diffuse fat in mass was detected in 57.7% (15/26) SH-HCCs (p < 0.001). As seen via contrast-enhanced MRI (CEMRI), most of the SH-HCCs and non-SH-HCCs exhibited heterogeneous hyperenhancement in the arterial phase (80.8% versus 69.2%, p = 0.337). During the delayed phase, 76.9% SH-HCCs and 88.5% non-SH-HCCs exhibited hypo-enhancement. Histopathologically, the rate of microvascular invasion (MVI) was significantly lower in SH-HCCs than non-SH-HCCs (42.3% versus 73.1%, p = 0.025). The frequency of hepatic steatosis >5% in non-tumoral liver parenchyma of SH-HCCs was significantly higher than in non-SH-HCCs (88.5% versus 26.9%, p = 0.000). Additionally, the fibrotic stages of S0, S1 and S2 in SH-HCCs were significantly higher than in non-SH-HCCs (p = 0.044). During follow-up, although the PFS of SH-HCC patients was significantly longer than non-SH-HCC patients (p = 0.046), for the overall survival rate of SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC patients there was no significant difference (p = 0.162). In conclusion, the frequency of metabolism-related diseases in SH-HCC patients was significantly higher than in non-SH-HCC patients. The imaging features of SH-HCCs combined the fatty change and typical enhancement performance of standard HCC as seen via CEUS/CEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yadan Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitity School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuhao Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Mulé S, Serhal A, Pregliasco AG, Nguyen J, Vendrami CL, Reizine E, Yang GY, Calderaro J, Amaddeo G, Luciani A, Miller FH. MRI features associated with HCC histologic subtypes: a western American and European bicenter study. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:1342-1352. [PMID: 35999375 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate if preoperative MRI can predict the most frequent HCC subtypes in North American and European patients treated with surgical resection. METHODS A total of 119 HCCs in 97 patients were included in the North American group and 191 HCCs in 176 patients were included in the European group. Lesion subtyping was based on morphologic features and immuno-histopathological analysis. Two radiologists reviewed preoperative MRI and evaluated the presence of imaging features including LI-RADS major and ancillary features to identify clinical, biologic, and imaging features associated with the main HCC subtypes. RESULTS Sixty-four percent of HCCs were conventional. The most frequent subtypes were macrotrabecular-massive (MTM-15%) and steatohepatitic (13%). Necrosis (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.39, 7.89; p = .0064) and observation size (OR = 1.011; 95% CI: 1.0022, 1.019; p = .014) were independent predictors of MTM-HCC. Fat in mass (OR = 15.07; 95% CI: 6.57, 34.57; p < .0001), tumor size (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99; p = .0037), and absence of chronic HCV infection (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.084, 0.67; p = .0068) were independent predictors of steatohepatitic HCC. Independent predictors of conventional HCCs were viral C hepatitis (OR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.62, 6.34; p = .0008), absence of fat (OR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.52; p = .0002), absence of tumor in vein (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.84; p = .020), and higher tumor-to-liver ADC ratio (OR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.35; p = .014) CONCLUSION: MRI is useful in predicting the most frequent HCC subtypes even in cohorts with different distributions of liver disease etiologies and tumor subtypes which might have future treatment and management implications. KEY POINTS • Representation of both liver disease etiologies and HCC subtypes differed between the North American and European cohorts of patients. • Retrospective two-center study showed that liver MRI is useful in predicting the most frequent HCC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Mulé
- Medical Imaging Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France. .,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.
| | - Ali Serhal
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Athena Galletto Pregliasco
- Medical Imaging Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jessica Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Camila Lopes Vendrami
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edouard Reizine
- Medical Imaging Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Pathology Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Giuliana Amaddeo
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Hepatology Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Alain Luciani
- Medical Imaging Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor University Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Frank H Miller
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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11
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Clinicopathological assessment of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101799. [PMID: 34500120 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the clinicopathological features of typical steatohepatitic HCC (SH-HCC) with other HCCs. METHODS Subjects were 486 patients with untreated HCC who underwent hepatectomy at our hospital from January 2015 to December 2020. We compared patient backgrounds, preoperative laboratory data, imaging findings (ultrasonography, computed tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and postoperative pathological findings (tumor and background of liver). The Liver Imaging Reporting And Data System (LI-RADS) was used to examine CT and MRI findings. RESULTS Typical SH-HCCs were significantly different from other HCCs with respect to age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diabetes and hyperlipidemia were also significantly more common. Regarding histopathology, tumor size and background steatosis were significantly different between groups. Although ultrasonography, CT, and MRI could each alone diagnose SH-HCCs with a diameter < 20 mm in ≥ 50% of patients, the combined use of these tests improved diagnostic accuracy. By LI-RADS, 87% of SH-HCC cases were classified as LR-5, which are considered to be malignant tumors. CONCLUSIONS It seems possible to diagnose SH-HCC by combining ultrasonography, CT, and MRI.
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12
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Chen C, Su N, Li G, Shen Y, Duan X. Long non-coding RNA TMCC1-AS1 predicts poor prognosis and accelerates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:773. [PMID: 34589152 PMCID: PMC8442226 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 1 antisense RNA 1 (TMCC1-AS1) has been frequently reported to be associated with prognosis in patients with liver cancer (LC). However, the biological role of TMCC1-AS1 in LC in vitro remains unclear. The expression levels of TMCC1-AS1 in primary tumor tissues and LC cell lines were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The associations between TMCC1-AS1 expression and the clinicopathological factors of patients with LC were statistically analyzed using the χ2 test. The role of TMCC1-AS1 in LC prognosis was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and proportional hazards model (Cox) analysis. Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays. Transwell assays were performed to determine migration and invasion. TMCC1-AS1 expression was found to be significantly upregulated in LC tissues and cell lines compared with the corresponding controls. High TMCC1-AS1 expression was associated with advanced TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, high TMCC1-AS1 expression predicted poor survival in patients with LC. Knockdown of TMCC1-AS1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 and SNU-182 cells, while overexpression of TMCC1-AS1 had the opposite effect in HepG2 and SNU-182 cells. At the molecular level, downregulation of TMCC1-AS1 expression resulted in increased E-cadherin expression and decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki67, N-cadherin and Vimentin expression in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of TMCC1-AS1 had the opposite effects on these factors in SNU-182 cells. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that TMCC1-AS1 might be considered as a novel oncogene, which promotes cell proliferation and migration, and may be a potential therapeutic target for LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Oncology Department II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056000, P.R. China
| | - Na Su
- Oncology Department II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056000, P.R. China
| | - Guiying Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Shen
- Oncology Department II, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, Hebei 056000, P.R. China
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13
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Aykutlu U, Argon A, Orman M, Ulukaya S, Zeytunlu M, Karasu Z, Günşar F, Nart D, Akarca U, Yilmaz F. Steatotic and Steatohepatitic Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Features in a Series With Predominantly Viral Etiology. Am J Surg Pathol 2021; 45:1252-1263. [PMID: 33826548 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with steatohepatitis and steatosis are reported with varying definitions and clinicopathologic features. We aimed to search the attributes of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) and steatotic-HCC in our series. A retrospective clinicopathologic analyses of 150 HCCs and immunostaining for C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were performed. Tumors were reclassified as all SH-HCC, limited SH-HCC, typical SH-HCC (steatohepatitic features in >5%, 5% to 50%, and ≥50% of the tumor, respectively), steatotic-HCC, and classic HCC (C-HCC). Group comparisons were made using Kruskal-Wallis and Kaplan-Meier tests. The background etiology in all SH-HCCs was pure viral in 51.4%, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)/alcoholic liver disease (ALD) alone/mixed in 34.3%, and unidentified in normal liver in 14.3%. All SH-HCCS (n=35, 23.3%) and typical SH-HCCs (n=13, 8.6%) had higher NASH/ALD. Limited SH-HCCs (n=22, 14.6%) had higher ALD (all P<0.05). Typical SH-HCCs tended to have more NASH (P=0.054). Steatotic-HCCs (n=13, 9%) and C-HCCs (n=102, 68%) had higher pure viral etiology and serum CRP (all P<0.05). CRP and SAA were positive in 69% and 27% of the tumors, respectively. SAA positivity correlated with ALD (P=0.026). In the overall group disease-free survival rates at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years were 97.0%, 82.3%, 79.6%, and 77.2%, respectively. Demographics, tumor characteristics, CRP and SAA positivity, and survival were similar between the groups (P>0.05). SH-HCC is heterogenous in terms of underlying etiologies, and can be seen in NASH/ALD, pure viral and noncirrhotic/normal background. The ≥50% cutoff for the definition of SH-HCC can lead to overlook ALD-related SH-HCC. Steatotic-HCC seems more similar to C-HCC rather than SH-HCC, but none of them feature as a different prognostic group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asuman Argon
- Department of Pathology, University of Health Sciences, Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital
| | - Mehmet Orman
- Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics
| | | | | | | | | | - Deniz Nart
- Pathology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Ege University Application and Research Center of Organ Transplantation, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Funda Yilmaz
- Pathology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Ege University Application and Research Center of Organ Transplantation, Izmir, Turkey
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14
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Wong M, Waters KM, Guindi M, Larson BK. New Names for Old Tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 155:698-710. [PMID: 33258899 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies described "clear cell" hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although definitions have varied. New clear cell subtypes of HCC have been proposed, including chromophobe (C-HCC), steatohepatitic (SH-HCC), and steatotic (S-HCC), and this study assessed the utility and clinical-pathologic profile of these subtypes. METHODS Current histologic definitions, including 3 separate proposed definitions for SH-HCC, were applied to tumors previously characterized as clear cell HCC. Histologic and clinical variables were analyzed. RESULTS Of 66 HCCs, 51 (77%) were classified using modern definitions, including 34 SH-HCCs, 15 S-HCCs, and 2 C-HCCs. Compared with the most permissive SH-HCC definition, the other 2 definitions designated 30 and 25 SH-HCCs (-12% and -26% cases, respectively). Unsurprisingly, S-HCC and SH-HCC were associated with steatotic clear cells (P < .0001). S-HCC was also more typically early type and low grade (P = .0017). The remaining unclassified clear cell HCCs were associated with flocculent (rather than steatotic or optically clear) cytoplasm (P < .0001) but otherwise demonstrated no discrete clinical-pathologic profile. CONCLUSIONS Current definitions could be used to reclassify the majority of "clear cell" HCCs. The subtypes are significantly correlated with a few variables, suggesting valid differences of the subtypes, although additional study is warranted, particularly to standardize the definition of SH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin M Waters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maha Guindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent K Larson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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15
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Hermida M, Preel A, Assenat E, Piron L, Cassinotto C, Ursic-Bedoya J, Guillot C, Herrero A, Panaro F, Pageaux GP, Guiu B. Small Steatotic HCC: A Radiological Variant Associated With Improved Outcome After Ablation. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:689-700. [PMID: 33860126 PMCID: PMC8034567 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous thermal ablation is a validated treatment option for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Steatotic HCC can be reliably detected by magnetic resonance imaging. To determine the clinical relevance of this radiological variant, we included 235 patients (cirrhosis in 92.3%, classified Child-Pugh A in 97%) from a prospective database on percutaneous thermal ablation for <3 cm HCC. Among these patients, 52 (22.1%) had at least one steatotic HCC nodule. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was more frequent in patients with than without steatotic HCC (P = 0.057), whereas body mass index, diabetes mellitus, liver steatosis, and liver fat content did not differ between groups. Liver disease was less advanced in patients with than without steatotic HCC: lower total bilirubin ( - 2.1 µmol/L; P = 0.035), higher albumin (+0.8 g/L; P = 0.035), and lower Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score (-0.8; P = 0.014). Tumor phenotype was less aggressive in patients with steatotic HCC: lower alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration (P = 0.019), less frequent AFP > 100 ng/mL (P = 0.045), and multifocality (P = 0.015). During the follow-up (median: 28.3 months), overall mortality (3.8% vs. 23.5%; P = 0.001) and HCC-specific mortality (0.0% vs. 14.2%; P = 0.002) rates were lower in patients with steatotic HCC. Early (<2 years) recurrence was also less frequent (32.7% vs. 49.2%; P = 0.041). The mean time to intrahepatic distant recurrence (16.4 vs. 9 months, P = 0.006) and the median time to recurrence and recurrence-free survival (32.4 vs. 18.6 months, P = 0.024 and 30.4 vs. 16.4 months, P = 0.018) were longer in patients with steatotic versus nonsteatotic HCC. The 3-year overall survival was 94.4% and 70.9% in steatotic and nonsteatotic HCC (P = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, steatotic HCC (hazard ratio = 0.12; P = 0.039) and AFP (HR=1.002; P < 0.001) independently predicted overall survival. Conclusion: Small steatotic HCC detected by magnetic resonance imaging is associated with a less aggressive tumor phenotype. In patients with such radiological variant, percutaneous thermal ablation results in improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Hermida
- Department of RadiologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Ancelin Preel
- Department of RadiologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Eric Assenat
- Department of OncologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Lauranne Piron
- Department of RadiologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | | | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- Department of HepatologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Chloé Guillot
- Department of RadiologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Astrid Herrero
- Department of Liver SurgerySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Fabrizio Panaro
- Department of Liver SurgerySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Boris Guiu
- Department of RadiologySt-Eloi University HospitalMontpellierFrance
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16
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Nahon P, Allaire M, Nault JC, Paradis V. Characterizing the mechanism behind the progression of NAFLD to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol 2020; 7:HEP36. [PMID: 33680428 PMCID: PMC7907968 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2020-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) individuals presents substantial clinical and biological characteristics, which remain to be elucidated. Its occurrence in noncirrhotic patients raises issues regarding surveillance strategies, which cannot be considered as cost-effective given the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and furthermore delineates specific oncogenic process that could be targeted in the setting of primary or secondary prevention. In this context, the identification of a genetic heterogeneity modulating HCC risk as well as specific biological pathways have been made possible through genome-wide association studies, development of animal models and in-depth analyses of human samples at the pathological and genomic levels. These advances must be confirmed and pursued to pave the way for personalized management of NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nahon
- APHP, Service d’Hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Bondy
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Médecine, Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Manon Allaire
- APHP, Service d’Hépatologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l’inflammation, Inserm-UMR1149, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- APHP, Service d’Hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Bondy
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé, Médecine, Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- APHP, Service d’Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Paris F-75890, France
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17
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Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma: imaging findings with clinicopathological correlation. Clin Radiol 2020; 76:160.e15-160.e25. [PMID: 33046228 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the clinicopathological and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinicopathological and radiological features were evaluated in 20 patients with SH-HCC. The diagnosis of SH-HCC was made histologically if the tumour had four of the following five characteristics: steatosis (>5% tumour cells), ballooning, Mallory-Denk bodies, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation. All patients underwent dynamic CT and MRI. CT and MRI images were reviewed for morphological features including tumour size, presence, and distribution of fat, and patterns and degree of contrast enhancement. RESULTS Obesity, hypertension, and history of heavy alcohol intake were common clinical findings observed in 10 (50%), 13 (65%), and 11 (55%) of the 20 patients, respectively. Steatosis and steatohepatitis were pronounced in the background liver in 12 (60%) and 10 (50%) patients, respectively. SH-HCC was moderately differentiated in 18 patients (90%) and well differentiated in two (10%). Pathologically, steatohepatitic features were diffuse in 12 (60%) of the 20 tumours and focal in eight (40%). Tumour size and the percentage of intratumoural steatosis were not correlated (r=0.17, p=0.47). On CT, 16 (80%) patients showed arterial phase enhancement and delayed washout. On MRI, 16 (80%) of 20 tumours showed prominent fatty deposition (10 diffusely, six focally) with arterial phase enhancement. CONCLUSIONS SH-HCC is likely to show prominent fatty deposits with arterial phase enhancement on CT and MRI. A hypervascular lesion with prominent fatty change should raise the diagnostic suspicion of SH-HCC.
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18
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Chen YY, Yeh MM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review with clinical and pathological correlation. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:68-77. [PMID: 32654868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in North America and Europe, with increasing prevalence in other regions of the world. Its spectrum encompass steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is considered as the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in liver, and its development and progression is influenced by complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors. In this review we discuss the histopathological features, differential diagnoses, and the commonly used grading and staging systems of NAFLD. NAFLD associated with other diseases, histological changes after therapeutic intervention and recurrence or occurrence of NAFLD after liver transplantation are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.
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Dhamija E, Paul SB, Kedia S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hepatocellular carcinoma: An increasing concern. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:9-17. [PMID: 31115369 PMCID: PMC6507546 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1456_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in world and third largest cause of cancer-related deaths. The last few decades have witnessed the emergence of non-viral causes of HCC, the most important being non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis in the absence of excessive alcohol intake to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with or without cirrhosis. About 3-15 per cent of the obese patients with NASH progress to cirrhosis and about 4-27 per cent of NASH with cirrhosis patients transform to HCC. It is also known that HCC can develop de novo in patients with NASH without the presence of cirrhosis. Yearly cumulative incidence of NASH-related HCC is low (2.6%) compared to four per cent of viral-HCC. NAFLD has been associated with risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, altered gut flora and persistent inflammation. Due to alarming rise in metabolic diseases, both in the developing as well as the developed world, it is expected that the incidence of NAFLD/NASH-HCC would rise manifold in future. No definite guidelines have been drawn for surveillance and management of NAFLD/NASH-associated HCC. It is thus important to discuss the entity of HCC in NAFLD at length with special focus on its epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical presentation and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Dhamija
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashi Bala Paul
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Jak-Stat Signaling Induced by Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111704. [PMID: 31683891 PMCID: PMC6896168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. It can be caused by chronic liver cell injury with resulting sustained inflammation, e.g., triggered by infections with hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV). Death of hepatocytes leads to the activation of compensatory mechanisms, which can ultimately result in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Another common feature is the infiltration of the liver with inflammatory cells, which secrete cytokines and chemokines that act directly on the hepatocytes. Among several secreted proteins, members of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines have emerged as important regulatory proteins that might constitute an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The IL-6-type cytokines activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, and especially the Jak/STAT cascade has been shown to be crucial for HCC development. In this review, we give an overview about HCC pathogenesis with respect to IL-6-type cytokines and the Jak/STAT pathway. We highlight the role of mutations in genes encoding several proteins involved in the cytokine/Jak/STAT axis and summarize current knowledge about IL-6 family cytokines in this context. We further discuss possible anti-cytokine therapies for HCC patients in comparison to already established therapies.
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Qi Y, Yao X, Du X. Midazolam inhibits proliferation and accelerates apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by elevating microRNA-124-3p and suppressing PIM-1. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:452-464. [PMID: 31651086 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this study was designed to assess the effects of miR-124-3p and midazolam (MDZ) in HCC with the involvement of PIM-1. METHODS HepG2 human HCC cells were selected for our study, which were treated with different concentrations of MDZ. The gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to elucidate the migration, invasion, proliferation, colony formation ability, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HepG2 cells upon treatment of MDZ, miR-124-3p mimics, or miR-124-3p inhibitor. The expression levels of miR-124-3p, PIM-1, Bax, Bcl-2, P21, and Ki-67 in HepG2 cells were assessed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Moreover, HepG2 cell growth in vivo was measured by subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice, and the target relation between miR-124-3p and PIM-1 was evaluated using dual luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS We have found that after treated with overexpression of miR-124-3p and MDZ, there exhibited elevated miR-124-3p, declined expression of PIM-1, attenuated migration, invasion, proliferation and colony formation ability, and promoted apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Additionally, it could be observed that the tumor volume and weight were all reduced upon treatment of overexpression of miR-124-3p and MDZ. Meanwhile, the results in the HepG2 cells that treated with down-regulated miR-124-3p were the opposite. Furthermore, PIM-1 was found to be a target gene of miR-124-3p. CONCLUSION Our study found that MDZ could inhibit proliferation and accelerate apoptosis of HCC cells by elevation of miR-124-3p and suppressing PIM-1, which may be an effective method in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Qi
- Anesthesiology Department, Henan Province People's hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Yao
- Anesthesiology Department, Henan Province People's hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhui Du
- Anesthesiology Department, Henan Province People's hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Song W, Zhang J, Xia Q, Sun M. Down-regulated lncRNA TP73-AS1 reduces radioresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via the PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3177-3188. [PMID: 31564201 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1671089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recently, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been assessed. Our research was determined to investigate the impacts of lncRNA TP73-AS1 on radioresistance of HCC by modulating PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Methods: Expression of TP73-AS1 in HCC tissues and cells was detected using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The HCC cells were conducted with different doses of irradiation, then the survival, colony formation and apoptosis were determined by a series of assays. The HCC cell line with a higher expression of TP73-AS1 was transfected with TP73-AS1-siRNA and X-rayed, the expression of TP73-AS1, cell survival, radiosensitivity, and apoptosis were evaluated. Subcutaneous tumorigenesis in nude mice was adopted to record the size of tumors before and after the radiation. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were used to clarify the activation of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Results: TP73-AS1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and cells. With the increasing dose of radiation, the relative proliferation activity and survival fraction (SF) of HCC cells was gradually reduced, while the total apoptosis rate was gradually elevated. TP73-AS1 knockdown promoted radiosensitivity and apoptosis, repressed cell proliferation, making it an inhibitor of tumor in HCC. Moreover, reduced TP73-AS1 was able to decline the phosphorylation of Akt and increase the expression of PTEN in HCC. Down-regulated TP73-AS1 could repress tumorigenesis by promoting radiosensitivity in nude mice with HCC. Conclusion: Our study suggests that lncRNA TP73-AS1 was highly expressed in HCC and participated in radioresistance of HCC via PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Abbreviations: lncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; lncRNAs: HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; survival fraction: SF; lncRNA TP73-AS1: LncRNA P73 antisense RNA 1T; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homologue; Akt: Protein kinase B; P13K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; TNM: tumor, node and metastasis; ACJJ: American Joint Committee on Cancer; FBS: fetal bovine serum; EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid; NC: negative control; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium; OD: optical density; PE: Plating efficiency; FITC/PI: fluoresceine isothiocyanate/propidium iodide; PBS: phosphate buffered solution; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; ANOVA: one-way analysis of variance; LSD-t: least significant difference test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascularology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , PR China
| | - Qingxin Xia
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , PR China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan , PR China
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Nnadi IG, Olu-Eddo AN, Obaseki DE. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Benin City, Nigeria: A Twenty-Five (1987-2011) Year Retrospective Histopathological Study. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.119092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Olofson AM, Gonzalo DH, Chang M, Liu X. Steatohepatitic Variant of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Focused Review. Gastroenterology Res 2018; 11:391-396. [PMID: 30627261 PMCID: PMC6306112 DOI: 10.14740/gr1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has steadily increased over the past three decades and currently ranks as the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Likewise, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a known risk factor for the development of HCC, has emerged as the most common liver disease in Western countries. The underlying pathogenesis of NAFLD-related HCC remains unclear. The steatohepatitic variant of HCC (SH-HCC) typically presents in patients with metabolic risk factors and either cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic NAFLD and shares many of the histological features found in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Given their similar morphological features, distinguishing SH-HCC from background fatty liver can be a diagnostic challenge. Immunohistochemical studies to characterize and assist in the diagnosis are relatively limited. Whether the steatotic phenotype of SH-HCC results from the tumor's adaptive response to an environment rich in fatty acids or from an independent pathogenic pathway remains to be seen. This review aims to summarize what is currently known regarding the pathogenesis and clinicopathological features of SH-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morgan Olofson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David Hernandez Gonzalo
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Chang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Taniai M, Hashimoto E, Tobari M, Kodama K, Tokushige K, Yamamoto M, Takayama T, Sugitani M, Sano K, Kondo F, Fukusato T. Clinicopathological investigation of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter study using immunohistochemical analysis of adenoma-related markers. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:947-955. [PMID: 30058778 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is a newly proposed concept, which shows histological features of steatohepatitis in HCC lesions, and it is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome (MS) and steatosis/steatohepatitis in non-cancerous lesions. Recently, a substantial number of HCC associated with MS were reported to have developed from pre-existing inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). To elucidate the characteristic features of SH-HCC, we clinicopathologically investigated strictly diagnosed SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC (standard HCC). METHODS This was a retrospective multicenter study. A clinicopathological investigation was undertaken to compare 62 cases with SH-HCC features to 31 age- and sex-matched standard HCC cases, including an immunohistochemical study using markers for classification of HCA and diagnosis of HCC. RESULTS The characteristic features of SH-HCC compared with standard HCC include a higher rate of complications of MS, more frequent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as an underlying liver disease, and HCC development in non-cirrhotic liver. The rate of solitary tumors showed no difference between the two groups, but the median diameter of the main tumor was greater in SH-HCCs (45 mm/20 mm, P = 0.01). The HCCs were mostly moderately differentiated, and the patterns were mainly trabecular in both groups. Positive findings for serum amyloid A and C-reactive proteins, classification markers of inflammatory HCA, were significantly higher in cancerous lesions of SH-HCC cases (50%/13%, P < 0.01 and 42%/16%, respectively; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that SH-HCC was strongly associated with MS and NAFLD, and found that classification markers of inflammatory HCA were significantly higher in SH-HCC. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between SH-CCC and HCA for understanding the carcinogenic pathways in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Taniai
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Hashimoto
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Tobari
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kodama
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Tokushige
- Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Womens Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadatoshi Takayama
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sugitani
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Sano
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukusato
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Familial hepatocellular carcinoma: 'A model for studying preventive and therapeutic measures'. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2018; 35:129-132. [PMID: 30305894 PMCID: PMC6172566 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, with more than 80% of cases found in endemic areas of hepatitis B such as Africa or East Asia. A family history of liver cancer increases HCC risk, independently of hepatitis. The combination of family history of liver cancer and hepatitis B/C serum markers is associated with an over 70-fold elevated HCC risk and poor prognosis. Only limited attention has been given to the role of primary genetic factors in HCC, but scattered anecdotal reports have identified familial aggregations of HCC. This article reviewed the literature on familial hepatocellular carcinoma and suggest that familial HCC may be a good model for studying preventive and therapeutic measures. Highest risk for HCC occur when a hereditary component acts in concert with hepatitis B virus. Different single nucleotide polymorphisms affect various biological pathways predisposing other risk factors. More extensive investigation of the genetic hypothesis of HCC and its fibrolamellar variant required. Prevention with neonatal vaccination is better than cure.
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27
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Koch LK, Yeh MM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Diagnosis, pitfalls, and staging. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 37:83-90. [PMID: 30312882 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly prevalent and strongly associated with obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, not only in the Western societies, but also in most regions of the world in the 21st century. The spectrum of its histopathology ranges from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with risk for progressive fibrosis that may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Benign and malignant liver tumors have also been more frequently reported with the increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. This review addresses the pathology of NAFLD and NASH, and their diagnostic features, diagnostic pitfalls, grading and staging, and clinical correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Koch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
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28
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Jiang K, Al-Diffhala S, Centeno BA. Primary Liver Cancers-Part 1: Histopathology, Differential Diagnoses, and Risk Stratification. Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274817744625. [PMID: 29350068 PMCID: PMC5933592 DOI: 10.1177/1073274817744625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are the 2 most common primary malignant liver tumors, with hepatocellular and bile ductular differentiation, respectively. This article reviews the key histopathological findings of these 2 primary liver cancers and includes a review of the role of ancillary testing for differential diagnosis, risk stratification according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging recommendation, and a review of precancerous lesions. A literature review was conducted to identify articles with information relevant to precancerous precursors, current histopathological classification, ancillary testing, and risk stratification of primary malignant liver tumors. The histomorphology of normal liver, preinvasive precursors, primary malignancies, and morphological variants, and the utilization of ancillary tests for the pathological diagnosis are described. Dysplastic nodules are the preinvasive precursors of HCC, and intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile ducts and biliary intraepithelial neoplasia are the preinvasive precursors of CC. Benign liver nodules including focal nodular hyperplasia and adenomas are included in this review, since some forms of adenomas progress to HCC and often they have to be differentiated from well-differentiated HCC. A number of morphological variants of HCC have been described in the literature, and it is necessary to be aware of them in order to render the correct diagnosis. Risk stratification is still dependent on the AJCC staging system. The diagnosis of primary liver carcinomas is usually straightforward. Application of the appropriate ancillary studies aids in the differential diagnosis of difficult cases. The understanding of the carcinogenesis of these malignancies has improved with the standardization of the pathological classification of preinvasive precursors and studies of the molecular pathogenesis. Risk stratification still depends on pathological staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,2 Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sameer Al-Diffhala
- 3 Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barbara A Centeno
- 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,2 Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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29
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Bannasch P, Ribback S, Su Q, Mayer D. Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma: origin, metabolic traits and fate of glycogenotic clear and ground glass cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:570-594. [PMID: 29291777 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(17)60071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma (CCHCC) has hitherto been considered an uncommon, highly differentiated variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a relatively favorable prognosis. CCHCC is composed of mixtures of clear and/or acidophilic ground glass hepatocytes with excessive glycogen and/or fat and shares histology, clinical features and etiology with common HCCs. Studies in animal models of chemical, hormonal and viral hepatocarcinogenesis and observations in patients with chronic liver diseases prone to develop HCC have shown that the majority of HCCs are preceded by, or associated with, focal or diffuse excessive storage of glycogen (glycogenosis) which later may be replaced by fat (lipidosis/steatosis). In ground glass cells, the glycogenosis is accompanied by proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is closely related to glycogen particles and frequently harbors the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). From the findings in animal models a sequence of changes has been established, commencing with preneoplastic glycogenotic liver lesions, often containing ground glass cells, and progressing to glycogen-poor neoplasms via various intermediate stages, including glycogenotic/lipidotic clear cell foci, clear cell hepatocellular adenomas (CCHCA) rich in glycogen and/or fat, and CCHCC. A similar process seems to take place in humans, with clear cells frequently persisting in CCHCC and steatohepatitic HCC, which presumably represent intermediate stages in the development rather than particular variants of HCC. During the progression of the preneoplastic lesions, the clear and ground glass cells transform into cells characteristic of common HCC. The sequential cellular changes are associated with metabolic aberrations, which start with an activation of the insulin signaling cascade resulting in pre-neoplastic hepatic glycogenosis. The molecular and metabolic changes underlying the glycogenosis/lipidosis are apparently responsible for the dramatic metabolic shift from gluconeogenesis to the pentose phosphate pathway and Warburg-type glycolysis, which provide precursors and energy for an ever increasing cell proliferation during progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Su
- Cell Marque, Millipore-Sigma Rocklin, USA
| | - Doris Mayer
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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David D, Raghavendran A, Goel A, Bharath Kumar C, Kodiatte TA, Burad D, Abraham P, Ramakrishna B, Joseph P, Ramachandran J, Eapen CE. Risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are common in patients with non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma in India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2017; 36:373-379. [PMID: 28975595 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-017-0785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Between June 2012 and November 2014, patients with HCC, negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody, were included in this study. All patients were assessed for risk factors for NAFLD such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. RESULTS Forty-seven patients with non-B non-C HCC (males, 37; age, 60±10 years; mean±SD) were studied. Model for end-stage liver disease score was 11±4. Twenty-five patients were in Child's class A. History of significant alcohol intake was noted in 11 (23%) patients. Prevalence of risk factors for NAFLD were obesity 24 (51%), DM 22 (47%), metabolic syndrome 21 (45%), hypertension 16 (34%), and dyslipidemia 13 (28%). Forty (85%) patients had at least one risk factor for NAFLD. The mean duration of at least one NAFLD risk factor was 7.5 years, prior to diagnosis of HCC. Thirteen (28%) patients were positive for anti-HBc; however, none of the study patients had detectable HBV DNA in blood. CONCLUSIONS Eighty-five percent of the patients with non-B non-C HCC had at least one risk factor for NAFLD. None of the study patients had occult hepatitis B infection. NAFLD is emerging as the major etiological contributing factor for non-B non-C HCC in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu David
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India.
| | | | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - C Bharath Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Thomas Alex Kodiatte
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Deepak Burad
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Department of Virology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Banumathi Ramakrishna
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Philip Joseph
- Department of Surgery, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Jeyamani Ramachandran
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - C E Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, 632 004, India
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31
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Benedict M, Zhang X. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An expanded review. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:715-732. [PMID: 28652891 PMCID: PMC5468341 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i16.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses the simple steatosis to more progressive steatosis with associated hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and in some cases hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is a growing epidemic, not only in the United States, but worldwide in part due to obesity and insulin resistance leading to liver accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids. Numerous risk factors for the development of NAFLD have been espoused with most having some form of metabolic derangement or insulin resistance at the core of its pathophysiology. NAFLD patients are at increased risk of liver-related as well as cardiovascular mortality, and NAFLD is rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis, but the development of noninvasive advanced imaging, biochemical and genetic tests will no doubt provide future clinicians with a great deal of information and opportunity for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis and targeted treatment. As it currently stands several medications/supplements are being used in the treatment of NAFLD; however, none seem to be the "magic bullet" in curtailing this growing problem yet. In this review we summarized the current knowledge of NAFLD epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathologic changes, natural history, and treatment in order to aid in further understanding this disease and better managing NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Benedict
- Mark Benedict, Xuchen Zhang, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Mark Benedict, Xuchen Zhang, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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32
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas can be further divided into distinct subtypes that provide important clinical information and biological insights. These subtypes are distinct from growth patterns and are on based on morphologic and molecular findings. There are 12 reasonably well-defined subtypes as well as 6 provisional subtypes, together making up 35% of all hepatocellular carcinomas. These subtypes are discussed, with an emphasis on their definitions and the key morphologic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignant neoplasm in adults. Clinically, it tends to present late, and its prognosis historically has been poor, due to limited treatment options at the more advanced stage. A multidisciplinary approach for surveillance and early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk populations, combined with advances in surgical and other forms of ablative or chemotherapy, has greatly improved outcomes for patients with this tumor. Liver biopsies for HCC are becoming rare, being performed only for lesions that are atypical on imaging, to avoid the risk of bleeding or of inadvertently seeding the needle tract with HCC. HCC, a tumor of varied appearance, can be diagnostically challenging, particularly on a liver biopsy, due to sampling errors. Although HCC typically occurs on a background of cirrhosis, or advanced fibrosis, it may also arise in the noncirrhotic liver. Well-differentiated HCC may be hard to distinguish from benign lesions in the noncirrhotic liver and premalignant lesions in the cirrhotic liver, whereas a poorly-differentiated neoplasm may be difficult to tell apart from metastases or primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Additionally, variant forms of HCC may mimic other neoplasms. This case-based review discusses typical HCC, the increasingly recognized steatohepatitic variant of HCC, the rare scirrhous variant of HCC and the extremely rare and clinically challenging cirrhotomimetic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi M Agni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin - Madison UWHC Surgical Pathology Rm A4/204 - 3224 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
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Chan AWH, Yu S, Yu YH, Tong JHM, Wang L, Tin EKY, Chong CCN, Chan SL, Wong GLH, Wong VWS, Chan HLY, Lai PBS, To KF. Steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma: a variant associated with metabolic factors and late tumour relapse. Histopathology 2016; 69:971-984. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Shuangni Yu
- Department of Pathology; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Yau-Hei Yu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Joanna H M Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science; Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology; Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Shanghai China
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Edith K Y Tin
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Charing C N Chong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Stephen L Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Grace L H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology; State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China; Prince of Wales Hospital; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Institute of Digestive Disease; Partner State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science; Sir Y. K. Pao Cancer Center; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second commonest cause of cancer death worldwide. Rather than falling as a result of prevention and treatments for viral hepatitis, an increase is evident in developed nations consequent to the rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-the two major risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The majority of patients with HCC complicating these conditions present with advanced disease as the tools for surveillance are inadequate, and the "at-risk" population is not well characterized. This review will summarize the epidemiological evidence linking obesity, T2DM, and NAFLD with HCC, what is known about the pathogenic mechanisms involved, as well as their relevance for clinicians managing patients at risk. There will also be an overview of the "unmet needs" surrounding this topic, with suggestions for the direction translational research should take in order to prevent progression of NAFLD to HCC, to improve early detection of HCC in those with NAFLD, as well as to improve outcomes for those affected.
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Chandra S, Kusum A, Chandra H, Yadav K, Verma SK. Familial Hepatocellular Carcinoma- First Reported Case from India. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ED11-2. [PMID: 27134884 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/17746.7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Familial clustering of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is commonly observed in various parts of the world including China and Eastern Asia where HBV is endemic while in western world, genetic factors and metabolic disorders may play an important role. In India, HCC is considered to be a rare tumour and till date no case of familial HCC has been reported here. Therefore the present case demonstrates rare occurrence of familial HCC which is being reported for the first time from India on cytology. The case also highlights an unusual feature that it was not associated with any risk factor including HBV, HCV infection, alcoholism, obesity, diabetes or smoking suggesting its independent association with genetic factors. Cytology is uncomplicated diagnostic tool for HCC and may be useful for its early diagnosis. This case also highlights the importance of early surveillance and follow up of blood relatives for every case of HCC so that early diagnosis and management of familial HCC is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Chandra
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences , SRHU, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuradha Kusum
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences , SRHU, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Harish Chandra
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences , SRHU, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kanika Yadav
- Resident, Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences , SRHU, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjiv Kumar Verma
- Professor, Department of Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences , SRHU, Swami Ram Nagar, Doiwala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Tan PS, Nakagawa S, Goossens N, Venkatesh A, Huang T, Ward SC, Sun X, Song WM, Koh A, Canasto-Chibuque C, Deshmukh M, Nair V, Mahajan M, Zhang B, Fiel MI, Kobayashi M, Kumada H, Hoshida Y. Clinicopathological indices to predict hepatocellular carcinoma molecular classification. Liver Int 2016; 36:108-18. [PMID: 26058462 PMCID: PMC4674393 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most lethal cancer caused by lack of effective therapies. Although promising, HCC molecular classification, which enriches potential responders to specific therapies, has not yet been assessed in clinical trials of anti-HCC drugs. We aimed to overcome these challenges by developing clinicopathological surrogate indices of HCC molecular classification. METHODS Hepatocellular carcinoma classification defined in our previous transcriptome meta-analysis (S1, S2 and S3 subclasses) was implemented in an FDA-approved diagnostic platform (Elements assay, NanoString). Ninety-six HCC tumours (training set) were assayed to develop molecular subclass-predictive indices based on clinicopathological features, which were independently validated in 99 HCC tumours (validation set). Molecular deregulations associated with the histopathological features were determined by pathway analysis. Sample sizes for HCC clinical trials enriched with specific molecular subclasses were determined. RESULTS Hepatocellular carcinoma subclass-predictive indices were steatohepatitic (SH)-HCC variant and immune cell infiltrate for S1 subclass, macrotrabecular/compact pattern, lack of pseudoglandular pattern, and high serum alpha-foetoprotein (>400 ng/ml) for S2 subclass, and microtrabecular pattern, lack of SH-HCC and clear cell variants, and lower histological grade for S3 subclass. Macrotrabecular/compact pattern, a predictor of S2 subclass, was associated with the activation of therapeutically targetable oncogene YAP and stemness markers EPCAM/KRT19. BMP4 was associated with pseudoglandular pattern. Subclass-predictive indices-based patient enrichment reduced clinical trial sample sizes from 121, 184 and 53 to 30, 43 and 22 for S1, S2 and S3 subclass-targeting therapies respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocellular carcinoma molecular subclasses can be enriched by clinicopathological indices tightly associated with deregulation of therapeutically targetable molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Seng Tan
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Shigeki Nakagawa
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Anu Venkatesh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Tiangui Huang
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Stephen C. Ward
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Anna Koh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Claudia Canasto-Chibuque
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Manjeet Deshmukh
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Venugopalan Nair
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Milind Mahajan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
| | - Maria Isabel Fiel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, U.S
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38
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Different Nodules Identified during Liver Explant Gross Examination: Relevance and Need for Sectioning-Experience from India. Int J Hepatol 2016; 2016:4390434. [PMID: 27418978 PMCID: PMC4933863 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4390434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The goal of this study was to determine the etiopathological association of various hepatic nodules identified during gross examination of liver explants specimen and the grossing aspects of these abnormal nodules especially those smaller than 1 cm in diameter. Our aim was to analyze whether there is any association of macroregenerative and dysplastic nodule with hepatocellular carcinoma. Materials and Methods. Fifty consecutive liver explants specimens were analyzed for the presence of any abnormal nodule (abnormal nodule defined as any nodule different in color, texture, and appearance from adjacent liver tissue). Results. Of the total 40 abnormal nodules identified in 50 liver explant specimens, there were 12 (30%) HCC [including 5 small HCC (41% of total HCC) and 1 steatohepatitic HCC (8% of total HCC)], 11 (27%) MRNs, 8 (20%) dysplastic nodules, and 9 (22%) necrotic nodules. Most cases (72%) of MRN are seen in hepatitis C virus related cirrhosis with only 2 cases having associated HCC. Most cases of HCC were seen in cases of HBV associated cirrhosis (60%). The association of MRN was not found to be significantly associated with HCC with a p value of 1.0. Dysplastic nodules were found to be significantly associated with HCC with a p value of 0.02. Conclusion. In hepatic carcinogenesis, the role of MRN does not appear to be significant. However, the presence of dysplastic nodules is significantly associated with HCC. The study identified another variant of cirrhotic nodules herein called necrotic nodules that are mostly tan greenish in color and <0.5 cm in diameter. No dysplastic changes were identified in any of these nodules disqualifying the need of sectioning in such nodules.
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Steatohepatitic variant of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of metabolic syndrome or background steatosis: a clinical, pathological, and genetic study. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1769-75. [PMID: 26410018 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Association between the steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) and metabolic syndrome has been suggested. Most SH-HCC morphology appears to result from a typical HCC that retains the ability to respond to the metabolic syndrome and develops features of steatohepatitis. We aim to ask if this is true for all SH-HCC cases, or does the SH-HCC morphology in some cases reflect genetic changes inherent to the HCC itself, as opposed to wide tissue response in liver to the metabolic syndrome. Twelve SH-HCC cases occurring in individuals without metabolic syndrome were identified and examined pathologically. Genomic microarray analysis was performed in a subset. The SH-HCC in all cases showed diffuse moderate to marked fatty change, abundant balloon cells often containing Mallory-Denk bodies, and pericellular fibrosis. The background livers showed no significant fatty change in any cases. The background livers showed cirrhosis in seven cases and had no fibrosis in five cases. The underlying liver diseases were hepatitis C (n = 4) and no known (n = 8). The clinical and pathological characteristics of these cases did not differ significantly from the cases with the classical HCC morphology. Loss of 9q12-q31.1 was observed in a subset of cases, a finding that has not been previously reported in HCC. Our results indicate HCC can also develop steatohepatitic morphology outside the setting of fatty liver disease or metabolic syndrome. This SH-HCC is more likely to result from genetic changes to shared genes or metabolic pathways within the tumor and is an ideal subtype for future genetic studies. In this regard, potential genetic alterations include loss of 9q12-q31.1.
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40
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Rossi RE, Pozzi R, Gonzalez-Lorenzo M, Kwag KH, Conte D, Cecco S, Banzi R, Moja L, Baldo P. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in adults. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Elisa Rossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano; Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit; Milan Italy 20122
| | - Roberta Pozzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano; Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit; Milan Italy 20122
| | - Marien Gonzalez-Lorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health; Via Pascal 36 Milan Italy 20133
| | - Koren H Kwag
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Clinical Epidemiology Unit; Via R. Galeazzi, 4 Milan Italy 20161
| | - Dario Conte
- Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano; Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit; Milan Italy 20122
| | - Sara Cecco
- CRO Aviano - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS; Pharmacy Unit, Drug Information Centre; Via Pedemontana Occidentale, 2 33081 Aviano (PN) Italy
| | - Rita Banzi
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research; Laboratory of Regulatory Policies; via G La Masa 19 Milan Italy 20156
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health; Via Pascal 36 Milan Italy 20133
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute; Clinical Epidemiology Unit; Via R. Galeazzi, 4 Milan Italy 20161
| | - Paolo Baldo
- CRO Aviano - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS; Pharmacy Unit, Drug Information Centre; Via Pedemontana Occidentale, 2 33081 Aviano (PN) Italy
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Jain D. Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma: a metabolic syndrome-associated carcinoma. Histopathology 2014; 67:267. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Zhang L, Zhong S, Li Y, Ji G, Sundaram M, Yao Z. Global Inactivation of the Pla2g6 Gene in Mice Does Not Cause Dyslipidemia under Chow or High-fat Diet Conditions. J Cancer Prev 2014; 18:235-48. [PMID: 25337551 PMCID: PMC4189460 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2013.18.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies suggest that plasma triacylglyceride (TAG) in humans was associated with variation in the PLA2G6 locus, a gene that encodes calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β). The objective of the present study is to understand the impact of genetic inactivation of iPLA2β on hepatic TAG metabolism in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Male iPLA2β+/− mice were backcrossed with female iPLA2β−/− mice for up to 10 generations prior to experiments. Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism from plasma, hepatocytes, thigh subcutaneous adipose and thigh skeletal muscle tissues of the mice were determined under various experimental conditions. Results: The iPLA2β−/− mice, either male or female as compared with iPLA2β+/+ littermates, showed no change in fasted or postprandial plasma TAG or total cholesterol at young (12–15 weeks) or old (40–44 weeks) ages under chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. However, fractionation of plasma lipoproteins showed that under HFD conditions, there was a significant increase (by 40%) in apoB-100 association with VLDL1 fractions in iPLA2β−/− mice as compared with iPLA2β+/+ littermates. There was no significant difference in triglyceride or cholesterol contents in the liver, muscle, or adipose tissue between iPLA2β−/− and iPLA2β+/+ littermates. Metabolic labeling experiments with cultured primary hepatocytes isolated from iPLA2β−/− mice also showed 2-fold increase in the secretion of [35S]methionine-labeled apoB-100 in VLDL1 fractions as compared with that from iPLA2β+/+ hepatocytes. Likewise, secretion of [3H]palmitate-labeled TAG from the iPLA2β−/− hepatocytes was increased by 2-fold. Conclusions: Although iPLA2β may play a role in TAG-rich VLDL1 production from cultured hepatocytes, there is no evidence that inactivation of iPLA2β would lead to dyslipidemia in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumei Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ying Li
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Abstract
The current American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guideline provides strategies for achieving the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the size of liver nodules seen on surveillance imaging. For lesions less than 1 cm in size, follow-up surveillance imaging is recommended. Lesions larger than 2 cm require typical radiological hallmark on dynamic imaging. Lesions of 1-2 cm in size require typical imaging features including intense uptake of contrast during arterial phases followed by decreased enhancement during portal venous phases on at least 2 imaging modalities. In cases of atypical radiological features of the suspected lesion, tissue diagnosis either by fine needle aspiration or biopsy should be obtained. Although fine needle aspiration could give a smaller risk of seeding than biopsy, biopsy has been preferred over cytology. Percutaneous biopsy of HCC carries a potential risk of tumor seeding along the needle tract. However the risk is low and there is no clear evidence of post transplant recurrence due to needle tract seeding. Histopathologic assessment can differentiate between premalignant lesions such as dysplastic nodules and early HCC. Atypical variants of HCC can be recognized morphologically which may have associated prognostic value.
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Key Words
- AASLD, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
- AFP, alpha-fetoprotein
- CK7, cytokeratin 7
- CT, computed tomography
- DN, dysplastic nodules
- EASL, European Association for the Study of the Liver
- EMA, epithelial membrane antigen
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- FNA, fine needle aspiration
- GPC-3, glypican-3
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- USG, ultrasonography
- pCEA, polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen
- pathology
- tissue diagnosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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44
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity have reached pandemic levels on a worldwide basis and are associated with increased risk and worse prognosis for many but not all malignancies. Pathophysiologic processes that affect this association are reviewed, with a focus on the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer, lessons learned from the use of murine models to study the association, the impact of obesity on pancreatic cancer, the effects of dietary fats and cholesterol on cancer promotion, and the mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome affects obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Berger
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Genetics, Center for Science, Health and Society, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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45
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Knudsen ES, Gopal P, Singal AG. The changing landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology, genetics, and therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:574-83. [PMID: 24388934 PMCID: PMC3936328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the leading causes of cancer death and has proved to be highly refractory to treatment. Extensive analysis of the disease has demonstrated that it arises predominantly in response to high-risk etiological challenges, most notably hepatitis virus. However, with evolving vaccination and the obesity epidemic, progressively more cases are associated with underlying metabolic dysfunction. Pathologically diverse forms of HCC are observed, and recent sequencing analysis has defined common events that target well-known cancer pathways including β-catenin/Axin, TP53, and RB/CDKN2A, as well as frequent aberrations in chromatin remodeling factors. However, there are a myriad of low frequency genetic events that make each HCC case unique. Gene expression profiling approaches have successfully been deployed for prognostic assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma and to detect the earliest stages of disease. Despite more extensive research, systemic treatment for HCC is exceedingly limited, with only a handful of drugs providing benefit. Ongoing clinical trials are attempting to exploit specific biological dependencies of HCC to improve the dismal prognosis. Overall, the future of HCC treatment will rely on an understanding of the interplay between etiological factors, molecular features of disease, and rational therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amit G Singal
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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46
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Gupta N, Rastogi A, Bihari C. Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma-a case report with literature review. Indian J Surg Oncol 2014; 5:161-3. [PMID: 25114474 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-014-0297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 65 year old male who presented with complaints of pain right upper abdomen for past 3 months. He was a known diabetic and hypertensive. On evaluation he was found to have space occupying lesion in the right lobe of the liver. USG Guided FNC done showed a Hepatocellular Carcinoma with predominant steatosis. He underwent Right Hepetectomy for the same and Histopathological examination revealed a Steatohepatitic Hepatocellular Carcinoma with background liver showing minimal steatosis and no significant fibrosis. This case is reported to provide better insight into the understanding of pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome as an etiological agent for development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Gupta
- ILBS, New Delhi, India ; C6/18 Arr Dee City IInd Floor, Sector 52, Gurgoan, Haryana India 122001
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