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Wang R, Jia S, Chen H, Luo K, Zhang L, Song Y, Qing C, Liu D, Zhou H. Antiplatelet drug ticagrelor suppresses triple negative breast cancer metastasis by targeting PI3K. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 226:116408. [PMID: 38969297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic recurrence is still a major challenge in breast cancer treatment. Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) develop early recurrence and relapse more frequently. Due to the lack of specific therapeutic targets, new targeted therapies for TNBC are urgently needed. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the active pathways involved in chemoresistance and survival of TNBC, being considered as a potential target for TNBC treatment. Our present study identified ticagrelor, an anti-platelet drug, as a pan-PI3K inhibitor with potent inhibitory activity against four isoforms of class I PI3K. At doses normally used in clinic, ticagrelor showed weak cytotoxicity against a panel of breast cancer cells, but significantly inhibited the migration, invasion and the actin cytoskeleton organization of human TNBC MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159PT cells. Mechanistically, ticagrelor effectively inhibited PI3K downstream mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 signaling by targeting PI3K and decreased the protein expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. In vivo, ticagrelor significantly suppressed tumor cells lung metastasis in 4T1 tumor bearing BALB/c mice model and experimental lung metastasis model which was established by tail vein injection of GFP-labeled MDA-MB-231 cells. The above data demonstrated that ticagrelor can inhibit the migration and invasion of TNBC both in vitro and in vivo by targeting PI3K, suggesting that ticagrelor, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, might represent a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of metastatic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shutao Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaitao Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen Qing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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2
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Afzal MZ, Vahdat LT. Evolving Management of Breast Cancer in the Era of Predictive Biomarkers and Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2024; 14:719. [PMID: 39063972 PMCID: PMC11278458 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the world as well as in the United States. Molecular and histological differentiation have helped clinicians optimize treatments with various therapeutics, including hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiation therapy. Recently, immunotherapy has become the standard of care in locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer and an option across molecular subtypes for tumors with a high tumor mutation burden. Despite the advancements in personalized medicine directing the management of localized and advanced breast cancers, the emergence of resistance to these therapies is the leading cause of death among breast cancer patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify and validate predictive biomarkers to direct treatment selection, identify potential responders, and detect emerging resistance to standard therapies. Areas of active scientific and clinical research include novel personalized and predictive biomarkers incorporating tumor microenvironment, tumor immune profiling, molecular characterization, and histopathological differentiation to predict response and the potential emergence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Afzal
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Breast Program, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Linda T. Vahdat
- Medical Oncology and Hematology (Interim), Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA;
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3
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Jiang Y, Xu S, Guo M, Lu Z, Wei X, An F, Xin X. DMC triggers MDA-MB-231 cells apoptosis via inhibiting protective autophagy and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by enhancing ROS level. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105809. [PMID: 38521250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
DMC, a kind of compound derived from the dry flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, has been shown to inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, but research on triple-negative breast cancer cells remains scarce. To explore this issue, MDA-MB-231 cells were selected, and the results showed that DMC has strong proliferation inhibit effects on this kind of cells. The inhibit rate of 30 μM DMC incubated for 24 h was 56.25%, and 40.6% cells were arrested under the G2/M phase. The levels of pro-apoptosis protein Bax and active caspase-3, cleaved PARP and cell cycle related proteins, such as p21 and p27 increased, but apoptosis regulators, like Bcl-2, Cdc 2, Cyclin B1, and LC3 II decreased dramatically. In addition, DMC induced the accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagic substrates, and the combination of DMC with CQ promoted apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells, which suggested that DMC induced apoptosis partly by blocking autophagy flow. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and its mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) were also decreased after 30 μM DMC incubating for 24 h. The proteins play a critical role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy modulation. The inhibition of autophagy flow and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway could be reversed after being treated with ROS scavenger NAC. Altogether, the results of the present study suggest that DMC effectively induces apoptosis and growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells through blocking autophagy flow and regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by increasing ROS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sunjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, No. 11/33, Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- Technology Center, Shanghai Inoherb Cosmetics Co. Ltd., 121 Chengyin Road, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Xing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Faliang An
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, No.4 Lane 218, Haiji Sixth Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xiujuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Lee MG, Hong HJ, Nam KS. Anthocyanin Oligomers Induce Apoptosis and Autophagy by Inhibiting the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:24. [PMID: 38256858 PMCID: PMC10820553 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin oligomers (AOs) are phytochemicals synthesized by fermenting anthocyanins extracted from grape skins and are more biologically active than monomeric anthocyanins. In this study, we evaluate the effects of an AO on triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. The cell viability of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by AO treatment for 24 h, while delphinidin (a monomeric anthocyanin) had no effect on cell viability. In addition, the AO increased H2A.X phosphorylation (a marker of DNA damage), reduced RAD51 (a DNA repair protein) and survivin (a cell survival factor) protein levels, and induced apoptosis by caspase-3-dependent PARP1 cleavage in both cell lines. Surprisingly, the AO induced autophagy by increasing intracellular LC3-II puncta and LC3-II and p62 protein levels. In addition, the AO inhibited the mTOR pathway in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells by suppressing the HER2, EGFR1, and AKT pathways. These results demonstrate that the anti-cancer effect of the AO was due to the induction of apoptosis and autophagy via cleaved caspase-3-mediated PARP1 cleavage and mTOR pathway inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, our results suggest that anthocyanin oligomers could be considered potential candidates for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea; (M.-G.L.); (H.-J.H.)
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Zhou X, An B, Lin Y, Ni Y, Zhao X, Liang X. Molecular mechanisms of ROS-modulated cancer chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115036. [PMID: 37354814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is the main obstacle to achieving a cure in many cancer patients. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are master regulators of cancer development that act through complex mechanisms. Remarkably, ROS levels and antioxidant content are typically higher in drug-resistant cancer cells than in non-resistant and normal cells, and have been shown to play a central role in modulating drug resistance. Therefore, determining the underlying functions of ROS in the modulation of drug resistance will contribute to develop therapies that sensitize cancer resistant cells by leveraging ROS modulation. In this review, we summarize the notable literature on the sources and regulation of ROS production and highlight the complex roles of ROS in cancer chemoresistance, encompassing transcription factor-mediated chemoresistance, maintenance of cancer stem cells, and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the potential of ROS-targeted therapies in overcoming tumor therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Biao An
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanghong Ni
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Castro-Cruz A, Echeverría OM, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Muñoz-Velasco I, Juárez-Chavero S, Torres-Ramírez N, Vázquez-Nin GH, Escobar ML. Dissection of the autophagic route in oocytes from atretic follicles. Biol Cell 2023; 115:e2200046. [PMID: 36571578 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Autophagy is a conserved process that functions as a cytoprotective mechanism; it may function as a cell death process called programmed cell death type II. There is considerable evidence for the presence of autophagic cell death during oocyte elimination in prepubertal rats. However, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been deciphered. RESULTS Our observations revealed autophagic cell death in oocytes with increased labeling of the autophagic proteins Beclin 1, light chain 3 A (LC3 A), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1). Furthermore, mTOR and phosphorylated (p)-mTOR (S2448) proteins were significantly decreased in oocytes with increased levels of autophagic proteins, indicating autophagic activation. Moreover, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) was not expressed by oocytes, but mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signalregulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling was observed. Additionally, selective and elevated mitochondrial degradation was identified in altered oocytes. CONCLUSIONS All these results suggest that mTOR downregulation, which promotes autophagy, could be mediated by low energy levels and sustained starvation involving the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways. SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we analyzed the manner in which autophagy is carried out in oocytes undergoing autophagic cell death by studying the behavior of proteins involved in different steps of the autophagic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Castro-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olga M Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Lab. 6, 2do piso, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Ciudad de México, Iztapalapa, México
| | - Israel Muñoz-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia Juárez-Chavero
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nayeli Torres-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gerardo H Vázquez-Nin
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Luisa Escobar
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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7
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Lyu S, Yang Q, Duan X, Liu X, Du Z, Shang X, Xu M, Liu J, Pan F, Zhang T. Protective effects and potential mechanisms of fermented egg-milk peptides on the damaged intestinal barrier. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1068877. [PMID: 36570170 PMCID: PMC9767966 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1068877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fermented egg-milk peptides (FEMPs) could enhance the colon-intestinal barrier and upgrade the expression of zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2. Besides, the underlying biological mechanism and the targets FEMPs could regulate were analyzed in our study. Methods Herein, the immunofluorescence technique and western blot were utilized to evaluate the repair of the intestinal barrier. Network pharmacology analysis and bioinformatics methods were performed to investigate the targets and pathways affected by FEMPs. Results and discussion Animal experiments showed that FEMPs could restore intestinal damage and enhance the expression of two key proteins. The pharmacological results revealed that FEMPs could regulate targets related to kinase activity, such as AKT, CASP, RAF, and GSK. The above targets could interact with each other. GO analysis indicated that the targets regulated by FEMPs could participate in the kinase activity of the metabolic process. KEGG enrichment revealed that the core targets were enriched in pathways related to cell apoptosis and other important procedures. Molecular docking demonstrated that FEMPs could bind to the key target AKT via hydrogen bond interactions. Our study combined the experiment in vivo with the method in silico and investigated the interaction between peptides and targets in a pattern of multi-targets and multi-pathways, which offered a new perspective on the functional validation and potential application of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Lyu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuehui Duan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyang Du
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Menglei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengguang Pan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China,Fengguang Pan
| | - Ting Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Ting Zhang
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Sweidan K, Elfadel H, Sabbah DA, Bardaweel SK, Hajjo R, Anjum S, Sinoj J, Nair VA, Abu‐Gharbieh E, El‐Huneidi W. Novel Derivatives of 4,6‐Dihydroxy‐2‐Quinolone‐3‐Carboxamides as Potential PI3Kα Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry Institution The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Hussein Elfadel
- Department of Chemistry Institution The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Institution Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733 Jordan
| | - Sanaa K. Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy Institution The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Institution Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733 Jordan
| | - Shabana Anjum
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Jithna Sinoj
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Vidhya A. Nair
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abu‐Gharbieh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El‐Huneidi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine Institution University of Sharjah Sharjah 27272 United Arab Emirates
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Barzaman K, Vafaei R, Samadi M, Kazemi MH, Hosseinzadeh A, Merikhian P, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Eisavand MR, Dinvari H, Farahmand L. Anti-cancer therapeutic strategies based on HGF/MET, EpCAM, and tumor-stromal cross talk. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:259. [PMID: 35986321 PMCID: PMC9389806 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an intelligent disease, tumors apply several pathways to evade the immune system. It can use alternative routes to bypass intracellular signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Wnt, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Therefore, these mechanisms lead to therapeutic resistance in cancer. Also, these pathways play important roles in the proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion of cells. In most cancers, these signaling pathways are overactivated, caused by mutation, overexpression, etc. Since numerous molecules share these signaling pathways, the identification of key molecules is crucial to achieve favorable consequences in cancer therapy. One of the key molecules is the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET; c-Met) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Another molecule is the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which its binding is hemophilic. Although both of them are involved in many physiologic processes (especially in embryonic stages), in some cancers, they are overexpressed on epithelial cells. Since they share intracellular pathways, targeting them simultaneously may inhibit substitute pathways that tumor uses to evade the immune system and resistant to therapeutic agents.
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Fores-Martos J, Cervera-Vidal R, Sierra-Roca J, Lozano-Asencio C, Fedele V, Cornelissen S, Edvarsen H, Tadeo-Cervera I, Eroles P, Lluch A, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Falcó A, Van't Veer LJ, Schmidt M, Quigley DA, Børresen-Dale AL, Kristensen VN, Balmain A, Climent J. Circadian PERformance in breast cancer: a germline and somatic genetic study of PER3 VNTR polymorphisms and gene co-expression. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:118. [PMID: 34508103 PMCID: PMC8433453 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the PER3 gene have been associated with several human disease phenotypes, including sleep disorders and cancer. In particular, the long allele of a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism has been previously linked to an increased risk of breast cancer. Here we carried out a combined germline and somatic genetic analysis of the role of the PER3VNRT polymorphism in breast cancer. The combined data from 8284 individuals showed a non-significant trend towards increased breast cancer risk in the 5-repeat allele homozygous carriers (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.97–1.42). We observed allelic imbalance at the PER3 locus in matched blood and tumor DNA samples, showing a significant retention of the long variant (risk) allele in tumor samples, and a preferential loss of the short repetition allele (p = 0.0005). Gene co-expression analysis in healthy and tumoral breast tissue samples uncovered significant associations between PER3 expression levels with those from genes which belong to several cancer-associated pathways. Finally, relapse-free survival (RFS) analysis showed that low expression levels of PER3 were linked to a significant lower RSF in luminal A (p = 3 × 10−12) but not in the rest of breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Fores-Martos
- ESI International Chair at CEU-UCH, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Lozano-Asencio
- INCLIVA Research Institute. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vita Fedele
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sten Cornelissen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hege Edvarsen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Tadeo-Cervera
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Eroles
- INCLIVA Research Institute. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- INCLIVA Research Institute. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafa Tabares-Seisdedos
- Biomedical Research Networking Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Falcó
- ESI International Chair at CEU-UCH, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Matemáticas, Física y Ciencias Tecnológicas, Escuela Superior de Enseñanzas Técnicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura J Van't Veer
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marjanka Schmidt
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - David A Quigley
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Urology and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Allan Balmain
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joan Climent
- ESI International Chair at CEU-UCH, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain. .,INCLIVA Research Institute. Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos. Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera. CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Chiu CF, Chiu SJ, Bai LY, Feng CH, Hu JL, Lin WY, Huang HY, Weng JR. A macrolide from Streptomyces sp. modulates apoptosis and autophagy through Mcl-1 downregulation in human breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1316-1325. [PMID: 33713530 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites in marine organisms exhibit various pharmacological activities against diseases, such as cancer. In this study, the anti-proliferative effect of JBIR-100, a macrolide isolated from Streptomyces sp., was investigated in breast cancer cells. Cell growth was inhibited in response to JBIR-100 treatment concentration- and time-dependently in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. JBIR-100 caused apoptosis, as verified by caspase activation and the cleavage of PARP. Western blotting revealed that JBIR-100 modulated the expression of Akt/NF-κB signaling components and Bcl-2 family members. Overexpression of Mcl-1 partially rescued MCF-7 cells from JBIR-100-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, transmission electron microscopy analyses, confocal analysis, and western blot assay indicated that JBIR-100 inhibited autophagy in MCF-7 cells. Exposure to the autophagy inhibitor did not synergize JBIR-100-induced apoptosis. In summary, our results suggested that JBIR-100 may be potentially used for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fang Chiu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jiuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yuan Bai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lan Hu
- Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinmen Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kinmen, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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12
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Drill M, Jones NC, Hunn M, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Antagonism of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor: a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:215-227. [PMID: 33728582 PMCID: PMC8155177 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X receptor 7 (P2X7R) is a plasma membrane receptor sensing extracellular ATP associated with a wide variety of cellular functions. It is most commonly expressed on immune cells and is highly upregulated in a number of human cancers where it can play a trophic role in tumorigenesis. Activation of this receptor leads to the formation of a non-selective cation channel, which has been associated with several cellular functions mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway and protein kinases. Due to its broad range of functions, the receptor represents a potential therapeutic target for a number of cancers. This review describes the range of mechanisms associated with P2X7R activation in cancer settings and highlights the potential of targeted inhibition of P2X7R as a therapy. It also describes in detail a number of key P2X7R antagonists currently in pre-clinical and clinical development, including oxidised ATP, Brilliant Blue G (BBG), KN-62, KN-04, A740003, A438079, GSK1482160, CE-224535, JNJ-54175446, JNJ-55308942, and AZ10606120. Lastly, it summarises the in vivo studies and clinical trials associated with the use and development of these P2X7R antagonists in different disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Drill
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martin Hunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Sabbah DA, Hajjo R, Bardaweel SK, Zhong HA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors: a recent update on inhibitor design and clinical trials (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:877-892. [PMID: 33970742 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1924150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating cell growth and proliferation and thus has been considered as effective anticancer drug targets. Many PI3K inhibitors have been developed and progressed to various stages of clinical trials, and some have been approved as anticancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the drug design and clinical development of PI3K inhibitors over the past 4 years. We review the selectivity and potency of 47 PI3K inhibitors. Structural determinants for increasing selectivity toward PI3K subtype-selectivity or mutant selectivity are discussed. Future research direction and current clinical development in combination therapy of inhibitors involved in PI3Ks are also discussed.Area covered: This review covers clinical trial reports and patent literature on PI3K inhibitors and their selectivity published between 2016 and 2020.Expert opinion: To PI3Kα mutants (E542K, E545K, and H1047R), it is highly desirable to design and develop mutant-specific PI3K inhibitors. It is also necessary to develop subtype-selective PI3Kα inhibitors to minimize toxicity. To reduce drug resistance and to improve efficacy, future studies should include combination therapy of PI3K inhibitors with existing anticancer drugs from different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sanaa K Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haizhen A Zhong
- DSC 362, Department of Chemistry, The University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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14
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Hou P, Wang C, Zhou M, Liu H. Properties and regulation of Gly-Sar uptake and transport in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:24-32. [PMID: 33834547 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of peptides is vital for the overall health and productivity of dairy cows. This study investigated the regulation, uptake and transport of dipeptides in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs). We also evaluated the effects of time, pH, concentration of the dipeptides, temperature, presence of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-an inhibitor of PepT1, and other dipeptides (Met-Met, Lys-Lys or Met-Lys), on the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC, which was a common fluorophore-labelled dipeptide. Under controlled experiments, BIECs were treated with 25 μM LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) and 25 μM Perifosine (a protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor). The subsequent expression of PepT1 in the BIECs was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. It was found that the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC were significant high at 37℃ than that at 4℃. The optimal pH for transport and uptake of Gly-Sar-FITC was 6.0-6.5, whereas the two properties decreased significantly in the presence of DEPC, Met-Met, Lys-Lys and Met-Lys (p < 0.05). The apical-to-basolateral transport was also found to be significantly higher than the reverse transport (p < 0.05). PI3K and AKT inhibitors were found to significantly suppress the expression of PepT1, thus impairing uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC. Findings of this study thus suggest that the uptake and transport of Gly-Sar-FITC in BIECs are mediated by PepT1, and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway regulates the absorption of small peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Ribosomal RNA Transcription Regulation in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040502. [PMID: 33805424 PMCID: PMC8066022 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a complex process that is responsible for the formation of ribosomes and ultimately global protein synthesis. The first step in this process is the synthesis of the ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus, transcribed by RNA Polymerase I. Historically, abnormal nucleolar structure is indicative of poor cancer prognoses. In recent years, it has been shown that ribosome biogenesis, and rDNA transcription in particular, is dysregulated in cancer cells. Coupled with advancements in screening technology that allowed for the discovery of novel drugs targeting RNA Polymerase I, this transcriptional machinery is an increasingly viable target for cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss ribosome biogenesis in breast cancer and the different cellular pathways involved. Moreover, we discuss current therapeutics that have been found to affect rDNA transcription and more novel drugs that target rDNA transcription machinery as a promising avenue for breast cancer treatment.
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16
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Targeting the purinergic pathway in breast cancer and its therapeutic applications. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:179-200. [PMID: 33576905 PMCID: PMC7879595 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cause of death among women, representing a global public health problem. Here, we aimed to discuss the correlation between the purinergic system and BC, recognizing therapeutic targets. For this, we analyzed the interaction of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides with the purinergic receptors P1 and P2, as well as the influence of ectonucleotidase enzymes (CD39 and CD73) on tumor progression. A comprehensive bibliographic search was carried out. The relevant articles for this review were found in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect databases. It was observed that among the P1 receptors, the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors are involved in the proliferation and invasion of BC, while the A3 receptor is related to the inhibition of tumor growth. Among the P2 receptors, the P2X7 has a dual function. When activated for a short time, it promotes metastasis, but when activated for long periods, it is related to BC cell death. P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors are related to BC proliferation and invasiveness. Also, the high expression of CD39 and CD73 in BC is strongly related to a worse prognosis. The receptors and ectonucleotidases involved with BC become possible therapeutic targets. Several purinergic pathways have been found to be involved in BC cell survival and progression. In this review, in addition to analyzing the pathways involved, we reviewed the therapeutic interventions already studied for BC related to the purinergic system, as well as to other possible therapeutic targets.
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17
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Hartkopf AD, Grischke EM, Brucker SY. Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer: Mechanisms and Treatment. Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 15:347-354. [PMID: 32982644 PMCID: PMC7490658 DOI: 10.1159/000508675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine treatment is one of the most effective therapies for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. However, most tumors will develop resistance to endocrine therapy as the cancer progresses. This review focuses on the mechanisms and markers of endocrine-resistant breast cancer. In addition, current and future strategies to overcome endocrine resistance are discussed. SUMMARY Several molecular mechanisms of endocrine resistance have been identified, including alterations in the ESR1 gene or in the PIK3CA/mTOR pathway. Meanwhile, CDK4/6, mTOR, and PI3K inhibition have shown to improve the efficacy of endocrine treatment and new promising approaches are being developed. KEY MESSAGE Overcoming primary or acquired resistance to endocrine treatment remains a major challenge. Since the molecular mechanisms of endocrine resistance are manifold, optimal combination and sequencing strategies will have to be developed in the future.
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18
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Jang HJ, Yang KE, Oh WK, Lee SI, Hwang IH, Ban KT, Yoo HS, Choi JS, Yeo EJ, Jang IS. Nectandrin B-mediated activation of the AMPK pathway prevents cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts by reducing intracellular ROS levels. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3731-3749. [PMID: 31199782 PMCID: PMC6594796 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nectandrin B (NecB) is a bioactive lignan compound isolated from Myristica fragrans (nutmeg), which functions as an activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Because we recently found that treatment with NecB increased the cell viability of old human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), the underlying molecular mechanism was investigated. NecB treatment in old HDFs reduced the activity staining of senescence-associated β-galactosidase and the levels of senescence markers, such as the Ser15 phosphorylated p53, caveolin-1, p21waf1, p16ink4a, p27kip1, and cyclin D1. NecB treatment increased that in S phase, indicating a enhancement of cell cycle entry. Interestingly, NecB treatment ameliorated age-dependent activation of AMPK in old HDFs. Moreover, NecB reversed the age-dependent expression and/or activity changes of certain sirtuins (SIRT1-5), and cell survival/death-related proteins. The transcriptional activity of Yin-Yang 1 and the expression of downstream proteins were elevated in NecB-treated old HDFs. In addition, NecB treatment exerted a radical scavenging effect in vitro, reduced cellular ROS levels, and increased antioxidant enzymes in old HDFs. Moreover, NecB-mediated activation of the AMPK pathway reduced intracellular ROS levels. These results suggest that NecB-induced protection against cellular senescence is mediated by ROS-scavenging through activation of AMPK. NecB might be useful in ameliorating age-related diseases and extending human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Jang
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Eun Yang
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-I Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hu Hwang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Ban
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Seung Yoo
- East-West Cancer Center, Daejeon University, Daejeon, 302-120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Yeo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea.,Division of Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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19
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Alterations in PTEN and ESR1 promote clinical resistance to alpelisib plus aromatase inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:382-393. [PMID: 32864625 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpelisib is a selective inhibitor of PI3Kα, shown to improve outcomes for PIK3CA mutant, hormone receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancers (MBC) when combined with antiestrogen therapy. To uncover mechanisms of resistance, we conducted a detailed, longitudinal analysis of tumor and plasma circulating tumor DNA among such patients from a phase I/II trial combining alpelisib with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) (NCT01870505). The trial's primary objective was to establish safety with maculopapular rash emerging as the most common grade 3 adverse event (33%). Among 44 evaluable patients, the observed clinical benefit rate was 52%. Correlating genetic alterations with outcome, we identified loss-of-function PTEN mutations in 25% of patients with resistance. ESR1 activating mutations also expanded in number and allele fraction during treatment and were associated with resistance. These data indicate that genomic alterations that mediate resistance to alpelisib or antiestrogen may promote disease progression and highlight PTEN loss as a recurrent mechanism of resistance to PI3Kα inhibition.
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20
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Everolimus plus exemestane in hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: incidence and time course of adverse events in the phase IIIb BALLET population. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1857-1866. [PMID: 32170637 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of everolimus to exemestane therapy significantly improves progression-free survival in postmenopausal patients with hormone-receptor (HR)-positive HER2-negative endocrine-resistant breast cancer. However, the safety profile of this schedule still might be optimized. METHODS Patients included in the BALLET trial were assessed. The objectives of this analysis were to provide additional information on the safety profile of this schedule depending on prior anticancer therapies and to characterize the time course of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) of clinical interest throughout the study period. Non-infectious pneumonitis (NIP), stomatitis, asthenia and weight loss were selected as AEs of clinical interest. RESULTS The safety population of this analysis comprised 2131 patients. There were similar incidences of AEs and SAEs of clinical interest regardless of previous anticancer therapies. Most stomatitis and asthenia events occurred within the first three months. Incidence of weight loss appeared to plateau except in the case of grade 3-4 events, which occurred rarely. The incidence of any grade NIP (between 2 to 6%) and grade 3-4 NIP (between 0 to 1%) was low across the study, but steady. CONCLUSIONS Everolimus plus exemestane is a well-known therapeutic option for aromatase inhibitor pretreated advanced breast cancer patients, and its toxicity profile is similar to that described in previous studies. Close monitoring, especially within the first three months, early intervention with preventive measures and patient education to help recognize the first signs and symptoms of AEs, will help to reduce their incidence and severity.
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21
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Kruger DT, Alexi X, Opdam M, Schuurman K, Voorwerk L, Sanders J, van der Noort V, Boven E, Zwart W, Linn SC. IGF-1R pathway activation as putative biomarker for linsitinib therapy to revert tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2348-2359. [PMID: 31490549 PMCID: PMC7065127 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies indicate that activated IGF-1R can drive endocrine resistance in ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but its clinical relevance is unknown. We studied the effect of IGF-1R signaling on tamoxifen benefit in patients and we searched for approaches to overcome IGF-1R-mediated tamoxifen failure in cell lines. Primary tumor blocks from postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer patients randomized between adjuvant tamoxifen versus nil were recollected. Immunohistochemistry for IGF-1R, p-IGF-1R/InsR, p-ERα(Ser118), p-ERα(Ser167) and PI3K/MAPK pathway proteins was performed. Multivariate Cox models were employed to assess tamoxifen efficacy. The association between p-IGF-1R/InsR and PI3K/MAPK pathway activation in MCF-7 and T47D cells was analyzed with Western blots. Cell proliferation experiments were performed under various growth-stimulating and -inhibiting conditions. Patients with ER+, IGF-1R-positive breast cancer without p-IGF-1R/InsR staining (n = 242) had tamoxifen benefit (HR 0.41, p = 0.0038), while the results for p-IGF-1R/InsR-positive patients (n = 125) were not significant (HR 0.95, p = 0.3). High p-ERα(Ser118) or p-ERα(Ser167) expression was associated with less tamoxifen benefit. In MCF-7 cells, IGF-1R stimulation increased phosphorylation of PI3K/MAPK proteins and ERα(Ser167) regardless of IGF-1R overexpression. This could be abrogated by the dual IGF-1R/InsR inhibitor linsitinib, but not by the IGF-IR-selective antibody 1H7. In MCF-7 and T47D cells, stimulation of the IGF-1R/InsR pathway resulted in cell proliferation regardless of tamoxifen. Abrogation of cell growth was regained by addition of linsitinib. In conclusion, p-IGF-1R/InsR positivity in ER+ breast cancer is associated with reduced benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients. In cell lines, stimulation rather than overexpression of IGF-1R is driving tamoxifen resistance to be abrogated by linsitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinja T Kruger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xanthippi Alexi
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Opdam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karianne Schuurman
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Voorwerk
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van der Noort
- Division of Biometrics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Epie Boven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam/Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C Linn
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, The National Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells require sufficient oxygen (O2) for biological activity and survival. When the oxygen demand exceeds its supply, the oxygen levels in local tissues or the whole body decrease (termed hypoxia), leading to a metabolic crisis, threatening physiological functions and viability. Therefore, eukaryotes have developed an efficient and rapid oxygen sensing system: hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The hypoxic responses are controlled by HIFs, which induce the expression of several adaptive genes to increase the oxygen supply and support anaerobic ATP generation in eukaryotic cells. Hypoxia also contributes to a functional decline during the aging process. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms regulating HIF-1α and aging-associated signaling proteins, such as sirtuins, AMP-activated protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, UNC-51-like kinase 1, and nuclear factor κB, and their roles in aging and aging-related diseases. In addition, the effects of prenatal hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-induced intermittent hypoxia have been reviewed due to their involvement in the progression and severity of many diseases, including cancer and other aging-related diseases. The pathophysiological consequences and clinical manifestations of prenatal hypoxia and OSA-induced chronic intermittent hypoxia are discussed in detail.
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23
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Turturro SB, Najor MS, Yung T, Portt L, Malarkey CS, Abukhdeir AM, Cobleigh MA. Somatic loss of PIK3R1 may sensitize breast cancer to inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:325-333. [PMID: 31209687 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The PI3K pathway, which includes the PI3K catalytic subunits p110α (PIK3CA) and the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α (PIK3R1), is the most frequently altered pathway in cancer. We encountered a breast cancer patient whose tumor contained a somatic alteration in PIK3R1. Some commercial sequencing platforms suggest that somatic mutations in PIK3R1 may sensitize cancers to drugs that inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, a review of the preclinical and clinical literature did not find evidence substantiating that hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to knock out PIK3R1 in order to determine the optimal therapeutic approach for breast cancers lacking p85α. METHODS We created an isogenic cellular system by knocking out both alleles of the PIK3R1 gene in the non-tumorigenic human breast cell line MCF-10A. Knockout cells were compared with wild-type cells by measuring growth, cellular signaling, and response to drugs. RESULTS We observed hyperphosphorylation of MEK in these knockouts, which sensitized PIK3R1-null cells to a MEK inhibitor, trametinib. However, they were not sensitized to the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that breast cancers with loss of p85α may not respond to mTOR inhibition, but may be sensitive to MEK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja B Turturro
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew S Najor
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Timothy Yung
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Liam Portt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Christopher S Malarkey
- School of Pharmacy, Rueckert-Hartman College for Health Professions, Regis University, 3333 Regis Boulevard, H-28, Denver, CO, 80221-1099, USA
| | - Abde M Abukhdeir
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Melody A Cobleigh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Sabbah DA, Ibrahim AH, Talib WH, Alqaisi KM, Sweidan K, Bardaweel SK, Sheikha GA, Zhong HA, Al-Shalabi E, Khalaf RA, Mubarak MS. Ligand-Based Drug Design: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Benzoin Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents. Med Chem 2019; 15:417-429. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180912111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase α (PI3Kα) has emerged as a promising target
for anticancer drug design.
Objectives:
Target compounds were designed to investigate the effect of the p-OCH3 motifs on
ligand/PI3Kα complex interaction and antiproliferative activity.
Methods:
Synthesis of the proposed compounds, biological examination tests against human colon
adenocarcinoma (HCT-116), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and breast carcinoma (T47D) cell
lines, along with Glide docking studies.
Results:
A series of 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl benzoates was synthesized and characterized
by means of FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and by elemental analysis. Biological investigation
demonstrated that the newly synthesized compounds exhibit antiproliferative activity in human colon
adenocarcinoma (HCT-116), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and breast carcinoma (T47D)
cell lines possibly via inhibition of PI3Kα and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Additionally, results
revealed that these compounds exert selective inhibitory activity, induce apoptosis, and suppress
VEGF production. Compound 3c exhibited promising antiproliferative activity in HCT-116 interrogating
that hydrogen bond-acceptor mediates ligand/PI3Kα complex formation on m- position.
Compounds 3e and 3i displayed high inhibitory activity in MCF-7 and T47D implying a wide cleft
discloses the o-attachment. Furthermore, compound 3g exerted selective inhibitory activity against
T47D. Glide docking studies against PI3Kα and ERα demonstrated that the series accommodate
binding to PI3Kα and/or ERα.
Conclusion:
The series exhibited a potential antitumor activity in human carcinoma cell lines encoding
PI3Kα and/or ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Ameerah H. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid M. Alqaisi
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 132222, Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Kamal Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Sanaa K. Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ghassan A. Sheikha
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Haizhen A. Zhong
- DSC 362, Department of Chemistry, The University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Eveen Al-Shalabi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Reema A. Khalaf
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, P.O. Box 130 Amman 11733, Jordan
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Hu S, Cheng M, Fan R, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhang M, Louis E, Zhong J. Beneficial effects of dual TORC1/2 inhibition on chronic experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:88-100. [PMID: 30797172 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM AZD8055, a new immunosuppressive reagent, a dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, had been used successfully in animal models for heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of AZD8055 on chronic intestinal inflammation. METHODS Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) - induced chronic colitis was used to investigate the effects of AZD8055 on the development of colitis. Colitis activity was monitored by body weight assessment, colon length, histology and cytokine profile analysis. RESULTS AZD8055 treatment significantly alleviated the severity of colitis, as assessed by colonic length and colonic damage. In addition, AZD8055 treatment decreased the colonic CD4+ T cell numbers and reduced both Th1 and Th17 cell activation and cytokine production. The percentages of Treg cells in the colon were also expanded by AZD8055 treatment. Furthermore, AZD8055 effectively inhibited mTOR downstream proteins and signal transducer and activator of transcription related proteins in CD4+ T cells of intestinal lamina propria. CONCLUSIONS These findings increased our understanding of DSS-induced colitis and shed new lights on mechanisms of digestive tract chronic inflammation. Dual TORC1/2 inhibition showed potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulation effects by targeting critical signaling pathways. The results supported the strategy of using dual mTOR inhibitor to treat inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Mengmeng Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Maochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Edouard Louis
- Translational Gastroenterology Research Unit, GIGA-R, University of Liège, Belgium; Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital, CHU Liege, Domaine du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, PR China.
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Wang C, Sun Y, Zhao FQ, Liu J, Liu H. Functional Characterization of Peptide Transporters in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:213-219. [PMID: 30525553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the expression profile, transport kinetics, and regulation of peptide transporters in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Quantitative reverse-transcription real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the expression of peptide transporters in bovine mammary tissues. The effects of time, pH, concentration, and specific inhibitors on β-alanyl-l-lysyl- Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) uptake in BMECs were also studied. The results showed that the peptide transporters PepT2 and PhT1 are both expressed in bovine mammary glands. The optimal pH for the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs was 6.5. The transport-kinetics study suggested that the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs is saturable over the tested concentration, with a Km value of 82 ± 18 μM and a Vmax of 124 ± 11 pmol/min per milligram of protein. Other dipeptides, including Gly-Sar, Met-Gly, and Met-Met, competitively inhibited β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake in BMECs. However, histidine had no effect on β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake. Furthermore, knocking down PepT2 could significantly reduce β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake, but PhT1 interference had no effect on peptide uptake in BMECs. The inhibition of PI3K and Akt decreased the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA. The above results revealed functional characteristics of peptide transporters and demonstrated that PepT2 may play a major role in β-Ala-Lys-AMCA uptake in BMECs. Moreover, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may regulate the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yalu Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences , University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
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Li X, Zhu G, Yao X, Wang N, Hu R, Kong Q, Zhou D, Long L, Cai J, Zhou W. Celastrol induces ubiquitin-dependent degradation of mTOR in breast cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8977-8985. [PMID: 30588010 PMCID: PMC6294079 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s187315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrol is a major active component of the thunder god vine (Tripterygium wilfordii) used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Celastrol inhibits PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling, which is frequently dysregulated in tumors and critical for tumor-cell proliferation and survival, but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated detailed mechanisms of celastrol inhibition of mTOR signaling in breast cancer cells. Methods First, we evaluated the effect of celastrol on breast cancer-cell growth using MTT assays. Second, we examined the effects of celastrol on mTOR phosphorylation and expression using Western blot. Furthermore, we investigated the cause of mTOR downregulation by celastrol using immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, we evaluated the effect of celastrol on an MDA-MB231 cell-derived xenograft model. Results Celastrol suppressed breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Celastrol inhibited mTOR phosphorylation and induced mTOR ubiquitination, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, we found that mTOR is a client of Hsp90-Cdc37 chaperone complex, and celastrol disrupts mTOR interaction with chaperone Hsp90 while promoting mTOR association with cochaperone Cdc37. Conclusion Our study reveals that celastrol suppresses mTOR signaling, at least in part through regulating its association with chaperones and inducing its ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China,
| | - Guangbei Zhu
- Dapartment of Biophamaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China
| | - Xintong Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China,
| | - Ning Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital's Central Laboratory, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Ronghui Hu
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, P.R. China
| | - Qingxin Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
| | - Duanfang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China,
| | - Liangyuan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China,
| | - Jiali Cai
- Dapartment of Biophamaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China, .,Key Laboratory for Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China,
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Emerging ways to treat breast cancer: will promises be met? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:605-621. [PMID: 30259416 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women and it is responsible for more than 40,000 deaths in the United States and more than 500,000 deaths worldwide each year. In previous decades, the development of improved screening, diagnosis and treatment methods has led to decreases in BC mortality rates. More recently, novel targeted therapeutic options, such as the use of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors that target specific cancer cell-related components, have been developed. These components include ErbB family members (HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4), Ras/MAPK pathway components (Ras, Raf, MEK and ERK), VEGF family members (VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGF and PGF), apoptosis and cell cycle regulators (BAK, BAX, BCL-2, BCL-X, MCL-1 and BCL-W, p53 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components) and DNA repair pathway components such as BRCA1. In addition, long noncoding RNA inhibitor-, microRNA inhibitor/mimic- and immunotherapy-based approaches are being developed for the treatment of BC. Finally, a novel powerful technique called CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing is emerging as a precise tool for the targeted treatment of cancer, including BC. CONCLUSIONS Potential new strategies that are designed to specifically target BC are presented. Several clinical trials using these strategies are already in progress and have shown promising results, but inherent limitations such as off-target effects and low delivery efficiencies still have to be resolved. By improving the clinical efficacy of current therapies and exploring new ones, it is anticipated that novel ways to overcome BC may become attainable.
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Varghese E, Samuel SM, Abotaleb M, Cheema S, Mamtani R, Büsselberg D. The "Yin and Yang" of Natural Compounds in Anticancer Therapy of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E346. [PMID: 30248941 PMCID: PMC6209965 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the different types of breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive, do not respond to conventional hormonal/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted interventions due to the lack of the respective receptor targets, have chances of early recurrence, metastasize, tend to be more invasive in nature, and develop drug resistance. The global burden of TNBCs is increasing regardless of the number of cytotoxic drugs being introduced into the market each year as they have only moderate efficacy and/or unforeseen side effects. Therefore, the demand for more efficient therapeutic interventions, with reduced side effects, for the treatment of TNBCs is rising. While some plant metabolites/derivatives actually induce the risk of cancers, many plant-derived active principles have gained attention as efficient anticancer agents against TNBCs, with fewer adverse side effects. Here we discuss the possible oncogenic molecular pathways in TNBCs and how the purified plant-derived natural compounds specifically target and modulate the genes and/or proteins involved in these aberrant pathways to exhibit their anticancer potential. We have linked the anticancer potential of plant-derived natural compounds (luteolin, chalcones, piperine, deguelin, quercetin, rutin, fisetin, curcumin, resveratrol, and others) to their ability to target multiple dysregulated signaling pathways (such as the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Hedgehog) leading to suppression of cell growth, proliferation, migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, and activation of apoptosis in TNBCs. Plant-derived compounds in combination with classical chemotherapeutic agents were more efficient in the treatment of TNBCs, possibly with lesser side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Mariam Abotaleb
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Sohaila Cheema
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Ravinder Mamtani
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
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Wang D, Wang R, Huang A, Fang Z, Wang K, He M, Xia JT, Li W. Upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes tumor metastasis and correlates with poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2628-2636. [PMID: 30226561 PMCID: PMC6151891 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that serves important roles in cancer. MIF overexpression is frequently observed in numerous human cancer types, including pancreatic carcinoma. However, the prognostic value and function of MIF in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, upregulation of MIF expression in PDAC tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue was observed. Furthermore, MIF overexpression was identified to be significantly associated with poor survival rates in patients with PDAC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that MIF was an independent risk factor for poor survival. Functional analyses demonstrated that MIF knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro compared with control cells. IN addition, mechanistic investigations revealed that silencing MIF leads to inhibition of AKT serine/threonine kinase and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activation, and suppression of cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression, which may suppress tumor proliferation and invasion. These results highlight the importance of MIF overexpression in PDAC aggressiveness, and indicate that MIF may be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Anpei Huang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Fang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Kebing Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Preusser M, De Mattos-Arruda L, Thill M, Criscitiello C, Bartsch R, Ruhstaller T, de Azambuja E, Zielinski CC. CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of patients with breast cancer: summary of a multidisciplinary round-table discussion. ESMO Open 2018; 3:e000368. [PMID: 30167331 PMCID: PMC6109817 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is the result of a round-table discussion organised by ESMO Open in Vienna in December 2017. Its purpose is to discuss the background and advances in the evidence regarding cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribociclib and abemaciclib) in the treatment of metastatic and early-stage breast cancer and to explore what the key open research questions are and next steps should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Marc Thill
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy
| | - Rupert Bartsch
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; German Breast Group, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruhstaller
- Breast Center St. Gallen, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Evandro de Azambuja
- Medicine Department, Institut Jules Bordet and L'Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph C Zielinski
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University Vienna - General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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32
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Crosstalk between cancer cells and endothelial cells: implications for tumor progression and intervention. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:711-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Huang Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Wang P, Wang F, Ren H. Severe Burn-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction Is Associated With Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:441. [PMID: 29740349 PMCID: PMC5925571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of intestinal barrier plays a vital role in the pathophysiological changes after severe burn injury, however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Severe burn causes the disruption of intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier. Previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are closely associated with the impairment of intestinal mucosa. Thus, we hypothesize that ER stress and autophagy are likely involved in burn injury-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Mice received a 30% total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness burn, and were sacrificed at 0, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h postburn. The results showed that intestinal permeability was increased significantly after burn injury, accompanied by the damage of mucosa and the alteration of TJ proteins. Severe burn induced ER stress, as indicated by increased intraluminal chaperone binding protein (BIP), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1(IRE1)/X-box binding protein 1 splicing (XBP1). Autophagy was activated after burn injury, as evidenced by the increase of autophagy related protein 5 (ATG5), Beclin 1 and LC3II/LC3I ratio and the decrease of p62. Besides, the number of autophagosomes was also increased after burn injury. The levels of p-PI3K(Ser191), p-PI3K(Ser262), p-AKT(Ser473), and p-mTOR were decreased postburn, suggesting that autophagy-related PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is involved in the intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction following severe burn. In summary, severe burn injury induces the ER stress and autophagy in intestinal epithelia, leading to the disruption of intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Huang
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Ren
- School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Synthesis, characterization, and bioactivity of new bisamidrazone derivatives as possible anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Chalakur-Ramireddy NKR, Pakala SB. Combined drug therapeutic strategies for the effective treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171357. [PMID: 29298879 PMCID: PMC5789156 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer) is a subtype of breast cancer with an aggressive phenotype which shows high metastatic capability and poor prognosis. Owing to its intrinsic properties like heterogeneity, lack of hormonal receptors and aggressive phenotype leave chemotherapy as a mainstay for the treatment of TNBC. Various studies have demonstrated that chemotherapy alone or therapeutic drugs targeting TNBC pathways, epigenetic mechanisms and immunotherapy alone have not shown significant improvement in TNBC patients. On the other hand, a combination of therapeutic drugs or addition of chemotherapy with therapeutic drugs has shown substantial improvement in results and proven to be an effective strategy for TNBC treatment. This review sheds light on effective combinational drug strategies and current clinical trial status of various combinatorial drugs for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yu X, Ling J, Liu X, Guo S, Lin Y, Liu X, Su L. Cordycepin induces autophagy-mediated c-FLIPL degradation and leads to apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6691-6699. [PMID: 28035061 PMCID: PMC5351663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, a main active composition extracted from Cordyceps militaris, has been reported to exert anti-tumor activity in a broad spectrum of cancer types. However, the function of cordycepin on human non-small cell lung cancer cells is still obscure. Our present work showed that cordycepin inhibited cell growth by inducing apoptosis and autophagy in human NSCLC cells. Further study revealed that cordycepin triggered extrinsic apoptosis associated with down-regulation of c-FLIPL which suppresses the activity of caspase-8. And ectopic expression of c-FLIPL dramatically prevented cordycepin-caused apoptosis. Meanwhile, cordycepin stimulated autophagy through suppressing mTOR signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. When autophagy was blocked by Atg5 siRNA or PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the levels of apoptosis caused by cordycepin were obviously attenuated. In addition, suppression of autophagy could also elevate the level of c-FLIPL which indicated cordycepin-triggered autophagy promoted the degradation of c-FLIPL. Therefore, we conclude that cordycepin induces apoptosis through autophagy-mediated downregulation of c-FLIPL in human NSCLC cells. Taken together, our findings provide a novel prospect on the anti-tumor property of cordycepin, which may further prompt cordycepin to serve as a promising therapeutic approach in NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianya Ling
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xianfang Liu
- The Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yidan Lin
- The Thoracic Surgery Department of West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, China
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Brufsky AM, Dickler MN. Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: Exploiting Signaling Pathways Implicated in Endocrine Resistance. Oncologist 2018; 23:528-539. [PMID: 29352052 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in molecular profiling and endocrine therapy (ET) have led to more focused clinical attention on precision medicine. These advances have expanded our understanding of breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis and hold promising implications for the future of therapy. The estrogen receptor-α is a predominant endocrine regulatory protein in the breast and in estrogen-induced BC. Successful targeting of proteins and genes within estrogen receptor (ER) nuclear and nonnuclear pathways remains a clinical goal. Several classes of antiestrogenic agents are available for patients with early, advanced, or metastatic BC, including selective ER modulators, aromatase inhibitors, and a selective ER degrader. Clinical development is focused upon characterizing the efficacy and tolerability of inhibitors that target the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTOR) signaling pathway or the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) cell cycle pathway in women with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth receptor 2-negative BC who have demonstrated disease recurrence or progression. De novo and acquired resistance remain a major challenge for women with BC receiving antiestrogenic therapy. Therefore, sequential combination of targeted ET is preferred in these patients, and the ever-increasing understanding of resistance mechanisms may better inform the selection of future therapy. This review describes the intricate roles of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and CDK4/6 pathways in intracellular signaling and the use of endocrine and endocrine-based combination therapy in BC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The foundational strategy for treating hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth receptor 2-negative, advanced breast cancer includes the use of endocrine therapy either alone or in combination with targeted agents. The use of combination therapy aims to downregulate cell-signaling pathways with the intent of minimizing cellular "crosstalk," which can otherwise result in continued tumorigenesis or progression through redundant pathways. This review provides the clinician with the molecular rationale and clinical evidence for these treatments and refers to evidence-based guidelines to inform the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Brufsky
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maura N Dickler
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin controls cell growth, metabolism, and aging in response to nutrients, cellular energy stage, and growth factors. In cancers including breast cancer, mechanistic target of rapamycin is frequently upregulated. Blocking mechanistic target of rapamycin with rapamycin, first-generation and second-generation mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, called rapalogs, have shown potent reduction of breast cancer tumor growth in preclinical models and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the fundamental role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway in driving breast tumors. Moreover, we also review key molecules involved with aberrant mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activation in breast cancer and current efforts to target these components for therapeutic gain. Further development of predictive biomarkers will be useful in the selection of patients who will benefit from inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qing Li
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Xia Zhou
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Yu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Hou Han
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
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Darvishi B, Farahmand L, Eslami-S Z, Majidzadeh-A K. NF-κB as the main node of resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317706919. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317706919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Darvishi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, 1517964311 Tehran, Iran
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Lin WZ, Xu QN, Wang HB, Li XY. Fulvestrant plus targeted agents versus fulvestrant alone for treatment of hormone-receptor positive advanced breast cancer progressed on previous endocrine therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Breast Cancer 2017; 24:345-352. [PMID: 28324247 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-017-0770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To compare the addition of targeted agents to fulvestrant with fulvestrant alone in hormone-receptor positive advanced breast cancer progressed on previous endocrine therapy; a meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials was performed. The PubMed, Embase databases and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant publications reporting randomized controlled trials between January 2000 and June 2016. Progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and toxicity were assessed. Eight trials with a total of 2,470 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with fulvestrant alone, combination therapy improved PFS (HR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.72-0.87; P = 0.00), increased ORR (RR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.30-2.21; P = 0.00), and showed a trend of increase in DCR (RR = 1.27; 95% CI 0.96-1.69, P = 0.09). In network analysis, only CD4/6 and PI3K/m-TOR inhibitors showed significant treatment effects with a P-score of 0.9999 and 0.7615, respectively. Patients treated with combination therapy developed more grade 3 or greater toxic effects (RR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.13-1.36; P = 0.00). Combining targeted agents with fulvestrant showed benefit but with increased toxicity in patients with advanced breast cancer compared with fulvestrant alone. Biomarkers for treatment optimization are lacking. The CD4/6 and PI3K/m-TOR pathways merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi-Ni Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Biao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Yuan Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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Rugo HS, Seneviratne L, Beck JT, Glaspy JA, Peguero JA, Pluard TJ, Dhillon N, Hwang LC, Nangia C, Mayer IA, Meiller TF, Chambers MS, Sweetman RW, Sabo JR, Litton JK. Prevention of everolimus-related stomatitis in women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer using dexamethasone mouthwash (SWISH): a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:654-662. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ding XF, Li LF, Zhou XL, Guo LN, Dou MM, Chi YY, Wu SX, Zhang YN, Shan ZZ, Zhang YJ, Wang F, Fan QX, Zhao J, Sun TW. P-mTOR Expression and Implication in Breast Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170302. [PMID: 28114374 PMCID: PMC5256929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) is a promising prognostic marker in many types of cancer. However, its survival benefit in patients with breast carcinoma remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between p-mTOR expression and prognosis in breast carcinoma based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods Electronic databases (including Pubmed, Embase, ISI web of science, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to November 24, 2015. The outcome measures were hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between the prognosis of breast carcinoma patients and p-mTOR expression. Primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 12.0. Results Nine cohort studies including 3051 patients met full eligibility criteria. The pooled HRs (95% CI) for OS, DFS, and RFS were 0.84 (0.27–2.63), 0.71 (0.40–1.23), and 0.48 (0.20–1.18), respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggested that p-mTOR overexpression was not significantly related to prognosis in breast carcinoma regarding OS and disease recurrence. Prospective studies are warranted to examine the association between p-mTOR expression and survival outcomes in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Fei Ding
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Liang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Dou
- Department of Integrated Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Xuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Na Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qing-Xia Fan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tong-Wen Sun
- Department of General ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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Duchnowska R, Wysocki PJ, Korski K, Czartoryska-Arłukowicz B, Niwińska A, Orlikowska M, Radecka B, Studziński M, Demlova R, Ziółkowska B, Merdalska M, Hajac Ł, Myśliwiec P, Zuziak D, Dębska-Szmich S, Lang I, Foszczyńska-Kłoda M, Karczmarek-Borowska B, Żawrocki A, Kowalczyk A, Biernat W, Jassem J. Immunohistochemical prediction of lapatinib efficacy in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 7:550-64. [PMID: 26623720 PMCID: PMC4808017 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of lapatinib resistance in breast cancer are not well understood. The aim of this study was to correlate expression of selected proteins involved in ErbB family signaling pathways with clinical efficacy of lapatinib. Study group included 270 HER2-positive advanced breast cancer patients treated with lapatinib and capecitabine. Immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein (p-AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MAPK), phospho (p)-p70S6K, cyclin E, phosphatase and tensin homolog were analyzed in primary breast cancer samples. The best discriminative value for progression-free survival (PFS) was established for each biomarker and subjected to multivariate analysis. At least one biomarker was determined in 199 patients. Expression of p-p70S6K was independently associated with longer (HR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25–0.81; p = 0.009), and cyclin E with shorter PFS (HR 1.83; 95% CI: 1.06–3.14; p = 0.029). Expression of p-MAPK (HR 1.61; 95% CI 1.13–2.29; p = 0.009) and cyclin E (HR 2.99; 95% CI: 1.29–6.94; p = 0.011) was correlated with shorter, and expression of estrogen receptor (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43–0.98; p = 0.041) with longer overall survival. Expression of p-AMPK negatively impacted response to treatment (HR 3.31; 95% CI 1.48–7.44; p = 0.004) and disease control (HR 3.07; 95% CI 1.25–7.58; p = 0.015). In conclusion: the efficacy of lapatinib seems to be associated with the activity of downstream signaling pathways – AMPK/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK. Further research is warranted to assess the clinical utility of these data and to determine a potential role of combining lapatinib with MAPK pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Niwińska
- The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Istvan Lang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Vuylsteke P, Huizing M, Petrakova K, Roylance R, Laing R, Chan S, Abell F, Gendreau S, Rooney I, Apt D, Zhou J, Singel S, Fehrenbacher L. Pictilisib PI3Kinase inhibitor (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K] inhibitor) plus paclitaxel for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, locally recurrent, or metastatic breast cancer: interim analysis of the multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase II randomised PEGGY study. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:2059-2066. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ong PS, Wang LZ, Dai X, Tseng SH, Loo SJ, Sethi G. Judicious Toggling of mTOR Activity to Combat Insulin Resistance and Cancer: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:395. [PMID: 27826244 PMCID: PMC5079084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), via its two distinct multiprotein complexes, mTORC1, and mTORC2, plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth, metabolism, and migration. A dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has in turn been implicated in several pathological conditions including insulin resistance and cancer. Overactivation of mTORC1 and disruption of mTORC2 function have been reported to induce insulin resistance. On the other hand, aberrant mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling via either genetic alterations or increased expression of proteins regulating mTOR and its downstream targets have contributed to cancer development. These underlined the attractiveness of mTOR as a therapeutic target to overcome both insulin resistance and cancer. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the notion of intermittent, low dose rapamycin for treating insulin resistance. It further highlights recent data on the continuous use of high dose rapamycin analogs and related second generation mTOR inhibitors for cancer eradication, for overcoming chemoresistance and for tumor stem cell suppression. Within these contexts, the potential challenges associated with the use of mTOR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Z Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Hsuan Tseng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shang Jun Loo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Liu C, Cao S, Zhu Y, Mei Q. TIPE2 suppresses the tumorigenesis, growth and metastasis of breast cancer via inhibition of the AKT and p38 signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3311-3316. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in the tumor stroma drives endocrine therapy-dependent breast tumor regression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22081-97. [PMID: 26098779 PMCID: PMC4673148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved efficacy of neoadjuvant endocrine-targeting therapies in luminal breast carcinomas could be achieved with optimal use of pathway targeting agents. In a mouse model of ductal breast carcinoma we identify a tumor regressive stromal reaction that is induced by neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. This reparative reaction is characterized by tumor neovascularization accompanied by infiltration of immune cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts that stain for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), downstream the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. While tumor variants with higher PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity respond well to a combination of endocrine and PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors, tumor variants with lower PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity respond more poorly to the combination therapy than to the endocrine therapy alone, associated with inhibition of stromal pS6 and the reparative reaction. In human breast cancer xenografts we confirm that such differential sensitivity to therapy is primarily determined by the level of PI3K/Akt/mTOR in tumor cells. We further show that the clinical response of breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is associated with the reparative stromal reaction. We conclude that tumor level and localization of pS6 are associated with therapeutic response in breast cancer and represent biomarkers to distinguish which tumors will benefit from the incorporation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy.
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Tan P, Wang YJ, Li S, Wang Y, He JY, Chen YY, Deng HQ, Huang W, Zhan JK, Liu YS. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway regulates the replicative senescence of human VSMCs. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 422:1-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Massihnia D, Galvano A, Fanale D, Perez A, Castiglia M, Incorvaia L, Listì A, Rizzo S, Cicero G, Bazan V, Castorina S, Russo A. Triple negative breast cancer: shedding light onto the role of pi3k/akt/mtor pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:60712-60722. [PMID: 27474173 PMCID: PMC5312414 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most widespread carcinoma and one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide, especially in women aged between 35 and 75 years. Among the different subtypes, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the total absence of the estrogen-receptor (ER) and progesteron-receptor (PR) expression as well as the lack of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression or gene amplification. These biological characteristics confer to TNBC a higher aggressiveness and relapse risk along with poorer prognosis compared to other subtypes. Indeed, 5-years survival rate is still low and almost all patients die, despite any adjuvant treatment which at moment represents the heading pharmacological approach. To date, several clinical trials have been designed to investigate the potential role of some molecular markers, such as VEGF, EGFR, Src and mTOR, for targeted treatments in TNBC. In fact, many inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, frequently de-regulated in TNBC, are acquiring a growing interest and several inhibitors are in preclinical development or already in early phase clinical trials. In this Review, we investigated the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in TNBC patients, by summarizing the molecular features that led to the distinction of different histotypes of TNBC. Furthermore, we provided an overview of the inhibition mechanisms of the mTOR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, highlighting the importance of integrating biological and clinical data for the development of mTOR inhibitors in order to implement targeted therapies for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Massihnia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Galvano
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Fanale
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Perez
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Castiglia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorena Incorvaia
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Listì
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Rizzo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cicero
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Viviana Bazan
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Castorina
- Fondazione Mediterranea “G.B. Morgagni”, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E405-22. [PMID: 27354238 PMCID: PMC5005964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology, and Surgery, Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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