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Lee H, Kurien U, Ariya PA. Uptake of Hg 0(g) on TiO 2, Al 2O 3, and Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles: Importance in Atmospheric Chemical and Physical Processes. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6953-6962. [PMID: 36130723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mineral dust aerosols play an important role in tropospheric chemistry and aerosol-cloud interaction processes. Yet, their interactions with gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0(g)) are not currently well understood. Using a coated-wall flow tube (CWFT) reactor, we measured the uptake of Hg0(g) on some common components of mineral dust aerosols, including TiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, and the effects of irradiation (dark, visible and UV-A) and relative humidity (<2% to 60%) on the uptake kinetics. Under UV-A irradiation (320-400 nm) in dry air, we measured uptake coefficients (γ) equal to >1 × 10-3 and (3 ± 1) × 10-6 on TiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. Under visible light irradiation (380-700 nm), Hg0(g) uptake was only observed on TiO2, with γ = (4 ± 3) × 10-4. Raising the relative humidity inhibited the uptake on both TiO2 and Al2O3, and the uptake coefficient at 60% RH for TiO2 under UV-A irradiation was lower by ca. 3 orders of magnitude than dry conditions. Furthermore, we observed that water vapor induced the desorption of two distinct fractions from Hg-exposed surfaces via the displacement of weakly, physisorbed Hg and the photocatalyzed reduction of chemisorbed Hg. Based on the uptake coefficients from this report, we estimate that heterogeneous interactions with mineral dust may be significant under conditions with low relative humidity (<30%) and high dust loading masses. We herein discuss the implication of this study on understanding the life cycle analysis of atmospheric mercury in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Uday Kurien
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
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2
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Huynh HN, McNeill VF. Heterogeneous Chemistry of CaCO 3 Aerosols with HNO 3 and HCl. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3886-3895. [PMID: 32324406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcite (CaCO3) aerosols often serve as an idealized proxy for calcium-rich mineral dust. Their use has also previously been proposed for stratospheric solar radiation management (SSRM). Little is known about the heterogeneous chemistry of calcite aerosols with trace gases HNO3 and HCl and therefore their potential impact on stratospheric ozone (O3). Here we report the results of an experimental study of the uptake of HNO3 and HCl onto submicron CaCO3 particles in two different flow reactors. Products and reaction kinetics were observed by impacting aerosolized CaCO3 onto ZnSe windows, exposing them to the reagent gases at a wide range of concentrations, at 296 K and under dry conditions, and analyzing the particles before and after trace gas exposure using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A Ca(OH)(HCO3) termination layer was detected in the form of a HCO3- peak in the FTIR spectra, indicating a hydrated surface even under dry conditions. The results demonstrate the reaction of HNO3 with Ca(OH)(HCO3) to produce Ca(NO3)2, water, and CO2. HCl reacted with Ca(OH)(HCO3) to produce CaCl2 and also water and CO2. The depletion of the Ca(OH)(HCO3)/Ca(CO3) signal due to reaction with HNO3 or HCl followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. From the FTIR analysis, the reactive uptake coefficient for HNO3 was determined to be in the range of 0.013 ≤ γHNO3 ≤ 0.14, and that for HCl was 0.0011 ≤ γHCl ≤ 0.012 within the reported uncertainty. The reaction of HCl with airborne CaCO3 aerosols was also studied in an aerosol flow tube coupled with a quadrupole chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) under similar conditions to the FTIR study, and γHCl was determined to be 0.013 ± 0.001. Following previous modeling studies, these results suggest that the reactions of HCl and HNO3 with calcite in the stratosphere could ameliorate the potential for stratospheric solar radiation management to lead to stratospheric ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han N Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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3
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Zou Q, Song H, Tang M, Lu K. Measurements of HO2 uptake coefficient on aqueous (NH4)2SO4 aerosol using aerosol flow tube with LIF system. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Bainschab M, Martikainen S, Keskinen J, Bergmann A, Karjalainen P. Aerosol gas exchange system (AGES) for nanoparticle sampling at elevated temperatures: Modeling and experimental characterization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17149. [PMID: 31748564 PMCID: PMC6868198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerosol gas exchange system (AGES) for nanoparticle sampling at elevated temperatures was developed, modeled, and further characterized with laboratory tests with respect to gas exchange efficiency and particle losses. The model describing the gas exchange was first verified with oxygen and later studied with several inert gases having molecular masses between 18 and 135 u. The exchange rate of the lightest compounds exceeds 90% efficiency at the flow rates used. In order to reach similarly high removal efficiencies for larger molecules, the residence time in the AGES has to be increased. The removal of sticky gases was studied with gaseous sulfuric acid. Results agreed with the model where the boundary condition is zero concentration on the wall. The AGES exhibits very limited particle losses (<5%) for mono-disperse 6 nm particles. Furthermore, diffusional losses for particles down to 1.2 nm were measured utilizing polydisperse aerosol. The experimental findings are in good agreement with the model derived. As both, gas exchange rate and particle losses, rely on the physical effect of diffusion, an optimization for enhanced gas exchange efficiency will come at the cost of increased diffusional particle losses. The presented model can be used as a tool to redesign and optimize the AGES for a desired application. With an application targeted design, particle dilution can be avoided, which can lead to improved results in many fields of aerosol measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bainschab
- Graz University of Technology, Insititute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | | | - Jorma Keskinen
- Tampere University, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere, 33720, Finland
| | - Alexander Bergmann
- Graz University of Technology, Insititute of Electronic Sensor Systems, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Tampere University, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Tampere, 33720, Finland
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5
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Daly SM, Bones DL, Plane JMC. A study of the reactions of Al + ions with O 3, N 2, O 2, CO 2 and H 2O: influence on Al + chemistry in planetary ionospheres. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14080-14089. [PMID: 30680383 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between Al+(31S) and O3, O2, N2, CO2 and H2O were studied using the pulsed laser ablation at 532 nm of an aluminium metal target in a fast flow tube, with mass spectrometric detection of Al+ and AlO+. The rate coefficient for the reaction of Al+ with O3 is k(293 K) = (1.4 ± 0.1) × 10-9 cm3 molecule-1 s-1; the reaction proceeds at the ion-dipole enhanced Langevin capture frequency with a predicted T-0.16 dependence. For the recombination reactions, electronic structure theory calculations were combined with Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Markus theory to extrapolate the measured rate coefficients to the temperature and pressure conditions of planetary ionospheres. The following low-pressure limiting rate coefficients were obtained for T = 120-400 K and He bath gas (in cm6 molecule-2 s-1, uncertainty ±σ at 180 K): log10(k, Al+ + N2) = -27.9739 + 0.05036 log10(T) - 0.60987(log10(T))2, σ = 12%; log10(k, Al+ + CO2) = -33.6387 + 7.0522 log10(T) - 2.1467(log10(T))2, σ =13%; log10(k, Al+ + H2O) = -24.7835 + 0.018833 log10(T) - 0.6436(log10(T))2, σ = 27%. The Al+ + O2 reaction was not observed, consistent with a D°(Al+-O2) bond strength of only 12 kJ mol-1. Two reactions of AlO+ were also studied: k(AlO+ + O3, 293 K) = (1.3 ± 0.6) × 10-9 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, with (63 ± 9)% forming Al+ as opposed to OAlO+; and k(AlO+ + H2O, 293 K) = (9 ± 4) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The chemistry of Al+ in the ionospheres of Earth and Mars is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Daly
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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6
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Mitroo D, Gill TE, Haas S, Pratt KA, Gaston CJ. ClNO 2 Production from N 2O 5 Uptake on Saline Playa Dusts: New Insights into Potential Inland Sources of ClNO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7442-7452. [PMID: 31117541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitryl chloride (ClNO2), formed when dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) reacts with chloride-containing aerosol, photolyzes to produce chlorine radicals that facilitate the formation of tropospheric ozone. ClNO2 has been measured in continental areas; however, the sources of particulate chloride required to form ClNO2 in inland regions remain unclear. Dust emitted from saline playas (e.g., dried lakebeds) contains salts that can potentially form ClNO2 in inland regions. Here, we present the first laboratory measurements demonstrating the production of ClNO2 from playa dusts. N2O5 reactive uptake coefficients (γN2O5) ranged from ∼10-3 to 10-1 and ClNO2 yields (φClNO2) were >50% for all playas tested except one. In general, as the soluble ion fraction of playa dusts increases, γN2O5 decreases and φClNO2 increases. We attribute this finding to a transition from aerosol surfaces dominated by silicates that react efficiently with N2O5 and produce little ClNO2 to aerosols that behave like deliquesced chloride-containing salts that generate high yields of ClNO2. Molecular bromine (Br2) and nitryl bromide (BrNO2) were also detected, highlighting that playas facilitate the heterogeneous production of brominated compounds. Our results suggest that parameterizations and models should be updated to include playas as an inland source of aerosol chloride capable of efficiently generating ClNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mitroo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
| | - Thomas E Gill
- Department of Geological Sciences, and Environmental Science and Engineering Program , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Savannah Haas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
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7
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Gómez Martín JC, Seaton C, de Miranda MP, Plane JMC. The Reaction between Sodium Hydroxide and Atomic Hydrogen in Atmospheric and Flame Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7667-7674. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Gómez Martín
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - M. P. de Miranda
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - J. M. C. Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
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8
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Temperature-Dependent Diffusion of H2SO4 in Air at Atmospherically Relevant Conditions: Laboratory Measurements Using Laminar Flow Technique. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8070132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Bones DL, Plane JMC, Feng W. Dissociative Recombination of FeO(+) with Electrons: Implications for Plasma Layers in the Ionosphere. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1369-76. [PMID: 26154158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dissociative recombination (DR) of FeO(+) ions with electrons has been studied in a flowing afterglow reactor. FeO(+) was generated by the pulsed laser ablation of a solid Fe target, and then entrained in an Ar(+) ion/electron plasma where the absolute electron density was measured using a Langmuir probe. A kinetic model describing gas-phase chemistry and diffusion to the reactor walls was fitted to the experimental data, yielding a DR rate coefficient at 298 K of k(FeO(+) + e(-)) = (5.5 ± 1.0) × 10(-7) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), where the quoted uncertainty is at the 2σ level. Fe(+) ions in the lower thermosphere are oxidized by O3 to FeO(+), and this DR reaction is shown to provide a more important route for neutralizing Fe(+) below 110 km than the radiative/dielectronic recombination of Fe(+) with electrons. The experimental system was first validated by measuring two other DR reaction rate coefficients: k(O2(+) + e(-)) = (2.0 ± 0.4) × 10(-7) and k(N2O(+) + e(-)) = (3.3 ± 0.8) × 10(-7) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), which are in good agreement with the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Bones
- School of Chemistry and ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J M C Plane
- School of Chemistry and ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - W Feng
- School of Chemistry and ‡National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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10
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Gaston CJ, Thornton JA. Reacto-Diffusive Length of N2O5 in Aqueous Sulfate- and Chloride-Containing Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1039-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric
Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric
Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Lakey PSJ, George IJ, Baeza-Romero MT, Whalley LK, Heard DE. Organics Substantially Reduce HO2 Uptake onto Aerosols Containing Transition Metal ions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:1421-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria T. Baeza-Romero
- Escuela
de Ingeniería Industrial de Toledo, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n Real Fábrica de Armas, Toledo 45071, Spain
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12
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Lakey PSJ, George IJ, Whalley LK, Baeza-Romero MT, Heard DE. Measurements of the HO2 uptake coefficients onto single component organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4878-4885. [PMID: 25811311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of HO2 uptake coefficients (γ) were made onto a variety of organic aerosols derived from glutaric acid, glyoxal, malonic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, squalene, monoethanol amine sulfate, monomethyl amine sulfate, and two sources of humic acid, for an initial HO2 concentration of 1 × 10(9) molecules cm(-3), room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. Values in the range of γ < 0.004 to γ = 0.008 ± 0.004 were measured for all of the aerosols apart from the aerosols from the two sources of humic acid. For humic acid aerosols, uptake coefficients in the range of γ = 0.007 ± 0.002 to γ = 0.09 ± 0.03 were measured. Elevated concentrations of copper (16 ± 1 and 380 ± 20 ppb) and iron (600 ± 30 and 51 000 ± 3000 ppb) ions were measured in the humic acid atomizer solutions compared to the other organics that can explain the higher uptake values measured. A strong dependence upon relative humidity was also observed for uptake onto humic acid, with larger uptake coefficients seen at higher humidities. Possible hypotheses for the humidity dependence include the changing liquid water content of the aerosol, a change in the mass accommodation coefficient or in the Henry's law constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S J Lakey
- †School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - I J George
- ‡National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - L K Whalley
- †School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
- §National Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - M T Baeza-Romero
- ∥Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial de Toledo, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n Real Fábrica de Armas, Toledo, 45071, Spain
| | - D E Heard
- †School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
- §National Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
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13
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Knopf DA, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Radial Diffusion and Penetration of Gas Molecules and Aerosol Particles through Laminar Flow Reactors, Denuders, and Sampling Tubes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3746-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5042395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Arangio AM, Slade JH, Berkemeier T, Pöschl U, Knopf DA, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase Chemical Kinetics of OH Radical Uptake by Molecular Organic Markers of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Humidity and Temperature Dependence, Surface Reaction, and Bulk Diffusion. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4533-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510489z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Gaston CJ, Riedel TP, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Thornton JA. Reactive uptake of an isoprene-derived epoxydiol to submicron aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11178-86. [PMID: 25207961 DOI: 10.1021/es5034266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) is thought to be a significant source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, the IEPOX reaction probability (γIEPOX) and its dependence upon particle composition remain poorly constrained. We report measurements of γIEPOX for trans-β-IEPOX, the predominant IEPOX isomer, on submicron particles as a function of composition, acidity, and relative humidity (RH). Particle acidity had the strongest effect. γIEPOX is more than 500 times greater on ammonium bisulfate (γ ∼ 0.05) than on ammonium sulfate (γ ≤ 1 × 10(-4)). We could accurately predict γIEPOX using an acid-catalyzed, epoxide ring-opening mechanism and a high Henry's law coefficient (1.7 × 10(8) M/atm). Suppression of γIEPOX was observed on particles containing both ammonium bisulfate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-300), likely due to diffusion and solubility limitations within a PEG-300 coating, suggesting that IEPOX uptake could be self-limiting. Using the measured uptake kinetics, the predicted atmospheric lifetime of IEPOX is a few hours in the presence of highly acidic particles (pH < 0) but is greater than 25 h on less acidic particles (pH > 3). This work highlights the importance of aerosol acidity for accurately predicting the fate of IEPOX and anthropogenically influenced biogenic SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
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16
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Tang MJ, Camp JCJ, Rkiouak L, McGregor J, Watson IM, Cox RA, Kalberer M, Ward AD, Pope FD. Heterogeneous Interaction of SiO2 with N2O5: Aerosol Flow Tube and Single Particle Optical Levitation–Raman Spectroscopy Studies. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8817-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506753c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
| | - J. C. J. Camp
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - L. Rkiouak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - J. McGregor
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - I. M. Watson
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom
| | - R. A. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - M. Kalberer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - A. D. Ward
- Central
Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - F. D. Pope
- School
of
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston,
Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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17
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Jungkamp TPW, Kukui A, Schindler RN. Determination of Rate Constants and Product Branching Ratios for the Reactions of CH3O2and CH3O with Cl Atoms at Room Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.199500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Taketani F, Kanaya Y, Akimoto H. Kinetic Studies of Heterogeneous Reaction of HO2
Radical by Dicarboxylic Acid Particles. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiakzu Taketani
- Research Institute for Global Change; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Yokohoma 236-0001 Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Research Institute for Global Change; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Yokohoma 236-0001 Japan
| | - Hajime Akimoto
- Research Institute for Global Change; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Yokohoma 236-0001 Japan
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research; Japan Environment Sanitation Center; Niigata 950-2144 Japan
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19
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George IJ, Matthews PSJ, Whalley LK, Brooks B, Goddard A, Baeza-Romero MT, Heard DE. Measurements of uptake coefficients for heterogeneous loss of HO2 onto submicron inorganic salt aerosols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:12829-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51831k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Slade JH, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of biomass burning organic aerosol surrogate compounds: assessment of volatilisation products and the role of OH concentration on the reactive uptake kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5898-915. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Panta B, Glasoe WA, Zollner JH, Carlson KK, Hanson DR. Computational Fluid Dynamics of a Cylindrical Nucleation Flow Reactor with Detailed Cluster Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:10122-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302444y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baradan Panta
- Chemistry Department, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55454, United
States
| | - Walker A. Glasoe
- Chemistry Department, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55454, United
States
| | - Juliana H. Zollner
- Chemistry Department, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55454, United
States
| | - Kimberly K. Carlson
- Chemistry Department, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55454, United
States
| | - David R. Hanson
- Chemistry Department, Augsburg College, 2211 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis,
Minnesota 55454, United
States
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22
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Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Knopf DA. Multiphase chemical kinetics of NO3 radicals reacting with organic aerosol components from biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6630-6636. [PMID: 22594762 DOI: 10.1021/es300677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions with nitrate radicals are among the most important chemical aging processes of organic aerosol particles in the atmosphere especially at nighttime. Reactive uptake of NO(3) by organic compounds has been observed in a number of studies, but the pathways of mass transport and chemical reaction remained unclear. Here we apply kinetic flux models to experimental NO(3) exposure studies. The model accounts for gas phase diffusion within a cylindrical flow tube, reversible adsorption of NO(3), surface-bulk exchange, bulk diffusion, and chemical reactions from the gas-condensed phase interface to the bulk. We resolve the relative contributions of surface and bulk reactions to the uptake of NO(3) by levoglucosan and abietic acid, which serve as surrogates and molecular markers of biomass burning aerosol (BBA). Applying the kinetic flux model, we provide the first estimate of the diffusion coefficient of NO(3) in amorphous solid organic matrices (10(-8)-10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) and show that molecular markers are well-conserved in the bulk of solid BBA particles but undergo rapid degradation upon deliquescence/liquefaction at high relative humidity, indicating that the observed concentrations and subsequent apportionment of the biomass burning source could be significantly underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, PO Box 3060, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Talukdar RK, Burkholder JB, Roberts JM, Portmann RW, Ravishankara AR. Heterogeneous Interaction of N2O5 with HCl Doped H2SO4 under Stratospheric Conditions: ClNO2 and Cl2 Yields. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6003-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210960z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit K. Talukdar
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James B. Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - James M. Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325
Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3328, United States
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24
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Tang MJ, Thieser J, Schuster G, Crowley JN. Kinetics and mechanism of the heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with mineral dust particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8551-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Update 1 of: Mass Accommodation and Chemical Reactions at Gas−Liquid Interfaces. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR76-109. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Leah R. Williams
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - John T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
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26
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Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake kinetics of NO3 on multicomponent and multiphase organic mixtures containing unsaturated and saturated organics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6628-36. [PMID: 21369605 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02682d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reactive uptake of NO(3) (an important night-time oxidant in the atmosphere) on binary mixtures containing an unsaturated organic (methyl oleate) and saturated molecules (diethyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, and squalane) which we call matrix molecules. These studies were carried out to better understand the reactivity of unsaturated organics in multicomponent and multiphase atmospheric particles. For liquid binary mixtures the reactivity of methyl oleate depended on the matrix molecule. Assuming a bulk reaction, H(matrix)√(D(matrix)k(oleate)) varied by a factor of 2.7, and assuming a surface reaction H(matrix)(S)K(matrix)(S)k(oleate)(S) varied by a factor of 3.6, where H(matrix)√(D(matrix)k(oleate) and H(matrix)(S)K(matrix)(S)k(oleate)(S) are constants extracted from the data using the resistor model. For solid-liquid mixtures, the reactive uptake coefficient depended on exposure time: the uptake decreased by a factor of 10 after exposure to NO(3) for approximately 90 min. By assuming either a bulk or surface reaction, the atmospheric lifetime of methyl oleate in different matrices was estimated for moderately polluted atmospheric conditions. For all liquid mixtures, the lifetime was in the order of a few minutes (with an upper limit of 35 min). These lifetimes can be used as lower limits to the lifetimes in semi-solid mixtures. Our studies emphasize that the lifetime of unsaturated organics (similar to methyl oleate) is likely short if the particle matrix is in a liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Potentially important nighttime heterogeneous chemistry: NO3 with aldehydes and N2O5 with alcohols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10214-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM, Slade JH. Heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of organic biomass burning aerosol surrogates by O3, NO2, N2O5, and NO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21050-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Escorcia EN, Sjostedt SJ, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics of N2O5 Hydrolysis on Secondary Organic Aerosol and Mixed Ammonium Bisulfate−Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13113-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107721v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egda N. Escorcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Sjostedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Leu MT. Laboratory studies of interaction between trace gases and sulphuric acid or sulphate aerosols using flow-tube reactors. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Taun Leu
- a Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , CA , 91109 , USA
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31
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Kukui A, Kirchner U, Benter T, Schindler RN. A Gaskinetic Investigation of HOBr Reactions with CI(2P), O(3P) and OH(2II). The Reaction of BrCl with OH(2II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Pradhan M, Kalberer M, Griffiths PT, Braban CF, Pope FD, Cox RA, Lambert RM. Uptake of gaseous hydrogen peroxide by submicrometer titanium dioxide aerosol as a function of relative humidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1360-1365. [PMID: 20108895 DOI: 10.1021/es902916f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an important atmospheric oxidant that can serve as a sensitive indicator for HO(x) (OH + HO(2)) chemistry. We report the first direct experimental determination of the uptake coefficient for the heterogeneous reaction of gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), an important component of atmospheric mineral dust aerosol particles. The kinetics of H(2)O(2) uptake on TiO(2) surfaces were investigated using an entrained aerosol flow tube (AFT) coupled with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). Uptake coefficients (gamma(H(2)O(2))) were measured as a function of relative humidity (RH) and ranged from 1.53 x 10(-3) at 15% RH to 5.04 x 10(-4) at 70% RH. The observed negative correlation of RH with gamma(H(2)O(2)) suggests that gaseous water competes with gaseous H(2)O(2) for adsorption sites on the TiO(2) surface. These results imply that water vapor plays a major role in the heterogeneous loss of H(2)O(2) to submicrometer TiO(2) aerosol. The results are compared with related experimental observations and assessed in terms of their potential impact on atmospheric modeling studies of mineral dust and its effect on the heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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33
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Hirokawa J, Kato T, Mafuné F. Uptake of gas-phase nitrous acid by pH-controlled aqueous solution studied by a wetted wall flow tube. J Phys Chem A 2009; 112:12143-50. [PMID: 18980362 DOI: 10.1021/jp8051483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Uptake kinetics of gas phase nitrous acid (HONO) by a pH-controlled aqueous solution was investigated by using a wetted wall flow tube. The gas phase concentration of HONO after exposure to the aqueous solution was measured selectively by the chemical ionization mass spectrometer in a high sensitive manner. The uptake rate of the gaseous HONO was found to depend on the pH of the solution. For the uptake by neutral and alkaline solutions, the gas phase concentration was observed to decay exponentially, suggesting that the uptake was fully limited by the gas phase diffusion. On the other hand, the uptake by the acidic solution was found to be determined by both the gas phase diffusion and the liquid phase processes such as physical absorption and reversible acid dissociation reaction. The decay was analyzed by the rate equations using the time dependent uptake coefficient involving the saturation of the liquid surface. While the uptake processes by the solution at pH = 2-3 were well described by those calculated using the physical and chemical parameters reported for the bulk, the uptake rates by the solution at 4 < pH < 7 deviate from the calculated ones. The present result can suggest that the pH at the liquid surface is lower than that in the bulk liquid, which is responsible for the additional resistance of mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirokawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10, Nishi-5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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34
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Griffiths PT, Badger CL, Cox RA, Folkers M, Henk HH, Mentel TF. Reactive Uptake of N2O5 by Aerosols Containing Dicarboxylic Acids. Effect of Particle Phase, Composition, and Nitrate Content. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5082-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8096814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Griffiths
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Claire L. Badger
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - R. Anthony Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mareike Folkers
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Henk
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Mentel
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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35
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Abstract
AbstractThe classic problem, first treated by Taylor [18], of the dispersion of inert soluble matter in fluid flow continues to attract attention from researchers describing the approach to the asymptotic state [5, 17]. The present article considers some of the complications caused when the solute is chemically active, Dispersing chemically active solutes occur in diverse fields such as chromatography, chemical engineering and environmental fluid mechanics.The asymptotic large-time analysis of Chatwin [5] is re-worked to handle the case of reactive solutes dispersing in parallel flow. Matching between moderate and large-time solutions requires consideration of the integral moments of the reactive contaminant could, and the Aris method of moments is therefore invoked and modified for reaction effects. The results are applied in detail to the outstanding paractical example—the chemical flow reactor (a device used to measure reaction rates for chemical reactions taking place between fluids). For this case, the paper provides a practical alternative to recent variable diffusion coefficient studies [6, 7, 15], and presents further results for the concentration distribution and for the limiting behaviour under weak and vigorous recactions at the boundary of the flow.
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36
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Leu MT, Keyser LF. Vapor-deposited water and nitric acid ices: Physical and chemical properties. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350802617129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Gross S, Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake studies of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7792-803. [DOI: 10.1039/b904741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Gross S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake of NO3, N2O5, NO2, HNO3, and O3 on three types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3104-13. [PMID: 18311955 DOI: 10.1021/jp7107544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the reactive uptake of NO3, N2O5, NO2, HNO3, and O3 on three types of solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a coated wall flow tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The PAH surfaces studied were the 4-ring systems pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and fluoranthene. Reaction of NO3 radicals with all three PAHs was observed to be very fast with the reactive uptake coefficient, gamma, ranging from 0.059 (+0.11/-0.049) for benz[a]anthracene at 273 K to 0.79 (+0.21/-0.67) for pyrene at room temperature. In contrast to the NO3 reactions, reactions of the different PAHs with the other gas-phase species (N2O5, NO2, HNO3, and O3) were at or below the detection limit (gamma <or= 6.6 x 10(-5)) in all cases, illustrating that these reactions are at best slow. For NO3 we also investigated the time dependence of the reactive uptake to determine if the surface-bound PAH molecules were active participants in the reaction (i.e., reactants). Reaction of NO3 on all three PAH surfaces slowed down at 263 K after long NO3 exposure times, suggesting that the PAH molecules were reactants. Additionally, NO2 and HNO3 were identified as major gas-phase products. Our results show that under certain atmospheric conditions, NO3 radicals can be a more important sink for PAHs than NO2, HNO3, N2O5, or O3 and impact tropospheric lifetimes of surface-bound PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gross
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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39
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Taketani F, Kanaya Y, Akimoto H. Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions of HO2Radical at Ambient Concentration Levels with (NH4)2SO4and NaCl Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2370-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0769936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumikazu Taketani
- Frontier Research Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohoma, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Yugo Kanaya
- Frontier Research Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohoma, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Hajime Akimoto
- Frontier Research Center for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohoma, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
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40
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Davis EJ. Interpretation of Uptake Coefficient Data Obtained with Flow Tubes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1922-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074939j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. James Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
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41
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Kwamena NOA, Staikova MG, Donaldson DJ, George IJ, Abbatt JPD. Role of the Aerosol Substrate in the Heterogeneous Ozonation Reactions of Surface-Bound PAHs. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11050-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075300i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.-O. A. Kwamena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - M. G. Staikova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - I. J. George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - J. P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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42
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Abstract
The uptake of NH3 and the heterogeneous reaction of NH3 + HOBr --> products on ice surfaces at 190 K have been investigated in a flow reactor coupled with a differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer. The uptake coefficient gammat for NH3 was determined to be (3.8 +/- 1.4) x 10(-4) on ice films at 189.8 K, for a partial pressure of NH3 in the range of 7.0 x 10(-7) to 3.8 x 10(-6) torr. The amount of NH3 uptake on the ice film was determined to be >2.9 x 10(15) molecules/cm(2), based on the total ice surface area at 189.2 K. The heterogeneous reaction of NH3 + HOBr on ice surfaces has been studied at 190 K. The reaction probability gammat was determined to be (5.3 +/- 2.2) x 10(-4) and was found to vary insignificantly as HOBr surface coverage changes from 2.1 x 10(13) to 2.1 x 10(14) molecules/cm(2). A reaction pathway is proposed on the basis of experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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43
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Mass accommodation and chemical reactions at gas-liquid interfaces. Chem Rev 2007; 106:1323-54. [PMID: 16608183 DOI: 10.1021/cr040366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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44
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Levitt NP, Zhang R, Xue H, Chen J. Heterogeneous Chemistry of Organic Acids on Soot Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:4804-14. [PMID: 17497835 DOI: 10.1021/jp0700480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the heterogeneous interaction between a number of carboxylic acids and soot generated from different fuel sources and formation mechanisms. A low-pressure fast flow reactor in conjunction with ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection was employed to study uptake of monocarboxylic (benzoic, oleic, and steric) and dicarboxylic (glutaric, maleic, oxalic, and phthalic) acids on deposited soot surfaces formed by combustion of methane, propane, and kerosene. Most acids exhibited irreversible uptake on the soot surfaces and the uptake coefficient was measured in the range of 9 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-1) estimated based on the geometric surface areas. Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface areas of the deposited soot surfaces were measured and the soot bulk and surface chemical compositions were evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Plausible uptake mechanisms were discussed on the basis of the measured soot physiochemical properties by comparing the mono and dicarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Levitt
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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45
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Parker JK, Payne WA, Cody RJ, Nesbitt FL, Stief LJ, Klippenstein SJ, Harding LB. Direct Measurement and Theoretical Calculation of the Rate Coefficient for Cl + CH3 in the Range from T = 202−298 K. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:1015-23. [PMID: 17253663 DOI: 10.1021/jp066231v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rate coefficient has been measured under pseudo-first-order conditions for the Cl+CH3 association reaction at T=202, 250, and 298 K and P=0.3-2.0 Torr helium using the technique of discharge-flow mass spectrometry with low-energy (12-eV) electron-impact ionization and collision-free sampling. Cl and CH3 were generated rapidly and simultaneously by reaction of F with HCl and CH4, respectively. Fluorine atoms were produced by microwave discharge in an approximately 1% mixture of F2 in He. The decay of CH3 was monitored under pseudo-first-order conditions with the Cl-atom concentration in large excess over the CH3 concentration ([Cl]0/[CH3]0=9-67). Small corrections were made for both axial and radial diffusion and minor secondary chemistry. The rate coefficient was found to be in the falloff regime over the range of pressures studied. For example, at T=202 K, the rate coefficient increases from 8.4x10(-12) at P=0.30 Torr He to 1.8x10(-11) at P=2.00 Torr He, both in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1. A combination of ab initio quantum chemistry, variational transition-state theory, and master-equation simulations was employed in developing a theoretical model for the temperature and pressure dependence of the rate coefficient. Reasonable empirical representations of energy transfer and of the effect of spin-orbit interactions yield a temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficient that is in excellent agreement with the present experimental results. The high-pressure limiting rate coefficient from the RRKM calculations is k2=6.0x10(-11) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, independent of temperature in the range from 200 to 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Parker
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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Braban CF, Adams JW, Rodriguez D, Cox RA, Crowley JN, Schuster G. Heterogeneous reactions of HOI, ICl and IBr on sea salt and sea salt proxies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3136-48. [PMID: 17612737 DOI: 10.1039/b700829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous chemistry of HOI, ICl and IBr on sea salt and sea salt proxies has been studied at 274 K using two experimental approaches: a wetted wall flow tube coupled to an electron impact mass spectrometer (WWFT-MS) and an aerosol flow tube (AFT) coupled to a differential mobility analyser (DMA) and a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (CIMS). Uptake of all three title molecules into bulk aqueous halide salt films was rapid and controlled by gas phase diffusion. Uptake of HOI gave rise to gas-phase ICl and IBr, with the latter being the predominant product whenever Br(-) was present. Only partial release of IBr was observed due to high solubility of dihalogens in the film. ICl uptake gave the same yield of IBr as HOI uptake. Uptake of ICl on NaBr aerosol was accommodation limited with alpha = 0.018 +/- 0.004 and gas phase IBr product has a yield of 0.6 +/- 0.3. The results show that HOI can act as a catalyst for activation of bromine from sea-salt aerosols in the marine boundary layer, via the reactions: HOI(aq) + Cl + H--> ICl(aq) + H(2)O(l) and ICl(aq) + Br--> IBr(aq) + Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Braban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, UK
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Talukdar RK, Loukhovitskaya EE, Popovicheva OB, Ravishankara AR. Uptake of HNO3 on Hexane and Aviation Kerosene Soots. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9643-53. [PMID: 16884198 DOI: 10.1021/jp060556u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of HNO(3) on aviation kerosene (TC-1) soot was measured as a function of temperature (253-295 K) and the partial pressure of HNO(3), and the uptake of HNO(3) on hexane soot was studied at 295 K and over a limited partial pressure of HNO(3). The HNO(3) uptake was mostly reversible and did not release measurable amounts of gas-phase products such as HONO, NO(3), NO(2) or N(2)O(5). The heat of adsorption of HNO(3) on soot was dependent on the surface coverage. The isosteric heats of adsorption, Delta(0)H(isosteric), were determined as a function of coverage. Delta(0)H(isosteric) values were in the range -16 to -13 kcal mol(-1). The heats of adsorption decrease with increasing coverage. The adsorption data were fit to Freundlich and to Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms. The heterogeneity parameter values were close to 0.5, which suggested that a HNO(3) molecule can occupy two sites on the surface with or without being dissociated and that the soot surface could be nonuniform. Surface FTIR studies on the interaction of soot with HNO(3) did not reveal formation of any minor product such as organic nitrate or nitro compound on the soot surface. Using our measured coverage, we calculate that the partitioning of gas-phase nitric acid to black carbon aerosol is not a significant loss process of HNO(3) in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit K Talukdar
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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Abstract
The heterogeneous reactions of SO2 + HOX (X = Cl or Br) --> products on ice surfaces at low temperature have been investigated in a flow reactor coupled with a differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer. Pseudo-first-order loss of SO2 over the ice surfaces has been measured under the conditions of concurrent HOX flow. The initial uptake coefficient of SO2 reaction with HOX has been determined as a function of HOX surface coverage, theta(HOX), on the ice. The initial uptake coefficients increase as the HOX coverage increases. The uptake coefficient can be expressed as gamma(t) = k(h)theta(HOX), where k(h) is an overall rate constant of SO2 + HOCl, which was determined to be (2.3 +/- 0.6) x 10(-19) and (1.7 +/- 0.5) x 10(-19) molecules(-1) x cm2 at 190 and 210 K, and k(h) of SO2 + HOBr is (6.1 +/- 2.0) x 10(-18) molecules(-1) x cm2 at 190 K. theta( HOX) is in the range 8.1 x 10(13)-9.1 x 10(14) molecules x cm(-2). The kinetic results of the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 + HOX on ice surface are interpreted using the Eley-Rideal mechanism. The activation energy of the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 with HOCl on ice surface was determined to be about -37 +/- 10 kJ/mol in the 190-238 K range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Health Department and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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McNeill VF, Loerting T, Geiger FM, Trout BL, Molina MJ. Hydrogen chloride-induced surface disordering on ice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9422-7. [PMID: 16769884 PMCID: PMC1480423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603494103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the interaction of hydrogen chloride (HCl) with polar stratospheric cloud ice particles is essential for understanding the processes responsible for ozone depletion. We studied the interaction of gas-phase HCl with ice between 243 and 186 K by using (i) ellipsometry to monitor the ice surface and (ii) coated-wall flow tube experiments, both with chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection of the gas phase. We show that trace amounts of HCl induce formation of a disordered region, or quasi-liquid layer, at the ice surface at stratospheric temperatures. We also show that surface disordering enhances the chlorine activation reaction of HCl with chlorine nitrate (ClONO(2)) and also enhances acetic acid (CH(3)COOH) adsorption. These results impact our understanding of the chemistry and physics of ice particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Faye McNeill
- *Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Departments of Chemistry
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and
| | - Franz M. Geiger
- Departments of Chemistry
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and
| | - Bernhardt L. Trout
- *Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mario J. Molina
- Departments of Chemistry
- Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and
- **To whom correspondence should be sent at the present address:
Department of Chemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0356. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huthwelker
- Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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