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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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Koopmans L, Spoelder M, Bongers CCWG, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE. The effect of lesser mealworm protein on exercise-induced muscle damage in active older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100204. [PMID: 38460318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the effect of 12 weeks lesser mealworm-based (Alphitobius diaperinus) protein supplementation to whey protein and placebo supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage (EIMD) after long-distance walking in older adults. METHODS in this randomized controlled trial, 70 physically active older adults (>60 years) were randomly allocated to the following groups: I) lesser mealworm protein, II) whey protein or III) iso-caloric placebo. Participants received supplements 11 weeks before and 1 week during a 3-day long-distance walking challenge (30-50 km per day). Blood concentrations of creatinine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), handgrip strength and muscle soreness were measured pre-exercise and directly after each walking bout. RESULTS Significant elevations of CK concentrations (103 [76-161] U/l to 758 [342-1104] U/l, p < 0.001) and LDH concentrations (202 [175-220] to 283 [252-339] U/l, p < 0.001) were observed following 7h45 min ± 11 min of walking exercise per day, but the magnitude of this effect did not differ among suppletion groups. Hand grip strength decreased significantly (p < 0.001) while muscle soreness increased (p = 0.002) after the first walking day compared to pre-exercise, with no group differences. CONCLUSION 12-weeks of lesser mealworm-based protein supplementation (30 g/day) does not attenuate exercise induced muscle damage in older adults following three days of prolonged walking exercise in comparison to placebo or whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Koopmans
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C W G Bongers
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Loureiro LL, Ferreira TJ, Cahuê FLC, Bittencourt VZ, Valente AP, Pierucci APTR. Comparison of the effects of pea protein and whey protein on the metabolic profile of soccer athletes: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1210215. [PMID: 37810915 PMCID: PMC10556705 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1210215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pea protein (PP) concentrate is a plant-based alternative to animal protein sources, such as whey protein (WP). In addition to its valuable amino acid composition, PP has a low environmental impact, making it a sustainable, nutritious, and viable alternative for enhanced sports performance, such as in soccer. PP Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of PP and WP supplementation on biochemical and metabolic parameters in soccer players. Methods Twelve male under-20 soccer players were included in this double-blind, randomized crossover intervention study. For 10 consecutive days, each participant received either 0.5 g/kg of the PP or WP supplementation after training, starting 7 days before the test game, and continuing until 2 days after. After a 4-day washout period, the athletes switched groups and the intervention was restarted. Blood samples were collected before and after the game, as well as 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h intervals thereafter. Creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate (LA), urea, creatinine, and uric acid were analyzed using commercial kits. Exploratory metabolic profiling of the serum samples was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results A comparison of biochemical markers showed that the PP group had lower CK in the post-game moment, 24 h, and 48 h. Lower LA in the post-game moment, and lower ALT in the post-game moment and at 24 h. Of the 48 metabolites analyzed, 22 showed significant differences between the time points, such as amino acids, ketone bodies, and glucose metabolism. Glutamate and lactate levels significantly increased between the pre- and post-game moments in the WP group. After the game, the WP group exhibited reduced levels of metabolites such as arginine and taurine, whereas no such change was observed in the PP group. There was no difference in metabolites 72 h after the game. Conclusions Despite the slight advantage of the PP group in specific biochemical markers, these differences are not sufficient to justify the choice of a particular type of protein. However, the results highlight the viability of plant protein as a potential alternative to animal protein without compromising athletic performance or recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Lannes Loureiro
- DAFEE Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tathiany Jéssica Ferreira
- DAFEE Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Candido Cahuê
- DAFEE Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Zaban Bittencourt
- DAFEE Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- CNRMN, Structural Biology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Valenzuela PL, Alejo LB, Montalvo-Pérez A, Ojanguren D, Górriz M, Pagola I, Ozcoidi LM, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D. Pre-sleep protein supplementation in professional cyclists during a training camp: a three-arm randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2166366. [PMID: 36686220 PMCID: PMC9848340 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of pre-sleep protein supplementation on endurance athletes remain unclear, particularly whether its potential benefits are due to the timing of protein intake or solely to an increased total protein intake. We assessed the effects of pre-sleep protein supplementation in professional cyclists during a training camp accounting for the influence of protein timing. Methods Twenty-four professional U23 cyclists (19 ± 1 years, peak oxygen uptake: 79.8 ± 4.9 ml/kg/min) participated in a six-day training camp. Participants were randomized to consume a protein supplement (40 g of casein) before sleep (n = 8) or in the afternoon (n = 8), or an isoenergetic placebo (40 g of carbohydrates) before sleep (n = 8). Indicators of fatigue/recovery (Hooper index, Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes, countermovement jump), body composition, and performance (1-, 5-, and 20-minute time trials, as well as the estimated critical power) were assessed as study outcomes. Results The training camp resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) increase in training loads (e.g. training stress score of 659 ± 122 per week during the preceding month versus 1207 ± 122 during the training camp), which induced an increase in fatigue indicators (e.g. time effect for Hooper index p < 0.001) and a decrease in performance (e.g. time effect for critical power p = 0.002). Protein intake was very high in all the participants (>2.5 g/kg on average), with significantly higher levels found in the two protein supplement groups compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001). No significant between-group differences were found for any of the analyzed outcomes (all p > 0.05). Conclusions Protein supplementation, whether administered before sleep or earlier in the day, exerts no beneficial effects during a short-term strenuous training period in professional cyclists, who naturally consume a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia B. Alejo
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Diego Ojanguren
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Itziar Pagola
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Lucia
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Barranco-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,CONTACT David Barranco-Gil Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Liang Y, Chen Y, Yang F, Jensen J, Gao R, Yi L, Qiu J. Effects of carbohydrate and protein supplement strategies on endurance capacity and muscle damage of endurance runners: A double blind, controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:623-637. [PMID: 36250147 PMCID: PMC9559053 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2131460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of carbohydrate only or carbohydrate plus protein supplementation on endurance capacity and muscle damage. Methods Ten recreationally active male runners (VO2max: 53.61 ± 3.86 ml/kg·min) completed run-to-exhaustion test three times with different intakes of intervention drinks. There was a 7-day wash-out period between tests. Each test started with 60 minutes of running at 70% VO2max (phase 1), followed by an endurance capacity test: time-to-exhaustion running at 80% VO2max (phase 2). Participants randomly ingested either 1) 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 1 and before phase 2 (CHO+CHO), 2) 0.4 g/kg BM protein before phase 1 and 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 2 (PRO+CHO), or 3) 0.4 g/kg BM carbohydrate before phase 1 and 0.4 g/kg BM protein before phase 2 (CHO+PRO). All subjects ingested carbohydrate (CHO) 1.2 g/kg BM during phase 1, and blood samples were obtained before, immediately, and 24 h after exercise for measurements of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (MB). Results There was no significant difference in time to exhaustion between the three supplement strategies (CHO+CHO: 432 ± 225 s; PRO+CHO: 463 ± 227 s; CHO+PRO: 461 ± 248 s). However, ALT and AST were significantly lower in PRO+CHO than in CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (ALT: 16.80 ± 6.31 vs. 24.39 ± 2.54 U/L; AST: 24.06 ± 4.77 vs. 31.51 ± 7.53 U/L, p < 0.05). MB was significantly lower in PRO+CHO and CHO+PRO than in CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (40.7 ± 15.2; 38.1 ± 14.3; 64.3 ± 28.9 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.05). CK increased less in PRO+CHO compared to CHO+CHO 24 h after exercise (404.22 ± 75.31 VS. 642.33 ± 68.57 U/L, p < 0.05). Conclusion Carbohydrate and protein supplement strategies can reduce muscle damage caused by endurance exercise, but they do not improve endurance exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Liang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Performance, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruirui Gao
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
- Beijing Sports Nutrition Engineering Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, Peking, China
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Fabre M, Mathieu B, Tiollier E, Leduc C, Clauss M, Marchand A, Robineau J, Piscione J, Serenari T, Brasy J, Guerville M, Ligneul A, Bigard X. Effects of Native Whey Protein and Carbohydrate Supplement on Physical Performance and Plasma Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation during a Simulated Rugby Sevens Tournament: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224780. [PMID: 36432469 PMCID: PMC9694075 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of optimized recovery during a sport competition is undisputed. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of recovery drinks comprising either carbohydrate only, or a mix of native whey proteins and carbohydrate to maintain physical performance and minimize muscle damage during a simulated rugby sevens (rugby 7s) tournament. Twelve well-trained male rugby players participated in three simulated rugby 7s tournament days with a week's interval in between. Each tournament comprised a sequence of three simulated matches, interspersed with 2 h of recovery. Three different recovery drinks were tested: a placebo (PLA, nonenergetic chocolate-flavored drink), a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 80 g of carbohydrate) or an isoenergetic carbohydrate-protein drink (P-CHO, 20 g of Pronativ®, native whey protein and 60 g of carbohydrate). A different recovery drink, consumed after each match, was tested during each simulated tournament. Physical performance, muscle damage and muscle pain were assessed before and after each simulated tournament. Regarding physical performance, both P-CHO and CHO drinks had a positive effect on the maintenance of 50 m sprint time compared to the PLA drink (effect sizes large and moderate, respectively). Regarding muscle damage, the P-CHO supplement attenuated the creatine phosphokinase increase at POST6 compared to PLA (effect size, moderate). Finally, P-CHO and CHO drinks reduced the exercise-induced DOMS (effect size, moderate), compared to the PLA condition (effect size, large), while P-CHO only reduced pain on muscle palpation and pain when descending stairs compared to PLA 24 h post-tournament (effect size, small). This study suggests that consuming a recovery drink containing native whey proteins and carbohydrate or carbohydrate only after each match of a rugby 7s tournament may attenuate the exercise-induced increase in markers of muscle damage and maintain physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fabre
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (SEP, EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- French Rugby Federation, 91460 Marcoussis, France
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (SEP, EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK
- Sport Science and Medicine Department, Crystal Palace FC, London SE25 6PU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanguy Serenari
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (SEP, EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Brasy
- Nutrition Department Lactalis Recherche et Développement, 35134 Retiers, France
| | - Mathilde Guerville
- Nutrition Department Lactalis Recherche et Développement, 35134 Retiers, France
| | - Amandine Ligneul
- Nutrition Department Lactalis Recherche et Développement, 35134 Retiers, France
| | - Xavier Bigard
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (SEP, EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
- Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), 121860 Aigle, Switzerland
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JABEEN S, INAM-UR-RAHEEM M, HETTIARACHCHY N, SAMEEN A, Riaz A, KHAN WA, AYUB Z, ABDULLAH M, AADIL RM. Effect of nutri-bar in the development of stamina building and exercise-performance in young male-athletes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.26620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mehra R, Kumar H, Kumar N, Ranvir S, Jana A, Buttar HS, Telessy IG, Awuchi CG, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RP. Whey proteins processing and emergent derivatives: An insight perspective from constituents, bioactivities, functionalities to therapeutic applications. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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High-Protein Bar as a Meal Replacement in Elite Sports Nutrition: A Pilot Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112628. [PMID: 34828911 PMCID: PMC8617883 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was focused on the creation of high-protein bars formulated using whey protein isolate (24%) and soy protein isolate (6%) as the sources of proteins; oat flakes and inulin, both abundant in dietary fibres, and creatine monohydrate and other minor ingredients (vitamin and mineral mixture, potassium sorbate) to achieve the requirements for a meal replacement formula for physically active people. The nutritional profile of the high-protein bar was examined (energy 1215 kJ/288 kcal; protein 34.1 ± 0.20 g, fat 6.01 ± 0.13 g of which was saturated 3.12 ± 0.08 g, fibre 3.10 ± 0.17 g carbohydrate 23.0 ± 0.16 g of which sugars 1.50 ± 0.19 g and starch 21.5 ± 0.11 g in 100 g), and sensory properties with instrumental parameters (texture and colour) were determined and compared with bars commercially available on the market. The created high-protein bar was sensorily acceptable in comparison to other commercially available bars. The dietary intervention study was conducted on elite athletes (professional handball players) to evaluate effects of created versus control bar consumption on their metabolic parameters. The baseline characteristics (mean age, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, muscle mass, lean mass and fat percentage) of the athletes (8) were determined at the start of the study. The cross-over intervention study was organized in two successive phases (5 days each) with a seven-day long washout period between phases. Bars were consumed after the afternoon training unit. Blood samples were collected at the start and the end of the intervention study to analyse the metabolic profiles of the athletes. Serum levels of high-density cholesterol (HDL), low-density cholesterol (LDL) and total cholesterol (HOL), glucose, triacylglycerides (TAG), total and direct bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. The results showed that bar consumption significantly decreased serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased total and direct bilirubin levels, suggesting lower exercise-induced muscle damage and increased antioxidative response, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the consumption of the created high-protein bar was able to improve physiological adaptation after training.
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The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030858. [PMID: 33807745 PMCID: PMC7999032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed whether a protein supplementation protocol could attenuate running-induced muscle soreness and other muscle damage markers compared to iso-caloric placebo supplementation. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed among 323 recreational runners (age 44 ± 11 years, 56% men) participating in a 15-km road race. Participants received milk protein or carbohydrate supplementation, for three consecutive days post-race. Habitual protein intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. Race characteristics were determined and muscle soreness was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory at baseline and 1-3 days post-race. In a subgroup (n = 149) muscle soreness was measured with a strain gauge algometer and creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured. At baseline, no group-differences were observed for habitual protein intake (protein group: 79.9 ± 26.5 g/d versus placebo group: 82.0 ± 26.8 g/d, p = 0.49) and muscle soreness (protein: 0.45 ± 1.08 versus placebo: 0.44 ± 1.14, p = 0.96). Subjects completed the race with a running speed of 12 ± 2 km/h. With the Intention-to-Treat analysis no between-group differences were observed in reported muscle soreness. With the per-protocol analysis, however, the protein group reported higher muscle soreness 24 h post-race compared to the placebo group (2.96 ± 2.27 versus 2.46 ± 2.38, p = 0.039) and a lower pressure muscle pain threshold in the protein group compared to the placebo group (71.8 ± 30.0 N versus 83.9 ± 27.9 N, p = 0.019). No differences were found in concentrations of CK and LDH post-race between groups. Post-exercise protein supplementation is not more preferable than carbohydrate supplementation to reduce muscle soreness or other damage markers in recreational athletes with mostly a sufficient baseline protein intake running a 15-km road race.
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Effectiveness of renal-specific oral nutritional supplements compared with diet counseling in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:1675-1687. [PMID: 33452957 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition is highly prevalent and a consequence of inflammation and related comorbidities among patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) is recommended for malnourished patients with kidney failure. The study aimed to evaluate renal-specific oral nutrition (ONCE dialyze) supplement on nutritional status in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS Patients were randomized into 3 groups; treatment groups received 370 kcal/day of ONCE Dialyze (N = 26) or 370 kcal/day of NEPRO (N = 30) for 30 days. The control group (N = 24) received no intervention. All patients were counseled by the same registered dietitian during the study. The nutritional status was evaluated using malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) assessment, body compositions, serum albumin and pre-albumin levels at baseline and 30 days. RESULTS Eighty patients were analyzed with mean age of 57.2 ± 15.9 years. The intervention group exhibited significant improvements in energy, protein, fat, fiber and magnesium intake by dietary interview compared with the control group. Percentage of changes in MIS was - 29.0% (95% CI - 40.5 to - 17.4), - 23.9% (95% CI - 37.2 to - 10.6) and 12.1% (95% CI - 19.2 to 43.4) for the ONCE dialyze, NEPRO and control groups, respectively (overall P = 0.006). Percentage of changes in serum albumin was 5.3% (95% CI 1.9-8.7), 3.3% (95% CI - 0.1 to 6.7) and - 0.8% (95% CI - 4.3 to 2.7) for the ONCE dialyze, NEPRO, and control groups, respectively (overall P = 0.039; P = 0.043 for ONCE dialyze vs. control). No serious adverse effects were reported in any group. CONCLUSION Dietary advice combined with ONS especially ONCE dialyze was associated with improved MIS, serum albumin, dietary energy and macronutrient intake among patients with kidney failure on maintenance hemodialysis. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION TCTR20200801001.
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Valenzuela PL, Montalvo Z, Mata F, González M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Naclerio F. Effects of Beef Protein Supplementation in Male Elite Triathletes: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40:53-60. [PMID: 32186977 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1727377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beef protein extracts are growing in popularity in recent years due to their purported anabolic effects as well as to their potential benefits on hematological variables. The present randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over study aimed to analyze the effects of beef protein supplementation on a group of male elite triathletes (Spanish National Team). METHODS Six elite triathletes (age, 21 ± 3 years; VO2max, 71.5 ± 3.0 ml·kg·min-1) were randomly assigned to consume daily either 25 g of a beef supplement (BEEF) or an isoenergetic carbohydrates (CHO) supplement for 8 weeks, with both conditions being separated by a 5-week washout period. Outcomes, including blood analyses and anthropometrical measurements, were assessed before and after each 8-week intervention. RESULTS No effects of supplement condition were observed on body mass nor on skinfold thicknesses, but BEEF induced significant and large benefits over CHO in the thigh cross-sectional area (3.02%, 95%CI = 1.33 to 4.71%; p = 0.028, d = 1.22). Contrary to CHO, BEEF presented a significant increase in vastus lateralis muscle thickness (p = 0.046), but differences between conditions were not significant (p = 0.173, d = 0.87). Although a significantly more favorable testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (TCR) was observed for BEEF over CHO (37%, 95% CI = 5 to 68%; p = 0.028, d = 1.29), no significant differences were found for the hematological variables (i.e., iron, ferritin, red blood cell count, hemoglobin or hematocrit). CONCLUSION Beef protein supplementation seems to facilitate a more favorable anabolic environment (i.e., increased TCR and muscle mass) in male elite triathletes, with no impact on hematological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zigor Montalvo
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Mata
- NutriScience, Nutrition and Health Sciences, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuela González
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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Effects of Post-Exercise Whey Protein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217761. [PMID: 33114186 PMCID: PMC7660601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effect of whey protein consumption following high-intensity interval swimming (HIIS) on muscle damage, inflammatory cytokines and performance in adolescent swimmers. Methods: Fifty-four swimmers (11-17 years-old) were stratified by age, sex and body mass to a whey protein (PRO), isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) or a water/placebo (H2O) group. Following baseline blood samples (06:00 h) and a standardised breakfast, participants performed a maximal 200 m swim, followed by HIIS. A total of two post-exercise boluses were consumed following HIIS and ~5 h post-baseline. Blood and 200 m performance measurements were repeated at 5 h, 8 h and 24 h from baseline. Muscle soreness was assessed at 24 h. Creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in plasma. Results: No difference in 200 m swim performance was observed between groups. CK activity was elevated at 5 h compared to baseline and 24 h and at 8 h compared to all other timepoints, with no differences between groups. Muscle soreness was lower in PRO compared to H2O (p = 0.04). Anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased at 8 h in PRO, while it decreased in CHO and H2O. Conclusions: Post-exercise consumption of whey protein appears to have no additional benefit on recovery indices following HIIS compared to isoenergetic amounts of carbohydrate in adolescent swimmers. However, it may assist with the acute-inflammatory response.
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Liu Y, Li D, Wei Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Wang Y. Hydrolyzed peptides from purple perilla (Perilla frutescens L. Britt.) seeds improve muscle synthesis and exercise performance in mice. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13461. [PMID: 32984958 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purple perilla (Perilla frutescens L. Britt.) seed peptides (PPSP) were obtained and their improvement of muscle synthesis and exercise performance was investigated in this work. Results showed that the weight-average molecular weight of the PPSP was 869 Dalton. The PPSP were rich in branched-chain amino acids (18.82 g/100 g) and anti-fatigue amino acids, including glutamate (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), and arginine (Arg). After the administration of PPSP at 1.2 g kg-1 day-1 for 4 weeks, the muscle coefficient and muscle fiber thickness in mice displayed a distinct (p < .05) increase via the upregulation of myogenic differentiation (MyoD) and myogenin (MyoG). The improved muscle strength and exercise tolerance were also observed. Simultaneously, the levels of the biochemical blood markers associated with fatigue and the glycogen degradation in liver and muscle were significantly (p < .05) suppressed. These results suggested that PPSP could effectively promote muscle synthesis and ameliorate exercise fatigue. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Purple perilla is an annual herbal plant and widely grown in Asian countries as an important crop and food. It is believed that the protein content of purple perilla seeds can reach 23.7%, and the protein is rich in essential amino acids. However, the information about the beneficial effects of their proteins or peptides on muscle synthesis and anti-exercise fatigue were still limited. The present results discovered that the PPSP can effectively promote the growth of muscle tissue and improve exercise tolerance. It is indicated that PPSP may have a potential application value in partly or completely replacing animal proteins such as whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wei
- The Department of Food Engineering, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Corporation Limited, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ma
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- The Department of Food Engineering, China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries Corporation Limited, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Huang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Huecker M, Sarav M, Pearlman M, Laster J. Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:382-396. [PMID: 31713177 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide background on the present literature regarding the utility and effectiveness of protein supplements, including protein source and nutrient timing. RECENT FINDINGS In the setting of adequate dietary protein consumption, research suggests some benefit particularly in sport or exercise activities. Protein supplements command a multi-billion-dollar market with prevalent use in sports. Many individuals, including athletes, do not consume optimal dietary protein on a daily basis. High-protein diets are remarkably safe in healthy subjects, especially in the short term. Some objective outcomes are physiologic and may not translate to clinically relevant outcomes. Athletes should, however, consider long-term implications when consuming high quantities of protein in dietary or supplement form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Huecker
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 530 S Jackson St C1H17, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem-University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Lednev EM, Kravchenko IV, Furalyov VA, Lysenko EA, Lemesheva IS, Grushin AA, Dubrov VE, Vinogradova OL, Popov DV. Effect of amino acids on IGF1 gene expression in human myotubes and skeletal muscle. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 53-54:101323. [PMID: 32408253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) is an important regulator of collagen and extracellular matrix protein expression. We aimed to evaluate the effect of amino acids (AAs) on expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in human myotubes and skeletal muscle and supposed that AAs administration increases IGF1 levels in blood and expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in trained skeletal muscle, thereby reducing training-induced muscle damage. DESIGN Human myotubes were incubated with Arg and Leu for 24 h. Then, the effects of long-term branched chain AAs administration (10 weeks, 0.1 g/kg body mass/day) to volunteers (six subjects per AAs and placebo groups) performing large training volumes regularly (cross country skiers, training twice a day) were examined. RESULTS Incubating the myotubes with AAs increases expression of IGF1 mRNA isoforms and IGF1 secretion by 2-3 times. In athletes, long-term AAs administration increased basal blood levels of IGF1 (~50%) and expression of IGF1Ea mRNA slightly in skeletal muscle. There is no marked increase in expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, COL5A1, and LOX genes in skeletal muscle after AAs administration. However, expression of these genes in the combined group (placebo + AAs; n = 12) significantly correlated with the expression of IGF1Ea mRNA in muscle and did not correlate with IGF1 levels in the blood. CONCLUSIONS AAs administration increases IGF1 expression in vitro and in vivo. To obtain more pronounced changes in expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in skeletal muscle, it may be necessary to increase the dose and/or duration of AAs administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor M Lednev
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina V Kravchenko
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 build 2, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Furalyov
- Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 build 2, Leninsky prospect, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny A Lysenko
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
| | - Iulia S Lemesheva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr A Grushin
- Russian Olympic Committee, Luzhnetskaya Embankment 8, Russia, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim E Dubrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, 27 build. 1, Lomonosovsky Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Olga L Vinogradova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
| | - Daniil V Popov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS, 76A Khoroshevskoye Shosse, Moscow 123007, Russian Federation
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Markers of Bone Health and Impact of Whey Protein Supplementation in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082225. [PMID: 32722609 PMCID: PMC7468883 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Training civilians to be soldiers is a challenging task often resulting in musculoskeletal injuries, especially bone stress injuries. This study evaluated bone health biomarkers (P1NP/CTX) and whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations before and after Army initial entry training (IET). Ninety male IET soldiers participated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study assessing carbohydrate and whey protein supplementations. Age and fat mass predicted bone formation when controlling for ethnicity, explaining 44% (p < 0.01) of bone formation variations. Age was the only significant predictor of bone resorption (p = 0.02) when controlling for run, fat, and ethnicity, and these factors together explained 32% of the variance in bone resorption during week one (p < 0.01). Vitamin D increased across training (p < 0.01). There was no group by time interaction for supplementation and bone formation (p = 0.75), resorption (p = 0.73), Vitamin D (p = 0.36), or calcium (p = 0.64), indicating no influence of a supplementation on bone biomarkers across training. Age, fitness, fat mass, and ethnicity were important predictors of bone metabolism. The bone resorption/formation ratio suggests IET soldiers are at risk of stress injuries. Male IET soldiers are mildly to moderately deficient in vitamin D and slightly deficient in calcium throughout training. Whey protein or carbohydrate supplementations did not affect the markers of bone metabolism.
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ten Haaf DSM, Bongers CCWG, Hulshof HG, Eijsvogels TMH, Hopman MTE. The Impact of Protein Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, Soreness and Fatigue Following Prolonged Walking Exercise in Vital Older Adults: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061806. [PMID: 32560436 PMCID: PMC7353380 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is unknown whether protein supplementation can enhance recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults who have a disturbed muscle protein synthetic response. We assessed whether protein supplementation could attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage and soreness after prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise in older adults. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study, 104 subjects (81% male, ≥65 years) used either a protein (n = 50) or placebo supplement (n = 54) during breakfast and directly after exercise. Within a walking event, study subjects walked 30/40/50 km per day on three consecutive days. Muscle soreness and fatigue were determined with a numeric rating scale, and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and serum inflammation markers were obtained. Results: Habitual protein intake was comparable between the protein (0.92 ± 0.27 g/kg/d) and placebo group (0.97 ± 0.23 g/kg/d, p = 0.31). At baseline, comparable CK concentrations were found between the protein and the placebo group (110 (IQR: 84–160 U/L) and 115 (IQR: 91–186 U/L), respectively, p = 0.84). Prolonged walking (protein: 32 ± 9 km/d, placebo: 33 ± 6 km/d) resulted in a cumulative increase of CK in both the protein (∆283 (IQR: 182–662 U/L)) and placebo group (∆456 (IQR: 209–885 U/L)) after three days. CK elevations were not significantly different between groups (p = 0.43). Similarly, no differences in inflammation markers, muscle soreness and fatigue were found between groups. Conclusions: Protein supplementation does not attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage, muscle soreness or fatigue in older adults performing prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S. M. ten Haaf
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Coen C. W. G. Bongers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Hugo G. Hulshof
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)24-36-13676
| | - Maria T. E. Hopman
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.S.M.t.H.); (C.C.W.G.B.); (H.G.H.); (M.T.E.H.)
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wirth J, Hillesheim E, Brennan L. The Role of Protein Intake and its Timing on Body Composition and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Nutr 2020; 150:1443-1460. [PMID: 32232404 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased protein intake has been suggested to improve gains in muscle mass and strength in adults. Furthermore, the timing of protein intake has been discussed as a margin of opportunity for improved prevention measures. OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigated the effect of protein supplementation on body composition and muscle function (strength and synthesis) in healthy adults, with an emphasis on the timing of protein intake. METHODS Randomized controlled trials were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase, up to March 2019. For meta-analyses, data on lean body mass (LBM), handgrip strength, and leg press strength were pooled by age group (mean age 18-55 or >55 y) and timing of protein intake. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. RESULTS Data from 65 studies with 2907 participants (1514 men and 1380 women, 13 unknown sex) were included in the review. Twenty-six, 8, and 24 studies were used for meta-analysis on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength, respectively. The protein supplementation was effective in improving (mean difference; 95% CI) LBM in adults (0.62 kg; 0.36, 0.88) and older adults (0.46 kg; 0.23, 0.70), but not handgrip strength (older adults: 0.26 kg; -0.51, 1.04) and leg press strength (adults: 5.80 kg; -0.33, 11.93; older adults: 1.97 kg; -2.78, 6.72). Sensitivity analyses removing studies without exercise training had no impact on the outcomes. Data regarding muscle synthesis were scarce and inconclusive. Subgroup analyses showed no beneficial effect of a specific timing of protein intake on LBM, handgrip strength, and leg press strength. CONCLUSION Overall, the results support the positive impact of protein supplementation on LBM of adults and older adults, independently of intake timing. Effects on muscle strength and synthesis are less clear and need further investigation. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO as CRD42019126742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Wirth
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elaine Hillesheim
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Supplementation of L-Arginine, L-Glutamine, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, and Green Tea Extract Enhances Serum Nitric Oxide Content and Antifatigue Activity in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8312647. [PMID: 32351605 PMCID: PMC7171648 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8312647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that abundant nitric oxide content in endothelial cells can increase exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of a combined extract comprising L-arginine, L-glutamine, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, and green tea extract (LVFG) on nitric oxide content to decrease exercise fatigue. Male ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups and orally administered LVFG for 4 weeks. The 4-week LVFG supplementation significantly increased serum nitric oxide content in the LVFG-1X and LVFG-2X groups. Antifatigue activity and exercise performance were evaluated using forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming test, and levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) after an acute swimming exercise. LVFG supplementation dose-dependently improved exercise performance and nitric oxide content, and it dose-dependently decreased serum ammonia and CK activity after exhaustive swimming test. LVFG's antifatigue properties appear to manifest by preserving energy storage (as blood glucose) and increasing nitric oxide content. Taken together, our results show that LVFG could have the potential for alleviating physical fatigue due to its pharmacological effect of increasing serum nitric oxide content.
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21
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Chung CW, Kuo CH, Huang HY, Alkhatib A, Tseng CY, Huang CY, Kuo CH. High-protein supplementation facilitates weight training-induced bone mineralization in baseball players. Nutrition 2020; 75-76:110760. [PMID: 32251930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether weight training combined with high-protein intake enhances total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) in athletes. METHODS BMD of 27 Division 1 collegiate baseball players 18 to 22 y of age (N = 13, 2 dropouts) received either 14% protein or isocaloric 44% protein supplements and were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry before and after a 12-wk weight training program (challenging upper and lower body). RESULTS Baseline data showed unequivocally greater humerus BMD in the dominant arm than their contralateral non-dominant arm (∼20 %) among all baseball players. Humerus BMD of the non-dominant arm was enhanced by 2.7% after weight training for both low- and high-protein groups (main effect, P = 0.008), concurrent with an unexpected small decrease in total body BMD (main effect, P = 0.014). Humerus BMD of the dominant arm with greater baseline value than the non-dominant arm was not increased unless high protein was supplemented (+2.7 %; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Bones with relatively higher BMD show blunt adaptation against training, which can be relieved by high-protein supplementation. Total BMD of athletes cannot be further elevated by weight training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Chung
- Center for General Education, Shih-Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hung Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Shih-Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Alkhatib
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough Tees Valley, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Tseng
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ho CS, Lee MC, Chang CY, Chen WC, Huang WC. Beneficial effects of a negative ion patch on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, inflammation, and exercise performance in badminton athletes. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:35-42. [PMID: 32056985 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_33_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are widely applied and accepted for therapeutic purposes because of their numerous benefits. Negative ion treatment belongs to one of the critical categories defined by the National Center for CAM, with such treatment capable of air purification and ameliorating emotional disorders (e.g., depression and seasonal affective disorder). Negative ions can be produced naturally and also by a material with activated energy. Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) often occurs due to inadequate warm up, high-intensity exercise, overload, and inappropriate posture, especially for high-intensive competition. Few studies have investigated the effects of negative ion treatment on muscular injury in the sports science field. In the current study, we enrolled badminton athletes and induced muscle damage in them through eccentric exercise in the form of a high-intensity squat program. We evaluated the effects of negative ion patches of different intensities at three points (preexercise, postexercise, and recovery) by analyzing physiological indexes (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, creatine kinase [CK], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels) and performing a functional assessment (a countermovement jump [CMJ] test). We found that a high-intensity negative ion patch could significantly reduce the levels of TNF-α, an injury-associated inflammatory cytokine, and related markers (CK and LDH). In addition, muscular overload-caused fatigue could be also ameliorated, as indicated by the functional CMJ test result, and related muscular characteristics (tone and stiffness) could be effectively improved. Thus, the negative ion treatment could effectively improve physiological adaption and muscular fatigue recovery after EIMD in the current study. The negative ion patch treatment can be further integrated into a taping system to synergistically fulfill exercise-induced damage protection and functional elevation. However, the effects of this treatment require further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Shan Ho
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chyuan Chen
- Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mazzuca F, Roberto M, Arrivi G, Sarfati E, Schipilliti FM, Crimini E, Botticelli A, Di Girolamo M, Muscaritoli M, Marchetti P. Clinical Impact of Highly Purified, Whey Proteins in Patients Affected With Colorectal Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy: Preliminary Results of a Placebo-Controlled Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419866920. [PMID: 31370717 PMCID: PMC6681246 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419866920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Sarcopenia, the loss of both lean body and skeletal muscle mass, may interfere in cancer patients outcome. As investigated, whey proteins could prevent the onset of sarcopenia. We have conducted a study to evaluate the effects of whey protein in colorectal cancer patients, undergoing 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Methods: After written informed consent, patients were blind randomized 1:1 to whey protein (ProLYOtin; arm A) versus placebo (arm B). The patients were assessed both physically and nutritionally before chemotherapy and after 3 (T2) and 6 months (T3) by body impedance assessment, L3-computed tomography scan, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) tests. Results: Forty-seven patients were included in this preliminary analysis. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the 2 arms. During chemotherapy, 33 patients were reevaluated: anthropometric parameters (lean body mass from 68.5% to 71.2% vs 68.7% to 66.3%, and sarcopenia from 84% to 54% and 83% to 77% from baseline to T2 evaluation in arms A and B, respectively), nutritional status (MNA >24 = 100% [A] vs 73.7% [B]), and toxicity (no adverse effects in 86% [A] vs 29% [B] and 94% [A] vs 29% [B] for hematological and gastrointestinal toxicities, respectively) resulted to be significantly different. At univariate analysis, a condition of malnutrition risk according to MUST (relative risk [RR] = 7.5, P = .02) or MNA (RR = 1.45, P = .02) and ProLYOtin intake (RR = 0.12, P = .01) were found to be significantly predictive of chemotherapy toxicity. Conclusions: At present, our study shows how whey protein could be an important therapeutic option to improve nutritional status, and particularly to prevent severe toxicity during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michela Roberto
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Arrivi
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Sarfati
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Crimini
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Marchetti
- 1 Sant'Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
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Wang IL, Hsiao CY, Shen J, Wang Y, Huang CC, Chen YM. The effects of Jilin sika Deer's (Cervus dybowski) tendon liquid supplementation on endurance drop jumps performance, biochemistry profile of free boxing players. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112119. [PMID: 31376516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Risk of anterior cruciate ligament is a persistent and severe problem in athletes owing to strenuous exercise-induced lower-body injury. Tendon of deer liquid (TD) a familiar traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for strengthening the bones and muscles. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we seek to demonstrate the application of TD in improving endurance exercise performance and reducing the risk of endurance training injury for free boxing players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen male free boxing players were randomly assigned to the TD and placebo groups. Body composition, clinical biochemistry profiles, kinematic and physiology exercise tests were evaluated at 2 time points - pre-supplementation (pre-) and after 6 weeks post-supplementation (post-). RESULTS TD group exhibited significant increase in levels of serum total protein (TP) compared to the placebo group after a 6-week supplementation. Following the treadmill test, serum glucose and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) levels were increased in the TD group. In the endurance test consisting of 200 counts of drop vertical jumps (DVJs), subjects in the TD group also showed an increase in vertical jump height and reduced risk of musculoskeletal system injuries. CONCLUSIONS TD supplementation leads to better physiological adaptation in free boxing players and has the potential for use as a nutrient supplement toward a variety of benefits for endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wang
- Health Technology College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, China.
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan; Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Jiayu Shen
- Health Technology College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, China.
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600, Jilin, China; Jilin Sino-ROK Institute of Animal Science, 130600, Jilin, China.
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Health Technology College, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, China.
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Nanobubbles Water Curcumin Extract Reduces Injury Risks on Drop Jumps in Women: A Pilot Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8647587. [PMID: 31057656 PMCID: PMC6463623 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8647587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To verify the beneficial effects of Nanobubbles water curcumin extract (NCE) supplementation on health promotion and to demonstrate the application of NCE in reducing the risk of musculoskeletal injury. Methods In the current study, 12 females were randomly assigned to NCE (15g/day) and maltodextrin groups. Performance and related body composition were evaluated at 2 time points—presupplementation (pre-) and after 4 weeks of postsupplementation (post-). The posttest consists of a set of biochemical parameters for antifatigue activity and injury status evaluation. Results NCE group exhibited significantly lower levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) after a 4-week supplementation, compared with the placebo group. After a 15-minute session on the spinning bike, serum lactate and ammonia levels were decreased and glucose was economized in the NEC group. 4-week-NCE supplementation was also able to reduce the peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF) during drop jump. Therefore, the risk of musculoskeletal system in lower extremity could be reduced. Conclusion We demonstrate that 4-week-NCE supplementation can also be used in explosiveness exercise for better physiological adaptation. Thus, NCE has potential for use with nutrient supplements toward a variety of benefits for athletics.
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26
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Sławiński MA, Wawryk-Gawda E, Woźniakowski MM, Kulak-Janczy E, Korzeniowska S, Jodłowska-Jędrych B. Changes in histological structure and nitric oxide synthase expression in aorta of rats supplemented with bee pollen or whey protein. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1150-1158. [PMID: 30835492 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various protein-based supplements are at least periodically consumed by 30%-40% of sportspeople. The current study compares cardiovascular effects of diet supplementation with 2 different protein-rich products: bee pollen and whey protein. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups, one subjected to daily moderate physical activity and one not. Each group consisted of 3 subgroups: control, whey-protein-supplemented, and bee-pollen-supplemented. After 8 weeks, rats were decapitated, and proximal parts of thoracic aortas were collected and embedded in paraffin blocks. Histological slides were stained according to standard hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Verhoeff - Van Gieson staining. Special immunohistochemical stains against neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and alpha smooth muscle actin were also prepared. Histological evaluation revealed noticeable changes in all supplemented groups: disturbances in elastic laminae, slight increase in collagen deposition, and significantly lowered nNOS and eNOS expression. The prevalence of small atherosclerotic plaques was the highest in non-running supplemented groups, while in running supplemented groups it resembled the prevalence in control groups. Both running groups had thinner tunica media than control. Both supplements exert visible effects on aortic structure, but the difference between them is far less evident. In some aspects, however, the bee pollen seems to be even slightly more harmful, which may be related to various possible contaminants like mycotoxins or pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirosław A Sławiński
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz M Woźniakowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Kulak-Janczy
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Korzeniowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.,Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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The Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on High-Intensity, Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Performance in Triathletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020353. [PMID: 30736479 PMCID: PMC6412901 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A triathlon, which consists of swimming, bicycling, and running, is a high-intensity and long-term form of exercise that can cause injuries such as muscular damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy imbalance. Probiotics are thought to play an important role in disease incidence, health promotion, and nutrient metabolism, but only a few studies have focused on physiological adaptations to exercise in sports science. Previous studies indicated that Lactobacillus supplementation could improve oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. We investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 supplementation on triathletes for possible physiological adaptation. The triathletes were assigned to one of two groups with different exercise intensity stimulations with different time-points to investigate the effects of body compositions, inflammation, oxidative stress, performance, fatigue, and injury-related biochemical indices. L. plantarum PS128 supplementation, combined with training, can significantly alleviate oxidative stress (such as creatine kinase, Thioredoxin, and Myeloperoxidase indices) after a triathlon (p < 0.05). This effect is possibly regulated by a 6–13% decrease of indicated pro-inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) cytokines (p < 0.05) and 55% increase of anti-inflammation (IL-10) cytokines (p < 0.05) after intensive exercise stimulation. In addition, L. plantarum PS128 can also substantially increase 24–69% of plasma-branched amino acids (p < 0.05) and elevate exercise performance, as compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L. plantarum PS128 may be a potential ergogenic aid for better training management, physiological adaptations to exercise, and health promotion.
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Cintineo HP, Arent MA, Antonio J, Arent SM. Effects of Protein Supplementation on Performance and Recovery in Resistance and Endurance Training. Front Nutr 2018; 5:83. [PMID: 30255023 PMCID: PMC6142015 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is robust evidence which shows that consuming protein pre- and/or post-workout induces a significant rise in muscle protein synthesis. It should be noted, however, that total daily caloric and protein intake over the long term play the most crucial dietary roles in facilitating adaptations to exercise. However, once these factors are accounted for, it appears that peri-exercise protein intake, particularly in the post-training period, plays a potentially useful role in terms of optimizing physical performance and positively influencing the subsequent recovery processes for both resistance training and endurance exercise. Factors that affect the utility of pre- or post-workout feeding include but are not necessarily limited to: training status (e.g., novice vs. advanced, or recreational vs. competitive athlete), duration of exercise, the number of training sessions per day, the number of competitive events per day, etc. From a purely pragmatic standpoint, consuming protein post-workout represents an opportunity to feed; this in turn contributes to one's total daily energy and protein intake. Furthermore, despite recent suggestions that one does not “need” to consume protein during the immediate (1 h or less) post-training time frame, it should be emphasized that consuming nothing offers no advantage and perhaps even a disadvantage. Thus, based on performance and recovery effects, it appears that the prudent approach would be to have athletes consume protein post-training and post-competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry P Cintineo
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Michelle A Arent
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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