1
|
Modi SK, Mohapatra P, Bhatt P, Singh A, Parmar AS, Roy A, Joshi V, Singh MS. Targeting tumor microenvironment with photodynamic nanomedicine. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39152568 DOI: 10.1002/med.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved for the treatment of certain cancers and precancer lesions. While early Photosensitizers (PS) have found their way to the clinic, research in the last two decades has led to the development of third-generation PS, including photodynamic nanomedicine for improved tumor delivery and minimal systemic or phototoxicity. In terms of nanoparticle design for PDT, we are witnessing a shift from passive to active delivery for improved outcomes with reduced PS dosage. Tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises of a complex and dynamic landscape with myriad potential targets for photodynamic nanocarriers that are surface-modified with ligands. Herein, we review ways to improvise PDT by actively targeting nanoparticles (NPs) to intracellular organelles such as mitochondria or lysosomes and so forth, overcoming the limitations caused by PDT-induced hypoxia, disrupting the blood vascular networks in tumor tissues-vascular targeted PDT (VTP) and targeting immune cells for photoimmunotherapy. We propose that a synergistic outlook will help to address challenges such as deep-seated tumors, metastasis, or relapse and would lead to robust PDT response in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Kumar Modi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center of Excellence for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, London, UK
| | - Pragyan Mohapatra
- Center for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Priya Bhatt
- Center for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Aishleen Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avanish Singh Parmar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vibhuti Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center of Excellence for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manu Smriti Singh
- Center for Life Sciences, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanosensors and Nanomedicine, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garcia-Sampedro A, Prieto-Castañeda A, Agarrabeitia AR, Bañuelos J, García-Moreno I, Villanueva A, de la Moya S, Ortiz MJ, Acedo P. A highly fluorescent and readily accessible all-organic photosensitizer model for advancing image-guided cancer PDT. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7618-7625. [PMID: 38994651 PMCID: PMC11305095 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The potential of using image-guided photodynamic therapy (ig-PDT) for cancer, especially with highly biocompatible fluorescent agents free of heavy atoms, is well recognized. This is due to key advantages related to minimizing adverse side effects associated with standard cancer chemotherapy. However, this theragnostic approach is strongly limited by the lack of synthetically-accessible and easily-modulable chemical scaffolds, enabling the rapid design and construction of advanced agents for clinical ig-PDT. In fact, there are still very few ig-PDT agents clinically approved. Herein we report a readily accessible, easy-tunable and highly fluorescent all-organic small photosensitizer, as a model design for accelerating the development and translation of advanced ig-PDT agents for cancer. This scaffold is based on BODIPY, which assures high fluorescence, accessibility, and ease of performance adaptation by workable chemistry. The optimal PDT performance of this BODIPY dye, tested in highly resistant pancreatic cancer cells, despite its high fluorescent behavior, maintained even after fixation and cancer cell death, is based on its selective accumulation in mitochondria. This induces apoptosis upon illumination, as evidenced by proteomic studies and flow cytometry. All these characteristics make the reported BODIPY-based fluorescent photosensitizer a valuable model for the rapid development of ig-PDT agents for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sección Departamental de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Física de Materiales, Instituto de Química-Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McMorrow R, de Bruijn HS, Que I, Stuurman DC, de Ridder CMA, Doukas M, Robinson DJ, Mezzanotte L, Lowik CWGM. Rapid Assessment of Bio-distribution and Antitumor Activity of the Photosensitizer Bremachlorin in a Murine PDAC Model: Detection of PDT-induced Tumor Necrosis by IRDye® 800CW Carboxylate, Using Whole-Body Fluorescent Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:616-627. [PMID: 38890241 PMCID: PMC11281978 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based anticancer therapy that can induce tumor necrosis and/or apoptosis. Two important factors contributing to the efficacy of PDT are the concentration of the photosensitizer in the tumor tissue and its preferential accumulation in the tumor tissue compared to that in normal tissues. In this study, we investigated the use of optical imaging for monitoring whole-body bio-distribution of the fluorescent (660 nm) photosensitizer Bremachlorin in vivo, in a murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) model. Moreover, we non-invasively, examined the induction of tumor necrosis after PDT treatment using near-infrared fluorescent imaging of the necrosis avid cyanine dye IRDye®-800CW Carboxylate. Using whole-body fluorescence imaging, we observed that Bremachlorin preferentially accumulated in pancreatic tumors. Furthermore, in a longitudinal study we showed that 3 hours after Bremachlorin administration, the fluorescent tumor signal reached its maximum. In addition, the tumor-to-background ratio at all-time points was approximately 1.4. Ex vivo, at 6 hours after Bremachlorin administration, the tumor-to-muscle or -normal pancreas ratio exhibited a greater difference than it did at 24 hours, suggesting that, in terms of efficacy, 6 hours after Bremachlorin administration was an effective time point for PDT treatment of PDAC. In vivo administration of the near infrared fluorescence agent IRDye®-800CW Carboxylate showed that PDT, 6 hours after administration of Bremachlorin, selectively induced necrosis in the tumor tissues, which was subsequently confirmed histologically. In conclusion, by using in vivo fluorescence imaging, we could non-invasively and longitudinally monitor, the whole-body distribution of Bremachlorin. Furthermore, we successfully used IRDye®-800CW Carboxylate, a near-infrared fluorescent necrosis avid agent, to image PDT-induced necrotic cell death as a measure of therapeutic efficacy. This study showed how fluorescence can be applied for optimizing, and assessing the efficacy of, PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin McMorrow
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra C Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Akhtar F, Misba L, Khan AU. The dual role of photodynamic therapy to treat cancer and microbial infection. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104099. [PMID: 39002771 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment showing promise against cancer and microbial infections. PDT targets tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue, reducing side effects. It induces immunogenic cell death, potentially stimulating antitumor immune responses and reducing cancer recurrence. In microbial treatment, PDT effectively combats bacteria, fungi and viruses. Combining PDT with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy enhances its efficacy. However, challenges such as tumor hypoxia, limited tissue penetration and phototoxicity necessitate ongoing research efforts to optimize PDT protocols and overcome limitations. Overall, PDT is versatile and continually advancing with refined protocols to improve its clinical utility against cancer and microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Akhtar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Lama Misba
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sánchez DP, Morice K, Mutovska MG, Khrouz L, Josse P, Allain M, Gohier F, Blanchard P, Monnereau C, Le Bahers T, Sabouri N, Zagranyarski Y, Cabanetos C, Deiana M. Heavy-atom-free π-twisted photosensitizers for fluorescence bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39041337 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb01014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
As the field of preclinical research on photosensitizers (PSs) for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) continues to expand, a focused effort is underway to develop agents with innovative molecular structures that offer enhanced targeting, selectivity, activation, and imaging capabilities. In this context, we introduce two new heavy-atom-free PSs, DBXI and DBAI, characterized by a twisted π-conjugation framework. This innovative approach enhances the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between the singlet excited state (S1) and the triplet state (T1), resulting in improved and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC). Both PSs are highly effective in producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen and/or superoxide species. Additionally, they also demonstrate remarkably strong fluorescence emission. Indeed, in addition to providing exceptional photocytotoxicity, this emissive feature, generally lacking in other reported structures, allows for the precise monitoring of the PSs' distribution within specific cellular organelles even at nanomolar concentrations. These findings underscore the dual functionality of these PSs, serving as both fluorescent imaging probes and light-activated therapeutic agents, emphasizing their potential as versatile and multifunctional tools in the field of PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Korentin Morice
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Monika G Mutovska
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Josse
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Frédéric Gohier
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | | | - Cyrille Monnereau
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Tangui Le Bahers
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 5 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yulian Zagranyarski
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Clement Cabanetos
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France.
| | - Marco Deiana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Atrooz OM, Reihani N, Mozafari MR, Salawi A, Taghavi E. Enhancing hair regeneration: Recent progress in tailoring nanostructured lipid carriers through surface modification strategies. ADMET AND DMPK 2024; 12:431-462. [PMID: 39091900 PMCID: PMC11289513 DOI: 10.5599/admet.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Hair loss is a prevalent problem affecting millions of people worldwide, necessitating innovative and efficient regrowth approaches. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have become a hopeful option for transporting bioactive substances to hair follicles because of their compatibility with the body and capability to improve drug absorption. Review approach Recently, surface modification techniques have been used to enhance hair regeneration by improving the customization of NLCs. These techniques involve applying polymers, incorporating targeting molecules, and modifying the surface charge. Key results The conversation focuses on how these techniques enhance stability, compatibility with the body, and precise delivery to hair follicles within NLCs. Moreover, it explains how surface-modified NLCs can improve the bioavailability of hair growth-promoting agents like minoxidil and finasteride. Furthermore, information on how surface-modified NLCs interact with hair follicles is given, uncovering their possible uses in treating hair loss conditions. Conclusion This review discusses the potential of altering the surface of NLCs to customize them for enhanced hair growth. It offers important information for upcoming studies on hair growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar M. Atrooz
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mutah University, Mutah, Jordan
| | - Nasim Reihani
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - M. R. Mozafari
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ahmad Salawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham Taghavi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moloudi K, Azariasl S, Abrahamse H, George BP, Yasuda H. Expected role of photodynamic therapy to relieve skin damage in nuclear or radiological emergency: Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 110:104517. [PMID: 39032581 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear and radiological accidents can occur due to poor management, in transportation, radiation therapy and nuclear wards in hospitals, leading to extreme radiation exposure and serious consequences for human health. Additionally, in many of previous radiological accidents, skin damage was observed in patients and survivors due to the high radiation exposure. However, as part of a medical countermeasures in a nuclear/radiological emergency, it is critical to plan for the treatment of radiation-induced skin damage. Hence, the new, non-invasive technology of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is projected to be more effectively used for treating skin damage caused by high-dose radiation. PDT plays an important role in treating, repairing skin damage and promoting wound healing as evidenced by research. This review, highlighted and recommended potential impacts of PDT to repair and decrease radiation-induced skin tissue damage. Moreover, we have suggested some photosensitizer (PS) agent as radio-mitigator drugs to decrease radiobiological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Samayeh Azariasl
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku 734-8553, Japan
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Minami-ku 734-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen S, Li B, Yue Y, Li Z, Qiao L, Qi G, Ping Y, Liu B. Smart Nanoassembly Enabling Activatable NIR Fluorescence and ROS Generation with Enhanced Tumor Penetration for Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404296. [PMID: 38685574 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (FIG-PDT) holds promise for cancer treatment, yet challenges persist in poor imaging quality, phototoxicity, and insufficient anti-tumor effect. Herein, a novel nanoplatform, LipoHPM, designed to address these challenges, is reported. This approach employs an acid-sensitive amine linker to connect a biotin-modified hydrophilic polymer (BiotinPEG) with a new hydrophobic photosensitizer (MBA), forming OFF-state BiotinPEG-MBA (PM) micelles via an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. These micelles are then co-loaded with the tumor penetration enhancer hydralazine (HDZ) into pH-sensitive liposomes (LipoHPM). Leveraging the ACQ effect, LipoHPM is silent in both fluorescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during blood circulation but restores both properties upon disassembly. Following intravenous injection in tumor-bearing mice, LipoHPM actively targets tumor cells overexpressing biotin-receptors, contributing to enhanced tumor accumulation. Upon cellular internalization, LipoHPM disassembles within lysosomes, releasing HDZ to enhance tumor penetration and inhibit tumor metastasis. Concurrently, the micelles activate fluorescence for tumor imaging and boost the production of both type-I and type-II ROS for tumor eradication. Therefore, the smart LipoHPM synergistically integrates near-infrared emission, activatable tumor imaging, robust ROS generation, efficient anti-tumor and anti-metastasis activity, successfully overcoming limitations of conventional photosensitizers and establishing itself as a promising nanoplatform for potent FIG-PDT applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yifan Yue
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhiyao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Guobin Qi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yuan Ping
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shirke AA, Walker E, Chavali S, Ramamurthy G, Zhang L, Panigrahi A, Basilion JP, Wang X. A Synergistic Strategy Combining Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy to Eradicate Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7086. [PMID: 39000194 PMCID: PMC11241360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer among men in the United States and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been established as a biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to develop a novel theranostic agent, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413, which integrates a PSMA-targeting ligand, the photosensitizer Pc413, and the microtubular inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) for synergistic therapeutic efficacy. In vitro uptake studies revealed that PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 demonstrated selective and specific uptake in PSMA-positive PC3pip cells but not in PSMA-negative PC3flu cells, with the uptake in PC3pip cells being approximately three times higher. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that, when exposed to light, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 had a synergistic effect, leading to significantly greater cytotoxicity in PSMA-positive cells (IC50 = 2.2 nM) compared to PSMA-1-Pc413 with light irradiation (IC50 = 164.9 nM) or PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 without light irradiation (IC50 = 12.6 nM). In vivo imaging studies further demonstrated the selective uptake of PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 in PC3pip tumors. In in vivo studies, PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 dramatically improves the therapeutic outcome for prostate cancer by providing a synergistic effect that surpasses the efficacy of each treatment modality alone in PC3pip tumors. These findings suggest that PSMA-1-MMAE-Pc413 has strong potential for clinical application in improving prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi A. Shirke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.W.)
| | - Ethan Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.W.)
| | - Sriprada Chavali
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gopalakrishnan Ramamurthy
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.R.); (L.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.R.); (L.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Abhiram Panigrahi
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.R.); (L.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - James P. Basilion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.W.)
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (G.R.); (L.Z.); (A.P.)
| | - Xinning Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu W, Luo C, Zhu C, Cai Z, Liu J. A Novel Boron Dipyrromethene-Erlotinib Conjugate for Precise Photodynamic Therapy against Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6421. [PMID: 38928126 PMCID: PMC11203698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is recognized for its exceptional effectiveness as a promising cancer treatment method. However, it is noted that overexposure to the dosage and sunlight in traditional PDT can result in damage to healthy tissues, due to the low tumor selectivity of currently available photosensitizers (PSs). To address this challenge, we introduce herein a new strategy where the small molecule-targeted agent, erlotinib, is integrated into a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based PS to form conjugate 6 to enhance the precision of PDT. This conjugate demonstrates optical absorption, fluorescence emission, and singlet oxygen generation efficiency comparable to the reference compound 7, which lacks erlotinib. In vitro studies reveal that, after internalization, conjugate 6 predominantly accumulates in the lysosomes of HepG2 cells, exhibiting significant photocytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 3.01 µM. A distinct preference for HepG2 cells over HELF cells is observed with conjugate 6 but not with compound 7. In vivo experiments further confirm that conjugate 6 has a specific affinity for tumor tissues, and the combination treatment of conjugate 6 with laser illumination can effectively eradicate H22 tumors in mice with outstanding biosafety. This study presents a novel and potential PS for achieving precise PDT against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Chengmiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhengyan Cai
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China;
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment & National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yao L, Zhu X, Shan Y, Zhang L, Yao J, Xiong H. Recent Progress in Anti-Tumor Nanodrugs Based on Tumor Microenvironment Redox Regulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310018. [PMID: 38269480 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The growth state of tumor cells is strictly affected by the specific abnormal redox status of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, redox reactions at the biological level are also central and fundamental to essential energy metabolism reactions in tumors. Accordingly, anti-tumor nanodrugs targeting the disruption of this abnormal redox homeostasis have become one of the hot spots in the field of nanodrugs research due to the effectiveness of TME modulation and anti-tumor efficiency mediated by redox interference. This review discusses the latest research results of nanodrugs in anti-tumor therapy, which regulate the levels of oxidants or reductants in TME through a variety of therapeutic strategies, ultimately breaking the original "stable" redox state of the TME and promoting tumor cell death. With the gradual deepening of study on the redox state of TME and the vigorous development of nanomaterials, it is expected that more anti-tumor nano drugs based on tumor redox microenvironment regulation will be designed and even applied clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Belashov AV, Zhikhoreva AA, Salova AV, Belyaeva TN, Litvinov IK, Kornilova ES, Semenova IV, Vasyutinskii OS. Automatic segmentation of lysosomes and analysis of intracellular pH with Radachlorin photosensitizer and FLIM. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 710:149835. [PMID: 38574457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We report application of the fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for analysis of distributions of intracellular acidity using a chlorin-e6 based photosensitizer Radachlorin. An almost two-fold increase of the photosensitizer fluorescence lifetime in alkaline microenvironments as compared to acidic ones allowed for clear distinguishing between acidic and alkaline intracellular structures. Clusterization of a phasor plot calculated from fits of the FLIM raw data by two Gaussian distributions provided accurate automatic segmentation of lysosomes featuring acidic contents. The approach was validated in colocalization experiments with LysoTracker fluorescence in living cells of four established lines. The dependence of photosensitizer fluorescence lifetime on microenvironment acidity allowed for estimation of pH inside the cells, except for the nuclei, where photosensitizer does not penetrate. The developed method is promising for combined application of the photosensitizer for both photodynamic treatment and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Belashov
- Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - A A Zhikhoreva
- Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - A V Salova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Pr., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - T N Belyaeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Pr., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - I K Litvinov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Pr., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - E S Kornilova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Pr., 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - I V Semenova
- Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
| | - O S Vasyutinskii
- Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Burloiu AM, Mihai DP, Manda G, Lupuliasa D, Neagoe IV, Socoteanu RP, Surcel M, Anghelache LI, Olariu L, Gîrd CE, Boscencu R. In Silico and In Vitro Studies on an Asymmetrical Porphyrin Derivative with Therapeutic Potential in Skin Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:688. [PMID: 38931355 PMCID: PMC11206637 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For developing novel photosensitizers with therapeutic potential in non-malignant and malignant cutaneous disorders, the unsymmetrical porphyrin, 5-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-10, 15, 20-tris-(4-carboxymethylphenyl) porphyrin, was evaluated in silico and in vitro. The cellular uptake of the investigated porphyrin and its ability to perform photodynamic therapy were investigated in terms of the viability, proliferation, and necrosis of human HaCaT keratinocytes and human Hs27 skin fibroblasts, in correlation with the predictions regarding diffusion through cell membranes, ADMET profile (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicity), and potential pharmacological mechanism. Molecular docking and 250 ns molecular dynamics simulations revealed that P5.2 has the potential to form a relatively stable complex with the carbonic anhydrase IX catalytic site, the lowest predicted free energy of binding (MM/PBSA) being -39.097 kcal/mol. The results of the in vitro study showed that P5.2 is incorporated within 24 h in the investigated cells, especially in HaCaT keratinocytes, indicating its photosensitizing ability. Nevertheless, P5.2 does not exert significant cytotoxicity in "dark" conditions. In turn, PDT induced a decrease in the number of metabolically active HaCaT keratinocytes within 24 h, accompanied by a 4-fold increase in lactate dehydrogenase release, indicating its ability to perform PDT in human skin cells. The experimental results suggest that the asymmetrical porphyrin is a promising candidate theranostics agent for skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Mihaela Burloiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (C.E.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (C.E.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (C.E.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Ionela Victoria Neagoe
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Radu Petre Socoteanu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Laura Olariu
- SC. Biotehnos SA, 3-5 Gorunului, 075100 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (C.E.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (C.E.G.); (R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Yang L. Natural-product-based, carrier-free, noncovalent nanoparticles for tumor chemo-photodynamic combination therapy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107150. [PMID: 38521285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, with its diversity, heterogeneity, and complexity, is a significant contributor to global morbidity, disability, and mortality, highlighting the necessity for transformative treatment approaches. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has aroused continuous interest as a viable alternative to conventional cancer treatments that encounter drug resistance. Nanotechnology has brought new advances in medicine and has shown great potential in drug delivery and cancer treatment. For precise and efficient therapeutic utilization of such a tumor therapeutic approach with high spatiotemporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness, the carrier-free noncovalent nanoparticles (NPs) based on chemo-photodynamic combination therapy is essential. Utilizing natural products as the foundation for nanodrug development offers unparalleled advantages, including exceptional pharmacological activity, easy functionalization/modification, and well biocompatibility. The natural-product-based, carrier-free, noncovalent NPs revealed excellent synergistic anticancer activity in comparison with free photosensitizers and free bioactive natural products, representing an alternative and favorable combination therapeutic avenue to improve therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a comprehensive summary of current strategies and representative application examples of carrier-free noncovalent NPs in the past decade based on natural products (such as paclitaxel, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, doxorubicin, etoposide, combretastatin A4, epigallocatechin gallate, and curcumin) for tumor chemo-photodynamic combination therapy. We highlight the insightful design and synthesis of the smart carrier-free NPs that aim to enhance PDT efficacy. Meanwhile, we discuss the future challenges and potential opportunities associated with these NPs to provide new enlightenment, spur innovative ideas, and facilitate PDT-mediated clinical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luppi BT, Primrose WL, Hudson ZM. Polymer Dots with Delayed Fluorescence and Tunable Cellular Uptake for Photodynamic Therapy and Time-Gated Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400712. [PMID: 38439710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
By combining bioimaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT), it is possible to treat cancer through a theranostic approach with targeted action for minimum invasiveness and side effects. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) probes have gained recent interest in theranostics due to their ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) while providing delayed emission that can be used in time-gated imaging. However, it is still challenging to design systems that simultaneously show (1) high contrast for imaging, (2) low dark toxicity but high phototoxicity and (3) tunable biological uptake. Here, we circumvent shortcomings of TADF systems by designing block copolymers and their corresponding semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) that encapsulate a TADF dye in the core and expose an additional boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) oxygen sensitizer in the corona. This architecture provides orange-red luminescent particles (ΦPL up to 18 %) that can efficiently promote PDT (1O2 QY=42 %) of HeLa cells with very low photosensitizer loading (IC50 ~0.05-0.13 μg/mL after 30 min). Additionally, we design Pdots with tunable cellular uptake but similar PDT efficiencies using either polyethylene glycol or guanidinium-based coronas. Finally, we demonstrate that these Pdots can be used for time-gated imaging to effectively filter out background fluorescence from biological samples and improve image contrast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T Luppi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William L Primrose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Ma Y, Shi K, Chen H, Han X, Wei C, Lyu Y, Huang Y, Yu R, Song Y, Song Q, Jiang J, Feng J, Lin Y, Chen J, Chen H, Zheng G, Gao X, Jiang G. Self-Disassembling and Oxygen-Generating Porphyrin-Lipoprotein Nanoparticle for Targeted Glioblastoma Resection and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307454. [PMID: 38299428 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The dismal prognosis for glioblastoma multiform (GBM) patients is primarily attributed to the highly invasive tumor residual that remained after surgical intervention. The development of precise intraoperative imaging and postoperative residual removal techniques will facilitate the gross total elimination of GBM. Here, a self-disassembling porphyrin lipoprotein-coated calcium peroxide nanoparticles (PLCNP) is developed to target GBM via macropinocytosis, allowing for fluorescence-guided surgery of GBM and improving photodynamic treatment (PDT) of GBM residual by alleviating hypoxia. By reducing self-quenching and enhancing lysosome escape efficiency, the incorporation of calcium peroxide (CaO2) cores in PLCNP amplifies the fluorescence intensity of porphyrin-lipid. Furthermore, the CaO2 core has diminished tumor hypoxia and improves the PDT efficacy of PLCNP, enabling low-dose PDT and reversing tumor progression induced by hypoxia aggravation following PDT. Taken together, this self-disassembling and oxygen-generating porphyrin-lipoprotein nanoparticle may serve as a promising all-in-one nanotheranostic platform for guiding precise GBM excision and empowering post-operative PDT, providing a clinically applicable strategy to combat GBM in a safe and effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuxiao Ma
- Brain Injury Centre, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenxuan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yingqi Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yukun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Renhe Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qingxiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Brain Injury Centre, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Brain Injury Centre, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Brain Injury Centre, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Adamczyk J, Brzozowska-Rup K, Sieroń D, Sieroń K, Sieroń A. Fluorescence spectral analysis and logistic regression modeling for diagnosing basal cell carcinoma on head and neck. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104051. [PMID: 38513810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The optical fluorescence method is distinguished by key features such as non-invasiveness, high sensitivity, and resolution, which are superior to traditional diagnostic approaches. Unlike histopathological examinations and biochemical analyses, optical diagnostic methods obviate the need for tissue sampling, enabling the analysis of virtually unlimited material. The research aims to examine the effectiveness of emission spectra analysis in the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the scalp and neck. The analysis was based on data provided by Specialized Hospital No. 2 in Bytom comprising a study sample of 10 patients. For each patient, fluorescence emission spectra were recorded from each of 512 points along a 5 mm line. The results obtained from the histopathological examination, the analysis and morphological evaluation of the tissue, and the diagnosis through microscopic observation were used to define a dichotomous variable (presence or absence of a cancerous lesion), adopted in the study as the modeled variable. The next step of the presented study involved constructing a logistic regression model for identifying cancerous lesions depending on the biochemical indicator's relative fluorescence value (RFV) and emission wavelength (ELW) within the 620 nm to 730 nm range. This wavelength range is often used in fluorescence diagnostics to detect various pathologies, including cancerous lesions. The resulting binary logistic regression model, logit(p)=-33.17+0.04ELW+0.01RFV, indicates a statistically significant relationship between wavelength and relative fluorescence values with the probability of detecting cancer. The estimated model exhibits a good fit and high predictive accuracy. The overall model accuracy is 84.8 %, with the correct classification rates at approximately 96 % for healthy individuals and 74 % for individuals with cancer. These findings underscore the potential of photodynamic diagnostics in cancer detection and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Adamczyk
- Collegium Medicum im dr Władysława Biegański, Jan Długosz University 4/8 Washington Street, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Brzozowska-Rup
- Department of Economics and Finance, Faculty of Management and Computer Modelling, Kielce University of Technology, Aleja Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Dominik Sieroń
- Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Tiefenau Hospital, Inselgroup, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karolina Sieroń
- School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Chair of Physiotherapy, Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Sieroń
- Collegium Medicum im dr Władysława Biegański, Jan Długosz University 4/8 Washington Street, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verma VS, Pandey A, Jha AK, Badwaik HKR, Alexander A, Ajazuddin. Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Novel Design and Synthesis Strategies for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Targeted Drug Delivery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6. [PMID: 38519751 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential to enhance therapeutic results and enable targeted drug administration, polymer-drug conjugates that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both the polymer and the linker for drug conjugation have attracted much research. This study seeks to investigate recent developments in the design and synthesis of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, emphasizing fresh ideas that fill in existing knowledge gaps and satisfy the increasing need for more potent drug delivery methods. Through an extensive review of the existing literature, this study identifies key challenges and proposes innovative strategies for future investigations. The paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing and synthesizing PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, including rational molecular design, linker selection, conjugation methods, and characterization techniques. To further emphasize the importance and adaptability of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, prospective applications are highlighted, including cancer treatment, infectious disorders, and chronic ailments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sagar Verma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India
| | - Aakansha Pandey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jha
- Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Ramchandra Badwaik
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
- Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Guwahati, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li P, Tan X, Dan Q, Hu A, Hu Z, Yang X, Bai J, Chen X, Li B, Cheng G, Liu L, Chen Y, Sun D, Shuai X, Zheng T. MnO 2/Ce6 microbubble-mediated hypoxia modulation for enhancing sono-photodynamic therapy against triple negative breast cancer. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1465-1476. [PMID: 38318975 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT) has emerged as a promising treatment modality for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment hinders the application of SPDT. Herein, in this study, a multifunctional platform (MnO2/Ce6@MBs) was designed to address this issue. A sono-photosensitizer (Ce6) and a hypoxia modulator (MnO2) were loaded into microbubbles and precisely released within tumor tissues under ultrasound irradiation. MnO2in situ reacted with the excess H2O2 and H+ and produced O2 within the TNBC tumor, which alleviated hypoxia and augmented SPDT by increasing ROS generation. Meanwhile, the reaction product Mn2+ was able to achieve T1-weighted MRI for enhanced tumor imaging. Additionally, Ce6 and microbubbles served as a fluorescence imaging contrast agent and a contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging agent, respectively. In in vivo anti-tumor studies, under the FL/US/MR imaging guidance, MnO2/Ce6@MBs combined with SPDT significantly reversed tumor hypoxia and inhibited tumor growth in 4T1-tumor bearing mice. This work presents a theragnostic system for reversing tumor hypoxia and enhancing TNBC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Azhen Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Zhengming Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Jianhua Bai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Bowei Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China
| | - Guanxun Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| | - Xintao Shuai
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, P.R. China.
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasonic Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Domka W, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Mytych W, Myśliwiec A, Dynarowicz K, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Aebisher D. Photodynamic Therapy for Eye, Ear, Laryngeal Area, and Nasal and Oral Cavity Diseases: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38339396 PMCID: PMC10854993 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising modality for the treatment of various diseases. This non-invasive approach utilizes photosensitizing agents and light to selectively target and destroy abnormal cells, providing a valuable alternative to traditional treatments. Research studies have explored the application of PDT in different areas of the head. Research is focusing on a growing number of new developments and treatments for cancer. One of these methods is PDT. Photodynamic therapy is now a revolutionary, progressive method of cancer therapy. A very important feature of PDT is that cells cannot become immune to singlet oxygen. With this therapy, patients can avoid lengthy and costly surgeries. PDT therapy is referred to as a safe and highly selective therapy. These studies collectively highlight the potential of PDT as a valuable therapeutic option in treating the head area. As research in this field progresses, PDT may become increasingly integrated into the clinical management of these conditions, offering a balance between effectiveness and minimal invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Domka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Mytych
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pashootan P, Saadati F, Fahimi H, Rahmati M, Strippoli R, Zarrabi A, Cordani M, Moosavi MA. Metal-based nanoparticles in cancer therapy: Exploring photodynamic therapy and its interplay with regulated cell death pathways. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123622. [PMID: 37989403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a non-invasive treatment strategy currently utilized in the clinical management of selected cancers and infections. This technique is predicated on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) and subsequent irradiation with light of specific wavelengths, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within targeted cells. The cellular effects of PDT are dependent on both the localization of the PS and the severity of ROS challenge, potentially leading to the stimulation of various cell death modalities. For many years, the concept of regulated cell death (RCD) triggered by photodynamic reactions predominantly encompassed apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. However, in recent decades, further explorations have unveiled additional cell death modalities, such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death (ICD), which helps to achieve tumor cell elimination. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated substantial advantages over traditional PSs and become important components of PDT, due to their improved physicochemical properties, such as enhanced solubility and superior specificity for targeted cells. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the applications of different metal-based NPs as PSs or delivery systems for optimized PDT in cancer treatment. Furthermore, it mechanistically highlights the contribution of RCD pathways during PDT with metal NPs and how these forms of cell death can improve specific PDT regimens in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parya Pashootan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saadati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34396, Turkey; Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Marco Cordani
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O Box 14965/161, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Burloiu AM, Manda G, Lupuliasa D, Socoteanu RP, Mihai DP, Neagoe IV, Anghelache LI, Surcel M, Anastasescu M, Olariu L, Gîrd CE, Barbuceanu SF, Ferreira LFV, Boscencu R. Assessment of Some Unsymmetrical Porphyrins as Promising Molecules for Photodynamic Therapy of Cutaneous Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:62. [PMID: 38256895 PMCID: PMC10818616 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to select for further development novel photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cutaneous disorders, three unsymmetrical porphyrins, namely 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (P2.2), 5-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-carboxymethylphenyl) porphyrin (P3.2), and 5-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20-tris-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (P4.2), along with their fully symmetrical counterparts 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-acetoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) porphyrin (P2.1) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-carboxymethylphenyl) porphyrin (P3.1) were comparatively evaluated. The absorption and fluorescence properties, as well as atomic force microscopy measurements were performed to evaluate the photophysical characteristics as well as morphological and textural properties of the mentioned porphyrins. The cellular uptake of compounds and the effect of photodynamic therapy on the viability, proliferation, and necrosis of human HaCaT keratinocytes, human Hs27 skin fibroblasts, human skin SCL II squamous cell carcinoma, and B16F10 melanoma cells were assessed in vitro, in correlation with the structural and photophysical properties of the investigated porphyrins, and with the predictions regarding diffusion through cell membranes and ADMET properties. All samples were found to be isotropic and self-similar, with slightly different degrees of aggregability, had a relatively low predicted toxicity (class V), and a predicted long half-life after systemic administration. The in vitro study performed on non-malignant and malignant skin-relevant cells highlighted that the asymmetric P2.2 porphyrin qualified among the five investigated porphyrins to be a promising photosensitizer candidate for PDT in skin disorders. P2.2 was shown to accumulate well within cells, and induced by PDT a massive decrease in the number of metabolically active skin cells, partly due to cell death by necrosis. P2.2 had in this respect a better behavior than the symmetric P.2.1 compound and the related asymmetric compound P4.2. The strong action of P2.2-mediated PDT on normal skin cells might be an important drawback for further development of this compound. Meanwhile, the P3.1 and P3.2 compounds were not able to accumulate well in skin cells, and did not elicit significant PDT in vitro. Taken together, our experiments suggest that P2.2 can be a promising candidate for the development of novel photosensitizers for PDT in skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Mihaela Burloiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (L.-I.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Radu Petre Socoteanu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.P.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Ionela Victoria Neagoe
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (L.-I.A.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Mihaela Surcel
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; (I.V.N.); (L.-I.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Mihai Anastasescu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.P.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Olariu
- “SC. Biotehnos SA”, 3-5 Gorunului St., 075100 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cerasela Elena Gîrd
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Stefania Felicia Barbuceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| | - Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira
- BSIRG—Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.M.B.); (D.L.); (D.P.M.); (C.E.G.); (S.F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Neelambaran N, Shamjith S, Murali VP, Maiti KK, Joseph J. Exploring a Mitochondria Targeting, Dinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complex for Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5776-5788. [PMID: 38061031 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an efficient and noninvasive treatment approach utilizing laser-triggered photosensitizers for combating cancer. Within this rapidly advancing field, iridium-based photosensitizers with their dual functionality as both imaging probes and PDT agents exhibit a potential for precise and targeted therapeutic interventions. However, most reported classes of Ir(III)-based photosensitizers comprise mononuclear iridium(III), with very few examples of dinuclear systems. Exploring the full potential of iridium-based dinuclear systems for PDT applications remains a challenge. Herein, we report a dinuclear Ir(III) complex (IRDI) along with a structurally similar monomer complex (IRMO) having 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine and 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The comparative investigation of the mononuclear and dinuclear Ir(III) complexes showed similar absorption profiles, but the dinuclear derivative IRDI exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φp) of 0.70 compared to that of IRMO (Φp = 0.47). Further, IRDI showed a higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yield (Φs) of 0.49 compared to IRMO (Φs = 0.28), signifying the enhanced potential of the dinuclear derivative for image-guided photodynamic therapy. In vitro assessments indicate that IRDI shows efficient cellular uptake and significant photocytotoxicity in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, the presence of a dual positive charge on the dinuclear system facilitates the inherent mitochondria-targeting ability without the need for a specific targeting group. Subcellular singlet oxygen generation by IRDI was confirmed using Si-DMA, and light-activated cellular apoptosis via ROS-mediated PDT was verified through various live-dead assays performed in the presence and absence of the singlet oxygen scavenger NaN3. Further, the mechanism of cell death was elucidated by an annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric assay and by investigating the cytochrome c release from mitochondria using Western blot analysis. Thus, the dinuclear complex designed to enhance spin-orbit coupling with minimal excitonic coupling represents a promising strategy for efficient image-guided PDT using iridium complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishna Neelambaran
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fan L, Jiang Z, Xiong Y, Xu Z, Yang X, Gu D, Ainiwaer M, Li L, Liu J, Chen F. Recent Advances in the HPPH-Based Third-Generation Photodynamic Agents in Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17404. [PMID: 38139233 PMCID: PMC10743769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has emerged as a recognized anti-tumor treatment involving three fundamental elements: photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species. Enhancing the effectiveness of photosensitizers remains the primary avenue for improving the biological therapeutic outcomes of PDT. Through three generations of development, HPPH is a 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl derivative of pyropheophorbide-α, representing a second-generation photosensitizer already undergoing clinical trials for various tumors. The evolution toward third-generation photosensitizers based on HPPH involves structural modifications for multimodal applications and the combination of multifunctional compounds, leading to improved imaging localization and superior anti-tumor effects. While research into third-generation HPPH is beneficial for advancing PDT treatment, equal attention should also be directed toward the other two essential elements and personalized diagnosis and treatment methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zepeng Xu
- West China Clinical Medical College, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Deying Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mailudan Ainiwaer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Leyu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (L.F.); (Z.J.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.); (D.G.); (M.A.); (L.L.)
- Head and Neck Surgical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sridharan B, Lim HG. Advances in photoacoustic imaging aided by nano contrast agents: special focus on role of lymphatic system imaging for cancer theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:437. [PMID: 37986071 PMCID: PMC10662568 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a successful clinical imaging platform for management of cancer and other health conditions that has seen significant progress in the past decade. However, clinical translation of PAI based methods are still under scrutiny as the imaging quality and clinical information derived from PA images are not on par with other imaging methods. Hence, to improve PAI, exogenous contrast agents, in the form of nanomaterials, are being used to achieve better image with less side effects, lower accumulation, and improved target specificity. Nanomedicine has become inevitable in cancer management, as it contributes at every stage from diagnosis to therapy, surgery, and even in the postoperative care and surveillance for recurrence. Nanocontrast agents for PAI have been developed and are being explored for early and improved cancer diagnosis. The systemic stability and target specificity of the nanomaterials to render its theranostic property depends on various influencing factors such as the administration route and physico-chemical responsiveness. The recent focus in PAI is on targeting the lymphatic system and nodes for cancer diagnosis, as they play a vital role in cancer progression and metastasis. This review aims to discuss the clinical advancements of PAI using nanoparticles as exogenous contrast agents for cancer theranostics with emphasis on PAI of lymphatic system for diagnosis, cancer progression, metastasis, PAI guided tumor resection, and finally PAI guided drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badrinathan Sridharan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Gyun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lioret V, Renault K, Maury O, Romieu A. Valkyrie Probes: A Novel Class of Enzyme-Activatable Photosensitizers based on Sulfur- and Seleno-Rosamines with Pyridinium Unit. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300756. [PMID: 37811909 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of activatable photosensitizers (aPSs) uncaged by specific disease biomarkers is currently booming due to their positive attributes to achieve targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this context, we present here the synthesis and detailed photophysical characterization of a novel class of hetero-rosamine dyes bearing sulfur or selenium as bridging heavy atom and 4-pyridyl meso-substituent as optically tunable group. The main feature of such photoactive platforms is the spectacular change of their spectral properties depending on the caging/decaging status of their 4-pyridyl moiety (cationic pyridinium vs. neutral pyridine). The preparation of two alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-responsive probes (named Valkyrie probes) was achieved through formal N-quaternarization with 4-phosphoryloxybenzyl, the traditional recognition moiety for this important diagnostic enzyme. Bio-analytical validations including fluorescence/singlet oxygen phosphorescence enzyme assays and RP-HPLC-fluorescence/-MS analyses have enabled us to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of this novel photosensitizer activation strategy. Since sulfur-containing Valkyrie probe also retains high fluorogenicity in the orange-red spectral range, this study highlights meso-pyridyl-substituted S-pyronin scaffolds as valuable candidates for the rapid construction of molecular phototheranostic platforms suitable for combined fluorescence diagnosis and PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lioret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Kévin Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
- Present address: CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Chemistry and Modeling for the Biology of Cancer Institut Curie, Université PSL, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- University of Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yadav R, Das PP, Sharma S, Sengupta S, Kumar D, Sagar R. Recent advancement of nanomedicine-based targeted delivery for cervical cancer treatment. Med Oncol 2023; 40:347. [PMID: 37930458 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a huge worldwide health burden, impacting women in impoverished nations in particular. Traditional therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, frequently result in systemic toxicity and ineffectiveness. Nanomedicine has emerged as a viable strategy for targeted delivery of therapeutic drugs to cancer cells while decreasing off-target effects and increasing treatment success in recent years. Nanomedicine for cervical cancer introduces several novel aspects that distinguish it from previous treatment options such as tailored delivery system, precision targeting, combination therapies, real-time monitoring and diverse nanocarriers to overcome the limitations of one another. This abstract presents recent advances in nanomedicine-based tailored delivery systems for the treatment of cervical cancer. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes have all been intensively studied for their ability to transport chemotherapeutic medicines, nucleic acids, and imaging agents to cervical cancer cells. Because of the way these nanocarriers are designed, they may cross biological barriers and preferentially aggregate at the tumor site, boosting medicine concentration and lowering negative effects on healthy tissues. Surface modification of nanocarriers with targeting ligands like antibodies, peptides, or aptamers improves specificity for cancer cells by identifying overexpressed receptors or antigens on the tumor surface. Furthermore, nanomedicine-based techniques have made it possible to co-deliver numerous therapeutic drugs, allowing for synergistic effects and overcoming drug resistance. In preclinical and clinical investigations, combination treatments comprising chemotherapeutic medicines, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and photodynamic therapy have showed encouraging results, opening up new avenues for individualized and multimodal treatment regimens. Furthermore, the inclusion of contrast agents and imaging probes into nanocarrier systems has enabled real-time monitoring and imaging of treatment response. This enables the assessment of therapy efficacy, the early diagnosis of recurrence, and the optimization of treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Priyanku Pradip Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sounok Sengupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India.
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao T, Xu Y, Liu R, Shang X, Huang C, Dong W, Long M, Zou B, Wang X, Li G, Shen Y, Liu T, Tang B. Molecular Engineering Design of Enhanced Donor-Acceptor Therapeutic Reagent for Efficient Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301035. [PMID: 37450348 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The greatest barrier to the further development and clinical application of tumor image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), is the inconsistency between the fluorescence intensity and singlet oxygen generation yield of the photosensitizer under light excitation. Herein, a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) system is designed from the point of molecular selection by wrapping a classical porphyrin molecule (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylphorphyrin, H2 TPP) as an acceptor into conjugated polymer (Poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylpheny)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine], ADS254BE) as a donor through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, which exhibits bright red emission centered at 650 nm (quantum yield, 0.12), relatively large Stoke shift of 276 nm, enhanced singlet oxygen generation rate of 0.73, and excellent photostability. The investigations on distribution and killing effect of nanomaterials in cancer cells reveal that ADS254BE/H2 TPP NPs can accumulate in the cytoplasm for imaging while simultaneously producing a large amount of singlet oxygen to remarkably kill cancer cells, which can be used for real-time image-guided PDT. In the xenograft tumor model, real-time imaging and long-term tracing in tumor tissue with ADS254BE/H2 TPP NPs disclose that the growth of lung cancer in mice can be effectively inhibited during in situ imaging. From the standpoint of molecular engineering design, this work provides a feasible strategy for novel D-A systems to improve the development of image-guided PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ciyuan Huang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Processing for Nonferrous Metals and Featured Materials and Key Lab of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education; School of Resources, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Wuqi Dong
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Min Long
- Guangxi Key Lab of Processing for Nonferrous Metals and Featured Materials and Key Lab of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education; School of Resources, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Bingsuo Zou
- Guangxi Key Lab of Processing for Nonferrous Metals and Featured Materials and Key Lab of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education; School of Resources, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- School, of Basic Medical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangxi Key Lab of Processing for Nonferrous Metals and Featured Materials and Key Lab of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education; School of Resources, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun F, Shen H, Liu Q, Chen Y, Guo W, Du W, Xu C, Wang B, Xing G, Jin Z, Lam JWY, Sun J, Ye R, Kwok RTK, Chen J, Tang BZ. Powerful Synergy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Aggregation-Induced Emission-Active Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18952-18964. [PMID: 37729494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge for women despite advancements in early detection and treatment. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has shown potential as an anti-BC therapy, but its low bioavailability and poor water solubility restrict its effectiveness. In this study, we created theranostic nanoparticles consisting of ISL and a near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer, TBPI, which displays aggregation-induced emission (AIE), with the goal of providing combined chemo- and photodynamic therapies (PDT) for BC. Initially, we designed an asymmetric organic molecule, TBPI, featuring a rotorlike triphenylamine as the donor and 1-methylpyridinium iodide as the acceptor, which led to the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. We then combined TBPI with ISL and encapsulated them in DSPE-PEG-RGD nanoparticles to produce IT-PEG-RGD nanoparticles, which showed high affinity for BC, better intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between TBPI and ISL. In both 4T1 BC cell line and a 4T1 tumor-bearing BC mouse model, the IT-PEG-RGD nanoparticles demonstrated excellent drug delivery, synergistic antitumor effects, enhanced tumor-killing efficacy, and reduced drug dosage and side effects. Furthermore, we exploited the optical properties of TBPI with ISL to reveal the release process and distribution of nanoparticles in cells. This study provides a valuable basis for further exploration of IT-PEG-RGD nanoparticles and their anticancer mechanisms, highlighting the potential of theranostic nanoparticles in BC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wutong Du
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Changhuo Xu
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Bingzhe Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Zhuwei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rethi L, Rethi L, Liu CH, Hyun TV, Chen CH, Chuang EY. Fortification of Iron Oxide as Sustainable Nanoparticles: An Amalgamation with Magnetic/Photo Responsive Cancer Therapies. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5607-5623. [PMID: 37814664 PMCID: PMC10560484 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s404394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their non-toxic function in biological systems, Iron oxide NPs (IO-NPs) are very attractive in biomedical applications. The magnetic properties of IO-NPs enable a variety of biomedical applications. We evaluated the usage of IO-NPs for anticancer effects. This paper lists the applications of IO-NPs in general and the clinical targeting of IO-NPs. The application of IONPs along with photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is highlighted in this review's explanation for cancer treatment strategies. The review's study shows that IO-NPs play a beneficial role in biological activity because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, simplicity of production, and hybrid NPs forms with IO-NPs. In this review, we have briefly discussed cancer therapy and hyperthermia and NPs used in PTT, PDT, and MHT. IO-NPs have a particular effect on cancer therapy when combined with PTT, PDT, and MHT were the key topics of the review and were covered in depth. The IO-NPs formulations may be uniquely specialized in cancer treatments with PTT, PDT, and MHT, according to this review investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Rethi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lekshmi Rethi
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tin Van Hyun
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Chih-Hwa Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University – Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Er-Yuan Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dinakaran D, Wilson BC. The use of nanomaterials in advancing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for deep-seated tumors and synergy with radiotherapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1250804. [PMID: 37849983 PMCID: PMC10577272 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1250804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been under development for at least 40 years. Multiple studies have demonstrated significant anti-tumor efficacy with limited toxicity concerns. PDT was expected to become a major new therapeutic option in treating localized cancer. However, despite a shifting focus in oncology to aggressive local therapies, PDT has not to date gained widespread acceptance as a standard-of-care option. A major factor is the technical challenge of treating deep-seated and large tumors, due to the limited penetration and variability of the activating light in tissue. Poor tumor selectivity of PDT sensitizers has been problematic for many applications. Attempts to mitigate these limitations with the use of multiple interstitial fiberoptic catheters to deliver the light, new generations of photosensitizer with longer-wavelength activation, oxygen independence and better tumor specificity, as well as improved dosimetry and treatment planning are starting to show encouraging results. Nanomaterials used either as photosensitizers per se or to improve delivery of molecular photosensitizers is an emerging area of research. PDT can also benefit radiotherapy patients due to its complementary and potentially synergistic mechanisms-of-action, ability to treat radioresistant tumors and upregulation of anti-tumoral immune effects. Furthermore, recent advances may allow ionizing radiation energy, including high-energy X-rays, to replace external light sources, opening a novel therapeutic strategy (radioPDT), which is facilitated by novel nanomaterials. This may provide the best of both worlds by combining the precise targeting and treatment depth/volume capabilities of radiation therapy with the high therapeutic index and biological advantages of PDT, without increasing toxicities. Achieving this, however, will require novel agents, primarily developed with nanomaterials. This is under active investigation by many research groups using different approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dinakaran
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mata AI, Pereira NAM, Cardoso AL, Nascimento BFO, Pineiro M, Schaberle FA, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Brito RMM, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Novel Foscan®-derived ring-fused chlorins for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 93:117443. [PMID: 37634417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established anticancer treatment that combines the use of a photosensitiser (PS) and a light source of a specific wavelength for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic to the tumour cells. Foscan® (mTHPC) is a clinically-approved chlorin used for the PDT treatment of advanced head and neck, prostate and pancreatic cancers but is characterized by being photochemically unstable and associated with prolonged skin photosensitivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of new 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused chlorins, having the meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)macrocycle core of mTHPC, by exploring the [8π + 2π] cycloaddition of a meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin derivative with diazafulvenium methides. These chlorins have photochemical properties similar to Foscan® but are much more photostable. Among the novel compounds, two chlorins with a hydroxymethyl group and its azide derivative present in the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused system, are promising photodynamic agents with activity in the 100 nM range against triple-negative breast cancer cells and, in the case of azidomethyl chlorin, a safer phototherapeutic index compared to Foscan®.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Mata
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nelson A M Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno F O Nascimento
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia C Gomes-da-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Brito
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; BSIM Therapeutics, Instituto Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Díaz-Norambuena C, Avellanal-Zaballa E, Prieto-Castañeda A, Bañuelos J, de la Moya S, Agarrabeitia AR, Ortiz MJ. Formylation as a Chemical Tool to Modulate the Performance of Photosensitizers Based on Boron Dipyrromethene Dimers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11837. [PMID: 37511596 PMCID: PMC10380594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy-atom-free photosensitizers are envisioned as the next generation of photoactive molecules for photo-theragnosis. In this approach, and after suitable irradiation, a single molecular scaffold is able to visualize and kill tumour cells by fluorescence signalling and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively, with minimal side effects. In this regard, BODIPY-based orthogonal dimers have irrupted as suitable candidates for this aim. Herein, we analyse the photophysical properties of a set of formyl-functionalized BODIPY dimers to ascertain their suitability as fluorescent photosensitizers. The conducted computationally aided spectroscopic study determined that the fluorescence/singlet oxygen generation dual performance of these valuable BODIPY dimers not only depends on the BODIPY-BODIPY linkage and the steric hindrance around it, but also can be modulated by proper formyl functionalization at specific chromophoric positions. Thus, we propose regioselective formylation as an effective tool to modulate such a delicate photonic balance in BODIPY-based dimeric photosensitizers. The taming of the excited-state dynamics, in particular intramolecular charge transfer as the key underlying process mediating fluorescence deactivation vs. intersystem crossing increasing, could serve to increase fluorescence for brighter bioimaging, enhance the generation of singlet oxygen for killing activity, or balance both for photo-theragnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Díaz-Norambuena
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edurne Avellanal-Zaballa
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alejandro Prieto-Castañeda
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago de la Moya
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia R Agarrabeitia
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Ortiz
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wahnou H, Youlyouz-Marfak I, Liagre B, Sol V, Oudghiri M, Duval RE, Limami Y. Shining a Light on Prostate Cancer: Photodynamic Therapy and Combination Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1767. [PMID: 37376215 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health concern worldwide, and current treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, are associated with significant side effects and limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative that has the potential to provide a minimally invasive and highly targeted approach to treating prostate cancer. PDT involves the use of photosensitizers (PSs) that are activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce tumor cell death. There are two main types of PSs: synthetic and natural. Synthetic PSs are classified into four generations based on their structural and photophysical properties, while natural PSs are derived from plant and bacterial sources. Combining PDT with other therapies, such as photothermal therapy (PTT), photoimmunotherapy (PIT), and chemotherapy (CT), is also being explored as a way to improve its efficacy. This review provides an overview of conventional treatments for prostate cancer, the underlying principles of PDT, and the different types of PSs used in PDT as well as ongoing clinical studies. It also discusses the various forms of combination therapy being explored in the context of PDT for prostate cancer, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with this approach. Overall, PDT has the potential to provide a more effective and less invasive treatment option for prostate cancer, and ongoing research is aimed at improving its selectivity and efficacy in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Wahnou
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, B.P. 2693, Maarif, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | - Ibtissam Youlyouz-Marfak
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | | | - Vincent Sol
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Mounia Oudghiri
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, B.P. 2693, Maarif, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
| | | | - Youness Limami
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, B.P. 2693, Maarif, Casablanca 20100, Morocco
- Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ma X, Zhou W, Zhang R, Zhang C, Yan J, Feng J, Rosenholm JM, Shi T, Shen X, Zhang H. Minimally invasive injection of biomimetic Nano@Microgel for in situ ovarian cancer treatment through enhanced photodynamic reactions and photothermal combined therapy. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100663. [PMID: 37273798 PMCID: PMC10232889 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), making it an ideal method for cancer treatment. However, the extremely lower level of oxygen, short half-life of produced ROS, and limited photosensitizers accumulating in the tumor site via intravenous administration are the main reasons that limit the further application of PDT. To address these issues, we loaded the photosensitizer porphine (THPP) into biomimetic gold nanorod-mesoporous silica core-shell nanoparticles (Au-MSN NPs) to prepare Au@MSN/THPP@CM NPs. We then seeded the NPs together with catalase (CAT) into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microgel matrix to form Au@MSN-Ter/THPP@CM@GelMA/CAT microspheres consisting of biomimetic nano@microgel. The NPs and biomimetic nano@microgel exhibited enhanced photodynamic (PD) reaction and excellent photothermal conversion ability. Moreover, we further conjugated an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting ligand Tosyl Ethylenediamine (Ter) on the surface of Au-MSN NPs. The results showed that both Au@MSN-Ter/THPP@CM NPs and the finally formed Au@MSN-Ter/THPP@CM@GelMA/CAT biomimetic nano@microgel induced precise and prolonged ER stress through photodynamic reactions, which stimulated the exposure of the proapoptotic calreticulin (CRT) on the cell membrane and increased the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) form the nucleus in SKOV3 cells under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Additionally, a single dose of the nano@microgel delivered through minimally invasive injection generated a significant anti-tumor effect in the SKOV3 cell line-derived orthotopic ovarian cancer mouse model through a PD and PT combination therapy. This study offers a new strategy for enhanced PDT and provides a PD/PT synergistic treatment method for ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ma
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Rong Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Cancan Zhang
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jing Feng
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
- Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Tingyan Shi
- Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Badon IW, Jee JP, Vales TP, Kim C, Lee S, Yang J, Yang SK, Kim HJ. Cationic BODIPY Photosensitizers for Mitochondrion-Targeted Fluorescence Cell-Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051512. [PMID: 37242754 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The straightforward synthesis of three cationic boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives and their mitochondria-targeting and photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) capabilities are reported. Two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7) were used to investigate the PDT activity of the dyes. Compared to their non-halogenated counterparts, halogenated BODIPY dyes exhibit lower fluorescence quantum yields and enable the efficient production of singlet oxygen species. Following LED light irradiation at 520 nm, the synthesized dyes displayed good PDT capabilities against the treated cancer cell lines, with low cytotoxicity in the dark. In addition, functionalization of the BODIPY backbone with a cationic ammonium moiety enhanced the hydrophilicity of the synthesized dyes and, consequently, their uptake by the cells. The results presented here collectively demonstrate the potential of cationic BODIPY-based dyes as therapeutic drugs for anticancer photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wen Badon
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- Drug Delivery Research Lab, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Temmy Pegarro Vales
- Department of Chemistry, Caraga State University, Butuan City 8600, Philippines
- Mineral Resources Management Research and Training Center, Caraga State University, Butuan City 8600, Philippines
| | - Chanwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Kyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Y, Zheng C, Liu J. Effect of size and morphology of functionalized upconversion nanoparticle labeled probe on stem cell absorption. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1823-1834. [PMID: 37015350 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the application of stem cell therapy, it is important to monitor the proliferation and differentiation of transplanted stem cells in real time, high sensitivity and high precision. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been employed as bioimaging agents and delivery vehicles for gene therapeutics in several types of cells. Herein, we fabricated multiple functional upconversion nanoparticles (FUC-NPs) as exogenous contrast agents to investigate the effect of FUC-NPs size on the efficiency of tracking human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs). We used TEM, DLS, MTT, etc. systematically detected the effects of nanoparticle dose and exposure time on HUCMSCs cytotoxicity. Our data showed that incubation of FUC-NPs, HUCMSCs are able to maintain their viability and differentiation ability. Interestingly, the small size FUC-NPs examined, S-FUCs, had a much higher uptake capability than the other FUC-NPs (B-FUCs, H-FUCs and R-FUCs).The study will aid in UCNPs for the engineering of stem cell application in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Shenzhen Longhua Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuping Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science,47885 Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science,47885 Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang P, Zhu Y, Xiao C, Chen X. Activatable dual-functional molecular agents for imaging-guided cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114725. [PMID: 36754284 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Theranostics has attracted great attention due to its ability to combine the real-time diagnosis of cancers with efficient treatment modalities. Activatable dual-functional molecular agents could be synthesized by covalently conjugating imaging agents, therapeutic agents, stimuli-responsive linkers and/or targeting molecules together. They could be selectively activated by overexpressed physiological stimuli or external triggers at the tumor sites to release imaging agents and cytotoxic drugs, thus offering many advantages for tumor imaging and therapy, such as a high signal-to-noise ratio, low systemic toxicity, and improved therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the recent advances of dual-functional molecular agents that respond to various physiological or external stimuli for cancer theranostics. The molecular designs, synthetic strategies, activatable mechanisms, and biomedical applications of these molecular agents are elaborated, followed by a brief discussion of the challenges and opportunities in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers (Fudan University), Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yaowei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China; Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Belashov A, Zhikhoreva A, Salova A, Belyaeva T, Litvinov I, Kornilova E, Semenova I, Vasyutinskii O. Analysis of Radachlorin localization in living cells by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B: BIOLOGY 2023; 243:112699. [PMID: 37030133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular localization of photosensitizer molecules is influential on cell death pathway at photodynamic treatment and is thus an important aspect in achieving enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy. In this paper we performed thorough studies of the distribution of Radachlorin photosensitizer in three established cell lines: HeLa, A549, and 3T3 with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy through the analysis of lifetime distributions. Experiments carried out in Radachlorin solutions in phosphate buffered saline revealed the pronounced dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime on solution pH. This finding was used for analysis of lifetime images of living cells and their phasor plot representations and allowed us to suggest that Radachlorin localized predominantly in lysosomes, known to have acidic pH values. Experiments on co-localization of Radachlorin fluorescence lifetimes and LysoTracker fluorescence intensity supported this suggestion. The results obtained show that the inhomogeneity of fluorescence quantum yield within a cell can be significant due to lower pH values in lysosomes than in other intracellular compartments. This finding suggests that the actual amount of accumulated Radachlorin can be underestimated if being evaluated solely by comparison of fluorescence intensities.
Collapse
|
40
|
Tsuji D, Nakayama A, Yamamoto R, Nagano S, Taniguchi T, Sato R, Karanjit S, Muguruma N, Takayama T, Itoh K, Namba K. 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene derivatives as photo-induced cytotoxic small fluorescent dyes. Commun Chem 2023; 6:37. [PMID: 36813913 PMCID: PMC9947109 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene (TAP) is a compact fluorescent chromophore whose fluorescence properties vary greatly depending on the substituents on the TAP ring. This study investigated the photo-induced cytotoxicities of various TAP derivatives. Among the derivatives, 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP showed significant cytotoxicity to HeLa cells under UV irradiation but no cytotoxicity without UV. In addition, the photo-induced cytotoxicity of 2-p-nitirophenyl-TAP was found to be cancer cell selective and effective against HeLa cells and HCT 116 cells. Under UV irradiation, 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induced an apoptosis and ferroptosis in cancer cells. Therefore, it was revealed that 2-p-nitrophenyl-TAP is the most compact dye that can generate ROS by photoirradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan ,Present Address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan
| | - Riko Yamamoto
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Shuji Nagano
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Sangita Karanjit
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan ,Present Address: Takamatsu Municipal Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-8538 Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Kohji Itoh
- grid.267335.60000 0001 1092 3579Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505 Japan
| | - Kosuke Namba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Luo Q, Shao N, Zhang AC, Chen CF, Wang D, Luo LP, Xiao ZY. Smart Biomimetic Nanozymes for Precise Molecular Imaging: Application and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:249. [PMID: 37259396 PMCID: PMC9965384 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
New nanotechnologies for imaging molecules are widely being applied to visualize the expression of specific molecules (e.g., ions, biomarkers) for disease diagnosis. Among various nanoplatforms, nanozymes, which exhibit enzyme-like catalytic activities in vivo, have gained tremendously increasing attention in molecular imaging due to their unique properties such as diverse enzyme-mimicking activities, excellent biocompatibility, ease of surface tenability, and low cost. In addition, by integrating different nanoparticles with superparamagnetic, photoacoustic, fluorescence, and photothermal properties, the nanoenzymes are able to increase the imaging sensitivity and accuracy for better understanding the complexity and the biological process of disease. Moreover, these functions encourage the utilization of nanozymes as therapeutic agents to assist in treatment. In this review, we focus on the applications of nanozymes in molecular imaging and discuss the use of peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with different imaging modalities. Further, the applications of nanozymes for cancer treatment, bacterial infection, and inflammation image-guided therapy are discussed. Overall, this review aims to provide a complete reference for research in the interdisciplinary fields of nanotechnology and molecular imaging to promote the advancement and clinical translation of novel biomimetic nanozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liang-Ping Luo
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ze-Yu Xiao
- The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging for Clinical Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Han HH, Wang HM, Jangili P, Li M, Wu L, Zang Y, Sedgwick AC, Li J, He XP, James TD, Kim JS. The design of small-molecule prodrugs and activatable phototherapeutics for cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:879-920. [PMID: 36637396 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00673a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains as one of the most significant health problems, with approximately 19 million people diagnosed worldwide each year. Chemotherapy is a routinely used method to treat cancer patients. However, current treatment options lack the appropriate selectivity for cancer cells, are prone to resistance mechanisms, and are plagued with dose-limiting toxicities. As such, researchers have devoted their attention to developing prodrug-based strategies that have the potential to overcome these limitations. This tutorial review highlights recently developed prodrug strategies for cancer therapy. Prodrug examples that provide an integrated diagnostic (fluorescent, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging) response, which are referred to as theranostics, are also discussed. Owing to the non-invasive nature of light (and X-rays), we have discussed external excitation prodrug strategies as well as examples of activatable photosensitizers that enhance the precision of photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy. Activatable photosensitizers/photothermal agents can be seen as analogous to prodrugs, with their phototherapeutic properties at a specific wavelength activated in the presence of disease-related biomarkers. We discuss each design strategy and illustrate the importance of targeting biomarkers specific to the tumour microenvironment and biomarkers that are known to be overexpressed within cancer cells. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of each approach and highlight their inherent limitations. We hope in doing so, the reader will appreciate the current challenges and available opportunities in the field and inspire subsequent generations to pursue this crucial area of cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, P. R. China
| | - Han-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Paramesh Jangili
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mingle Li
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,Lingang laboratory, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, P. R. China. .,The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li M, Huo L, Zeng J, Zhu G, Liu X, Zhu X, Huang G, Wang Y, Ni K, Zhao Z. Switchable ROS Scavenger/Generator for MRI-Guided Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Tumor Therapy with Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Reduced Side Effects. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202043. [PMID: 36367363 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) accumulates in both tumor and adjacent normal tissue due to low selective biodistribution, results in undesirable side effect with limited clinic application. Herein, an intelligent nanoplatform is reported that selectively acts as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in normal tissue but as ROS generator in tumor microenvironment (TME) to differentially control ROS level in tumor and surrounding normal tissue during PDT. By down-regulating the produced ROS with dampened cytokine wave in normal tissue after PDT, the nanoplatform reduces the inflammatory response of normal tissue in PDT, minimizing the side effect and tumor metastasis in PDT. Alternatively, the nanoplatform switches from ROS scavenger to generator through the glutathione (GSH) responsive degradation in TME, which effectively improves the PDT efficacy with reduced GSH level and amplified oxidative stress in tumor. Simultaneously, the released Mn ions provide real-time and in situ signal change of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor the reversal process of catalysis activity and achieve accurate tumor diagnosis. This TME-responsive ROS scavenger/generator with activable MRI contrast may provide a new dimension for design of next-generation PDT agents with precise diagnosis, high therapeutic efficacy, and low side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muyao Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Huo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xiangqing Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xianglong Zhu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Guoming Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Zhenghuan Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Qian Y, Wang J, Bu W, Zhu X, Zhang P, Zhu Y, Fan X, Wang C. Targeted implementation strategies of precise photodynamic therapy based on clinical and technical demands. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:704-718. [PMID: 36472233 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
With the development of materials science, photodynamic-based treatments have gradually entered clinics. Photodynamic therapy is ideal for cancer treatment due to its non-invasive and spatiotemporal properties and is the first to be widely promoted in clinical practice. However, the shortcomings resulting from the gap between technical and clinical demands, such as phototoxicity, low tissue permeability, and tissue hypoxia, limit its wide applications. This article reviews the available data regarding the pharmacological and clinical factors affecting the efficacy of photodynamic therapy, such as photosensitizers and oxygen supply, disease diagnosis, and other aspects of photodynamic therapy. In addition, the synergistic treatment of photodynamic therapy with surgery and nanotechnology is also discussed, which is expected to provide inspiration for the design of photodynamic therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qian
- Dermatologic Surgery Department, Institute of dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jialun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Dermatologic Surgery Department, Institute of dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Dermatologic Surgery Department, Institute of dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Dermatologic Surgery Department, Institute of dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China. .,Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Dermatologic Surgery Department, Institute of dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Boscencu R, Radulea N, Manda G, Machado IF, Socoteanu RP, Lupuliasa D, Burloiu AM, Mihai DP, Ferreira LFV. Porphyrin Macrocycles: General Properties and Theranostic Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031149. [PMID: 36770816 PMCID: PMC9919320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite specialists' efforts to find the best solutions for cancer diagnosis and therapy, this pathology remains the biggest health threat in the world. Global statistics concerning deaths associated with cancer are alarming; therefore, it is necessary to intensify interdisciplinary research in order to identify efficient strategies for cancer diagnosis and therapy, by using new molecules with optimal therapeutic potential and minimal adverse effects. This review focuses on studies of porphyrin macrocycles with regard to their structural and spectral profiles relevant to their applicability in efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy. Furthermore, we present a critical overview of the main commercial formulations, followed by short descriptions of some strategies approached in the development of third-generation photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rica Boscencu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Natalia Radulea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Isabel Ferreira Machado
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- BSIRG—Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Radu Petre Socoteanu
- “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Dumitru Lupuliasa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Mihaela Burloiu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| | - Dragos Paul Mihai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luis Filipe Vieira Ferreira
- BSIRG—Biospectroscopy and Interfaces Research Group, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico and Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (R.P.S.); (A.M.B.); (L.F.V.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Image-guided drug delivery in nanosystem-based cancer therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114621. [PMID: 36402247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The past decades have shown significant advancements in the development of solid tumor treatment. For instance, implementation of nanosystems for drug delivery has led to a reduction in side effects and improved delivery to the tumor region. However, clinical translation has faced challenges, as tumor drug levels are still considered to be inadequate. Interdisciplinary research has resulted in the development of more advanced drug delivery systems. These are coined "smart" due to the ability to be followed and actively manipulated in order to have better control over local drug release. Therefore, image-guided drug delivery can be a powerful strategy to improve drug activity at the target site. Being able to visualize the inflow of the administered smart nanosystem within the tumor gives the potential to determine the right moment to apply the facilitator to initiate drug release. Here we provide an overview of available nanosystems, imaging moieties, and imaging techniques. We discuss preclinical application of these smart drug delivery systems, the strength of image-guided drug delivery, and the future of personalized treatment.
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang S, Dai W, Zheng W, Wang J. Non-UV-activated persistent luminescence phosphors for sustained bioimaging and phototherapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
48
|
Li C, Jiang G, Yu J, Ji W, Liu L, Zhang P, Du J, Zhan C, Wang J, Tang BZ. Fluorination Enhances NIR-II Emission and Photothermal Conversion Efficiency of Phototheranostic Agents for Imaging-Guided Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208229. [PMID: 36300808 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phototheranostics with second near-infrared (NIR-II) imaging and photothermal effect have become a burgeoning biotechnology for tumor diagnosis and precise treatment. As important parameters of phototheranostic agents (PTAs), fluorescence quantum yield (QY) and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) are usually considered as a pair of contradictions that is difficult to be simultaneously enhanced. Herein, a fluorination strategy for designing A-D-A type PTAs with synchronously improved QY and PCE is proposed. Experimental results show that the molar extinction coefficient (ε), NIR-II QY, and PCE of all fluorinated PTAs nanoparticles (NPs) are definitely improved compared with the chlorinated counterparts. Theoretical calculation results demonstrate that fluorination can maximize the electrostatic potential difference by virtue of the high electronegativity of fluorine, which may increase intra/intermolecular D-A interactions, tighten molecule packing, and further promote the increase of ε, ultimately leading to simultaneously enhanced QY and PCE. In these PTA NPs, FY6-NPs display NIR-II emission extended to 1400 nm with the highest NIR-II QY (4.2%) and PCE (80%). These features make FY6-NPs perform well in high-resolution imaging of vasculature and NIR-II imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) of tumors. This study develops a valuable guideline for constructing NIR-II organic PTAs with high performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Jia Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry and Devices (AMC&DLab) of the Department of Education of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010022, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Fine Organic Synthesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kong C, Chen X. Combined Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6427-6446. [PMID: 36540374 PMCID: PMC9760263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s388996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactivation therapy based on photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has been identified as a tumour ablation modality for numerous cancer indications, with photosensitisers and photothermal conversion agents playing important roles in the phototherapy process, especially in recent decades. In addition, the iteration of nanotechnology has strongly promoted the development of phototherapy in tumour treatment. PDT can increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to PTT by interfering with the tumour microenvironment, whereas the heat generated by PTT can increase blood flow, improve oxygen supply and enhance the PDT therapeutic effect. In addition, tumour cell debris generated by phototherapy can serve as tumour-associated antigens, evoking antitumor immune responses. In this review, the research progress of phototherapy, and its research effects in combination with immunotherapy on the treatment of tumours are mainly outlined, and issues that may need continued attention in the future are raised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunqing Kong
- Department of medical imaging center, central hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xingcai Chen, Email
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Huang K, Yao H, Yan M, Zhang H, Yuan G, Wang Q, Xue J, Li J, Chen J. A MCL-1-targeted photosensitizer to combat triple-negative breast cancer with enhanced photodynamic efficacy, sensitization to ROS-induced damage, and immune response. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111997. [PMID: 36137402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER) are scarce in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), it is a great challenge to combat TNBC with high tumor specificity and therapeutic efficacy. Most traditional treatments including surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy would more or less cause serious side effects and drug resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has huge potential in the treatment of TNBC for minimal invasiveness, low toxicity, less drug resistance and high spatiotemporal selectivity. Inspired by the advantages of small-molecule-targeted PDT and the sensitization effect of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) inhibitor, a novel photosensitizer BC-Pc was designed by conjugating MCL-1 inhibitor with zinc phthalocyanines. Owning to 3-chloro-6-methyl-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BC) moiety, BC-Pc exhibits the high affinity towards MCL-1 and reduce its self-aggregation in TNBC cells. Therefore, MCL-1 targeted BC-Pc showed remarkable intracellular fluorescence and ROS generation in TNBC cells. Additionally, BC-Pc can selectively sensitize TNBC cells to ROS-induced damage, resulting in improved therapeutic effect to TNBC cells and negligible toxicity to normal cells. More importantly, BC-Pc can effectively inhibit the migration and invasion of TNBC cells, and enhance immune response, all of which will be beneficial to eradicate TNBC. To the best of our knowledge, BC-Pc is the novel MCL-targeted photosensitizer, which owns the amplified ROS-induced lethality and anticancer immune response for TNBC. Overall, our study provides a promising strategy to achieve targeting and highly efficient therapy of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunshan Huang
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Huiqiao Yao
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Meiqi Yan
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Han Zhang
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Gankun Yuan
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Qilu Wang
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jinping Xue
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- National and Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|