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Li W, Lin H, Huang Z, Xie S, Zhou Y, Gong R, Jiang Q, Xiang C, Huang J. DOTAD: A Database of Therapeutic Antibody Developability. Interdiscip Sci 2024:10.1007/s12539-024-00613-2. [PMID: 38530613 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-024-00613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic antibodies is an important aspect of new drug discovery pipelines. The assessment of an antibody's developability-its suitability for large-scale production and therapeutic use-is a particularly important step in this process. Given that experimental assays to assess antibody developability in large scale are expensive and time-consuming, computational methods have been a more efficient alternative. However, the antibody research community faces significant challenges due to the scarcity of readily accessible data on antibody developability, which is essential for training and validating computational models. To address this gap, DOTAD (Database Of Therapeutic Antibody Developability) has been built as the first database dedicated exclusively to the curation of therapeutic antibody developability information. DOTAD aggregates all available therapeutic antibody sequence data along with various developability metrics from the scientific literature, offering researchers a robust platform for data storage, retrieval, exploration, and downloading. In addition to serving as a comprehensive repository, DOTAD enhances its utility by integrating a web-based interface that features state-of-the-art tools for the assessment of antibody developability. This ensures that users not only have access to critical data but also have the convenience of analyzing and interpreting this information. The DOTAD database represents a valuable resource for the scientific community, facilitating the advancement of therapeutic antibody research. It is freely accessible at http://i.uestc.edu.cn/DOTAD/ , providing an open data platform that supports the continuous growth and evolution of computational methods in the field of antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Ziru Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Shiyang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Rong Gong
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Aba Teachers University, Aba, 623002, China
| | - Qianhu Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - ChangCheng Xiang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Aba Teachers University, Aba, 623002, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- School of Healthcare Technology, Chengdu Neusoft University, Chengdu, 611844, China.
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2
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Nasiri F, Farrokhi K, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Mahboubi Kancha M, Dashti Shokoohi S, Safarzadeh Kozani P. CAR-T cell immunotherapy for ovarian cancer: hushing the silent killer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1302307. [PMID: 38146364 PMCID: PMC10749368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1302307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most lethal gynecologic oncological indication, carcinoma of the ovary has been ranked as the 5th cause of cancer-related mortality in women, with a high percentage of the patients being diagnosed at late stages of the disease and a five-year survival of ~ 30%. Ovarian cancer patients conventionally undergo surgery for tumor removal followed by platinum- or taxane-based chemotherapy; however, a high percentage of patients experience tumor relapse. Cancer immunotherapy has been regarded as a silver lining in the treatment of patients with various immunological or oncological indications; however, mirvetuximab soravtansine (a folate receptor α-specific mAb) and bevacizumab (a VEGF-A-specific mAb) are the only immunotherapeutics approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has achieved tremendous clinical success in the treatment of patients with certain B-cell lymphomas and leukemias, as well as multiple myeloma. In the context of solid tumors, CAR-T therapies face serious obstacles that limit their therapeutic benefit. Such hindrances include the immunosuppressive nature of solid tumors, impaired tumor infiltration, lack of qualified tumor-associated antigens, and compromised stimulation and persistence of CAR-Ts following administration. Over the past years, researchers have made arduous attempts to apply CAR-T therapy to ovarian cancer. In this review, we outline the principles of CAR-T therapy and then highlight its limitations in the context of solid tumors. Ultimately, we focus on preclinical and clinical findings achieved in CAR-T-mediated targeting of different ovarian cancer-associated target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nasiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Production Platforms & Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Pouya Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Mahboubi Kancha
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Setareh Dashti Shokoohi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Safarzadeh Kozani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Bauer J, Rajagopal N, Gupta P, Gupta P, Nixon AE, Kumar S. How can we discover developable antibody-based biotherapeutics? Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1221626. [PMID: 37609373 PMCID: PMC10441133 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1221626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based biotherapeutics have emerged as a successful class of pharmaceuticals despite significant challenges and risks to their discovery and development. This review discusses the most frequently encountered hurdles in the research and development (R&D) of antibody-based biotherapeutics and proposes a conceptual framework called biopharmaceutical informatics. Our vision advocates for the syncretic use of computation and experimentation at every stage of biologic drug discovery, considering developability (manufacturability, safety, efficacy, and pharmacology) of potential drug candidates from the earliest stages of the drug discovery phase. The computational advances in recent years allow for more precise formulation of disease concepts, rapid identification, and validation of targets suitable for therapeutic intervention and discovery of potential biotherapeutics that can agonize or antagonize them. Furthermore, computational methods for de novo and epitope-specific antibody design are increasingly being developed, opening novel computationally driven opportunities for biologic drug discovery. Here, we review the opportunities and limitations of emerging computational approaches for optimizing antigens to generate robust immune responses, in silico generation of antibody sequences, discovery of potential antibody binders through virtual screening, assessment of hits, identification of lead drug candidates and their affinity maturation, and optimization for developability. The adoption of biopharmaceutical informatics across all aspects of drug discovery and development cycles should help bring affordable and effective biotherapeutics to patients more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Bauer
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Andrew E. Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda, West Nile virus (WNV) has been one of the leading causes of mosquito-transmitted infectious diseases (Smithburn, Burke, Am J Trop Med 20:22, 1940). Subsequently, it spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, and finally North America in 1999 (Sejvar, Ochsner 5(3):6-10, 2003). Worldwide outbreaks have continued to increase since the 1990s (Chancey et al, Biomed Res Int 2015:376230, 2015). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 51,000 cases of WNV infection and nearly 2400 cases of WNV-related death were reported in the USA from 1999 to 2019. The estimated economic impact of WNV infections is close to 800 million dollars in the USA from 1999 to 2012 (Barrett, Am J Trop Med Hyg 90:389, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Josh Lesio
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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5
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Zuraw BL, Maurer M, Sexton DJ, Cicardi M. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with a focus on hereditary angioedema. Allergol Int 2023; 72:54-62. [PMID: 35787344 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been shown to be effective and generally safe across a continually expanding list of therapeutic areas. We describe the advantages and limitations of mAbs as a therapeutic option compared with small molecules. Specifically, we discuss a novel mAb in the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by recurrent unpredictable swelling attacks. HAE is mediated by dysregulation of plasma kallikrein activity leading to overproduction of bradykinin. Current prophylactic treatment for HAE includes androgens or replacement of the endogenous plasma kallikrein inhibitor, C1 inhibitor. However, there remains an unmet need for an effective, less burdensome treatment option. Lanadelumab is a fully human mAb targeting plasma kallikrein. Results from clinical trials, including a pivotal Phase 3 study and its ensuing open-label extension study, demonstrated that lanadelumab is associated with few treatment-related adverse events and reduced the rate of HAE attacks. This novel treatment option has the potential to significantly improve the lives of patients with HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Zuraw
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marco Cicardi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Milano, Italy
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Goncalves AG, Hartzell EJ, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Recombinant protein polymer-antibody conjugates for applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114570. [PMID: 36228897 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are over 100 antibody-based therapeutics on the market for the treatment of various diseases. The increasing importance of antibody treatment is further highlighted by the recent FDA emergency use authorization of certain antibody therapies for COVID-19 treatment. Protein-based materials have gained momentum for antibody delivery due to their biocompatibility, tunable chemistry, monodispersity, and straightforward synthesis and purification. In this review, we discuss progress in engineering the molecular features of protein-based biomaterials, in particular recombinant protein polymers, for introducing novel functionalities and enhancing the delivery properties of antibodies and related binding protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Goncalves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Emily J Hartzell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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7
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Krajnc N, Bsteh G, Berger T, Mares J, Hartung HP. Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: an Overview with Emphasis on Pregnancy, Vaccination, and Risk Management. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:753-773. [PMID: 35378683 PMCID: PMC8978776 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have become a mainstay in the treatment of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and provide some benefit to patients with primary progressive MS. They are highly precise by specifically targeting molecules displayed on cells involved in distinct immune mechanisms of MS pathophysiology. They not only differ in the target antigen they recognize but also by the mode of action that generates their therapeutic effect. Natalizumab, an [Formula: see text]4[Formula: see text]1 integrin antagonist, works via binding to cell surface receptors, blocking the interaction with their ligands and, in that way, preventing the migration of leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier. On the other hand, the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab work via eliminating selected pathogenic cell populations. However, potential adverse effects may be serious and can necessitate treatment discontinuation. Most importantly, those are the risk for (opportunistic) infections, but also secondary autoimmune diseases or malignancies. Monoclonal antibodies also carry the risk of infusion/injection-related reactions, primarily in early phases of treatment. By careful patient selection and monitoring during therapy, the occurrence of these potentially serious adverse effects can be minimized. Monoclonal antibodies are characterized by a relatively long pharmacologic half-life and pharmacodynamic effects, which provides advantages such as permitting infrequent dosing, but also creates disadvantages regarding vaccination and family planning. This review presents an overview of currently available monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of RMS, including their mechanism of action, efficacy and safety profile. Furthermore, we provide practical recommendations for risk management, vaccination, and family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Krajnc
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Bsteh
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Mares
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Neurology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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8
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Li G, Reid KM, Spitler K, Beatty N, Boucher J, Davila ML. CD3 engagement as a new strategy for allogeneic “off-the-shelf” T cell therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:887-896. [PMID: 35317526 PMCID: PMC8919219 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic “off-the-shelf” (OTS) chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) hold promise for more accessible CAR-T therapy. Here, we report a novel and simple way to make allogeneic OTS T cells targeting cancer. By engineering T cells with a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE), both TCRαβ and CD3ε expression on the T cell surface are dramatically reduced. BiTE-engineered T (BiTE-T) cells show reduced reaction to TCR stimulation in vitro and have low risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in vivo. BiTE-T cells down-regulated CD3ε/TCRαβ on bystander T cells by releasing BiTEs. BiTE-T cells produce much fewer cytokines and are comparable to CAR-T cells on anti-cancer efficacy in xenograft mouse models with pre-existing HLA-mismatched T cells. Co-expressing co-stimulatory factors or T cell-promoting cytokines enhanced BiTE-T cells. Our study suggests CD3ε engagement could be a new strategy for allogeneic T cell therapy worthy of further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Li
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Corresponding author Gongbo Li, Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Kayla M. Reid
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kristen Spitler
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nolan Beatty
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Justin Boucher
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marco L. Davila
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Corresponding author Marco L. Davila, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Division of Clinical Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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9
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Chen Q. Development of plant-made monoclonal antibodies against viral infections. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:148-160. [PMID: 34933212 PMCID: PMC8844144 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current plant-based systems offer multiple advantages for monoclonal antibody (mAb) development and production beyond the traditional benefits of low cost and high scalability. Novel expression vectors have allowed the production of mAbs at high levels with unprecedented speed to combat current and future pandemics. Host glycoengineering has enabled plants to produce mAbs that have unique mammalian glycoforms with a high degree of homogeneity. These mAb glycovariants exhibit differential binding to various Fc receptors, providing a new way to optimize antibody effector function for improving mAb potency or safety. This review will summarize the status of anti-viral mAb development with plant-based systems. The preclinical and clinical development of leading plant-made mAb candidates will be highlighted. In addition, the remaining challenges and potential applications of this technology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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10
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Bogen JP, Elter A, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Humanization of Chicken-Derived Antibodies by Yeast Surface Display. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:335-360. [PMID: 35482199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chicken-derived antibodies emerged as a promising tool for diagnostic and therapeutic usage. Due to the phylogenetic distance between birds and mammals, chicken immunization campaigns with human antigens result in a chicken antibody (IgY) repertoire targeting epitopes not addressed by rodent-derived antibodies. However, this phylogenetic distance accounts for a low homology of IgY molecules to human antibodies, resulting in potential immunogenicity and thus excluding IgYs from therapeutic applications. Herein, we describe a straightforward method to efficiently humanize chicken-derived antibodies by a CDR-grafting-based approach, including a simultaneous randomization of key residues (Vernier residues). Utilizing yeast surface display (YSD) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), yeast cells displaying functional humanized scFvs and Fab variants are isolated, and subsequent next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables the identification of humanized antibody variants with restored affinity and beneficial protein characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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12
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González-Hernández A, Marichal-Cancino BA, Villalón CM. The impact of CGRPergic monoclonal antibodies on prophylactic antimigraine therapy and potential adverse events. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1223-1235. [PMID: 34535065 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1982892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a prevalent medical condition and the second most disabling neurological disorder. Regarding its pathophysiology, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role, and, consequently, specific antimigraine pharmacotherapy has been designed to target this system. Hence, apart from the gepants, the recently developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel approach to treat this disorder. In this review we consider the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action, specificity, safety, and efficacy of the above mAbs as prophylactic antimigraine agents, and examine the possible adverse events that these agents may trigger. Antimigraine mAbs act as direct scavengers of CGRP (galcanezumab, fremanezumab, and eptinezumab) or against the CGRP receptor (erenumab). Due to their long half-lives, these molecules have revolutionized the prophylactic treatment of this neurovascular disorder. Moreover, because of their physicochemical properties, these agents are hepato-friendly and do not cross the blood-brain barrier (highlighting the relevance of peripheral mechanisms in migraine). Nevertheless, apart from potential cardiovascular side effects, the interaction with AMY1 receptors and immunogenicity induced by autoantibodies against mAbs could be a concern for the safety of long-term treatment with these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav‑Coapa, Ciudad de México, México
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13
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Kaiser W, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Blech M, Buske J, Garidel P. Investigating photodegradation of antibodies governed by the light dosage. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120723. [PMID: 34022254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the photodegradation of three different monoclonal antibodies (mAb) by visible light. Several chromatographic techniques, such as size-exclusion and hydrophobic interaction chromatography as well as mass spectrometry were used to measure relative changes of various oxidation related monoclonal antibody species. The results show that visible light is indeed capable of inducing the formation of protein photo-oxidation products, such as acidic, basic, hydrophilic, and several other protein species with altered physicochemical properties. Although, the formation rate of degradants of these three protein species was dependent on the light source's intensity (I), their yield is clearly correlated to the applied light dosage (ld), which is defined as the product of light intensity I and irradiation time t (light dosage = I·t). Hence, our findings indicate that the degradation of monoclonal antibodies can be described according to the Bunsen-Roscoe reciprocity law. This correlation can be useful to assess the impact of photodegradation of biologics with regards to changes in light intensity and/or duration of light exposure of the protein, e.g. during the manufacturing of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, D-88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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14
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Bogen JP, Carrara SC, Fiebig D, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Design of a Trispecific Checkpoint Inhibitor and Natural Killer Cell Engager Based on a 2 + 1 Common Light Chain Antibody Architecture. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669496. [PMID: 34040611 PMCID: PMC8141644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell engagers gained enormous interest in recent years due to their potent anti-tumor activity and favorable safety profile. Simultaneously, chicken-derived antibodies entered clinical studies paving the way for avian-derived therapeutics. In this study, we describe the affinity maturation of a common light chain (cLC)-based, chicken-derived antibody targeting EGFR, followed by utilization of the same light chain for the isolation of CD16a- and PD-L1-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting binders target their respective antigen with single-digit nanomolar affinity while blocking the ligand binding of all three respective receptors. Following library-based humanization, bispecific and trispecific variants in a standard 1 + 1 or a 2 + 1 common light chain format were generated, simultaneously targeting EGFR, CD16a, and PD-L1. The trispecific antibody mediated an elevated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in comparison to the EGFR×CD16a bispecific variant by effectively bridging EGFR/PD-L1 double-positive cancer cells with CD16a-positive effector cells. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first detailed report on the generation of a trispecific 2 + 1 antibodies exhibiting a common light chain and illustrate synergistic effects of trispecific antigen binding. Overall, this generic procedure paves the way for the engineering of tri- and oligospecific therapeutic antibodies derived from avian immunizations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Design
- Epitopes
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/immunology
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ferring International Center S.A., Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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Rossotti MA, Bélanger K, Henry KA, Tanha J. Immunogenicity and humanization of single‐domain antibodies. FEBS J 2021; 289:4304-4327. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Rossotti
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Kasandra Bélanger
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Life Sciences Division Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Canada
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16
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Formica ML, Awde Alfonso HG, Palma SD. Biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis: Anti-VEGF agents and novel strategies based on nanotechnology. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00723. [PMID: 33694304 PMCID: PMC7947217 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, biological drug therapy for ocular angiogenesis treatment is based on the administration of anti‐VEGF agents via intravitreal route. The molecules approved with this purpose for ocular use include pegaptanib, ranibizumab, and aflibercept, whereas bevacizumab is commonly off‐label used in the clinical practice. The schedule dosage involves repeated intravitreal injections of anti‐VEGF agents to achieve and maintain effective concentrations in retina and choroids, which are administrated as solutions form. In this review article, we describe the features of different anti‐VEGF agents, major challenges for their ocular delivery and the nanoparticles in development as delivery system of them. In this way, several polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are explored to load anti‐VEGF agents with the aim of achieving sustained drug release and thus, minimize the number of intravitreal injections required. The main challenges were focused in the loading the molecules that maintain their bioactivity after their release from nanoparticulate system, followed the evaluation of them through studies of formulation stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models. The analysis was based on the information published in peer‐reviewed published papers relevant to anti‐VEGF treatments and nanoparticles developed as ocular anti‐VEGF delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Formica
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Hamoudi G Awde Alfonso
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Santiago D Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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17
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Ulitzka M, Carrara S, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. Engineering therapeutic antibodies for patient safety: tackling the immunogenicity problem. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 33:5944198. [PMID: 33128053 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Established monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) allow treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases and other severe illnesses. Side effects either arise due to interaction with the target protein and its biology or result from of the patient's immune system reacting to the foreign protein. This immunogenic reaction against therapeutic antibodies is dependent on various factors. The presence of non-human sequences can trigger immune responses as well as chemical and post-translational modifications of the antibody. However, even fully human antibodies can induce immune response through T cell epitopes or aggregates. In this review, we briefly describe, how therapeutic antibodies can interact with the patient's immune system and summarize recent advancements in protein engineering and in silico methods to reduce immunogenicity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Labs, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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Arslan FB, Ozturk Atar K, Calis S. Antibody-mediated drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120268. [PMID: 33486037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive and active targeted nanoparticulate delivery systems show promise to compensate for lacking properties of conventional therapy such as side effects, insufficient efficiency and accumulation of the drug at target site, poor pharmacokinetic properties etc. For active targeting, physically or covalently conjugated ligands, including monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, are consistently used and researched for targeting delivery systems or drugs to their target site. Currently, there are several FDA approved actively targeted antibody-drug conjugates, whereas no active targeted delivery system is in clinical use at present. However, efforts to successfully formulate actively targeted delivery systems continue. The scope of this review will be the use of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands. General information about targeted delivery and antibodies will be given at the first half of the review. As for the second half, fragmentation of antibodies and conjugation approaches will be explained. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands and approaches for conjugating these ligands to nanoparticulate delivery systems and drugs will be the main focus of this review, polyclonal antibodies will not be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betul Arslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Ozturk Atar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Calis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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19
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Investigating the influence of physiologically relevant hydrostatic pressure on CHO cell batch culture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:162. [PMID: 33420324 PMCID: PMC7794228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been the most commonly used mammalian host for large-scale commercial production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies. Enhancement of productivity of these CHO cells is one of the top priorities in the biopharmaceutical industry to reduce manufacturing cost. Although there are many different methods (e.g. temperature, pH, feed) to improve protein production in CHO cells, the role of physiologically relevant hydrostatic pressure in CHO cell culture has not been reported yet. In this study, four different hydrostatic pressures (0, 30, 60, and 90 mmHg) were applied to batch CHO cells, and their cell growth/metabolism and IgG1 production were examined. Our results indicate that hydrostatic pressure can increase the maximum cell concentration by up to 50%. Moreover, overall IgG1 concentration on Day 5 showed that 30 mmHg pressure can increase IgG1 production by 26%. The percentage of non-disulphide-linked antibody aggregates had no significant change under pressure. Besides, no significant difference was observed between 30 mmHg and no pressure conditions in terms of cell clumping formation. All these findings are important for the optimization of fed-batch or perfusion culture for directing cell growth and improving antibody production.
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20
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21
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Pilch NA, Bowman LJ, Taber DJ. Immunosuppression trends in solid organ transplantation: The future of individualization, monitoring, and management. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 41:119-131. [PMID: 33131123 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression regimens used in solid organ transplant have evolved significantly over the past 70 years in the United States. Early immunosuppression and targets for allograft success were measured by incidence and severity of allograft rejection and 1-year patient survival. The limited number of agents, infancy of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching techniques and lack of understanding of immunoreactivity limited the early development of effective regimens. The 1980s and 1990s saw incredible advancements in these areas, with acute rejection rates halving in a short span of time. However, the constant struggle to achieve the optimal balance between under- and overimmunosuppression is weaved throughout the history of transplant immunosuppression. The aim of this paper is to discuss the different eras of immunosuppression and highlight the important milestones that were achieved while also discussing this in the context of rational agent selection and regimen design. This discussion sets the stage for how we can achieve optimal long-term outcomes during the next era of immunosuppression, which will move from universal protocols to patient-specific optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Pilch
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Outcomes Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lyndsey J Bowman
- Department of Pharmacy, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - David J Taber
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Services, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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22
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Ayalew L, D'Souza AD, Chen Y, Kim MT. Identification and quantitation of hinge cysteinylation on endogenous IgG2 antibodies from human serum. MAbs 2020; 12:1854923. [PMID: 33317401 PMCID: PMC7755172 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1854923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs when a cysteine residue on a protein forms a disulfide bond with a terminal cysteine molecule. This PTM has been found in the hinge region of several recombinant therapeutic IgG2 antibodies, but the impact of cysteinylation on the safety and immunogenicity of therapeutics remains unclear. In this study, we characterized recombinant and endogenous IgG2 antibodies to quantify their levels of hinge cysteinylation, if present. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and quantify hinge cysteinylation in endogenous IgG2 antibodies from healthy human serum. We used anti-IgG2 immunopurification of human serum to specifically enrich for endogenous IgG2 antibodies, and then subjected the resulting samples to Lys-C peptide mapping coupled with targeted mass spectrometry techniques. Using this analytical workflow, we found that all healthy human serum samples tested (N = 10) contained quantifiable levels of hinge cysteinylation (0.8 ± 0.3%) in their endogenous human IgG2s (IgG2-A isoform). These findings demonstrate that hinge cysteinylation in therapeutic IgG2s, at least up to a certain level, is well tolerated in humans and pose minimal safety or immunogenicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luladey Ayalew
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alicia D D'Souza
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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23
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Elter A, Bogen JP, Hinz SC, Fiebig D, Macarrón Palacios A, Grzeschik J, Hock B, Kolmar H. Humanization of Chicken-Derived scFv Using Yeast Surface Display and NGS Data Mining. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000231. [PMID: 33078896 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Generation of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies by immunization of chickens is a valuable strategy, particularly for obtaining antibodies directed against epitopes that are conserved in mammals. A generic procedure is established for the humanization of chicken-derived antibodies. To this end, high-affinity binders of the epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain are isolated from immunized chickens using yeast surface display. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of two high-affinity binders are grafted onto a human acceptor framework. Simultaneously, Vernier zone residues, responsible for spatial CDR arrangement, are partially randomized. A yeast surface display library comprising ≈300 000 variants is screened for high-affinity binders in the scFv and Fab formats. Next-generation sequencing discloses humanized antibody variants with restored affinity and improved protein characteristics compared to the parental chicken antibodies. Furthermore, the sequencing data give new insights into the importance of antibody format, used during the humanization process. Starting from the antibody repertoire of immunized chickens, this work features an effective and fast high-throughput approach for the generation of multiple humanized antibodies with potential therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Jan P Bogen
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Biologics Technology and Development, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center S.A., Chemin de la Vergognausaz 50, Saint-Prex, 1162, Switzerland
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, Darmstadt, D-64287, Germany
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24
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Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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25
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Wang X, Phan MM, Li J, Gill H, Williams S, Gupta N, Quarmby V, Yang J. Molecular Interaction Characterization Strategies for the Development of New Biotherapeutic Antibody Modalities. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020007. [PMID: 32218192 PMCID: PMC7344756 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of target binding interactions is critical at each stage of antibody therapeutic development. During early development, it is important to design fit-for-purpose in vitro molecular interaction characterization (MIC) assays that accurately determine the binding kinetics and the affinity of therapeutic antibodies for their targets. Such information enables PK/PD (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics) modeling, estimation of dosing regimens, and assessment of potency. While binding kinetics and affinities seem to be readily obtained, there is little discussion in the literature on how the information should be generated and used in a systematic manner along with other approaches to enable key drug development decisions. The introduction of new antibody modalities poses unique challenges to the development of MIC assays and further increases the need to discuss the impact of developing context-appropriate MIC assays to enable key decision making for these programs. In this paper, we discuss for the first time the challenges encountered when developing MIC assays supporting new antibody modalities. Additionally, through the presentation of several real case studies, we provide strategies to overcome these challenges to enable investigational new drug (IND) filings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Wang
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.); (V.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Minh Michael Phan
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.); (V.Q.)
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Herman Gill
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Williams
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.G.); (S.W.)
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Valerie Quarmby
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.); (V.Q.)
| | - Jihong Yang
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.); (V.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.Y.)
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26
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Khanna V, Panyam J, Griffith TS. Exploiting antibody biology for the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:255-267. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, antibodies have become an important component in the arsenal of cancer therapeutics. High-specificity, low off-target effects, desirable pharmacokinetics and high success rate are a few of the many attributes that make antibodies amenable for development as drugs. To design antibodies for successful clinical applications, however, it is critical to have an understanding of their structure, functions, mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. This review highlights some of these key aspects, as well as certain limitations encountered, with monoclonal antibody therapy. Further, we discuss rational combination therapies for clinical applications, some of which could help overcome the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Urology, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, Universityof Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, & Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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27
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Abstract
The advent of biologic therapies, particularly antibody therapeutics, has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of many rheumatic diseases. Antibody discovery began with the immunization of mice for the production of rodent immunoglobulins, but advances in protein and genetic engineering have now made it possible to generate fully human antibodies, which are better tolerated by patients. For most clinical applications in rheumatology, antibodies have been used as blocking agents capable of neutralizing the function of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as TNF. The latest strategies involve antibody products armed with effector moieties, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or cytokines, or antibody products that are specific for multiple targets for the selective inhibition of inflammation at sites of disease. Antibodies are some of the best-selling drugs in the world, and with further advances in antibody development, engineering of armed antibodies and bispecific products will have an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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28
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Antibody glycosylation: impact on antibody drug characteristics and quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1905-1914. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Antibody immunotherapy is revolutionizing modern medicine. The field has advanced dramatically over the past 40 years, driven in part by major advances in isolation and manufacturing technologies that have brought these important biologics to the forefront of modern medicine. However, the global uptake of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biologics is impeded by biophysical and biochemical liabilities, production limitations, the need for cold-chain storage and transport, as well as high costs of manufacturing and distribution. Some of these hurdles may be overcome through transient in vivo gene delivery platforms, such as non-viral synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors that are engineered to encode optimized mAb genes. These approaches turn the body into a biological factory for antibody production, eliminating many of the steps involved in bioprocesses and providing several other significant advantages, and differ from traditional gene therapy (permanent delivery) approaches. In this review, we focus on nucleic acid delivery of antibody employing synthetic plasmid DNA vector platforms, and RNA delivery, these being important approaches that are advancing simple, rapid, in vivo expression and having an impact in animal models of infectious diseases and cancer, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mamadou A Bah
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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30
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Bobkov V, Arimont M, Zarca A, De Groof TWM, van der Woning B, de Haard H, Smit MJ. Antibodies Targeting Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:753-764. [PMID: 31481460 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the chemokine system is implicated in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Modulation of chemokine receptor function is a very promising approach for therapeutic intervention. Despite interest from academic groups and pharmaceutical companies, there are currently few approved medicines targeting chemokine receptors. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-based molecules have been successfully applied in the clinical therapy of cancer and represent a potential new class of therapeutics targeting chemokine receptors belonging to the class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Besides conventional mAbs, single-domain antibodies and antibody scaffolds are also gaining attention as promising therapeutics. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of mAbs, single-domain antibodies, and other antibody fragments targeting CXCR4 and ACKR3, formerly referred to as CXCR7. We discuss their unique properties and advantages over small-molecule compounds, and also refer to the molecules in preclinical and clinical development. We focus on single-domain antibodies and scaffolds and their utilization in GPCR research. Additionally, structural analysis of antibody binding to CXCR4 is discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Modulating the function of GPCRs, and particularly chemokine receptors, draws high interest. A comprehensive review is provided for monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and variants directed at CXCR4 and ACKR3. Their advantageous functional properties, versatile applications as research tools, and use in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bobkov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Bas van der Woning
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Hans de Haard
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
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Yan H, Semple KM, Gonzaléz CM, Howard KE. Bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) immune humanized mice as a model to predict cytokine release syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:43-56. [PMID: 31082370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can be associated with biological drug products. In vitro assays or in vivo tests using nonhuman primates may fail to predict CRS due to species differences and the complexity of immune system. Therefore, model species that have human-specific immune components may improve the ability to identify CRS and enhance product safety. In this study we used bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice to test muromonab (OKT3), an anti-CD3 antibody with a black box warning for CRS. Initially, we completed pilot and dose escalation studies with muromonab and showed that when the dose was increased sufficiently, BLT-humanized mice experienced serious adverse outcomes including moribundity. Full studies compared muromonab treatment with adalimumab, saline, and a group pretreated with methylprednisolone prior to muromonab. We evaluated immune cell activation using flow cytometry and cytokine expression using a custom 10-plex cytokine assay to assess levels of human TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL12/23p40, and GM-CSF. Muromonab treated mice had significant increases in all cytokines tested with T-cell depletion and T-cell activation noted. Adalimumab (active) and saline (inactive) control groups did not demonstrate cytokine expression changes or alterations in T-cell numbers or activation. Further, pretreatment with methylprednisolone blunted or abrogated cytokine increases. This study demonstrates that BLT-humanized mice are capable of experiencing CRS, and could be used to screen biologics for this adverse event to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyi Yan
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kenrick M Semple
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carlos M Gonzaléz
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Drug Quality I, Office of Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kristina E Howard
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
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Hybridoma technology: the preferred method for monoclonal antibody generation for in vivo applications. Biotechniques 2019; 67:90-92. [PMID: 31347924 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Sclerosis: Present and Future. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7010020. [PMID: 30875812 PMCID: PMC6466331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) appears to be increasing. Although it may not be associated with a high mortality rate, this disease has a high morbidity rate which affects the quality of life of patients and reduces their ability to do their activities of daily living. Thankfully, the development of novel disease modifying therapies continues to increase. Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) have become a mainstay of MS treatment and they are likely to continue to be developed for the treatment of this disease. Specifically, MABs have proven to be some of the most efficacious treatments at reducing relapses and the inflammation in MS patients, including the first treatment for primary progressive MS and are being explored as reparative/remyelinating agents as well. These relatively new treatments will be reviewed here to help evaluate their efficacy, adverse events, immunogenicity, and benefit-risk ratios in the treatment of the diverse spectrum of MS. The focus will be on MABs that are currently approved or may be approved in the near future.
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McConnell MJ. Where are we with monoclonal antibodies for multidrug-resistant infections? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1132-1138. [PMID: 30853568 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Widespread antibiotic resistance threatens the continued efficacy of antimicrobial therapy based on small-molecule antibiotics. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are particularly worrisome owing to the lack of antimicrobials retaining sufficient activity against these microorganisms. Despite the explosion in monoclonal antibody therapies that have been developed for oncologic and rheumatic indications, only three antibacterial monoclonal antibodies have been approved for clinical use. In the present review, the therapeutic potential of this drug class for treating multidrug-resistant infections is discussed, and considerations for the development of antibacterial monoclonal antibodies are presented. Finally, the state of development of monoclonal antibody therapies for some of the most problematic multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McConnell
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Hospital Acquired Infections Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
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35
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Khanal O, Xu X, Singh N, Traylor SJ, Huang C, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Lenhoff AM. DNA RETENTION ON DEPTH FILTERS. J Memb Sci 2019; 570-571:464-471. [PMID: 31223185 PMCID: PMC6586439 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Depth filtration is a commonly-used bioprocessing unit operation for harvest clarification that reduces the levels of process- and product-related impurities such as cell debris, host-cell proteins, nucleic acids and protein aggregates. Since depth filters comprise multiple components, different functionalities may contribute to such retention, making the mechanisms by which different impurities are removed difficult to decouple. Here we probe the mechanisms by which double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is retained on depth filter media by visualizing the distribution of fluorescently-labeled retained DNA on spent depth filter discs using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The extent of DNA displacement into the depth filter was found to increase with decreasing DNA length with increasing operational parameters such as wash volume and buffer ionic strength. Finally, using 5ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) to label DNA in dividing CHO cells, we showed that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cellular DNA in the lysate supernatant migrates deeper into the depth filter than the lysate re-suspended pellet, elucidating the role of the size of the DNA in its form as an impurity. Apart from aiding DNA purification and removal, our experimental approaches and findings can be leveraged in studying the transport and retention of nucleic acids and other impurities on depth filters at a small scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohnmar Khanal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Nripen Singh
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Steven J. Traylor
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Abraham M. Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Levin M, Silberstein SD, Gilbert R, Lucas S, Munsie L, Garrelts A, Kennedy K, Everman N, Pearlman E. Basic Considerations for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Migraine. Headache 2018; 58:1689-1696. [PMID: 30426478 PMCID: PMC6283065 DOI: 10.1111/head.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine impacts more than 36 million people in the United States and 1 billion people worldwide. Despite the increasing availability of acute and preventive therapies, there is still tremendous unmet need. Potential treatments in development include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Appropriate use of these “biologic” treatments will necessitate an understanding of the aspects that distinguish them from traditional medications. AIM Many drug classes are prescribed for migraine treatment, but all have limitations. Recently, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activity has shown a significant promise as a target for preventive therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the potential role of CGRP mAbs in migraine, with a focus on their design, pharmacokinetics, safety, and immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS The CGRP mAbs are an innovative new therapy for migraine and address the need for effective and tolerable preventive options. MAbs, including those that target CGRP or its receptor, bind to a target with high specificity and affinity and lead to few off-target adverse effects, although mechanism-based adverse reactions may occur. Unlike other therapeutic antibodies used to treat neurologic disease, CGRP mAbs do not have a target within the immune system and have been designed to avoid altering the immune system. The safety and efficacy of mAbs against CGRP or its receptors are being investigated in clinical development programs, and the first of these therapies has received regulatory approval in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvia Lucas
- University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWAUSA
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Dondelinger M, Filée P, Sauvage E, Quinting B, Muyldermans S, Galleni M, Vandevenne MS. Understanding the Significance and Implications of Antibody Numbering and Antigen-Binding Surface/Residue Definition. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2278. [PMID: 30386328 PMCID: PMC6198058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are playing an increasing role in both human and animal health. Different strategies of protein and chemical engineering, including humanization techniques of non-human antibodies were applied successfully to optimize clinical performances of antibodies. Despite the emergence of techniques allowing the development of fully human antibodies such as transgenic Xeno-mice, antibody humanization remains a standard procedure for therapeutic antibodies. An important prerequisite for antibody humanization requires standardized numbering methods to define precisely complementary determining regions (CDR), frameworks and residues from the light and heavy chains that affect the binding affinity and/or specificity of the antibody-antigen interaction. The recently generated deep-sequencing data and the increasing number of solved three-dimensional structures of antibodies from human and non-human origins have led to the emergence of numerous databases. However, these different databases use different numbering conventions and CDR definitions. In addition, the large fluctuation of the variable chain lengths, especially in CDR3 of heavy chains (CDRH3), hardly complicates the comparison and analysis of antibody sequences and the identification of the antigen binding residues. This review compares and discusses the different numbering schemes and "CDR" definition that were established up to date. Furthermore, it summarizes concepts and strategies used for numbering residues of antibodies and CDR residues identification. Finally, it discusses the importance of specific sets of residues in the binding affinity and/or specificity of immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dondelinger
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, InBios, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrice Filée
- Département Biotechnologie, CER Groupe, Aye, Belgium
| | - Eric Sauvage
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, InBios, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Birgit Quinting
- Centre de Recherche des Instituts Groupés, Haute Ecole Libre Mosane, Liege, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Moreno Galleni
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, InBios, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
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Kunbaz A, Warrington AE, Perwein MK, Fereidan-Esfahani M, Rodriguez M. A natural human monoclonal antibody protects from axonal injury in different CNS degenerative disease models. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Axon regeneration after CNS injury is incomplete. This is partially due to the presence of multiple growth inhibitory molecules within myelin that prevent axonal extension. These inhibitors include myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein. A natural human recombinant antibody, rHIgM12, was identified by its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro. rHIgM12 overrides the neurite outgrowth inhibition of myelin by binding with high affinity to neuronal PSA-NCAM and gangliosides. This neurite outgrowth is accompanied by increased α-tubulin tyrosination and decreased acetylation which occurs after treatment with rHIgM12. rHIgM12 is efficacious in murine models of human multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, improving axon survival and neurologic function. rHIgM12 has great promise as a therapeutic molecule in a number of CNS disorders characterized by neuronal loss and axonal transection including multiple sclerosis. This review will focus on rHIgM12 discovery, effects in preclinical models and potential applications as a therapeutic reagent for CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kunbaz
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Maria K Perwein
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Almagro JC, Daniels-Wells TR, Perez-Tapia SM, Penichet ML. Progress and Challenges in the Design and Clinical Development of Antibodies for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1751. [PMID: 29379493 PMCID: PMC5770808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable progress in engineering and clinical development of therapeutic antibodies in the last 40 years, after the seminal work by Köhler and Milstein, has led to the approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 21 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. We review here these approved antibodies, with emphasis on the methods used for their discovery, engineering, and optimization for therapeutic settings. These methods include antibody engineering via chimerization and humanization of non-human antibodies, as well as selection and further optimization of fully human antibodies isolated from human antibody phage-displayed libraries and immunization of transgenic mice capable of generating human antibodies. These technology platforms have progressively led to the development of therapeutic antibodies with higher human content and, thus, less immunogenicity. We also discuss the genetic engineering approaches that have allowed isotype switching and Fc modifications to modulate effector functions and bioavailability (half-life), which together with the technologies for engineering the Fv fragment, have been pivotal in generating more efficacious and better tolerated therapeutic antibodies to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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41
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Tam SH, McCarthy SG, Armstrong AA, Somani S, Wu SJ, Liu X, Gervais A, Ernst R, Saro D, Decker R, Luo J, Gilliland GL, Chiu ML, Scallon BJ. Functional, Biophysical, and Structural Characterization of Human IgG1 and IgG4 Fc Variants with Ablated Immune Functionality. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 31548527 PMCID: PMC6698826 DOI: 10.3390/antib6030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering of fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains of therapeutic immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies to eliminate their immune effector functions while retaining other Fc characteristics has numerous applications, including blocking antigens on Fc gamma (Fcγ) receptor-expressing immune cells. We previously reported on a human IgG2 variant termed IgG2σ with barely detectable activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activity, and Fcγ receptor binding assays. Here, we extend that work to IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, alternative subtypes which may offer advantages over IgG2 antibodies. In several in vitro and in vivo assays, the IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed equal or even lower Fc-related activities than the corresponding IgG2σ variant. In particular, IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants demonstrate complete lack of effector function as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and in vivo T-cell activation. The IgG1σ and IgG4σ variants showed acceptable solubility and stability, and typical human IgG1 pharmacokinetic profiles in human FcRn-transgenic mice and cynomolgus monkeys. In silico T-cell epitope analyses predict a lack of immunogenicity in humans. Finally, crystal structures and simulations of the IgG1σ and IgG4σ Fc domains can explain the lack of Fc-mediated immune functions. These variants show promise for use in those therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusions for which the Fc domain should be immunologically "silent".
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Tam
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Stephen G McCarthy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Anthony A Armstrong
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sandeep Somani
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sheng-Jiun Wu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Alexis Gervais
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Robin Ernst
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Dorina Saro
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Rose Decker
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Jinquan Luo
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Mark L Chiu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Bernard J Scallon
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Ambler, PA 19477, USA.
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Wang X, An Z, Luo W, Xia N, Zhao Q. Molecular and functional analysis of monoclonal antibodies in support of biologics development. Protein Cell 2017; 9:74-85. [PMID: 28733914 PMCID: PMC5777976 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapeutics are playing an increasingly important role in the treatment or prevention of many important diseases such as cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Multi-domain mAbs are far more complex than small molecule drugs with intrinsic heterogeneities. The critical quality attributes of a given mAb, including structure, post-translational modifications, and functions at biomolecular and cellular levels, need to be defined and profiled in details during the developmental phases of a biologics. These critical quality attributes, outlined in this review, serve an important database for defining the drug properties during commercial production phase as well as post licensure life cycle management. Specially, the molecular characterization, functional assessment, and effector function analysis of mAbs, are reviewed with respect to the critical parameters and the methods used for obtaining them. The three groups of analytical methods are three essential and integral facets making up the whole analytical package for a mAb-based drug. Such a package is critically important for the licensure and the post-licensure life cycle management of a therapeutic or prophylactic biologics. In addition, the basic principles on the evaluation of biosimilar mAbs were discussed briefly based on the recommendations by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361105, China.
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43
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Tan HTT, Sugita K, Akdis CA. Novel Biologicals for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases and Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:70. [PMID: 27613653 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of biological therapies has rapidly progressed during the last few years, and major advances were reported for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, food allergy, and asthma. Here, we review biologicals targeting the type 2 immune response involving Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, natural killer T cells, mast cells, basophils, and epithelial cells, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). RECENT FINDINGS The biologicals that have been currently approved for asthma are omalizumab targeting IgE and reslizumab and mepolizumab targeting interleukin (IL)-5. Many other monoclonal antibodies are currently in various phases of clinical development. The new biological therapies for allergic diseases will eventually be tailored to the endotypes of these diseases and the identification of novel biomarkers. Further development of novel biologicals for the treatment of allergic diseases and asthma will be possible upon improved understanding of mechanisms of allergic diseases. Accordingly, further refinement of endotypes of allergen-specific and non-specific type 2 immune response and related inflammatory mediators is needed for optimal treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hern-Tze Tina Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos Platz, Switzerland.,Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kazunari Sugita
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos Platz, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos Platz, Switzerland. .,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Attending Physician, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Professor of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA 90073
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45
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Polk BI, Rosenwasser LJ. Biological Therapies of Immunologic Diseases: Strategies for Immunologic Interventions. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:247-259. [PMID: 28366475 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system possesses a vast number of potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Although therapies for many pathways have been pursued, only few have yielded significant success. Hindrances in altering biologic pathways include the potential for unwanted downstream effects, ineffectiveness owing to biological redundancy, recognition of a therapeutic molecule as foreign by the body's innate immune system, and the risks of subsequent malignancy and/or autoimmunity. This article covers currently available biotherapeutic agent classes as well as potential direction for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke I Polk
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| | - Lanny J Rosenwasser
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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46
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47
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Geng X, Kong X, Hu H, Chen J, Yang F, Liang H, Chen X, Hu Y. Research and development of therapeutic mAbs: An analysis based on pipeline projects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016. [PMID: 26211701 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1074362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the subject of active research and development (R&D) in recent decades, monoclonal antibodies have emerged among the major classes of therapeutic agents for treatment of many human diseases, especially cancers, infections, and immunological disorders. This article surveys the landscape of R&D projects of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are mostly used for disease immunotherapy, from a number of perspectives, including therapeutic indications, development phases, participants, and citation of related patents. The results of this research can be used as a reference resource for pharmaceutical researchers, investors, and policymakers in the field of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Geng
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Xiangjun Kong
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Hao Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- b College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences; Chongqing University ; Chongqing , China.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; Zunyi Medical College ; Zunyi , China
| | - Fengqing Yang
- d Department of Pharmaceutics ; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University ; Chongqing , China
| | - Hongyu Liang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Xin Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau ; Macau SAR , China
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48
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Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV, Kosobokova EN, Shindyapina AV, Kosorukov VS, Komarova TV. Functional role of carbohydrate residues in human immunoglobulin G and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:835-57. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Development and Validation of a Peptide Mapping Method for the Characterization of Adalimumab with QDa Detector. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Wootla B, Watzlawik JO, Stavropoulos N, Wittenberg NJ, Dasari H, Abdelrahim MA, Henley JR, Oh SH, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:827-839. [PMID: 26914737 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS and results in neurological disability. Existing immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive approaches lower the number of relapses but do not cure or reverse existing deficits nor improve long-term disability in MS patients. AREAS COVERED Monogenic antibodies were described as treatment options for MS, however the immunogenicity of mouse antibodies hampered the efficacy of potential therapeutics in humans. Availability of improved antibody production technologies resulted in a paradigm shift in MS treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of immunotherapies for MS that use conventional monoclonal antibodies reactive to immune system and their properties and mechanisms of action will be discussed, including recent advances in MS therapeutics and highlight natural autoantibodies (NAbs) that directly target CNS cells. EXPERT OPINION Recent challenges for MS therapy are the identification of relevant molecular and cellular targets, time frame of treatment, and antibody toxicity profiles to identify safe treatment options for MS patients. The application of monoclonal antibody therapies with better biological efficacy associated with minimum side effects possesses huge clinical potential. Advances in monoclonal antibody technologies that directly target cells of nervous system may promote the CNS regeneration field from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jens O Watzlawik
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nikolaos Stavropoulos
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 1, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harika Dasari
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Murtada A Abdelrahim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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