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Segovia MD, Salmon OF, Ugale CB, Smith CM. The Effects of Cold Exposure, Hypoxia, and Fatigue on Pistol Marksmanship and Target Engagement Decision Making in Trained Marksmen. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00524. [PMID: 39178056 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Segovia, M, Salmon, OF, Ugale, C, and Smith, CM. The effects of cold exposure, hypoxia, and fatigue on pistol marksmanship and target engagement decision making in trained marksmen. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-This study aimed to examine the effects of cold exposure, hypoxia, and fatigue on pistol marksmanship and target engagement in trained marksmen. Twelve healthy subjects (mean ± SD age: 28.8 ± 4.0 years) performed 3 testing visits under normal/normoxic [Norm21] (24° C; 21% FiO2), cold/normoxic [Cold21] (10° C; 21% FiO2), and cold/hypoxic [Cold14] (10° C; FiO2: 14.3) conditions. Pistol marksmanship and target engagement were assessed through draw time (DT) and shoot-no-shoot (SNS) courses of fire. The 2 protocols were performed before (TpreF) and immediately after (TpostF) a sandbag deadlift fatiguing protocol. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant condition × time interactions (p = 0.01-0.03) were found for accuracy SNS (SNSacc), misses SNS (SNSmiss), and total shots SNS (SNStot). Follow-up analyses indicated that SNSacc increased by 14.3% (p = 0.03), SNSmiss decreased by 34.7% (p = 0.02), and SNStot decreased by 10.6% (p = 0.04) from TpreF to TpostF during the Cold21 condition alone. No significance was found for these in the Norm21 (p = 0.08-0.22) or Cold14 (p = 0.18-0.47) conditions. Total time (SNST) to completion of the SNS (p = 0.09) and DT (p = 0.14) showed no significance across time or condition. Significant difference across time for Cold14 (p = 0.03-0.02) for reaction time was found. Exercise likely resulted in increased thermogenesis that improved tactically relevant motor skills including SNSacc, decreased SNSmiss, and SNStot in Cold21, but not Cold14. The additive effect of hypoxia coupled with exercise in the Cold14 condition did not improve tactical performance, suggesting multi-stressor environments result in competing physiological responses. Tactical strength and conditioning specialists as well as operators should aim to improve thermoregulation during Cold21 conditions, with exercise as a possible intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Segovia
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences Human, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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Coge M, Neiva HP, Pereira A, Faíl L, Ribeiro B, Esteves D. Effects of 34 Weeks of Military Service on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Military Cadets of Angola. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:111. [PMID: 39051272 PMCID: PMC11270323 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Military personnel need physical fitness to effectively carry out operational military activities within their specific field of operation. This research investigates the effects of a 34-week training program on Angolan cadets' body composition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Seventy-four volunteer recruits, aged 18 to 26 years, were monitored during their eight-month military service, following an exercise program protocol comprising 12 weeks of strength training followed by 24 weeks of endurance training. Anthropometric variables, including body mass, body mass index, and fat mass, were assessed, along with cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sprint performance, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, push-ups, and curl-ups. The physical training protocol encompassed running sessions, strength exercises, agility drills, and flexibility exercises. The initial assessment revealed gender differences in various parameters such as body mass, body fat percentage, VO2max, sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, and push-ups. Following the training program, changes were observed in all variables (effect size between 0.48 and 2.33, p < 0.01) for the participants. Significant interactions (sex × time) were found in body mass (F = 5.18, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.06), body fat percentage (F = 5.31, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.14), and medicine ball throw (F = 10.84, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13). Specifically, males exhibited a greater reduction in body mass (females: 2.70%, males: 3.47%, p < 0.05) and a substantial improvement in ball throwing performance (females: 7.74%, males: 11.47%, p < 0.01), while females experienced a greater reduction in fat mass (females: 5.34%, males: 3.15%, p < 0.01). The physical training regimen effectively influenced body composition, particularly in enhancing strength performance among males. The integration of exercise programs with military service led to a notable reduction in fat tissue and an increase in lean tissue. Hence, the development of tailored training protocols is imperative to enhance the physical capacity and overall health of military recruits, considering sex-specific characteristics and physical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Coge
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.C.); (L.F.); (B.R.); (D.E.)
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.C.); (L.F.); (B.R.); (D.E.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Pereira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Campus do IPS, Estefanilha, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Centro de Investigação e Inovação em Desporto Atividade Física e Saúde, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Luís Faíl
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.C.); (L.F.); (B.R.); (D.E.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ribeiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.C.); (L.F.); (B.R.); (D.E.)
| | - Dulce Esteves
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.C.); (L.F.); (B.R.); (D.E.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Convento de Santo António, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Looney DP, Potter AW, Schafer EA, Chapman CL, Friedl KE. The 300 Marines: characterizing the US Marines with perfect scores on their physical and combat fitness tests. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1406749. [PMID: 38957215 PMCID: PMC11217602 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1406749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Few US Marines earn perfect 300 scores on both their Physical Fitness Test (PFT) and Combat Fitness Test (CFT). The number 300 invokes the legendary 300 Spartans that fought at the Battle of Thermopylae, which inspired high physical fitness capabilities for elite ground forces ever since. Purpose Determine distinguishing characteristics of the "300 Marines" (perfect PFT and CFT scores) that may provide insights into the physical and physiological requirements associated with this capability. These tests have been refined over time to reflect physical capabilities associated with Marine Corps basic rifleman performance. Materials and methods Data were analyzed from US Marines, including 497 women (age, 29 ± 7 years; height 1.63 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 67.4 ± 8.4 kg) and 1,224 men (30 ± 8 years; 1.77 ± 0.07 m; 86.1 ± 11.1 kg). Marines were grouped by whether they earned perfect 300 scores on both the PFT and CFT (300 Marines) or not. We analyzed group differences in individual fitness test events and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). Results Only 2.5% (n = 43) of this sample earned perfect PFT and CFT scores (n = 21 women; n = 22 men). Compared to sex-matched peers, 300 Marines performed more pull-ups, with faster three-mile run, maneuver-under-fire, and movement-to-contact times (each p < 0.001); 300 Marines of both sexes had lower fat mass, body mass index, and percent body fat (each p < 0.001). The lower percent body fat was explained by greater lean mass (p = 0.041) but similar body mass (p = 0.085) in women, whereas men had similar lean mass (p = 0.618), but lower total body mass (p = 0.025). Conclusion Marines earning perfect PFT and CFT scores are most distinguished from their peers by their maneuverability, suggesting speed and agility capabilities. While both sexes had considerably lower percent body fat than their peers, 300 Marine women were relatively more muscular while men were lighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Looney
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adam W. Potter
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
| | - Erica A. Schafer
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Christopher L. Chapman
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Karl E. Friedl
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, United States
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DeBlois JP, London AS, Heffernan KS. Hypertension at the nexus of veteran status, psychiatric disorders, and traumatic brain injury: Insights from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298366. [PMID: 38498456 PMCID: PMC10947695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Variable military service-related experiences, such as combat exposure, psychiatric disorders (PD), and traumatic brain injuries (TBI), may differentially affect the likelihood of having health care professional-identified high blood pressure (i.e., hypertension). PURPOSE Compare the odds of self-reported hypertension among non-combat and combat veterans with and without PD/TBI to non-veterans and each other. METHODS We used data from men from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and distinguished: non-veterans (n = 21,076); non-combat veterans with no PD/TBI (n = 3,150); combat veterans with no PD/TBI (n = 1,979); and veterans (combat and non-combat) with PD and/or TBI (n = 805). Multivariable, hierarchical logistic regression models included exogenous demographic, socioeconomic attainment and family structure, health behavior and conditions, and methodological control variables. RESULTS One-third of men reported having been told at least once by a medical professional that they had high blood pressure. Bivariate analyses indicated that each veteran group had a higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension than non-veterans (design-based F = 45.2, p<0.001). In the fully adjusted model, no statistically significant differences in the odds of self-reported hypertension were observed between non-veterans and: non-combat veterans without PD/TBI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92); combat veterans without PD/TBI (OR = 0.87); veterans with PD and/or TBI (OR = 1.35). However, veterans with PD and/or TBI had greater odds of reporting hypertension than both combat and non-combat veterans without PD/TBI (p<0.05). DISCUSSION Military service-related experiences were differentially associated with a survey-based measure of hypertension. Specifically, veterans self-reporting PD and/or TBI had significantly higher odds of self-reporting hypertension (i.e., medical provider-identified high blood pressure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. DeBlois
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. London
- Department of Sociology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin S. Heffernan
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
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Sterczala AJ, Rodriguez‐Ortiz N, Feigel ED, Krajewski K, Martin BJ, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Kargl CK, Koltun KJ, Van Eck C, Flanagan S, Connaboy C, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity, low-volume concurrent resistance and interval training in recreationally active men and women. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15953. [PMID: 38490811 PMCID: PMC10942853 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the structural and cellular skeletal muscle factors underpinning adaptations in maximal strength, power, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass to a 12-week concurrent resistance and interval training program in men and women. Recreationally active women and men completed three training sessions per week consisting of high-intensity, low-volume resistance training followed by interval training performed using a variety upper and lower body exercises representative of military occupational tasks. Pre- and post-training vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were analyzed for changes in muscle fiber type, cross-sectional area, capillarization, and mitochondrial biogenesis marker content. Changes in maximal strength, aerobic capacity, and lean body mass (LBM) were also assessed. Training elicited hypertrophy of type I (12.9%; p = 0.016) and type IIa (12.7%; p = 0.007) muscle fibers in men only. In both sexes, training decreased type IIx fiber expression (1.9%; p = 0.046) and increased total PGC-1α (29.7%, p < 0.001) and citrate synthase (11.0%; p < 0.014) content, but had no effect on COX IV content or muscle capillarization. In both sexes, training increased maximal strength and LBM but not aerobic capacity. The concurrent training program was effective at increasing strength and LBM but not at improving aerobic capacity or skeletal muscle adaptations underpinning aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Human Engineering Research LaboratoriesVA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nathaniel Rodriguez‐Ortiz
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Evan D. Feigel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher K. Kargl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carola Van Eck
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Present address:
Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory ResearchRosalind Franklin University of Medicine & ScienceNorth ChicagoILUSA
| | - Sophie L. Wardle
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Thomas J. O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Julie P. Greeves
- Army Health and Performance ResearchArmy HeadquartersAndoverUK
- Present address:
Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Division of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Wang X, Soh KG, Samsudin S, Deng N, Liu X, Zhao Y, Akbar S. Effects of high-intensity functional training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance among the athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295531. [PMID: 38064433 PMCID: PMC10707569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to meta-analyze the impact of high-intensity functional training on athletes' physical fitness and sport-specific performance. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in five well-known academic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and the Cochrane Library) up to July 1, 2023. The literature screening criteria included: (1) studies involving healthy athletes, (2) a HIFT program, (3) an assessment of outcomes related to athletes' physical fitness or sport-specific performance, and (4) the inclusion of randomized controlled trials. The Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS 13 medium- and high-quality studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, involving 478 athletes aged between 10 and 24.5 years. The training showed a small to large effect size (ES = 0.414-3.351; all p < 0.05) in improving upper and lower body muscle strength, power, flexibility, and sport-specific performance. CONCLUSION High-intensity functional training effectively improves athletes' muscle strength, power, flexibility, and sport-specific performance but has no significant impact on endurance and agility. Future research is needed to explore the impact of high-intensity functional training on athletes' speed, balance, and technical and tactical performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Wang
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamsulariffin Samsudin
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuannuan Deng
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xutao Liu
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yue Zhao
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saddam Akbar
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Department of Sports Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sterczala AJ, Krajewski KT, Peterson PA, Sekel NM, Lovalekar M, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Flanagan SD, Connaboy C, Nindl BC. Twelve weeks of concurrent resistance and interval training improves military occupational task performance in men and women. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2411-2424. [PMID: 37517090 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2239752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In the British Army, ground close combat roles have opened to women, however, they must pass the newly developed, gender-neutral Role Fitness Tests for Soldiers (RFT(S)). Due to physiological differences between sexes, training that optimally prepares both sexes for military occupational demands and the RFT(S) is needed. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a 12-week periodized strength and power programme with concurrent interval training on RFT(S) performance and determine if performance adaptations differed between sexes. 39 recruit-aged (18-35 yrs) participants, including 21 men (29 ± 1 yrs) and 18 women (27 ± 1 yrs), completed the study. Participants performed 3 training sessions per week that included strength and power resistance training followed by interval training. Pre- to post-training, improvements were observed for seated medicine ball throw (4.5%, p < 0.001), casualty drag (29.8%, p < 0.001), single lift (8.9%, p < 0.001), water can carry (13.8%, p = 0.012), repeated lift and carry (6.5%, p < 0.001), 2-km load carriage (7.2%, p < 0.001) and 2-km run (3.2%, p = 0.021). Pre- to post-training improvements were also observed for maximal squat (27.0%, p < 0.001), bench press (8.9%, p < 0.001) and deadlift (24.6%, p < 0.001) maximal strength, but not upper body power or aerobic capacity. No differences in RFT(S) improvements were observed between sexes, however men performed better than women in all RFT(S) and physical performance measures. Concurrent resistance and interval training improves military occupational performance in men and women; however, women may need more training than men to pass the gender-neutral RFT(S).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kellen T Krajewski
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick A Peterson
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole M Sekel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
| | - Shawn D Flanagan
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory and Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Salmon OF, Segovia MD, Ugale CB, Smith CM. The impact of cold, hypoxia, and physical exertion on pistol accuracy and tactical performance. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103676. [PMID: 37738801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of independent cold and combined cold and hypoxic exposures on operational-specific task performance including pistol marksmanship, pistol magazine reload ability, and subjective and objective thermal indices before and after a whole-body physical exertional task. Twelve participants were exposed to Thermoneutral Normoxic (24 °C; FiO2 21%), Cold Normoxic (10 °C; FiO2 21%), and Cold Hypoxic (10 °C; FiO2 14%) conditions for 30min before performing pistol marksmanship at distances of 6.40 and 13.72m and a pistol magazine reload task before and after 3 sets of sandbag deadlifts at 50% body mass. Thermal perception and hand temperatures were collected before and after the physical exertion task. There were no significant differences in Pistol Accuracy performance at distances of 6.40 and 13.72m due to physical exertion, cold, or hypoxia. Following physical exertion, Pistol Accuracy was similar between Thermoneutral and Cold Normoxic conditions but lead to 17% and a 10% reduction in performance during the Cold Hypoxic condition, compared to Thermoneutral and Cold Normoxic conditions. There was no change in Pistol Accuracy for the Thermoneutral Normoxic condition. The pistol magazine reload task was not impacted by physical exertion, but there was a reduction in performance in Cold Normoxic 21% (4.04s) and Cold Hypoxic 16% (3.08s) conditions. Physical exertion did not impact hand temperature but did increase thermal perception scores for all conditions. These findings indicate that cold exposure reduced both tactical dexterity and pistol marksmanship, however, physical exertion may offset these deficits via an increase in thermal perception. Additionally, hypoxemia was the primary mediator of marksmanship performance in cold hypoxic environments following an acute bout of physical exertion. Thus, in cold mountainous environments, marksmen should be aware of their elevation and utilize brief episodes of physical activity to enhance their thermal state when marksmanship is a priority for operational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen F Salmon
- Baylor University, Human & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Matt D Segovia
- Baylor University, Human & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Cierra B Ugale
- Baylor University, Human & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Cory M Smith
- Baylor University, Human & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Waco, TX, USA.
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Mason MR, Heebner NR, Abt JP, Bergstrom HC, Shapiro R, Langford EL, Abel MG. The Acute Effect of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Subsequent Firefighter Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1507-1514. [PMID: 36727716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mason, MR, Heebner, NR, Abt, JP, Bergstrom, HC, Shapiro, R, Langford, EL, and Abel, MG. The acute effect of high-intensity resistance training on subsequent firefighter performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1507-1514, 2023-High-intensity resistance training (HIRT) is commonly performed by structural firefighters on duty to enhance occupational readiness. However, exercise-induced fatigue may negatively impact subsequent occupational performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the acute effect of HIRT on subsequent occupational physical ability in structural firefighters and to determine the time course of recovery. Seven resistance-trained male firefighters performed a timed maximal effort simulated fireground test (SFGT) in 3 randomized conditions: baseline (SFGT baseline ), 10 minutes post HIRT (SFGT 10min ), and 60 minutes post HIRT (SFGT 60min ). Work efficiency and air depletion were assessed during the SFGT. The timed HIRT session consisted of a standardized set of exercises using absolute training loads. Repeated measures analysis of variance and minimal difference (MD) analysis assessed group and individual effects between the conditions, respectively. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. SFGT 10min completion time was greater than SFGT baseline (430 ± 137 vs. 297 ± 69 seconds, p < 0.01), with no difference between SFGT baseline and SFGT 60min (297 ± 69 vs. 326 ± 89 seconds, p = 0.08). The MD analysis indicated that all firefighters' SFGT 10min times exceeded the MD (±26.4 seconds) compared with SFGT baseline . However, 43% of firefighters still exceeded the MD at SFGT 60min . Air depletion during SFGT 10min was greater than that during SFGT baseline (2,786 ± 488 vs. 2,186 ± 276 lb·in -2 , p = 0.02), with no difference between SFGT baseline and SFGT 60min ( p = 0.25). Work efficiency during SFGT 10min was 40% lower than that during SFGT baseline ( p < 0.01), with no difference between SFGT baseline and SFGT 60min ( p = 0.25). These findings indicate that an acute bout of HIRT decreases multiple descriptors of firefighters' occupational performance 10 minutes post exercise with varied responses at 60 minutes post exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ryan Mason
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas R Heebner
- Department of Athletic Training, Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - John P Abt
- Children's Health Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Plano, Texas
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Robert Shapiro
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Emily L Langford
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mark G Abel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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10
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Cao X, Zhao X, Tang H, Fan N, Zereg F. Football players' strength training method using image processing based on machine learning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287433. [PMID: 37327213 PMCID: PMC10275424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work addresses the declining physical fitness levels observed in both football players and the general population. The objective is to investigate the impact of functional strength training on the physical capabilities of football players and to develop a machine learning-based approach for posture recognition. A total of 116 adolescents aged 8 to 13 participating in football training are randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 60) or a control group (n = 56). Both groups underwent 24 training sessions, with the experimental group engaging in 15-20 minutes of functional strength training after each session. Machine learning techniques, specifically the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) in deep learning, are utilized to analyze the kicking actions of football players. Movement speed, sensitivity, and strength are employed as input vectors for the BPNN to compare the images of players' movements, while the similarity between the kicking actions and standard movements served as the output result to enhance training efficiency. The experimental group's kicking scores are compared to their pre-experiment scores, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement. Moreover, statistically significant differences are observed in the 5*25m shuttle running, throwing, and set kicking between the control and experimental groups. These findings highlight the significant enhancement in strength and sensitivity achieved through functional strength training in football players. The results contribute to the development of training programs for football players and the overall improvement of training efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Cao
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, Xichuang, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu city, Sichuan province, China
| | - Nianchun Fan
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fateh Zereg
- Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu city, Sichuan province, China
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11
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Koon LM, Hall JP, Arnold KA, Donnelly JE, Heinrich KM. High-Intensity Functional Training: Perceived Functional and Psychosocial Health-Related Outcomes from Current Participants with Mobility-Related Disabilities. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:116. [PMID: 37368566 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mobility-related disabilities (MRDs) experience many personal and environmental barriers to engagement in community-based exercise programs. We explored the experiences of adults with MRD who currently participate in high-intensity functional training (HIFT), an inclusive and accessible community-based exercise program. METHODS Thirty-eight participants completed online surveys with open-ended questions, with ten individuals also participating in semi-structured interviews via telephone with project PI. Surveys and interviews were designed to examine changes to perceived health, and the elements of HIFT that promote sustained participation. RESULTS Thematic analysis revealed themes related to health changes following HIFT participation including improved physical, functional, and psychosocial health outcomes. Other themes emerged within the HIFT environment that promoted adherence for participants such as accessible spaces and equipment, and inclusive HIFT sessions and competitions. Additional themes included participants' advice for the disability and healthcare communities. The resulting themes are informed by the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. CONCLUSION The findings provide initial data on the potential effects of HIFT on multiple dimensions of health outcomes and contribute to the growing literature on community-based programs that are adaptable and inclusive for people with MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsie M Koon
- Research and Training Center on Independent Living, Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1052, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jean P Hall
- Research and Training Center on Independent Living, Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1052, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Institute for Health and Disability Policy Studies (KU-IHDPS), Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Room 1052, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kristen A Arnold
- Department of Special Education, School of Education, University of Kansas, 1122 W. Campus Rd., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Joseph E Donnelly
- Division of Physical Activity and Weight Management (DPAWM), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard Mailstop 1007, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Department of Research and Evaluation, The Phoenix, Denver, CO 64035, USA
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12
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Kamińska J, Saunders B, Łoniewski I, Czubaszek D, Steffl M, Podgórski T. The interplay between bicarbonate kinetics and gastrointestinal upset on ergogenic potential after sodium bicarbonate intake: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7081. [PMID: 37127791 PMCID: PMC10151363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study utilized comprehensive monitoring of blood bicarbonate (HCO3¯) kinetics and evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) upset to determine their impact on an ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate (SB) co-ingested with carbohydrate (CHO). Nineteen CrossFit athletes performed 6 bouts of 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) 90 min post-ingestion of 0.4 g·kg-1 body mass (BM) of SB (SB + CHO treatment) or PLA (PLA + CHO treatment) with 15 g CHO. Blood HCO3¯ concentration was evaluated at baseline, 30-, 60-, 75- and 90 min post-ingestion, in between WAnT bouts, and 3 and 45 min post-exercise, while GI upset at 120 min after protocol started. Control (no supplementation; CTRL) procedures were also performed. An effective elevation of extra-cellular buffering capacity was observed 60-90 min post-ingestion of SB + CHO. At mean peak blood HCO3¯, or at start of exercise an increase > 6 mmol·L-1 in HCO3¯ was noted in 84% and 52.6% participants, respectively. SB + CHO did not prevent performance decrements in WAnT bouts. There were no significant relationships between changes in blood HCO3¯ and WAnTs' performance. Total GI was significantly higher in SB + CHO compared to CTRL, and stomach problems in SB + CHO compared to CTRL and PLA + CHO. There were inverse associations between peak- (p = 0.031; r = - 0.495), average- (p = 0.002; r = - 0.674) and minimum power (p = 0.008; r = - 0.585) and total GI upset, as well as average power and severe GI distress (p = 0.042; r = - 0.471) at SB + CHO. The implemented dose of SB + CHO was effective in improving buffering capacity, but did not prevent decrements in WAnTs' performance. GI side effects were crucial in affecting the ergogenic potential of SB and thus must be insightfully monitored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
- Sport Sciences-Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Paulina M Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dominika Czubaszek
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Steffl
- Sport Sciences-Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Lavin KM, Graham ZA, McAdam JS, O'Bryan SM, Drummer D, Bell MB, Kelley CJ, Lixandrão ME, Peoples B, Tuggle SC, Seay RS, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Huentelman MJ, Pirrotte P, Reiman R, Alsop E, Hutchins E, Antone J, Bonfitto A, Meechoovet B, Palade J, Talboom JS, Sullivan A, Aban I, Peri K, Broderick TJ, Bamman MM. Dynamic transcriptomic responses to divergent acute exercise stimuli in young adults. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:194-212. [PMID: 36939205 PMCID: PMC10110731 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00144.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise elicits dynamic transcriptional changes that, when repeated, form the fundamental basis of health, resilience, and performance adaptations. While moderate-intensity endurance training combined with conventional resistance training (traditional, TRAD) is often prescribed and recommended by public health guidance, high-intensity training combining maximal-effort intervals with intensive, limited-rest resistance training is a time-efficient alternative that may be used tactically (HITT) to confer similar benefits. Mechanisms of action of these distinct stimuli are incompletely characterized and have not been directly compared. We assessed transcriptome-wide responses in skeletal muscle and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to a single exercise bout in young adults randomized to TRAD (n = 21, 12 M/9 F, 22 ± 3 yr) or HITT (n = 19, 11 M/8 F, 22 ± 2 yr). Next-generation sequencing captured small, long, and circular RNA in muscle and EVs. Analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts (|log2FC|>1, FDR ≤ 0.05) immediately (h0, EVs only), h3, and h24 postexercise within and between exercise protocols. In aaddition, all apparently responsive transcripts (FDR < 0.2) underwent singular value decomposition to summarize data structures into latent variables (LVs) to deconvolve molecular expression circuits and interregulatory relationships. LVs were compared across time and exercise protocol. TRAD, a longer but less intense stimulus, generally elicited a stronger transcriptional response than HITT, but considerable overlap and key differences existed. Findings reveal shared and unique molecular responses to the exercise stimuli and lay groundwork toward establishing relationships between protein-coding genes and lesser-understood transcripts that serve regulatory roles following exercise. Future work should advance the understanding of these circuits and whether they repeat in other populations or following other types of exercise/stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined small and long transcriptomics in skeletal muscle and serum-derived extracellular vesicles before and after a single exposure to traditional combined exercise (TRAD) and high-intensity tactical training (HITT). Across 40 young adults, we found more consistent protein-coding gene responses to TRAD, whereas HITT elicited differential expression of microRNA enriched in brain regions. Follow-up analysis revealed relationships and temporal dynamics across transcript networks, highlighting potential avenues for research into mechanisms of exercise response and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M Lavin
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Zachary A Graham
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Samia M O'Bryan
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Devin Drummer
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Margaret B Bell
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christian J Kelley
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Manoel E Lixandrão
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Brandon Peoples
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - S Craig Tuggle
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Regina S Seay
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States
| | - Rebecca Reiman
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Eric Alsop
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hutchins
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Jerry Antone
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Anna Bonfitto
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Bessie Meechoovet
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Joanna Palade
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Joshua S Talboom
- Cancer & Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
| | - Amber Sullivan
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Kalyani Peri
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Timothy J Broderick
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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14
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Gutiérrez-Arroyo J, García-Heras F, Carballo-Leyenda B, Villa-Vicente JG, Rodríguez-Medina J, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA. Effect of a High-Intensity Circuit Training Program on the Physical Fitness of Wildland Firefighters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2073. [PMID: 36767438 PMCID: PMC9916003 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildland firefighting implies high physical and psychological demands for the personnel involved. Therefore, good physical fitness can help increase the work efficiency of wildland firefighters (WFFs) and safeguard their health. High-intensity circuit training (HICT) could be a good alternative to improve the physical condition of WFFs since it stands out for its functionality and economy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of HICT on the WFFs' physical fitness. The study involved 9 WFFs (8 males and 1 female; 29.8 ± 2.8 years; 175.6 ± 6.7 cm) who completed a training program and 9 WFF candidates (8 males and 1 female; 24.7 ± 6.6 yr, 176.5 ± 7.0 cm) as a control group. WFFs performed an 8-week HICT program (two weekly training sessions). The training sessions lasted approximately 45 min and were performed at an intensity >80% of maximal heart rate and RPE values >7.5. At the beginning and the end of the intervention, subjects' physical fitness (i.e., aerobic capacity, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular resistance and explosive strength) was assessed through different tests. After completing the training program, WFFs had significantly increased (p < 0.05) the speed at which the ventilatory thresholds were determined (12.4 ± 13.9 and 5.7 ± 7.3% for the ventilatory and respiratory compensation thresholds, respectively) and also their abdominal (31.2 ± 17.2%), lumbar (34.1 ± 13.5%) and upper limb (13.3 ± 16.0%) strength. Moreover, improvements (p < 0.05) in the explosive strength of legs (7.1 ± 5.8%) and performance in a specific physical employment test (12.2 ± 6.1%) were observed. In conclusion, the results of this study show that an 8-week high-intensity circuit training program could be an effective and safe method to improve WFFs' physical fitness and performance.
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15
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Wu X, Li J, Ge H, Liu L, Jing X. INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONAL TRAINING ON TEACHING TABLE TENNIS TO COLLEGE STUDENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Contemporary table tennis teaching lacks attention to global abilities; some studies suggest that functional training can supply the demands of the high level of sport competition. Objective: Study the effect of functional training on teaching table tennis to college students. Methods: A controlled random selection was carried out (n=40), in which the experimental group (n=20) chose a functional training program. In contrast, the control group (n=20) participated in the teaching of traditional table tennis skills. The training frequency was one hour daily, three times a week, lasting six weeks. Table tennis-specific fitness was assessed before and after the experiment. Data were cataloged and statistically analyzed. Results: On the manual skills index, the experimental group's score increased from 63,194 to 79,683 points after the experiment, and the control group's score increased from 64,788 to 68,775 points after the experiment. In the regression index, the experimental group score increased from 63.645 to 78.614, and the control group score increased from 64.152 to 70.574. Conclusion: The functional training mode proposed in this paper can rapidly improve the competitive level of table tennis and improve the competitive performance of its practitioners. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Wu
- Sport School of Jiangsu Normal University, China
| | - Jing Li
- Sport School of Xinxiang College, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Sport School of Putian College, China
| | - Linghong Liu
- Sport School of Jiangsu Normal University, China
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16
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Paschall J, Dawes J. Physical Demands of Air Force Special Operations Command Flight Crews: A Needs Analysis and Proposed Testing Protocol. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Mastalerz A, Maruszyńska I, Kowalczuk K, Garbacz A, Maculewicz E. Pain in the Cervical and Lumbar Spine as a Result of High G-Force Values in Military Pilots-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13413. [PMID: 36293993 PMCID: PMC9602668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neck pain and lower back pain are commonly reported by military pilots. That is why the answers to the following questions are important: (1) which part of the back (neck or lumbar spine) is more likely to be painful in military pilots as a result of high G-force, and (2) what intervention methods do pilots use as countermeasures for back pain resulting from high G-force? To answer these questions, the literature was searched in the following online databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Embase. A meta-analysis of eleven studies on pain in the neck-spine in fighter pilots vs. transport pilots showed pooled pulled OR = 1.69 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.29, I2 = 32%, p-value = 0.21); this outcome is consistent with most of the published results. A meta-analysis of five studies on pain in the lumbar spine (lower back) did not show a difference between fighter pilots vs. transport pilots with OR = 1 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.19, I2 = 0%, p-value = 0.96). The meta-analysis showed that of the two spinal segments evaluated, it was the cervical spine that showed more soreness in tactical fighter pilots. Prevention of lumbar and neck injuries should be combined with individual lumbar and neck support, as well as increasing back muscle strength through training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Mastalerz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inga Maruszyńska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kowalczuk
- Aeromedical Training Department, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Garbacz
- Department of Animal Genetics and Conservation, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Maculewicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland
- Aeromedical Training Department, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Avetisyan AV, Chatinyan AA, Streetman AE, Heinrich KM. The Effectiveness of a CrossFit Training Program for Improving Physical Fitness of Young Judokas: A Pilot Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040083. [PMID: 36278744 PMCID: PMC9590037 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effectiveness of a CrossFit-based training program to enhance the general and sport-specific physical fitness of 10−12-year-old judokas. The study was conducted between September 2021 and February 2022. The pedagogical research experiment was designed to be one complete, annual macrocycle (September−June). The current study presents mid-point data. Twenty male participants (3 years average sports experience; age = 11 ± 0.64 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: CrossFit-based training (experimental, n = 10) and traditional training (control, n = 10). Baseline testing was conducted by the researcher and included tests for motor skills and general physical fitness domains including Sweden wall pull-ups and leg raises, push-ups, long jump, squats, burpees, shuttle run, and forward rolls. Judo-specific tests included O Soto Gari and O Goshi throws. CrossFit-based training was implemented twice per week for 15−20 min in the experimental group after usual training. The control group completed traditional methods of physical fitness training for judokas with the same training load regarding time. Experimental group participants significantly improved on leg raises (p < 0.01), push-ups (p < 0.05), and shuttle run (p < 0.001); the control group improved their shuttle run (p < 0.001). Only the experimental group improved on the O Soto Gari (p < 0.01) and O Goshi throws (p < 0.05). Results showed that the use of CrossFit-based trainings had a positive effect on 10−12-year-old judokas’ speed-strength abilities, speed-strength endurance, and muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman V. Avetisyan
- Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Yerevan 0070, Armenia
| | - Ashot A. Chatinyan
- Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Yerevan 0070, Armenia
| | - Aspen E. Streetman
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-0706
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Benedict TM, Grier TL, Roy TC, Toussaint MN, Jones BH. Demographic, psychosocial, and physical fitness predictors of successful graduation from U.S. Army Ranger School. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 35:180-191. [PMID: 37133490 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2094174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
U.S. Army Ranger School is an arduous 64-day leadership training course designed to simulate the stressors of combat. Although physical fitness has been shown to be an important predictor of successful graduation for Ranger School, psychosocial characteristics like self-efficacy and grit have not been examined. The purpose of this study is to identify personal, psychosocial, and fitness characteristics associated with successful completion of Ranger School. This study was a prospective cohort examining the association of baseline characteristics of Ranger School candidates with a primary outcome of graduation success. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine the contribution of demographics, psychosocial, fitness and training characteristics to graduation success. Out of 958 eligible Ranger Candidates, this study obtained graduation status for 670 students, 270 (40%) of which graduated. Soldiers who graduated were younger, more likely to come from units with a higher proportion of previous Ranger School graduates, had higher self-efficacy and faster 2-mile run times. The results from this study suggest that Ranger students should arrive in optimal physical conditioning. Furthermore, training programs that optimize student self-efficacy and units with a high proportion of successful Ranger graduates may confer advantage for this challenging leadership course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Benedict
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tyson L. Grier
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Tanja C. Roy
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Maisha N. Toussaint
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Bruce H. Jones
- United States Army, Medical Command, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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Smith C, Doma K, Heilbronn B, Leicht A. Effect of Exercise Training Programs on Physical Fitness Domains in Military Personnel: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mil Med 2022; 187:1065-1073. [PMID: 35247052 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical training is important to prepare soldiers for the intense occupational demands in the military. However, current physical training may not address all fitness domains crucial for optimizing physical readiness and reducing musculoskeletal injury. The effects of nontraditional military physical training on fitness domains have been inconsistently reported, which limits the design of the ideal training program for performance optimization and injury prevention in the military. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the effects of exercise training on various fitness domains (i.e., aerobic fitness, flexibility, muscular endurance, muscular power, muscular strength, and occupationally specific physical performance) that contribute to occupational performance and musculoskeletal injury risk in military personnel. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted in January 2021 and was subsequently updated in July 2021 and December 2021. Included studies consisted of comparative groups of healthy military personnel performing traditional and nontraditional military physical training with at least one assessment representative of a fitness domain. Study appraisal was conducted using the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis was conducted via forest plots, standard mean difference (SMD, effect size), and intertrial heterogeneity (I2). RESULTS From a total of 7,350 records, 15 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion in this review, with a total of 1,613 participants. The average study quality via the PEDro score was good (5.3/10; range 4/10 to 6/10). Nontraditional military physical training resulted in greater posttraining values for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.46; P = .004; I2 = 68%), power (SMD = 1.57; P < .0001; I2 = 90%), strength via repetition maximum testing (SMD = 1.95; P < .00001; I2 = 91%), and occupationally specific physical performance (SMD = 0.54; P = .007; I2 = 66%) compared to the traditional group. There was no significant difference for aerobic fitness (SMD = -0.31; P = .23; I2 = 86%), flexibility (SMD = 0.58; P = .16; I2 = 76%), and muscular strength via maximal voluntary contraction (SMD = 0.18; P = .28; I2 = 66%) between training groups. CONCLUSIONS The current systematic review identified that nontraditional military physical training had a greater posttraining effect on muscular endurance, power, strength measured via repetition maximum, and occupationally specific physical performance compared to traditional military physical training. Overall, these findings suggest that nontraditional military physical training may be beneficial in optimizing occupational performance while potentially reducing musculoskeletal injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Smith
- Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, Australian Army, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Brian Heilbronn
- Royal Australian Army Medical Corps, Australian Army, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Anthony Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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22
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Alternating Attention and Physical Fitness in Relation to the Level of Combat Training. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020241. [PMID: 35206856 PMCID: PMC8872041 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The level of combat training (CT) of the future commander-leader is of critical importance to the armed forces in national defense. This study aimed to search for the relationship between the level of alternating attention, physical fitness and shooting accuracy (SA), and academic achievements in practical military subjects (PMS). The study group consisted of 137 cadets of the Military University of Land Forces. The measure of alternating attention in the study was the Color Trails Test results. Motor components were assessed by measuring hand static strength, endurance run, and time of a speed and agility run. SA and PMS were taken as measures of cadets’ CT. Significantly higher PMS were associated with higher levels of strength and better endurance in cadets. The physical fitness of the cadets did not significantly affect the cadets’ SA. The main result of the study is the revelation of the level of alternating attention as a strong determinant of cadets’ SA. The authors suggest that the main emphasis should be put on the physical preparation of a modern soldier, focused on the development of strength and endurance skills. It is also reasonable to introduce cognitive stimulation exercises to shooting training.
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High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) Improves Fitness in Recruit Firefighters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413400. [PMID: 34949008 PMCID: PMC8704463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighting is a strenuous profession requiring adequate levels of fitness for effective job performance. Providing firefighters with a safe and effective fitness program is essential for optimal performance. The purpose of this project was to examine changes in various parameters of physical fitness and firefighter ability following a 7-week high intensity functional training (HIFT) program. METHODS Participants were male firefighter recruits (N = 89; age = 27.1 ± 4.2 years, height = 1.78 ± 0.1 m, BMI = 28.1 ± 4.2) enrolled in a Basic Operations Firefighter Academy. Fitness and firefighting ability (via the Academy Firefighter Challenge) were assessed at Weeks 1 and 7 of the Academy. RESULTS Significant improvements in both fitness and firefighter ability were seen following the HIFT program. Specifically, fitness (BMI, cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance) improved significantly [Hotelling's T2 = 8.98, F(5, 84) = 150.92, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.90]. Firefighter ability also improved significantly [Hotelling's T2 = 3.95, F(7, 88) = 46.26, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.80]. CONCLUSIONS Following a 7-week Basic Operations Firefighter Academy that included daily HIFT, significant increases in fitness and firefighting ability were observed. These findings suggest that HIFT appears to be an effective means of improving fitness and firefighting ability in recruit firefighters.
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The Effects of Running Compared with Functional High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Aerobic Fitness in Female University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111312. [PMID: 34769831 PMCID: PMC8583460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval running (HIIT-R) and high-intensity functional training (HIFT) are two forms of HIIT exercise that are commonly used. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of HIFT on aerobic capacity and body composition when compared to HIIT-R in females. Twenty healthy, untrained female university students (age 20.5 ± 0.7 year) were randomly assigned to a 12-week HIIT-R or HIFT intervention. The HIIT-R group involved a 30 s maximal shuttle run with a 30 s recovery period, whereas the HIFT involved multiple functional exercises with a 2:1 work-active recovery ratio. Body composition, VO2max, and muscle performance were measured before and post intervention. As a result, HIIT-R and HIIT-F stimulated similar improvements in VO2max (17.1% ± 5.6% and 12.7% ± 6.7%, respectively, p > 0.05). Only the HIIT-F group revealed significant improvements in muscle performance (sit-ups, 16.5% ± 3.1%, standing broad jump 5.1% ± 2.2%, p < 0.05). Body fat percentage decreased (17.1% ± 7.4% and 12.6% ± 5.1%, respectively, p < 0.05) in both HIIT-R and HIIT-F with no between-group differences. We concluded that HIFT was equally effective in promoting body composition and aerobic fitness compared to HIIT-R. HIFT resulted in improved muscle performance, whereas the HIIT-R protocol demonstrated no gains.
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25
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Sá M, Santos T, Afonso J, Peralta M, Henriques-Neto D, Marques A. A combined training program's effect on anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness and blood pressure in elite police. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:508-516. [PMID: 34256533 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined training (CT) simultaneously associates aerobic and strength exercises. Worldwide, studies on CT´s on Police officers' physical fitness are scarce. This study aims to measure a 4-month CT program's impact in the Close Protection Unit of the Portuguese Elite Police. METHODS A pre-and post-test study included 32 participants (mean age 30.1±2.7 years old). Anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and blood pressure assessments were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, 26.0) with a significance level at p≤0.05. RESULTS The main results showed an improvement in anthropometrics; aerobic capacity, strength, muscular endurance, and systolic blood pressure. However, a lean mass decrease, a fat mass increase, and worse results in other bioimpedance measures were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the poor body composition results may imply a closer look for health concerns, although physical fitness has improved. Thus, it might be suggested that a CT program is helpful to increase physical fitness in elite police officers. Yet, improvements for its future application can be suggested, namely to include and address hydration level, nutrition, and rest/sleep moments. Moreover, because a high physical fitness level is needed in these population throughout their lifespan, ministerial policies should develop specific training programs, that can reduce morbidity and premature mortality, and have a major cos-teffectiveness impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sá
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal - .,Corpo de Segurança Pessoal, Unidade Especial de Polícia da Polícia de Segurança Pública, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Teresa Santos
- Universidade Europeia, Lisboa - Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde (CIIS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Center for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Adilson Marques
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Durkalec-Michalski K, Zawieja EE, Zawieja BE, Podgórski T. Evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of the cross-training specific Fight Gone Bad workout and its relation to aerobic fitness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7263. [PMID: 33790372 PMCID: PMC8012697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-training is a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) with multiple workout modalities. Despite the increasing number of studies in HIFT, there is still no validated test to measure its specific performance. It would also be advisable to determine whether selected cross-training workouts can implement a stimulus corresponding to maximize aerobic work. For these reasons, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the repeatability and reliability of Fight Gone Bad (FGB) workout and to assess its relationship with aerobic fitness. Twenty-one cross-training participants (9 females) finished the study protocol which included three two-day measurement sessions separated by 10 days. During each session, participants had their body composition measured, and they performed two exercise tests. The first test was an incremental cycling test to measure aerobic fitness, and the second was a cross-training specific FGB workout performed the next day. Reliability and repeatability were calculated from the three measurements. The total FGB Score (FGBTOTAL) showed excellent reliability (ICC 0.9, SEM 6%). Moreover, FGBTOTAL was strongly correlated with aerobic fitness (i.e., time to exhaustion (Texh, R2 = 0.72), maximal workload (Wmax, R2 = 0.69), time to gas exchange threshold (TGET, R2 = 0.68), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak, R2 = 0.59). We also found that agreement between standardized FGB and standardized aerobic performance indices such as Texh, VO2peak, Wmax, maximum heart rate, TGET, and workload at gas exchange threshold was high by the Bland-Altman method. In conclusion, FGB is a reliable test that can be used in order to measure changes in cross-training performance caused by an intervention. Moreover, FGB is strongly correlated to aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Emilia E Zawieja
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bogna E Zawieja
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznan, Poland
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Kostoulas ID, Kounalakis SN, Toubekis AG, Kaniadakis A, Karagiannis A, Mavraganis D, Karatrantou K, Gerodimos V. The Effect of a Surface Combat Swimming Training Program on Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1004-1011. [PMID: 33690867 DOI: 10.1055/a-1386-4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study the effect of a surface combat swimming (sCS) training program on performance in freestyle swimming and sCS was examined. Forty-five officer cadets were divided into three equivalent groups: a control group (CG), a group that was trained only with a swimsuit and fins (SF), and a group that was trained with combat uniform and equipment (UE). Groups SF and UE followed a 60-min training program with sCS for 4 weeks, 4 times per week. Before and after the training program all groups performed 4×50 and 400-m freestyle swimming, 250-m sCS with a uniform and equipment, 350-m with a swimsuit and fins, and 300-m with a swimsuit. The UE group showed improved performance in 4×50-m (mean±SD 14±9 s) and in 250-m sCS (24±14 s) (p<0.01). Both the SF group and the UE group improved in 300-m sCS, in 350-m sCS and in 400-m freestyle (p<0.05). We conclude that the training adaptations seemed to be specific, not only with regard to the activity performed, but also in terms of the actual conditions of an operation, which also include equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Kostoulas
- Faculty of Physical & Cultural Education , Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Athens, Greece.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kaniadakis
- Faculty of Physical & Cultural Education , Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Mavraganis
- Faculty of Physical & Cultural Education , Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Gerodimos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Tomes C, Schram B, Orr R. Relationships Between Heart Rate Variability, Occupational Performance, and Fitness for Tactical Personnel: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:583336. [PMID: 33240835 PMCID: PMC7680786 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.583336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Heart Rate Variability has gained substantial interest in both clinical and athletic settings as a measurement tool for quantifying autonomic nervous system activity and psychophysiological stress. However, its uses in tactical work settings, such as military, police, and firefighting environments, remain controversial. Given the physical, mental, and emotional stress public safety personnel face both operationally and in training, heart rate variability measurement may be key in promoting their health, safety and operational effectiveness. Methods: This study identified, critically appraised, and summarized primary studies investigating relationships between heart rate variability and outcomes of interest to tactical personnel. Key literature databases were searched, and quality assessment checklists were applied to analyze retained literature. The results of the screening and assessment processes, along with key data extracted from each study were summarized and tabulated. Research gaps were also identified to facilitate improvements to how tactical personnel and health or performance providers may best utilize heart rate variability to monitor or promote personnel health and performance, and thereby facilitate public safety. Results: Twenty studies were included and were all of generally high quality. Cohort size, length of follow-up, measurement objectives, data acquisition, and data analysis all varied considerably across studies, precluding meta-analysis. However, study results correlating heart rate variability and relevant outcomes indicated that overall, heart rate variability is an effective indicator of key fitness and performance elements in the tactical work setting. Conclusions: Heart rate variability can be an effective health and performance tool in tactical work environments. However, measurement methods must be carefully selected and applied. Further research is required to understand causal relationships. Specifically, larger cohort inclusion and the isolation and study of specific variables unique to public safety work and training may improve the effectiveness of heart rate variability measurement to provide meaningful information to end users and providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Tomes
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Schram
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
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Kilen A, Bay J, Bejder J, Breenfeldt Andersen A, Bonne T, Larsen P, Carlsen A, Egelund J, Nybo L, Vidiendal Olsen N, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Løvind Andersen J, Nordsborg NB. Distribution of concurrent training sessions does not impact endurance adaptation. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:291-296. [PMID: 32998848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Optimized concurrent training regimes are warranted in physical training of military-, law enforcement- and rescue-personnel. This study investigated if four 15-min endurance training sessions weekly improve aerobic capacity and performance more than one 60-min endurance session weekly during the initial phase of a Basic Military Training program. DESIGN A randomized training intervention study with functional and physiological tests before and after the intervention. METHODS Military conscripts (n=290) were randomly allocated to three groups completing 9 weeks training. Weekly training consisted of four endurance and four strength training sessions lasting 15min each ('Micro-training': MIC); one strength and one endurance session lasting 60min each ('Classical-training': CLA) or two 60min sessions of standard military training ('Control-training': CON). RESULTS Both 12-min (∼7-10%) and shuttle run performance (∼35-42%) improved (P≤0.001) similarly in all groups. Likewise, functional 2-min maximal repetition exercise capacity increased (P≤0.05) similarly in all groups (Lunges ∼17-24 %; PushUp ∼10-20%; AbdominalFlexions∼21-23%). Peak oxygen uptake changes depended on group (P≤0.05) with increases (P≤0.01) in MIC (7±7%, n=23) and CON (12±18%, n=17) and no changes in CLA. Maximal m. vastus lateralis citrate synthase activity decreased 14±26% (P≤0.001, n=18) in CLA. Likewise, maximal m. vastus lateralis 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity decreased 8±17% in MIC (n=28) and 14±24% in CLA (n=18). CONCLUSIONS Four 15-min endurance training sessions weekly improves running performance and strength-endurance similarly to one 60min session. Peak oxygen uptake only increases with more than one endurance session weekly and leg muscle oxidative capacity appears reduced after basic military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Kilen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Military Physical Training, Danish Armed Forces Medical Command, Danish Defence, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Bay
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Carlsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jesper Løvind Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ben-Zeev T, Hirsh T, Weiss I, Gornstein M, Okun E. The Effects of High-intensity Functional Training (HIFT) on Spatial Learning, Visual Pattern Separation and Attention Span in Adolescents. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:577390. [PMID: 33093827 PMCID: PMC7521200 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.577390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic, anaerobic, and strength exercises are known to improve various cognitive functions, such as executive functions, pattern separation, and working memory. High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is a form of physical activity that can be modified to any fitness level and elicits greater muscle recruitment than repetitive aerobic exercises, thereby improving cardiovascular endurance, strength, and flexibility. HIFT emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements via high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and muscle-strengthening exercises. It is yet unknown, however, whether HIFT affects cognitive functions in adolescents. To address this question, we subjected adolescents to 3 × 20 min training sessions/week of HIFT for 3 months. The effects of HIFT were tested on performance in: (1) virtual reality (VR)-based spatial learning task; (2) computerized visual pattern separation; and (3) attention span. The control group performed a typical physical class three times per week. The effects on cognition were tested at baseline and following 3 months of HIFT. Three months into the intervention, the HIFT group achieved higher scores in the spatial learning task, pattern separation task, and in the attention span test, compared with controls. These data suggest that HIFT can potentially translate into improving school performance in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavor Ben-Zeev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamir Hirsh
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbal Weiss
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Eitan Okun
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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31
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Browne JD, Carter R, Robinson A, Waldrup B, Zhang G, Carrillo E, Dinh M, Arnold MT, Hu J, Neufeld EV, Dolezal BA. Not All HIFT Classes Are Created Equal: Evaluating Energy Expenditure and Relative Intensity of a High-Intensity Functional Training Regimen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1206-1216. [PMID: 33042371 PMCID: PMC7523891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for efficient and effective exercises has grown in concert with increased attention to fitness as a determinant of overall health. While past studies have examined the benefits traditional conditioning exercises, there have been few investigations of high intensity functional training (HIFT). The aim of this study was to measure the energy expenditure and relative intensity from participation in a signature, 35-minute group-based HIFT regimen. During the HIFT session, 13 volunteers (aged 23-59 years, 6 females) donned a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer and a heart rate monitor. Mean caloric expenditure (528 ± 62 kcal), maximum heart rate (172 ± 8 bpm), and metabolic equivalents (12.2 ± 1.4 kcal/kg/h) were characterized as a vigorous-intensity activity according to the Compendium of Physical Activities guidelines. Moreover, implementing this high energy expenditure session twice weekly may comport with Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans weekly physical activity recommendations. HIFT training may provide time-efficient exercise for those seeking exercise-related health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Browne
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Robert Carter
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Robinson
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brigette Waldrup
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Zhang
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Carrillo
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minhsang Dinh
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Arnold
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hu
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric V Neufeld
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Brett A Dolezal
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vodičar M, Kovčan B, Pori P, Vodičar J, Šimenko J, Karpljuk D, Marković G, Hadžić V. Regular strength training and baseline fitness in overweight infantry members of Slovenian Armed Forces. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 168:141-145. [PMID: 32487675 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of overweight subjects in military cohorts increases despite the obligatory army physical fitness test (APFT) requirements and the negative consequences of possible test failure due to the increased body mass index (BMI). Studies that have examined the association of BMI with baseline fitness in the military are showing conflicting evidence. The primary aim of the study is to examine BMI effects on baseline fitness that was measured by APFT and additional functional performance tests (FT) (vertical countermovement jump with and without load, loaded prone plank, single-leg hamstring bridge test and pull-ups). Our secondary goal is to explore if regular strength training modifies the BMI effect on baseline fitness. METHODS A cross-sectional study on a sample of 118 male infantry soldiers that have performed APFT and FT was carried out. Body mass and body height measurements were used to calculate BMI, and to categorise participants into BMI ranks. Two independent categorical variables (BMI rank and strength training) were used to evaluate their influence on dependent variables of physical performance acquired from APFT and FT. RESULTS A significantly large size effect of BMI rank (F=1.69, p=0.037; effect size (ES)=0.15) and regular strength training (F=2.66, p=0.006; ES=0.21) on physical performance was found. It was shown that strength training had a medium ES on push-up and pull-up performance, as well as on the overall APFT score and loaded plank. CONCLUSIONS The importance of regular strength training and normal BMI for better overall baseline fitness in infantry members was highlighted. Most importantly, it was shown that performance is not affected in overweight soldiers who are performing regular strength training in addition to their daily physical training. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03415464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Vodičar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Kovčan
- Sports Unit, Slovenian Armed Forces, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Pori
- Department of Sports & Medicine, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Vodičar
- Institute of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Šimenko
- Essex Pathways Department, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - D Karpljuk
- Department of Sports & Medicine, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - G Marković
- Department of Kinesiology of Sport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Hadžić
- Department of Sports & Medicine, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Sport, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Menz V, Marterer N, Amin SB, Faulhaber M, Hansen AB, Lawley JS. Functional Vs. Running Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training: Effects on VO 2max and Muscular Endurance. J Sports Sci Med 2019; 18:497-504. [PMID: 31427872 PMCID: PMC6683610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess if high-intensity interval training (HIIT) using functional exercises is as effective as traditional running HIIT in improving maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and muscular endurance. Fifteen healthy, moderately trained female (n = 11) and male (n= 4) participants (age 25.6 ± 2.6 years) were assigned to either running HIIT (HIIT-R; n = 8, 6 females, 2 males) or functional HIIT (HIIT-F; n = 7, 5 females, 2 males). Over a four-week period, both groups performed 14 exercise sessions of either HIIT-R or, HIIT-F consisting of 3-4 sets of low-volume HIIT (8x 20 s, 10 s rest; set rest: 5 min). Training heart rate (HR) data were collected throughout all training sessions. Mean and peak HR during the training sessions were significantly different (p = 0.018 and p = 0.022, respectively) between training groups, with HIIT-F eliciting lower HR responses than the HIIT-R. However, despite these differences in exercise HR, VO2max improved similarly (~13% for the HIIT-R versus ~11% for the HIIT-F, p=0.300). Muscular endurance (burpees and toes to bar) significantly improved (p =0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively) independent of training modality. These findings suggest that classic running HIIT and functional HIIT both improve VO2max and affect muscular endurance to the same extent despite a lower cardiovascular strain in the functional protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Menz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Marterer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Rynecki ND, Siracuse BL, Ippolito JA, Beebe KS. Injuries sustained during high intensity interval training: are modern fitness trends contributing to increased injury rates? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1206-1212. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dijksma I, Zimmermann W, Lucas C, Stuiver M. A pre-training conditioning program to increase physical fitness and reduce attrition due to injuries in Dutch Airmobile recruits: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100342. [PMID: 30923774 PMCID: PMC6421357 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low baseline fitness of recruits entering basic military training is shown to be associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) and attrition of military training. This in turn leads to an increased demand for health care, increased health care costs and decreased personnel occupancy rate of military units. DESIGN Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a pre-training conditioning program on cardiovascular endurance, incidence of overuse injuries, and attrition rates in Dutch Airmobile recruits undertaking initial military training. SETTING Royal Netherlands Army, Air Assault Brigade military training course. PARTICIPANTS Recruits are considered eligible for this study when they are 'low-fit' at the start of the initial military training. Time to complete a 2700 m run test in ≥12'23'' is used as selection criteria. INTERVENTIONS We use a complex system approach to cover multiple domains of MSI prevention and optimise intervention circumstance; a pre-training conditioning program, training staff support, process-focused culture and health accountability. The pre-training conditioning program contains functional training to improve mobility, power, agility, lower and upper body strength and cardiovascular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance will be targeted both by endurance training and high intensity interval training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Outcome measures include cardiovascular endurance, injury incidence, attrition rates, lost training days due to injuries, and implementation fidelity of the PCP. TRIAL STATUS Recruitment of participants commenced April 18, 2018 and final results are expected in August 2019. TRIAL REGISTRATION Dutch trial register www.trialregister.nl/=trial/6791.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Dijksma
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Physical Therapy Department, Medical Centre Airmobile Brigade, Royal Netherlands Army, Schaarsbergen, the Netherlands
| | - W.O. Zimmermann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C. Lucas
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M.M. Stuiver
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and competitions: How motives differ by length of participation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213812. [PMID: 30897101 PMCID: PMC6428326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a unique fitness method that promotes an active lifestyle and has seen exponential and continual growth over the last two decades. Motivation to exercise is likely to change over time as individuals' motives to initiate exercise may be different than those which motivate them to maintain an exercise program. The purpose of this study was to examine the motivational factors reported by individuals who actively engage in HIFT with varying length of participation and competition levels. 737 adults (32.4 ± 8.2 years) with more than three-months of HIFT experience completed an online version of the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI-2) survey. Those who had greater length of participation reported more motives associated with relatedness (i.e., affiliation, competition) and enjoyment, while those with less HIFT participation were more motivated by body-related variables (i.e., weight management). Further, motivational variables (e.g., social recognition, affiliation, challenge) varied depending on whether or not individuals had competed in an online qualifier. Understanding these differences in motivation may aid in exercise promotion, initiation, and adherence, and moreover promote long-term physical and mental health benefits.
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Cadegiani FA, Kater CE, Gazola M. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and overtraining syndrome: findings from the EROS study (The EROS-HIFT). J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1296-1307. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1555912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio A. Cadegiani
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio E. Kater
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gazola
- Adrenal and Hypertension Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Feito Y, Heinrich KM, Butcher SJ, Poston WSC. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): Definition and Research Implications for Improved Fitness. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030076. [PMID: 30087252 PMCID: PMC6162410 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is an exercise modality that emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements that can be modified to any fitness level and elicit greater muscle recruitment than more traditional exercise. As a relatively new training modality, HIFT is often compared to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), yet the two are distinct. HIIT exercise is characterized by relatively short bursts of repeated vigorous activity, interspersed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise for recovery, while HIFT utilizes constantly varied functional exercises and various activity durations that may or may not incorporate rest. Over the last decade, studies evaluating the effectiveness of HIIT programs have documented improvements in metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations; however, less is known about the effects of HIFT. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a working definition of HIFT and review the available literature regarding its use to improve metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations in strength and conditioning programs among various populations. Additionally, we aim to create a definition that is used in future publications to evaluate more effectively the future impact of this type of training on health and fitness outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA.
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Scotty J Butcher
- School of Rehabilitation Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Walker S Carlos Poston
- Institute of Biobehavioral Health Research, National Development and Research Institute, Leawood, KS 66211, USA.
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Baird SO, Metts C, Conroy HE, Rosenfield D, Smits JA. Physical Activity and Community Engagement (PACE) to facilitate community reintegration among returning veterans: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 11:136-141. [PMID: 30094389 PMCID: PMC6072908 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a surprising lack of disseminable, community-based interventions for veterans experiencing difficulties during the reintegration process from military to civilian life. Physical Activity and Community Engagement (PACE) is a program which combines routine vigorous-intensity exercise with community engagement. The program builds on emergent evidence supporting the benefits of routine vigorous-intensity exercise among and establishing social connection. Using a randomized controlled trial (N = 60), we will obtain feasibility data and initial effect sizes for the early effects of PACE on reintegration difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett O. Baird
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Christopher Metts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Haley E. Conroy
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jasper A.J. Smits
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Feito Y, Moriarty TA, Mangine G, Monahan J. The use of a smart-textile garment during high-intensity functional training: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:947-954. [PMID: 30024125 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearable devices are common in the health and fitness industry and provide valuable information to improve and achieve fitness goals. The Hexoskin shirt (Hx) is one such device that has been shown to be valid and reliable. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the Hx to established methods during a maximal graded exercise test (TM) and a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) session. METHODS Ten healthy individuals (31.0±7.6 years, 76.4±11.4 kg; 1.7±0.1 m) volunteered for this study and completed a TM and a HIFT exercise session. During both testing sessions, respiratory measures (respiratory rate [RR], and respiratory volume [RV]) were assessed using a portable metabolic system (Cosmed K4b2; K4), and heart rate (HR) was determined via ECG in a standard 12-lead configuration. The Hx was worn during both sessions. RESULTS During TM, a 4% difference was noted for HR during cool down, while exercising HR and RV, along with RR during cool down were all under 10%. During HIFT, HR at rest and cool down, as well as RR during exercise were less than 10%. The variation between technologies for the remaining variables ranged between 12.3-39.9% and 10.9-41.1% for TM and HIFT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The Hx smart garment may be utilized to provide select cardiorespiratory data in a TM and HIFT session. We recommend that the validity and reliability be fully established before the Hx smart garment is entirely utilized for all cardiorespiratory data and research purposes in a field-based environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA -
| | - Terence A Moriarty
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gerald Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Monahan
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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Are Changes in Physical Work Capacity Induced by High-Intensity Functional Training Related to Changes in Associated Physiologic Measures? Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020026. [PMID: 29910330 PMCID: PMC6026831 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) is a novel exercise intervention that may test body systems in a balanced and integrated fashion by challenging individuals’ abilities to complete mechanical work. However, research has not previously determined if physical work capacity is unique to traditional physiologic measures of fitness. Twenty-five healthy men and women completed a six-week HIFT intervention with physical work capacity and various physiologic measures of fitness assessed pre- and post-intervention. At baseline, these physiologic measures of fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity) were significantly associated with physical work capacity and this relationship was even stronger at post-intervention assessment. Further, there were significant improvements across these physiologic measures in response to the delivered intervention. However, the change in these physiologic measures failed to predict the change in physical work capacity induced via HIFT. These findings point to the potential utility of HIFT as a unique challenge to individuals’ physiology beyond traditional resistance or aerobic training. Elucidating the translational impact of increasing work capacity via HIFT may be of great interest to health and fitness practitioners ranging from strength/conditioning coaches to physical therapists.
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