Inhibition of metastasis and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by crude polysaccharides from rosa roxburghii tratt in vitro

Dissipation and residue of triadimefon in Rosa roxburghii

Rosa roxburghii (R. roxburghii) is a unique, edible, medicinal fruit rich in vitamin C found in Southwest China. Triadimefon (TDF) is a triazole fungicide that is widely used to control powdery mildew in R. roxburghii. To assess the safety of TDF in R. roxburghii, an LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of TDF and its major metabolite, triadimenol (TDN) in R. roxburghii. Both TDF and TDN showed high correlation coefficients (>0.999) for the solvent- and matrix-matched calibrations. The recovery rates of TDF and TDN in R. roxburghii ranged from 90.18% to 100.42%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.25%-9.22%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg·kg-1. The half-life of TDF in R. roxburghii was between 2.74 and 3.07 days, with terminal residues ranging from < LOQ to 1.84 mg·kg-1. Recommended maximum residue limits (MRLs) and safe pre-harvest intervals (PHIs) for TDF in R. roxburghii were 0.5 mg·kg-1 and 21 days, respectively. This study provides essential data for TDF's safe and judicious use in R. roxburghii production.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Structural Characteristics and Multiple Bioactivities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt Fruit Polysaccharides

Drying conditions significantly impact the compositions and microstructures of polysaccharides, leading to various effects on their chemical characteristics and bioactivities. The objective of this study was to investigate how different industrial drying techniques, i.e., hot air drying, infrared drying, microwave vacuum drying, and freeze drying, affect the structural properties and biological activities of polysaccharides extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RRTP). Results revealed that these drying methods significantly altered the extraction yield, molecular weights, monosaccharide ratios, contents of uronic acid and total sugars, gelling properties, particle sizes, thermal stability, and microstructures of RRTPs. However, the monosaccharide composition and functional groups of polysaccharides remained consistent across the different drying techniques. Biological activity assays demonstrated that RRTPs, particularly those processed through microwave vacuum drying (MVD-RRTP), exhibited excellent anti-linoleic acid oxidation, robust anti-glycosylation effects, and significant α-glucosidase inhibition in vitro. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that microwave vacuum drying serves as an effective pre-extraction drying method for RRTPs, enhancing their biological activities. This technique is particularly advantageous for preparing RRTPs intended for use in functional foods and pharmaceuticals, optimizing their health-promoting properties for industrial applications.

Chemical diversity, traditional uses, and bioactivities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt: A comprehensive review

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT), known as chestnut rose, has been a subject of growing interest because of its diverse chemical composition and wide range of traditional uses. This comprehensive review aimed to thoroughly examine RRT, including its traditional applications, chemical diversity, and various bioactivities. The chemical profile of this plant is characterized by the presence of essential nutrients such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid), flavonoids, triterpenes, organic acids, tannins, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, carotenoids, triterpenoids, volatile compounds, amino acids, and essential oils. These constituents contribute to the medicinal and nutritional value. Additionally, we explore the multifaceted bioactivities of RRT, including its potential as an anticancer agent, antioxidant, antiaging agent, antiatherogenic agent, hypoglycemic agent, immunoregulatory modulator, radioprotective agent, antimutagenic agent, digestive system regulator, anti-inflammatory agent, cardioprotective agent, and antibacterial agent, and its intriguing role in modulating the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of this plant species and shed light on its ecological significance. This comprehensive review provides a holistic understanding of RRT, bridges traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific research, and highlights its potential applications in medicine, nutrition, and pharmacology.

Rosa roxburghii tratt residue as an alternative feed for improving growth, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and slaughter performance in Hu sheep

The utilization of agro-industrial by-products, such as fruit residues, presents a promising strategy for providing alternative feed to ruminants amidst rising prices and limited availability of traditional roughage. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rosa roxburghii tratt residue, a local fruit residue in Guizhou province of China, on the growth, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, and slaughter performance of Hu sheep. Ninety-six sheep were randomly divided into four groups, namely control, treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue, respectively. Feeding varying levels of Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue showed no significant differences in dry matter intake, average daily gain, or the ratio of dry matter intake to average daily gain. However, sheep in the group fed with 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue showed the highest gross profit. Plasma albumin content was lower in groups fed with Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue-containing diets compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, diet treatment 3 decreased plasma creatinine levels compared to control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05). Sheep in treatment 2 and treatment 3 exhibited higher plasma high-density lipoprotein level than control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05), as well as increased total cholesterol levels compared to control (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other plasma metabolites. Rumen pH, N-NH3, volatile fatty acids, and methane levels did not differ significantly among the four groups. However, feeding diets treatment 2 and treatment 3 resulted in decreased water holding capacity and increased shear force compared to control and treatment 1 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pH, red chromaticity (a*), yellowness index (b*), and luminance (L*) were unaffected among the four groups of sheep. In conclusion, the inclusion of up to 30% Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue had no adverse effects on growth performance, allowing for feed cost savings without impacting rumen fermentation parameters. Rosa roxburghii tratt residue also showed benefits in improving plasma protein efficiency and enhancing lipid metabolism, albeit with limited effects on meat quality. Considering its affordability, Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue presents a practical choice for low-cost diets, ensuring economic returns.

The chromosome-level genome and functional database accelerate research about biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Rosa roxburghii

Rosa roxburghii Tratt, a valuable plant in China with long history, is famous for its fruit. It possesses various secondary metabolites, such as L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), alkaloids and poly saccharides, which make it a high nutritional and medicinal value. Here we characterized the chromosome-level genome sequence of R. roxburghii, comprising seven pseudo-chromosomes with a total size of 531 Mb and a heterozygosity of 0.25%. We also annotated 45,226 coding gene loci after masking repeat elements. Orthologs for 90.1% of the Complete Single-Copy BUSCOs were found in the R. roxburghii annotation. By aligning with protein sequences from public platform, we annotated 85.89% genes from R. roxburghii. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that R. roxburghii diverged from Rosa chinensis approximately 5.58 to 13.17 million years ago, and no whole-genome duplication event occurred after the divergence from eudicots. To fully utilize this genomic resource, we constructed a genomic database RroFGD with various analysis tools. Otherwise, 69 enzyme genes involved in L-ascorbate biosynthesis were identified and a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of vitamin C, GDH (L-Gal-1-dehydrogenase), is used as an example to introduce the functions of the database. This genome and database will facilitate the future investigations into gene function and molecular breeding in R. roxburghii.

Characterization and prebiotic potential of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace by ultrasound-assisted extraction

In this study, polysaccharides (RRTPs) were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt pomace by hot water or ultrasound (US)-assisted extraction. The structural properties and potential prebiotic functions of RRTPs were investigated. Structural characterization was conducted through HPAEC, HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR and SEM. Chemical composition analysis revealed that RRTPs extracted by hot water (RRTP-HW) or US with shorter (RRTP-US-S) or longer duration (RRTP-US-L) all consisted of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid in various molar ratio. US extraction caused notable reduction in molecular weight of RRTPs but no significant changes in primary structures. Fecal fermentation showed RRTPs could reshape microbial composition toward a healthier balance, leading to a higher production of beneficial metabolites including total short-chain fatty acids, curcumin, noopept, spermidine, 3-feruloylquinic acid and citrulline. More beneficial shifts in bacterial population were observed in RRTP-HW group, while RRTP-US-S had stronger ability to stimulate bacterial short-chain fatty acids production. Additionally, metabolic profiles with the intervention of RRTP-HW, RRTP-US-S or RRTP-US-L were significantly different from each other. The results suggested RRTPs had potential prebiotic effects which could be modified by power US via molecular weight degradation.

Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, structural characterization, and anticancer activity of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit

In this work, Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit polysaccharides (RPs) were extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method. The highest extraction yield of RPs was 4.78 ± 0.10 % under the optimal extraction conditions. Two purified fractions named RP1 and RP3 were obtained and systematically characterized by a combination strategy of FT-IR, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, methylation and 2D NMR spectroscopy analyses. Structural analysis showed that the main chain of RP1 was composed of rhamnogalacturonan type I (RG-I), while the side chains were rich in arabinogalactan and galactose. RP3 was composed of long homogalacturonan (HG) backbone interspersed with alternating sequences of RG-I domains, with galactose and arabinose side chains. RP1 and RP3 induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in a dose dependent manner in vitro especially for RP1, and had no effect on L929 cells. Furthermore, the possible anticancer mechanisms were revealed, and results suggested that RP1 induced apoptosis through ROS-dependent pathway and mitochondrial pathway. The results of this work not only provided an efficient extraction method and theoretical basis for the application of RPs, but also may contribute to develop novel functional foods or pharmaceutical products for the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer disease.

Selenium-enriched crude polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt ameliorates cadmium-induced acute kidney injury in mice by modulating intestinal microorganisms

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can cause serious damage to the body. It can trigger the oxidative stress response and damage various organs of the body (kidney, liver, brain, lung, testis, etc.). Selenium polysaccharides are considered to possess better antioxidant, immune regulation, and heavy metal removal activities than other polysaccharides, But few reports focused on Selenium Polysaccharides in Rosa roxburghii Tratt. The purpose of this study was to isolate crude polysaccharides (RRP), and crude Selenium polysaccharides (SeRRP) from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and determine their structure, antioxidant activity, and protective effects on cadmium-exposed mice (PONY-2020-FL-62). Results showed that SeRRP had lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The intake of food and body weight decreased, while the kidney index and liver index increased significantly after acute cadmium exposure. Most significantly, SeRRP ameliorates kidney injury by improving the kidney index. Furthermore, changes in the gut microbiota may be related to SeRRP or RRP. SeRRP and RRP decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, etc.). These findings indicate that SeRRP and RRP have the potential to be functional food against oxidant and heavy metal exposure.

Recent Advances on Main Active Ingredients, Pharmacological Activities of Rosa roxbughii and Its Development and Utilization

Rosa roxburghii tratt (R. roxburghii) is an important plant resource that is widely distributed in the southwest of China and favored by consumers due to its high nutritional value and healthy functions. Meanwhile, it is a traditional edible and medicinal plant in China. With the deepening research of R. roxburghii, more and more bioactive components and its health care and medicinal value have been discovered and developed in recent years. This review summarizes and discusses the recent advances on main active ingredients such as vitamin, protein, amino acid, superoxide dismutase, polysaccharide, polyphenol, flavonoid, triterpenoid and mineral, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumor activity, glucose and lipid metabolism regulation, anti-radiation effect, detoxification effect, and viscera protection of R. roxbughii, as well as its development and utilization. The research status and existing problems of R. roxburghii development and quality control are also briefly introduced. This review ends with some suggestions on the perspectives and directions for future research and potential applications of R. roxbughii.

Exploring the active components and potential mechanisms of Rosa roxburghii Tratt in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus based on UPLC-Q-exactive Orbitrap/MS and network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global disease with growing prevalence that is difficult to cure. Rosa roxburghii Tratt is an edible and medicinal plant, and modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has potential anti-diabetic activity. This is the first study to explore the active components and potential mechanisms of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit for treating T2DM based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS and network pharmacology.

METHODS

The active components of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit were obtained from UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS analysis and retrieval in the SciFinder, PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. The potential targets of the active components were obtained from the SwissTargetPrediction and PharmMapper databases. The disease targets for T2DM were obtained from GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, DisGENent, and GEO databases. The intersection of the two datasets was used to obtain the potential targets of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit against T2DM. The target protein interaction network was constructed using the String database and Cytoscape software. The R software ClusterProfiler package was used for target enrichment analysis and the Cytoscape CytoNCA plug-in was used to screen core targets. Molecular docking and result visualization were performed using PyMOL and Autodock Vina software.

RESULTS

We obtained 20 bioactive ingredients, including alphitolic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid, as well as 13 core targets, such as AKT1, TNF, SRC, and VEGFA. All bioactive ingredients in Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit were active against T2DM-related therapeutic targets. Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit may play a therapeutic role in T2DM by regulating the PI3K/AKT, RAS, AGE-RAGE, and other signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explored the active components and potential mechanisms of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit in the treatment of T2DM, laying the foundation for a further experimental study based on pharmacodynamic substances and their mechanisms of action.

Recent advances in polysaccharides from Rose roxburghii Tratt fruits: isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivities

Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RRF), known commonly as Cili in China, is a highly valued fruit that contains abundant functional and nutritional constituents with a variety of health-promoting benefits. Polysaccharides (RRFPs) are regarded as one of the crucial biological compounds in RRF. Existing literature has shown that RRFPs possess various remarkable biological activities, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota modulation capabilities. In recent years, isolation and purification methods, structural characteristics, and biological activities of RRFPs have been drawing increasing attention. However, there is no up-to-date review of research progress on this front. In this review, recent advances in RRFPs, including their isolation, purification, structural characterization, biological activity, and the structure-activity relationship are summarized and discussed. In addition, this review highlights the challenges and prospects of RRFPs. Overall, this review provides useful research underpinnings and updated information for the further development and utilization of RRFPs in the fields of health, food, and medicine.

Inoculation of Prickly Pear Litter with Microbial Agents Promotes the Efficiency in Aerobic Composting

Prickly pear (Rosa roxburghii Tratt), a shrub mainly distributed in South China, is an economically essential plant for helping the local people out of poverty. To efficiently provide sufficient nutrients to the plant in the soil for the ecological cultivation of prickly pear, we studied the aerobic composting of a prickly pear litter with three agents, including AC (Bacillus natto, Bacillus sp., Actinomycetes sp., Saccharomyces sp., Trichoderma sp., Azotobacter sp., and Lactobacillus sp.), BC (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillaceae sp., Bacillus licheniformis, Saccharomyces sp., and Enterococcus faecalis), and CC (Bacillus sp., Actinomycetes sp., Lactobacillaceae sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Trichoderma sp.) and a control without microbial agents. The results show that the physicochemical and microbial traits of three resultant prickly pear composts were different after the inoculation with AC, BC, or CC. The pH values of three composts ranged from 8.0 to 8.5, and their conductivity values were between 1.6 and 1.9 mS/cm. The seed germination index of all three composts exceeded 70%. The contents of volatile solids and organic matter of the three composts both decreased significantly. The BC maximally increased the total N (18%) of the compost, whereas the CC maximally increased the total P (48%) and total K (38%) contents. Contents of available P and available K of the three composts increased significantly, and the available N content in compost after BC inoculation increased by 16%. The physicochemical features showed that three composts were non-hazardous to plants, and the microbial agents improved nutrient availability. The richness, Chao1, and Shannon index in the bacterial communities of three composts increased significantly. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes bacterium became dominant in the three composts, whereas at the family level, Microscillaceae and A4b (phylum Chloroflexi) became the dominant groups. Abundant cellulose-degrading bacteria existed at the dominant phylum level, which promoted fiber degradation in composts. Organic matter and the available N content regulated the composting bacterium. The inoculants enhanced the efficiency of composting: agents B and C were more suitable exogenous inoculants for the composting of a prickly pear litter.

Construction of a Microfluidic Platform With Core-Shell CdSSe@ZnS Quantum Dot-Encoded Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Microspheres for Screening and Locating Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Inhibitors From Fruits of Rosa roxburghii

The microfluidic platform is a versatile tool for screening and locating bioactive molecules from functional foods. Here, a layer-by-layer assembly approach was used to fabricate core-shell CdSSe@ZnS quantum dot encoded superparamagnetic iron oxide microspheres, which served as a carrier for matrix metalloproteinase-2. The matrix metalloproteinase-2 camouflaged magnetic microspheres was further incorporated into a homemade microfluidic platform and incubated with extracts of fruits of Rosa roxburghii. The flow rate of the microfluidic platform was tuned. The major influencing parameters on ligand binding, such as dissociate solvents, incubation pH, ion strength, temperature, and incubation time were also optimized by using ellagic acid as a model compound. The specific binding ligands were sent for structure elucidation by mass spectrometry. The absolute recovery of ellagic acid ranged from 101.14 to 102.40% in the extract of R. roxburghii under the optimal extraction conditions. The linearity was pretty well in the range of 0.009–1.00 mg·ml⁻¹ (R² = 0.9995). The limit of detection was 0.003 mg·ml⁻¹. The relative SDs of within-day and between-day precision were <1.91%. A total of thirteen ligands were screened out from fruits of R. roxburghii, which were validated for their inhibitory effect by enzyme assay. Of note, eleven new matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitors were identified, which may account for the antitumor effect of fruits of R. roxburghii.

Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of medicinal plants from Rosa genus

The genus Rosa (Rosaceae family) includes about 200 species spread in the world, and this genus shows unique advantages in medicine and food. To date, several scholars concentrated on compounds belonging to flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, polysaccharide, phenolic acids, fatty acids, organic acids, carotenoids, and vitamins. Pharmacological effects such as antineoplastic and anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver protection, regulate blood sugar, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, as well as nervous system protection and cardiovascular protection were wildly reported. This article reviews the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, applications and safety evaluations of Rosa plants, which provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of medicine and food resources and gives a scientific basis for the development of medicinal plants of the genus Rosa.

Potential value and mechanism of Rosa roxburghii tratt juice on pro-inflammatory responses in peripheral blood of patients with arsenic poisoning

Increasing evidence supports the role of arsenic in dysregulated immune and inflammation responses, while, safe and effective treatments have not been fully examined. Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT), a traditional Chinese edible fruit with potential immunoregulatory activities, was considered as a dietary supplement to explore its protective effects and possible mechanism in arsenic-induced dysregulated inflammation responses. We enrolled 209 arsenicosis patients and 41 controls to obtain baseline data, including the degree of arsenic poisoning prior to the RRT juice (RRTJ) intervention. Then, based on criteria of inclusion and exclusion and the principle of voluntary participation, 106 arsenicosis patients who volunteered to receive treatment were divided into RRTJ (n = 53) and placebo (n = 53) groups randomly. After three months follow-up, 89 subjects (46 and 43 of the RRTJ and placebo groups, respectively) completed the study and were examined for the effects and possible mechanisms of RRTJ on the Th17 cells-related pro-inflammatory responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The PBMCs had higher levels of Th17 and Th17-related inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-6, and RORγt. Furthermore, the gene expressions of STAT3 and SOCS3 in PBMCs increased and decreased, respectively. Conversely, RRTJ decreased the number of Th17 cells, secretion of IL-17, IL-6, RORγt, and relative mRNA levels of STAT3, and increased the transcript levels of SOCS3. This study provides limited evidence that possible immunomodulatory effects of RRTJ on the critical regulators, IL-6 and STAT3, of the Th17 cells in arsenicosis patients, which indicated that IL-6/STAT3 pathway might appear as a potential therapeutic target in arsenicosis.

Physicochemical characterization of a polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and its antitumor activity by activating ROS mediated pathways

Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit is a highly valued fruit that contains abundant functional and nutritional constituents. In this study, a novel polysaccharide, named RTFP-1, was isolated and purified from R. roxburghii Tratt fruit. Structural characterization indicated that RTFP-1 was a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide with the molecular weight (Mw) of 128.7 kDa and consisted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and fucose with molar ratio percentages of 34.84, 40.59, 12.11, 5.06, 3.39, and 4.01%, respectively. A CCK-8 assay indicated that RTFP-1 inhibited the cell growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological analysis and flow cytometry experiment showed that RTFP-1 promoted the apoptosis of HepG2 cells and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The underlying molecular mechanisms indicated that RTFP-1 activated the apoptosis of HepG2 cells through ROS-mediated MAPK, STAT, and p53 apoptotic pathways. These results suggest that RTFP-1 might be a potential chemopreventive and antitumor agent.

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Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit as source of natural bioactive polysaccharides.

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A heteropolysaccharide polysaccharide (RTFP-1) displayed potent antitumor activity.

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RTFP-1 included apoptosis of HepG2 cells by ROS-mediated MAPK, STAT, and p53 apoptotic pathways.

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RTFP-1 can be used as an exogenous antitumor agent.

Anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide from Pleurotus ostreatus on H22 mouse Hepatoma ascites in-vivo and hepatocellular carcinoma in-vitro model

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated death across the globe. Malignant ascites are the major clinical attributes in cancer patients. Despite the advancements in HCC treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and hormonal therapy, researchers are pursuing novel natural edible compounds for the treatment of cancer to eliminate dreadful side effects. Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most edible cuisines in Asia as well as all over the world. It has been a source of nutritious diet since it was classified as an edible mushroom with no or negligible side effects. The present study focused on the natural anti-cancerous and anti-ascites capabilities of polysaccharides extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus in-vivo as well as in-vitro. Administration of polysaccharide Pleurotus ostreatus showed a significant decrease in tumor cell metastasis while the increase in the survival period among mice models of H22 malignant ascites. Downregulation of regenerative genes Foxp3 and Stat3 and secretion of immunological factors such as IL-2, TNF α, and INF γ were observed after treating with the partially pure extracted polysaccharide. Twining with the hypothesis of tumor suppression in-vivo model polysaccharide showed a decrease in invasion and migration abilities and henceforth responsible for the gene regulation such Cytochrome C which supposedly induced the chain of gene regulation process resulting in apoptosis in HCC cell lines observed in-vitro experiments. Collective research findings manifested that polysaccharide extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus bears anti-proliferative activity and thus influence tumor suppression in-vivo and in-vitro against hepatocellular carcinoma and can be used for therapeutic purposes as a potential anti-cancerous source in the future.

Polysaccharides isolated from Bangia fuscopurpurea induce apoptosis and autophagy in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells

Although ovarian cancer is common, its prognosis remains poor because of drug resistance and early metastasis. Polysaccharides extracted from Bangia fuscopurpurea (BFP) are potential anti-cancer agents, but the mechanisms underlying their effects in human ovarian cancer remain unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of BFP polysaccharides in A2780 ovarian cancer cells using cell migration, invasion, apoptosis, and autophagy assays. Transwell assays indicated that BFP inhibited cell migration and invasion. Flow cytometry analysis showed that BFP treatment induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production, while significantly reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses revealed changes in the expression of apoptosis- and autophagy-related cellular mRNAs and proteins, respectively, following BFP treatment for 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that BFP induced autophagy in A2780 cells. These findings demonstrate that BFP may be useful for developing functional foods for cancer therapy.

Characterization of Volatile Compounds of Rosa roxburghii Tratt by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry, Quantitative Measurements, Odor Activity Value, and Aroma Intensity

Rosa roxburghii tratt (RRT), widely distributed in the southwest of China, is favored by consumers for its good taste and healthy functions. In this study, thirty-seven compounds of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (G-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Furthermore, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and ethyl hexanoate were present with much higher odor activity values (OAVs) than other compounds. The key notes were confirmed by omission tests. Possible interaction among key notes was investigated through odor intensity determination and sensory analysis. It showed fruity and woody notes had synergistic effects. Full factorial design was used to evaluate the notes contribution to the whole odor. One important finding is the major effect of order interactions, fruity note (X1) and woody note (X4) especially, emphasizing the existence of complex interactions occurring between odor notes. The interaction X1X4 was further investigated. The woody note has a positive effect when the fruity note is also in the mixture but tends to show a negative effect otherwise.

Chitosan Can Induce Rosa roxburghii Tratt. against Sphaerotheca sp. and Enhance Its Resistance, Photosynthesis, Yield, and Quality

Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca sp. is the most serious disease of Rosa roxburghii cultivation. In this study, the foliar application of chitosan induced Rosa roxburghii Tratt. against Sphaerotheca sp. and its effects on the disease resistance, growth, yield, and quality of R. roxburghii were investigated. The results show that the foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan could effectively control Sphaerotheca sp. of R. roxburghii with the inducing control efficacy of 69.30%~72.87%. The foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan significantly (p < 0.01) increased proline, soluble sugar, flavonoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and polyphenoloxidase (POD) activities of the R. roxburghii leaf and decreased its malonaldehyde (MDA), as well as reliably enhanced its photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll. Moreover, the foliar application of 1.0%~1.5% chitosan notably improved single fruit weight, yield, vitamin C, soluble solid, soluble sugar, total acidity, soluble protein, flavonoids, and SOD activity of R. roxburghii fruits. This study highlights that chitosan can be used as an ideal, efficient, safe, and economical inductor for controlling powdery mildew of R. Roxburgh and enhancing its resistance, growth, yield, and quality.

Physicochemical, biological properties, and flavour profile of Rosa roxburghii Tratt, Pyracantha fortuneana, and Rosa laevigata Michx fruits: A comprehensive review

In China, three Rosaceae fruits with distinctive flavours and functions have recently been transformed from edible plants into standardised juice or beverage products. To enhance the development of these fruit products, the results and conclusions from various investigations of the chemical and biological properties of fruits should be summarised. Based on industrial advances, there are still some limitation in the research and development of these fruit products that need to be addressed. Therefore, in this report, we provided a comprehensive and rigorous review to summarise critical data from phytochemical and biological investigations and from flavour profiles and industrial development of these fruit products. Our goal is to provide insights into recent research findings in order to advance studies and developments of products of these flavourful fruits from a reasonable perspective.

Botanical characteristics, phytochemistry and related biological activities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit, and its potential use in functional foods: a review

Due to the growing global population, reduction in arable land and effects of climate change, incongruity between food supply and demand has become increasingly severe. Nowadays, with awareness of the elementary nutrients required for human growth, increasing attention is being paid to the health and medical functions of food. Along with increased food production achieved by modern agricultural techniques, underutilised functional foods are an important strategy for solving food security problems and maintaining the nutritional quality of the human diet. Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) is a natural fruit that contains unique functional and nutritional constituents, which are characterised by a high anti-oxidant potential. This review summarises the biological characteristics, chemical composition, health-promoting properties and development status of RRT products to inspire investigations on the use of RRT fruit as a functional food, dietary supplement and pharmaceutical additive. The nutrients and functional ingredients of RRT fruit are described in detail to provide more reference information for nutritionists and pharmacists.

Impact of TCM on Tumor-Infiltrating Myeloid Precursors in the Tumor Microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of tumor cells, blood/lymphatic vessels, the tumor stroma, and tumor-infiltrating myeloid precursors (TIMPs) as a sophisticated pathological system to provide the survival environment for tumor cells and facilitate tumor metastasis. In TME, TIMPs, mainly including tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), tumor-associated dendritic cells (DCs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play important roles in repressing the antitumor activity of T cell or other immune cells. Therefore, targeting those cells would be one novel efficient method to retard cancer progression. Numerous studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made extensive research in tumor immunotherapy. In the review, we demonstrate that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and its components induce tumor cell apoptosis, directly inhibiting tumor growth and invasion. Further, we discuss that TCM regulates TME to promote effective antitumor immune response, downregulates the numbers and function of TAMs/MDSCs, and enhances the antigen presentation ability of mature DCs. We also review the therapeutic effects of TCM herbs and their ingredients on TIMPs in TME and systemically analyze the regulatory mechanisms of TCM on those cells to have a deeper understanding of TCM in tumor immunotherapy. Those investigations on TCM may provide novel ideas for cancer treatment.

Assessing the potential value of Rosa Roxburghii Tratt in arsenic-induced liver damage based on elemental imbalance and oxidative damage

Environmental exposure to arsenic is a major public health challenge worldwide. Growing evidence indicates that coal-burning arsenic can cause hepatic oxidative damage. However, the value of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (RRT) with antioxidant properties on arsenic-caused hepatic oxidative damage has never been elucidated yet. In this study, the animals were exposed to coal-burning arsenic (10 mg/kg bw) for 90 days and the result showed a loss of body weight, impaired liver function and liver diseases, increased hepatic oxidative damage and metabolic disorder of multiple elements including selenium, copper, zinc which were related to synthesis of antioxidant enzymes. Another finding is that RRT restored the abnormal liver function and alleviated the procedures of liver diseases of arsenic poisoning rats. In addition, it could also effectively reduce the degree of oxidative damage in serum and liver, and restore the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. Importantly, RRT reversed the content of most disordered elements caused by arsenic in liver and reduced the excretion of several essential elements in urine, including selenium, copper and zinc. Our study provides some limited evidence that RRT can alleviate coal-burning arsenic-induced liver damage induced by regulating elemental metabolic disorders and liver oxidation and antioxidant balance. The study provides a scientific basis for further studies of the causes of the arsenic-induced liver damage, and effective intervention strategies.

Antimicrobial mechanism of strictinin isomers extracted from the root of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Ci Li Gen)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The root of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Ci Li Gen) is a kind of Chinese ethnomedicine in Gui Zhou province, used for the treatment of abdominal pain, acute bacillary dysentery, gastroenteritis and other diseases in human and livestock.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the effective antimicrobial components from the ethyl acetate extract of the Ci Li Gen and to investigate its antimicrobial mechanism afterwards.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effective antimicrobial components in the ethyl acetate extract from the Ci Li Gen were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) measured by microdilution technique. The antibacterial mechanism was investigated by the time-kill curve, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) combined with NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, intracellular esterase activity detected by Flow cytometry, and the ultrastructural changes of the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

RESULTS

The effective antimicrobial component (peak 4) was identified as strictinin isomers by HRMS and NMR. The MIC of strictinin isomers against E. coli was 0.125 mg/mL. With respect to the negative control group, the results of SDS-PAGE and NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS showed that the up-regulated proteins of the strictinin isomers treated group were Metal-binding protein ZinT, 30S ribosomal protein S4 and 50S ribosomal protein L4, while the down-regulated protein was hydroperoxide reductase subunit C. Moreover, in the strictinin isomers treated group, the esterase activity in the E. coli cells was reduced and the bacteria E. coli became atrophied, pitted and contorted, and the surface of E. coli was rough and blurred.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the above results, the antimicrobial mechanism of strictinin isomers against E. coli were oxidative stress and protein synthesis disorder, which inhibited the activity of the enzymes required for bacterial growth and metabolism. These findings reflected the pleiotropic effects of strictinin isomers, making it a promising antimicrobial agent for pharmaceutical research.

Oxidative Stress and TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Are Involved in Rosa roxburghii Fruit Extract Alleviating Renal Fibrosis

Fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We previously discovered that Rosa roxburghii fruit (Cili) possesses antifibrosis property in chronic renal disease, but the mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesized that Cili might prevent fibrosis development through mediating TGF-β/Smads signaling, which is known to be involved in renal fibrosis. This study aimed to confirm the effects of freeze-dried Cili powder in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and examine TGF-β/Smads signaling. Rats were randomized to (n=12/group): sham operation, UUO, UUO with losartan, UUO with moderate Cili dose (3 g/kg/d), and UUO with high Cili dose (6 g/kg/d). The rats were sacrificed after 14 days of treatment. Collagen deposition was tested using Masson's staining. TGF-β/Smads signaling was examined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Rats in the UUO group showed excessive deposition of collagen in kidney interstitium, accompanied with high levels of renal 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, renal malondialdehyde, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and proteinuria (all P<0.05). Cili powder efficiently alleviated the pathological changes and oxidative stress in the kidneys of UUO rats, and decreased BUN, Scr and proteinuria (all P<0.05). Cili powder also inhibited the upregulation of TGFB1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD2, and SMAD3 and reversed the downregulation of SMAD7 in obstructed kidneys (mRNA and protein) (all P<0.05). In summary, the results suggest that Cili freeze-dried powder effectively prevents renal fibrosis and impairment in UUO rats, which is associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and TGF-β1/Smads signaling.

Polysaccharide-Rich Fractions from Rosa rugosa Thunb.-Composition and Chemopreventive Potential

The huge health-beneficial potential of polysaccharides encourages the search for novel sources and applications of these compounds. One poorly explored source of polysaccharides is the rose. The content and biological activity of polysaccharides in rose organs is an almost completely unaddressed topic, therefore, polysaccharide-rich extracts (crude polysaccharides, CPLs) from petals, leaves, hips, and achenes of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were studied for their composition and the influence on various cellular processes involved in the development of cancer and other civilization diseases. The study revealed the presence of water-soluble and -insoluble polysaccharides (including β-glucans) and protein-polysaccharide conjugates in rose organs. Rose hips were found to be the most abundant source of polysaccharides. Different polysaccharide-rich extracts showed the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, hyaluronidase), a radical scavenging effect (against DPPH^• and ABTS^•+), and antiproliferative activity (in the A549 lung and SW480 colon cancer cell lines) in in vitro assays. Therefore, rose crude polysaccharides are very promising and can potentially be used as natural chemopreventive agents.

Characterization of the Rosa roxburghii Tratt transcriptome and analysis of MYB genes

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Rosaceae) has a fruit that is flavorful, economically valuable, and highly nutritious, providing numerous health benefits. Myeloblastosis (MYB) proteins play key roles in the development and fruit quality of R. roxburghii. However, there is little available genomic and transcriptomic information for R. roxburghii. Here, a normalized cDNA library was constructed from five tissues, including the stem, leaf, flower, young fruit, and mature fruit, using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform. De novo assembly was performed, and 470.66 million clean reads were obtained. In total, 63,727 unigenes, with an average GC content of 42.08%, were discovered, 60,406 of which were annotated. In addition, 9,354 unigenes were assigned to Gene Ontology categories, and 20,202 unigenes were assigned to 25 Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups. Additionally, 19,508 unigenes were classified into 140 pathways of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Based on the transcriptome, 163 unigenes associated with MYBs were detected. Among these genes, 75 genes were significantly expressed in the various tissues, including 10 R1 MYB, 42 R2R3 MYB, one R1R2R3 MYB, three R4 MYB and 19 atypical MYB-like proteins. The expression levels of the 12 MYB genes randomly selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis corroborated the RNA sequencing results. A total of 37,545 microsatellites were detected, with an average expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat frequency of 0.59 (37,545/63,727). This transcriptome data improves our understanding of the role of MYB in R. roxburghii and will be valuable for identifying genes of interest.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction, characterization, and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of polysaccharides from Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii tratt) fruit

In this study, the response surface methodology was utilized to determine optimum conditions for extracting the polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RRTPs) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and the characterization and antioxidant activities of the RRTPs were discussed. RRTPs yield was 6.59 ± 1.34%, which was well consistent with the predicted value of 6.716%, under the following optimum conditions: ratio of water to raw material 40.18 mL/g, extraction temperature 78.8 °C, ultrasonic power 148 W, and extraction time 32.8 min. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that RRTPs were composed of mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara) and xylose (Xyl). The molecular weight distribution analysis showed that RRTPs had four main components with molecular weights of 332.56, 183.96, 11.92 and 5.95 kDa, respectively. In vitro antioxidant studies revealed RRTPs exhibited significant antioxidant potential on hydroxyl, superoxide and DPPH radicals. In addition, antioxidant assays in vivo demonstrated that RRTPs can significantly increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities, and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) to some extent, as well as decrease the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in both serum and liver of d-Gal aging-induced mice. These data suggested that RRTPs could be a potential candidate of natural antioxidants for applications in functional food, pharmaceuticals or cosmetic industries. In summary, this work provided an effective method for the exploitation and utilization of value-added R. roxburghii Tratt fruit which would be useful to fully utilize this resource.

Structural characterization of a novel acidic polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and its α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

An acidic polysaccharide (RTFP-3) extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit can inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase.

Selenium-enriched polysaccharides from Pyracantha fortuneana (Se-PFPs) inhibit the growth and invasive potential of ovarian cancer cells through inhibiting β-catenin signaling

Polysaccharides from medicinal plants exert antitumor activity in many cancers. Our previous study demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted from the selenium-enriched Pyracantha fortuneana (Se-PFPs) showed antiproliferative effect in breast cancer cell line. This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of Se-PFPs in ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Se-PFPs could decrease cell viability, induce apoptosis, and inhibit migratory and invasive potentials in HEY and SKOV3 cells. These findings are supported by reduced expression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and MMP-9, enhanced cleavage of PARP and caspase-3, elevated activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) inhibition (elevated expression of E-cadherin and cytokeratin 19, and reduced expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB1 and ZEB2). Moreover, Se-PFPs inhibited xenografted tumor growth through inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. More importantly, Se-PFPs significantly reduced cytoplasmic β-catenin particularly nuclear β-catenin expression but increased β-catenin phosphorylation in a GSK-3β-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, β-catenin knockdown exerted similar effects on cell proliferation and invasion as seen in Se-PFPs-treated cells, while β-catenin overexpression neutralized the inhibitory effects of Se-PFPs on cell proliferation and invasion. Take together,Se-PFPs exert antitumor activity through inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT, and inducing cell apoptosis. These effects are achieved by the inhibition of β-catenin signaling. Thus Se-PFPs can be used as potential therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.

Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species

Rosa species, rose hips, are widespread wild plants that have been traditionally used as medicinal compounds for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The therapeutic potential of these plants is based on its antioxidant effects caused by or associated with its phytochemical composition, which includes ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and healthy fatty acids among others. Over the last few years, medicinal interest in rose hips has increased as a consequence of recent research that has studied its potential application as a treatment for several diseases including skin disorders, hepatotoxicity, renal disturbances, diarrhoea, inflammatory disorders, arthritis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and cancer. In this review, the role of different species of Rosa in the prevention of treatment of various disorders related to oxidative stress, is examined, focusing on new therapeutic approaches from a molecular point of view.

Chemical Analysis of Dietary Constituents in Rosa roxburghii and Rosa sterilis Fruits

Both Rosa roxburghii and R. sterilis, belonging to the Rosaceae, are endemic species in Guizhou Province, China. The fruits of these two species are mixed-used as functional food in the region. Aiming to elucidate the phytochemical characteristics of R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits, the essential oils and constituents in a methanol extract have been analyzed and compared by GC-MS and UFLC/Q-TOF-MS, respectively. As a result, a total of 135 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and 91 components were different between R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits; a total of 59 compounds in methanol extracts were identified by UFLC/Q-TOF-MS, including 13 organic acids, 12 flavonoids, 11 triterpenes, nine amino acids, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, four condensed tannins, two stilbenes, two benzaldehyde derivatives and one benzoic acid derivative; and nine characteristic compounds were found between R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits. This systematic study plays an important role for R. roxburghii and R. sterilis fruits in the product development.

Antioxidant, antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of water-soluble polysaccharides in Abrus cantoniensis

Abrus cantoniensis is a vegetative food in tropical areas of Asia and claimed as folk beverages and soups consumed for cleansing liver toxicants and preventing liver diseases. Polysaccharides (ACP-І and ACP-II) were extracted with hot water from A. cantoniensis, and isolated by DEAE cellulose chromatography. The chemical properties as well as antioxidant, antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of ACP-I and ACP-II were investigated. The results showed that the ACP-I (9.09kDa) contained only glucose and ACP-II (38.45kDa) consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and glucose. ACP-II exhibited higher oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and hydroxyl radical prevention capacity (HRPC) than ACP-I with ORAC values and HRPC values of 53.42±3.32μmol Trolox equiv./g DW and 34.84±5.07μmol Trolox equiv./g DW. Besides, in the wound healing assay, ACP-II exhibited potent migration inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells. ACP-II could also significantly stimulate the proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes, and enhanced NO production of peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that the polysaccharide ACP-II in A. cantoniensis could be served as a novel potential functional food.

Targeting of Topoisomerase I for Prognoses and Therapeutics of Camptothecin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer

DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) levels of several human neoplasms are higher than those of normal tissues. TOP1 inhibitors are widely used in treating conventional therapy-resistant ovarian cancers. However, patients may develop resistance to TOP1 inhibitors, hampering chemotherapy success. In this study, we examined the mechanisms associated with the development of camptothecin (CPT) resistance in ovarian cancers and identified evodiamine (EVO), a natural product with TOP1 inhibiting activity that overcomes the resistance. The correlations among TOP1 levels, cancer staging, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The effect of EVO on CPT-resistant ovarian cancer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. TOP1 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancers (p = 0.024). EVO induced apoptosis that was detected using flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The tumor size decreased significantly in the EVO treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.01) in a xenograft mouse model. Effects of drugs targeting TOP1 for prognosis and therapy in CPT-resistant ovarian cancer are anticipated. EVO with TOP1 can be developed as an antiproliferative agent for overcoming CPT resistance in ovarian cancers.