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Sun YM, Zhang YM, Shi HL, Yang S, Zhao YL, Liu HJ, Li C, Liu HL, Yang JP, Song J, Sun GZ, Yang JK. Enhancer-driven transcription of MCM8 by E2F4 promotes ATR pathway activation and glioma stem cell characteristics. Hereditas 2023; 160:29. [PMID: 37349788 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for glioma recurrence and drug resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying their maintenance remains unclear. This study aimed to identify enhancer-controlled genes involved in GSCs maintenance and elucidate the mechanisms underlying their regulation. METHODS We analyzed RNA-seq data and H3K27ac ChIP-seq data from GSE119776 to identify differentially expressed genes and enhancers, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis was performed for functional enrichment. Transcription factors were predicted using the Toolkit for Cistrome Data Browser. Prognostic analysis and gene expression correlation was conducted using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data. Two GSC cell lines, GSC-A172 and GSC-U138MG, were isolated from A172 and U138MG cell lines. qRT-PCR was used to detect gene transcription levels. ChIP-qPCR was used to detect H3K27ac of enhancers, and binding of E2F4 to target gene enhancers. Western blot was used to analyze protein levels of p-ATR and γH2AX. Sphere formation, limiting dilution and cell growth assays were used to analyze GSCs growth and self-renewal. RESULTS We found that upregulated genes in GSCs were associated with ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR) pathway activation, and that seven enhancer-controlled genes related to ATR pathway activation (LIN9, MCM8, CEP72, POLA1, DBF4, NDE1, and CDKN2C) were identified. Expression of these genes corresponded to poor prognosis in glioma patients. E2F4 was identified as a transcription factor that regulates enhancer-controlled genes related to the ATR pathway activation, with MCM8 having the highest hazard ratio among genes positively correlated with E2F4 expression. E2F4 bound to MCM8 enhancers to promote its transcription. Overexpression of MCM8 partially restored the inhibition of GSCs self-renewal, cell growth, and the ATR pathway activation caused by E2F4 knockdown. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that E2F4-mediated enhancer activation of MCM8 promotes the ATR pathway activation and GSCs characteristics. These findings offer promising targets for the development of new therapies for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Meng Zhang
- Medical Department, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Liang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yin-Long Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Hong-Lei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shijiazhuang Third Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Ji-Peng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Kai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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2
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Guo Y, Chomiak A, Hong Y, Lowe CC, Kopsidas CA, Chan WC, Andrade J, Pan H, Zhou X, Monuki ES, Feng Y. Histone H2A ubiquitination resulting from Brap loss of function connects multiple aging hallmarks and accelerates neurodegeneration. iScience 2022; 25:104519. [PMID: 35754718 PMCID: PMC9213774 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an intricate process characterized by multiple hallmarks including stem cell exhaustion, genome instability, epigenome alteration, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence. Whereas each of these traits is detrimental at the cellular level, it remains unclear how they are interconnected to cause systemic organ deterioration. Here we show that abrogating Brap, a BRCA1-associated protein essential for neurogenesis, results in persistent DNA double-strand breaks and elevation of histone H2A mono- and poly-ubiquitination (H2Aub). These defects extend to cellular senescence and proteasome-mediated histone H2A proteolysis with alterations in cells' proteomic and epigenetic states. Brap deletion in the mouse brain causes neuroinflammation, impaired proteostasis, accelerated neurodegeneration, and substantially shortened the lifespan. We further show the elevation of H2Aub also occurs in human brain tissues with Alzheimer's disease. These data together suggest that chromatin aberrations mediated by H2Aub may act as a nexus of multiple aging hallmarks and promote tissue-wide degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alison.A. Chomiak
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ye Hong
- University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Clara C. Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Caroline A. Kopsidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hongna Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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3
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Torisawa T, Kimura A. Sequential accumulation of dynein and its regulatory proteins at the spindle region in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11740. [PMID: 35817834 PMCID: PMC9273622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for various cellular processes during the cell cycle. The mechanism by which its activity is regulated spatially and temporarily inside the cell remains elusive. There are various regulatory proteins of dynein, including dynactin, NDEL1/NUD-2, and LIS1. Characterizing the spatiotemporal localization of regulatory proteins in vivo will aid understanding of the cellular regulation of dynein. Here, we focused on spindle formation in the Caenorhabditis elegans early embryo, wherein dynein and its regulatory proteins translocated from the cytoplasm to the spindle region upon nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD). We found that (i) a limited set of dynein regulatory proteins accumulated in the spindle region, (ii) the spatial localization patterns were distinct among the regulators, and (iii) the regulatory proteins did not accumulate in the spindle region simultaneously but sequentially. Furthermore, the accumulation of NUD-2 was unique among the regulators. NUD-2 started to accumulate before NEBD (pre-NEBD accumulation), and exhibited the highest enrichment compared to the cytoplasmic concentration. Using a protein injection approach, we revealed that the C-terminal helix of NUD-2 was responsible for pre-NEBD accumulation. These findings suggest a fine temporal control of the subcellular localization of regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Mishima, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sokendai, Mishima, Japan.
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4
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Regulatory significance of CULLIN2 in neuronal differentiation and regeneration. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105386. [PMID: 35803325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scaffold proteins coordinate multiple signalling pathways by integrating various proteins but the role of these proteins in neuronal pathways remains to be elucidated. The present study focused to evaluate the expression of the scaffold protein CULLIN2 in neuronal cells. METHODS The neuronal precursor cell line N2A was differentiated to neurons in-vitro with retinoic acid and biochemical assays were used to understand the gene expression profiling of CULLIN2. Moreover, neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 was used to inhibit the activity of CULLIN2 and the downstream substrates were validated. Finally, the role of CULLIN2 in nerve regeneration was evaluated in an in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS Experimental data showed that the neuronal cells N2A have lower expression of CULLIN2 compared to skin cell lines (HaCaT and A431) and inactivation with the neddylation inhibitor resulted in cell death. Furthermore differentiating the neural precursor cell line into neurons with retinoic acid enhanced the expression of CULLIN2. Examining downstream signalling molecules with the neddylation inhibitor illuminates that MLN4924 treatment influences the cytokine signalling cascade (JAK-STAT) in neuronal cells. Moreover, for the first time, we show that the ubiquitin ligase protein CULLIN2 is perturbed in neural regeneration. Expression profile of CULLIN2 was significantly decreased in response to a nerve injury in Zebra fish and as the nerve regenerates there is corresponding reduction in the mRNA levels. CONCLUSION During differentiation CULLIN2 is upregulated whereas during regeneration there is significant downregulation. Thus, our findings reveal a crucial role of the scaffold protein CULLIN2 in nerve differentiation and regeneration which can be vital for the treatment of nerve injury.
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5
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Nde1 is Required for Heterochromatin Compaction and Stability in Neocortical Neurons. iScience 2022; 25:104354. [PMID: 35601919 PMCID: PMC9121328 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The NDE1 gene encodes a scaffold protein essential for brain development. Although biallelic NDE1 loss of function (LOF) causes microcephaly with profound mental retardation, NDE1 missense mutations and copy number variations are associated with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the etiology of the diverse phenotypes resulting from NDE1 aberrations remains elusive. Here we demonstrate Nde1 controls neurogenesis through facilitating H4K20 trimethylation-mediated heterochromatin compaction. This mechanism patterns diverse chromatin landscapes and stabilizes constitutive heterochromatin of neocortical neurons. We demonstrate that NDE1 can undergo dynamic liquid-liquid phase separation, partitioning to the nucleus and interacting with pericentromeric and centromeric satellite repeats. Nde1 LOF results in nuclear architecture aberrations and DNA double-strand breaks, as well as instability and derepression of pericentromeric satellite repeats in neocortical neurons. These findings uncover a pivotal role of NDE1/Nde1 in establishing and protecting neuronal heterochromatin. They suggest that heterochromatin instability predisposes a wide range of brain dysfunction. Cortical neurogenesis is coupled with heterochromatin compaction marked by H4K20me3 Nde1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation and interacts with heterochromatin Nde1 mutations impair H4K20me3 during neural progenitor differentiation Neurons lacking Nde1 derepress heterochromatin and lose nuclear and genomic integrity
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6
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Tsampoula M, Tarampoulous I, Manolakou T, Ninou E, Politis PK. The neurodevelopmental disorders associated gene Rnf113a regulates survival and differentiation properties of neural stem cells. Stem Cells 2022; 40:678-690. [DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
RNF113A (Ring Finger Protein 113A) is genetically associated with autism spectrum disorders and X-linked trichothiodystrophy (TTD) syndrome. Loss-of-function mutations in human RNF113A are causally linked to TTD, which is characterized by abnormal development of central nervous system (CNS) and mental retardation. How loss of RNF113A activity affects brain development is not known. Here we identify Rnf113a1 as a critical regulator of cell death and neurogenesis during mouse brain development. Rnf113a1 gene exhibits widespread expression in the embryonic CNS. Knockdown studies in embryonic cortical neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) and the mouse cortex suggest that Rnf113a1 controls survival, proliferation and differentiation properties of progenitor cells. Importantly, Rnf113a1 deficiency triggers cell apoptosis via a combined action on essential regulators of cell survival, including p53, Nupr1 and Rad51. Collectively, these observations establish Rnf113a1 as a regulatory factor in CNS development and provide insights for its role in neurodevelopmental defects associated with TTD and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Isaak Tarampoulous
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Manolakou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpinickie Ninou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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7
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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8
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Deficiency of nde1 in zebrafish induces brain inflammatory responses and autism-like behavior. iScience 2022; 25:103876. [PMID: 35243238 PMCID: PMC8861649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein NDE1 plays an important role in chromosome segregation, neural precursor differentiation, and neuronal migration. Clinical studies have shown that NDE1 deficiency is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. Here, we generated nde1 homologous deficiency zebrafish (nde1−/−) to elucidate the cellular molecular mechanisms behind it. nde1−/− exhibit increased neurological apoptotic responses at early infancy, enlarged ventricles, and shrank valvula cerebelli in adult brain tissue. Behavioral analysis revealed that nde1−/− displayed autism-like behavior traits such as increased locomotor activity and repetitive stereotype behaviors and impaired social and kin recognition behaviors. Furthermore, nde1 mRNA injection rescued apoptosis in early development, and minocycline treatment rescued impaired social behavior and overactive motor activity by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we revealed that nde1 homozygous deletion leads to abnormal neurological development with autism-related behavioral phenotypes and that inflammatory responses in the brain are an important molecular basis behind it. nde1−/− zebrafish display autism-like behavior features nde1 deficiency results in immune responses in the brain Minocycline treatment inhibits immune responses in the adult nde1−/− brain Minocycline rescued the impaired social behavior and locomotor activity
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9
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Buttermore ED, Anderson NC, Chen PF, Makhortova NR, Kim KH, Wafa SMA, Dwyer S, Micozzi JM, Winden KD, Zhang B, Han MJ, Kleiman RJ, Brownstein CA, Sahin M, Gonzalez-Heydrich J. 16p13.11 deletion variants associated with neuropsychiatric disorders cause morphological and synaptic changes in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:924956. [PMID: 36405918 PMCID: PMC9669751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.924956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
16p13.11 copy number variants (CNVs) have been associated with autism, schizophrenia, psychosis, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. The majority of 16p13.11 deletions or duplications occur within three well-defined intervals, and despite growing knowledge of the functions of individual genes within these intervals, the molecular mechanisms that underlie commonly observed clinical phenotypes remain largely unknown. Patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a platform for investigating the morphological, electrophysiological, and gene-expression changes that result from 16p13.11 CNVs in human-derived neurons. Patient derived iPSCs with varying sizes of 16p13.11 deletions and familial controls were differentiated into cortical neurons for phenotypic analysis. High-content imaging and morphological analysis of patient-derived neurons demonstrated an increase in neurite branching in patients compared with controls. Whole-transcriptome sequencing revealed expression level changes in neuron development and synaptic-related gene families, suggesting a defect in synapse formation. Subsequent quantification of synapse number demonstrated increased numbers of synapses on neurons derived from early-onset patients compared to controls. The identification of common phenotypes among neurons derived from patients with overlapping 16p13.11 deletions will further assist in ascertaining common pathways and targets that could be utilized for screening drug candidates. These studies can help to improve future treatment options and clinical outcomes for 16p13.11 deletion patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nickesha C Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pin-Fang Chen
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nina R Makhortova
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristina H Kim
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Syed M A Wafa
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean Dwyer
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John M Micozzi
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kellen D Winden
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Min-Joon Han
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robin J Kleiman
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine A Brownstein
- The Manton Center of Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Developmental Neuropsychiatry Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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11
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Cabet S, Guibaud L, Sanlaville D. [Microlissencephaly due to pathogenic variants of NDE1: from pathology to normal brain development]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:866-871. [PMID: 33026328 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of the gene NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1) in humans lead to microlissencephaly which associates a reduced head circumference and a simplified gyration. Microlissencephaly is the most severe deficit of neurogenesis described to date but its precise physiopathological mechanism is not yet well known. The NDE1 gene encodes a phosphoprotein that is essential to neurogenesis and that is expressed in various cell compartments of neuroblasts. More than 60 interaction partners with NDE1 have been reported, notably various proteins involved in formation of the mitotic spindle, in ciliation, in genome protection of dividing neuroblasts or even in apoptosis (like LIS1, dynein or cohesin), which are all avenues that we explore in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cabet
- Service de génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Est, France - Service de radiologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Guibaud
- Service de radiologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Est, 59 boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Service de génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Est, France - Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, équipe GENDEV, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
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12
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Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Xiong S, Williams-Villalobo AE. A Glance of p53 Functions in Brain Development, Neural Stem Cells, and Brain Cancer. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090285. [PMID: 32932978 PMCID: PMC7564678 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 is one of the most intensively studied tumor suppressors. It transcriptionally regulates a broad range of genes to modulate a series of cellular events, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and metabolic remodeling, which are fundamental for both development and cancer. This review discusses the role of p53 in brain development, neural stem cell regulation and the mechanisms of inactivating p53 in gliomas. p53 null or p53 mutant mice show female biased exencephaly, potentially due to X chromosome inactivation failure and/or hormone-related gene expression. Oxidative cellular status, increased PI3K/Akt signaling, elevated ID1, and metabolism are all implicated in p53-loss induced neurogenesis. However, p53 has also been shown to promote neuronal differentiation. In addition, p53 mutations are frequently identified in brain tumors, especially glioblastomas. Mechanisms underlying p53 inactivation in brain tumor cells include disruption of p53 protein stability, gene expression and transactivation potential as well as p53 gene loss or mutation. Loss of p53 function and gain-of-function of mutant p53 are both implicated in brain development and tumor genesis. Further understanding of the role of p53 in the brain may provide therapeutic insights for brain developmental syndromes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Xiong
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-313-7557
| | - Shunbin Xiong
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Abie E. Williams-Villalobo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA;
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13
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Markus SM, Marzo MG, McKenney RJ. New insights into the mechanism of dynein motor regulation by lissencephaly-1. eLife 2020; 9:59737. [PMID: 32692650 PMCID: PMC7373426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly (‘smooth brain’) is a severe brain disease associated with numerous symptoms, including cognitive impairment, and shortened lifespan. The main causative gene of this disease – lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) – has been a focus of intense scrutiny since its first identification almost 30 years ago. LIS1 is a critical regulator of the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, which transports numerous cargoes throughout the cell, and is a key effector of nuclear and neuronal transport during brain development. Here, we review the role of LIS1 in cellular dynein function and discuss recent key findings that have revealed a new mechanism by which this molecule influences dynein-mediated transport. In addition to reconciling prior observations with this new model for LIS1 function, we also discuss phylogenetic data that suggest that LIS1 may have coevolved with an autoinhibitory mode of cytoplasmic dynein regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Matthew G Marzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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14
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Little JN, Dwyer ND. p53 deletion rescues lethal microcephaly in a mouse model with neural stem cell abscission defects. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:434-447. [PMID: 30304535 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a cerebral cortex of the proper size involves balancing rates and timing of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation, neurogenesis and cell death. The cellular mechanisms connecting genetic mutations to brain malformation phenotypes are still poorly understood. Microcephaly may result when NSC divisions are too slow, produce neurons too early or undergo apoptosis but the relative contributions of these cellular mechanisms to various types of microcephaly are not understood. We previously showed that mouse mutants in Kif20b (formerly called Mphosph1, Mpp1 or KRMP1) have small cortices that show elevated apoptosis and defects in maturation of NSC midbodies, which mediate cytokinetic abscission. Here we test the contribution of intrinsic NSC apoptosis to brain size reduction in this lethal microcephaly model. By making double mutants with the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Trp53 (p53), we find that p53-dependent apoptosis of cortical NSCs accounts for most of the microcephaly, but that there is a significant apoptosis-independent contribution as well. Remarkably, heterozygous p53 deletion is sufficient to fully rescue survival of the Kif20b mutant into adulthood. In addition, the NSC midbody maturation defects are not rescued by p53 deletion, showing that they are either upstream of p53 activation, or in a parallel pathway. Accumulation of p53 in the nucleus of mutant NSCs at midbody stage suggests the possibility of a novel midbody-mediated pathway for p53 activation. This work elucidates both NSC apoptosis and abscission mechanisms that could underlie human microcephaly or other brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Neville Little
- Department of Cell Biology.,Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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15
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Bowen ME, Attardi LD. The role of p53 in developmental syndromes. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:200-211. [PMID: 30624728 PMCID: PMC6478128 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well appreciated that loss of the p53 tumor suppressor protein promotes cancer, growing evidence indicates that increased p53 activity underlies the developmental defects in a wide range of genetic syndromes. The inherited or de novo mutations that cause these syndromes affect diverse cellular processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, DNA repair, and centriole duplication, and analysis of human patient samples and mouse models demonstrates that disrupting these cellular processes can activate the p53 pathway. Importantly, many of the developmental defects in mouse models of these syndromes can be rescued by loss of p53, indicating that inappropriate p53 activation directly contributes to their pathogenesis. A role for p53 in driving developmental defects is further supported by the observation that mouse strains with broad p53 hyperactivation, due to mutations affecting p53 pathway components, display a host of tissue-specific developmental defects, including hematopoietic, neuronal, craniofacial, cardiovascular, and pigmentation defects. Furthermore, germline activating mutations in TP53 were recently identified in two human patients exhibiting bone marrow failure and other developmental defects. Studies in mice suggest that p53 drives developmental defects by inducing apoptosis, restraining proliferation, or modulating other developmental programs in a cell type-dependent manner. Here, we review the growing body of evidence from mouse models that implicates p53 as a driver of tissue-specific developmental defects in diverse genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Bowen
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Xiang Y, Ye Y, Lou Y, Yang Y, Cai C, Zhang Z, Mills T, Chen NY, Kim Y, Muge Ozguc F, Diao L, Karmouty-Quintana H, Xia Y, Kellems RE, Chen Z, Blackburn MR, Yoo SH, Shyu AB, Mills GB, Han L. Comprehensive Characterization of Alternative Polyadenylation in Human Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 110:379-389. [PMID: 29106591 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as a major post-transcriptional mechanism for gene regulation, and dysregulation of APA contributes to several human diseases. However, the functional consequences of APA in human cancer are not fully understood. Particularly, there is no large-scale analysis in cancer cell lines. Methods We characterized the global APA profiles of 6398 patient samples across 17 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 739 cancer cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. We built a linear regression model to explore the correlation between APA factors and APA events across different cancer types. We used Spearman correlation to assess the effects of APA events on drug sensitivity and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or Cox proportional hazards model to identify clinically relevant APA events. Results We revealed a striking global 3'UTR shortening in cancer cell lines compared with tumor samples. Our analysis further suggested PABPN1 as the master regulator in regulating APA profile across different cancer types. Furthermore, we showed that APA events could affect drug sensitivity, especially of drugs targeting chromatin modifiers. Finally, we identified 1971 clinically relevant APA events, as well as alterations of APA in clinically actionable genes, suggesting that analysis of the complexity of APA profiles could have clinical utility. Conclusions Our study highlights important roles for APA in human cancer, including reshaping cellular pathways and regulating specific gene expression, exemplifying the complex interplay between APA and other biological processes and yielding new insights into the action mechanism of cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Chunyan Cai
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yoonjin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Fatma Muge Ozguc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ann-Bin Shyu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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17
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Johnstone M, Vasistha NA, Barbu MC, Dando O, Burr K, Christopher E, Glen S, Robert C, Fetit R, Macleod KG, Livesey MR, Clair DS, Blackwood DHR, Millar K, Carragher NO, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Johnstone EC, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM, Chandran S. Reversal of proliferation deficits caused by chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication through targeting NFκB signaling: an integrated study of patient-derived neuronal precursor cells, cerebral organoids and in vivo brain imaging. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:294-311. [PMID: 30401811 PMCID: PMC6344377 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis of how chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication leads to major psychiatric disorders is unknown. Here we have undertaken brain imaging of patients carrying microduplications in chromosome 16p13.11 and unaffected family controls, in parallel with iPS cell-derived cerebral organoid studies of the same patients. Patient MRI revealed reduced cortical volume, and corresponding iPSC studies showed neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation abnormalities and reduced organoid size, with the NPCs therein displaying altered planes of cell division. Transcriptomic analyses of NPCs uncovered a deficit in the NFκB p65 pathway, confirmed by proteomics. Moreover, both pharmacological and genetic correction of this deficit rescued the proliferation abnormality. Thus, chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication disturbs the normal programme of NPC proliferation to reduce cortical thickness due to a correctable deficit in the NFκB signalling pathway. This is the first study demonstrating a biologically relevant, potentially ameliorable, signalling pathway underlying chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome in patient-derived neuronal precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Navneet A Vasistha
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miruna C Barbu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edward Christopher
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sophie Glen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christelle Robert
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rana Fetit
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth G Macleod
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirsty Millar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, 15 George Square, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Bangalore, India.
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18
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Cenpj Regulates Cilia Disassembly and Neurogenesis in the Developing Mouse Cortex. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1994-2010. [PMID: 30626697 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1849-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based protuberances that project from the eukaryotic cell body to sense the extracellular environment. Ciliogenesis is closely correlated to the cell cycle and defects of cilia are related to human systemic diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. However, the role of ciliogenesis in cortical development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Cenpj, a protein that is required for centriole biogenesis, plays a role in regulating cilium disassembly in vivo Depletion of Cenpj in neural progenitor cells results in long cilia and abnormal cilia disassembly. Radial glial cells Cenpj depletion exhibit uncompleted cell division, reduced cell proliferation, and increased cell apoptosis in the developing mouse cerebrum cortex, leading to microcephaly. In addition, Cenpj depletion causes long and thin primary cilia and motile cilia in adult neural stem cells and reduced cell proliferation in the subventricular zone. Furthermore, we show that Cenpj regulates cilia disassembly and neurogenesis through Kif2a, a plus-end-directed motor protein. These data collected from mice of both sexes provide insights into how ciliogenesis plays roles in cortical development and how primary microcephaly is induced by Cenpj mutations in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly is a neurodevelopmental disorder with the major symptoms of reduction of circumference of the head, brain volume, and cortex thickness with normal brain architecture in birth. We used conditional Cenpj deletion mice and found that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibited long primary cilia and abnormal cilium appendages. The defective cilium disassembly caused by Cenpj depletion might correlate to reduced cell proliferation, uncompleted cell division, cell apoptosis, and microcephaly in mice. Cenpj also regulates the cilium structure of adult neural stem cells and adult neurogenesis in mice. Additionally, our results illustrate that Cenpj regulates cilia disassembly and neurogenesis through Kif2a, indicating that primary cilia dynamics play a crucial role in NPC mitosis and adult neurogenesis.
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19
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St Clair D, Johnstone M. Using mouse transgenic and human stem cell technologies to model genetic mutations associated with schizophrenia and autism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0037. [PMID: 29352035 PMCID: PMC5790834 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid progress has occurred over the last decade in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of neurodevelopmental disorders, and of schizophrenia and autism in particular. Although the genetic architecture of both disorders is far more complex than previously imagined, many key loci have at last been identified. This has allowed in vivo and in vitro technologies to be refined to model specific high-penetrant genetic loci involved in both disorders. Using the DISC1/NDE1 and CYFIP1/EIF4E loci as exemplars, we explore the opportunities and challenges of using animal models and human-induced pluripotent stem cell technologies to further understand/treat and potentially reverse the worst consequences of these debilitating disorders. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Of mice and mental health: facilitating dialogue between basic and clinical neuroscientists’.
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Affiliation(s)
- David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Allach El Khattabi L, Heide S, Caberg JH, Andrieux J, Doco Fenzy M, Vincent-Delorme C, Callier P, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Afenjar A, Boute-Benejean O, Cordier MP, Faivre L, Francannet C, Gerard M, Goldenberg A, Masurel-Paulet A, Mosca-Boidron AL, Marle N, Moncla A, Le Meur N, Mathieu-Dramard M, Plessis G, Lesca G, Rossi M, Edery P, Delahaye-Duriez A, De Pontual L, Tabet AC, Lebbar A, Suiro L, Ioos C, Natiq A, Chafai Elalaoui S, Missirian C, Receveur A, François-Fiquet C, Garnier P, Yardin C, Laroche C, Vago P, Sanlaville D, Dupont JM, Benzacken B, Pipiras E. 16p13.11 microduplication in 45 new patients: refined clinical significance and genotype-phenotype correlations. J Med Genet 2018; 57:301-307. [PMID: 30287593 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of 16p13.11 duplications remains controversial while frequently detected in patients with developmental delay (DD), intellectual deficiency (ID) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previously reported patients were not or poorly characterised. The absence of consensual recommendations leads to interpretation discrepancy and makes genetic counselling challenging. This study aims to decipher the genotype-phenotype correlations to improve genetic counselling and patients' medical care. METHODS We retrospectively analysed data from 16 013 patients referred to 12 genetic centers for DD, ID or ASD, and who had a chromosomal microarray analysis. The referring geneticists of patients for whom a 16p13.11 duplication was detected were asked to complete a questionnaire for detailed clinical and genetic data for the patients and their parents. RESULTS Clinical features are mainly speech delay and learning disabilities followed by ASD. A significant risk of cardiovascular disease was noted. About 90% of the patients inherited the duplication from a parent. At least one out of four parents carrying the duplication displayed a similar phenotype to the propositus. Genotype-phenotype correlations show no impact of the size of the duplicated segment on the severity of the phenotype. However, NDE1 and miR-484 seem to have an essential role in the neurocognitive phenotype. CONCLUSION Our study shows that 16p13.11 microduplications are likely pathogenic when detected in the context of DD/ID/ASD and supports an essential role of NDE1 and miR-484 in the neurocognitive phenotype. Moreover, it suggests the need for cardiac evaluation and follow-up and a large study to evaluate the aortic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laïla Allach El Khattabi
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France.,Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Cochin Research Institute, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,Nuclear Lymphocyte Biology, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Solveig Heide
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France
| | | | - Joris Andrieux
- Genetics department, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Martine Doco Fenzy
- Genetics department, CHU Reims, Medical school IFR53, EA3801, Reims, France
| | - Caroline Vincent-Delorme
- Genetics department, Guy Fontaine Medical center, CLAD Nord de France, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU Lille, CH Arras, Arras, France
| | | | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Genetics and Embryology department, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Neuropediatrics department, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Reference Center for cerebellar malformations, Paris, France
| | - Odile Boute-Benejean
- Genetics department, Guy Fontaine Medical Center, CLAD Nord de France, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Marion Gerard
- Genetics department, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Moncla
- Medical Genetics department, CHU Timone enfants, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Le Meur
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive biology and Histology, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Gaetan Lesca
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye-Duriez
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France.,Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Loïc De Pontual
- Pediatrics department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France
| | - Anne Claude Tabet
- Genetics department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aziza Lebbar
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France
| | - Lesley Suiro
- Neuropediatrics department, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Christine Ioos
- Neuropediatrics department, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
| | - Abdelhafid Natiq
- Medical Genetics department, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Chantal Missirian
- Medical Genetics department, CHU Timone enfants, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Aline Receveur
- Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology department, CHU d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Caroline François-Fiquet
- Plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, Maison Blanche Hospital, Robert Debré Hospital, Reims, France
| | | | - Catherine Yardin
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Cytogenetics, Cell Biology and Reproduction, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Cécile Laroche
- Pediatrics department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vago
- Cytogenetics department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, ERTICA, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Sanlaville
- Genetics department, GH Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,GENDEV Team, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Michel Dupont
- Cytogenetics department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical school, Paris, France.,Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Cochin Research Institute, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France
| | - Eva Pipiras
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Jean Verdier Hospital; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH Bobigny; PROTECT, INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Bondy, France
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21
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Davis L, Onn I, Elliott E. The emerging roles for the chromatin structure regulators CTCF and cohesin in neurodevelopment and behavior. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1205-1214. [PMID: 29110030 PMCID: PMC11105208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic and technological advances have determined a role for chromatin structure in neurodevelopment. In particular, compounding evidence has established roles for CTCF and cohesin, two elements that are central in the establishment of chromatin structure, in proper neurodevelopment and in regulation of behavior. Genetic aberrations in CTCF, and in subunits of the cohesin complex, have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in human genetic studies, and subsequent animal studies have established definitive, although sometime opposing roles, for these factors in neurodevelopment and behavior. Considering the centrality of these factors in cellular processes in general, the mechanisms through which dysregulation of CTCF and cohesin leads specifically to neurological phenotypes is intriguing, although poorly understood. The connection between CTCF, cohesin, chromatin structure, and behavior is likely to be one of the next frontiers in our understanding of the development of behavior in general, and neurodevelopmental disorders in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Davis
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Hanrietta Sold 8, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Itay Onn
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502, Safed, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Molecular and Behavioral Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Hanrietta Sold 8, 1311502, Safed, Israel.
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22
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Kastenhuber ER, Lowe SW. Putting p53 in Context. Cell 2017; 170:1062-1078. [PMID: 28886379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1190] [Impact Index Per Article: 170.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. Functionally, p53 is activated by a host of stress stimuli and, in turn, governs an exquisitely complex anti-proliferative transcriptional program that touches upon a bewildering array of biological responses. Despite the many unveiled facets of the p53 network, a clear appreciation of how and in what contexts p53 exerts its diverse effects remains unclear. How can we interpret p53's disparate activities and the consequences of its dysfunction to understand how cell type, mutation profile, and epigenetic cell state dictate outcomes, and how might we restore its tumor-suppressive activities in cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Kastenhuber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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23
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Loss of Brap Results in Premature G1/S Phase Transition and Impeded Neural Progenitor Differentiation. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1148-1160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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24
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Bradshaw NJ, Hayashi MAF. NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1191-1210. [PMID: 27742926 PMCID: PMC11107680 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1, also known as NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1, also known as NudEL) are the mammalian homologues of the fungus nudE gene, with important and at least partially overlapping roles for brain development. While a large number of studies describe the various properties and functions of these proteins, many do not directly compare the similarities and differences between NDE1 and NDEL1. Although sharing a high degree structural similarity and multiple common cellular roles, each protein presents several distinct features that justify their parallel but also unique functions. Notably both proteins have key binding partners in dynein, LIS1 and DISC1, which impact on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric illnesses. Both are implicated in schizophrenia through genetic and functional evidence, with NDE1 also strongly implicated in microcephaly, as well as other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions through copy number variation, while NDEL1 possesses an oligopeptidase activity with a unique potential as a biomarker in schizophrenia. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the various cellular roles of these proteins in a "bottom-up" manner, from their biochemistry and protein-protein interactions on the molecular level, up to the consequences for neuronal differentiation, and ultimately to their importance for correct cortical development, with direct consequences for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Bradshaw NJ. Cloning of the promoter of NDE1, a gene implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders through copy number variation. Neuroscience 2016; 324:262-70. [PMID: 26975893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation at 16p13.11 has been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, with duplication of this region being more common in individuals with schizophrenia. A prominent candidate gene within this locus is NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1) given its known importance for neurodevelopment, previous associations with mental illness and its well characterized interaction with the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein. In order to accurately model the effect of NDE1 duplication, it is important to first gain an understanding of how the gene is expressed. The complex promoter system of NDE1, which produces three distinct transcripts, each encoding for the same full-length NDE1 protein (also known as NudE), was therefore cloned and tested in human cell lines. The promoter for the longest of these three NDE1 transcripts was found to be responsible for the majority of expression in these systems, with its extended 5' untranslated region (UTR) having a limiting effect on its expression. These results thus highlight and clone the promoter elements required to generate systems in which the NDE1 protein is exogenously expressed under its native promoter, providing a biologically relevant model of 16p13.11 duplication in major mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Al-Khalaf MH, Blake LE, Larsen BD, Bell RA, Brunette S, Parks RJ, Rudnicki MA, McKinnon PJ, Jeffrey Dilworth F, Megeney LA. Temporal activation of XRCC1-mediated DNA repair is essential for muscle differentiation. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15041. [PMID: 27462438 PMCID: PMC4860966 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient DNA strand break formation has been identified as an effective means to enhance gene expression in living cells. In the muscle lineage, cell differentiation is contingent upon the induction of caspase-mediated DNA strand breaks, which act to establish the terminal gene expression program. This coordinated DNA nicking is rapidly resolved, suggesting that myoblasts may deploy DNA repair machinery to stabilize the genome and entrench the differentiated phenotype. Here, we identify the base excision repair pathway component XRCC1 as an indispensable mediator of muscle differentiation. Caspase-triggered XRCC1 repair foci form rapidly within differentiating myonuclei, and then dissipate as the maturation program proceeds. Skeletal myoblast deletion of Xrcc1 does not have an impact on cell growth, yet leads to perinatal lethality, with sustained DNA damage and impaired myofiber development. Together, these results demonstrate that XRCC1 manages a temporally responsive DNA repair process to advance the muscle differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Al-Khalaf
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leanne E Blake
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Larsen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan A Bell
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Brunette
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN, USA
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lynn A Megeney
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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27
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Nechiporuk T, McGann J, Mullendorff K, Hsieh J, Wurst W, Floss T, Mandel G. The REST remodeling complex protects genomic integrity during embryonic neurogenesis. eLife 2016; 5:e09584. [PMID: 26745185 PMCID: PMC4728133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely transition from neural progenitor to post-mitotic neuron requires down-regulation and loss of the neuronal transcriptional repressor, REST. Here, we have used mice containing a gene trap in the Rest gene, eliminating transcription from all coding exons, to remove REST prematurely from neural progenitors. We find that catastrophic DNA damage occurs during S-phase of the cell cycle, with long-term consequences including abnormal chromosome separation, apoptosis, and smaller brains. Persistent effects are evident by latent appearance of proneural glioblastoma in adult mice deleted additionally for the tumor suppressor p53 protein (p53). A previous line of mice deleted for REST in progenitors by conventional gene targeting does not exhibit these phenotypes, likely due to a remaining C-terminal peptide that still binds chromatin and recruits co-repressors. Our results suggest that REST-mediated chromatin remodeling is required in neural progenitors for proper S-phase dynamics, as part of its well-established role in repressing neuronal genes until terminal differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.001 In the brain, cells called neurons connect to each other to form complex networks through which information is rapidly processed. These cells start to form in the developing brains of animal embryos when “neural” stem cells divide in a process called neurogenesis. For this process to proceed normally, particular genes in the stem cells have to be switched on or off at different times. This ensures that the protein products of the genes are only made when they are needed. Proteins called transcription factors can bind to DNA to activate or inactivate particular genes; for example, a transcription factor called REST inactivates thousands of genes that are needed by neurons. During neurogenesis, the production of REST normally declines, and some studies have shown that if the production of this protein is artificially increased, the formation of neurons is delayed. However, other studies suggest that REST may not play a major role in neurogenesis. Here, Nechiporuk et al. re-examine the role of REST in mice. The experiments used genetically modified mice in which the gene that encodes REST was prematurely switched off in neural stem cells. Compared with normal mice, these mutant mice had much smaller brains that contained fewer neurons because the stem cells stopped dividing earlier than normal. Unexpectedly, many genes that are normally switched off by REST, were not significantly changed, while genes that are not normally regulated by REST – such as the gene that encodes a protein called p53 – were active. It is known from previous work that p53 is expressed when cells are exposed to harmful conditions that can damage DNA. This helps to prevent cells from becoming cancerous. Nechiporuk et al. found that cells that lacked REST had higher levels of DNA damage than normal cells due to errors during the process of copying DNA before a cell divides. Furthermore, when both REST and p53 were absent, the neural stem cells became cancerous and formed tumors in the mice. Nechiporuk et al.’s findings suggest that REST protects the DNA of genes that are needed for neurons to form and work properly. The new challenge is to understand where in the genome the damage is occurring. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilla Nechiporuk
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James McGann
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Karin Mullendorff
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gail Mandel
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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28
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Williams SE, Garcia I, Crowther AJ, Li S, Stewart A, Liu H, Lough KJ, O'Neill S, Veleta K, Oyarzabal EA, Merrill JR, Shih YYI, Gershon TR. Aspm sustains postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis and medulloblastoma growth in mice. Development 2015; 142:3921-32. [PMID: 26450969 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in genes that regulate brain size may contribute to both microcephaly and brain tumor formation. Here, we report that Aspm, a gene that is mutated in familial microcephaly, regulates postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebellum and supports the growth of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) express Aspm when maintained in a proliferative state by sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and Aspm is expressed in Shh-driven medulloblastoma in mice. Genetic deletion of Aspm reduces cerebellar growth, while paradoxically increasing the mitotic rate of CGNPs. Aspm-deficient CGNPs show impaired mitotic progression, altered patterns of division orientation and differentiation, and increased DNA damage, which causes progenitor attrition through apoptosis. Deletion of Aspm in mice with Smo-induced medulloblastoma reduces tumor growth and increases DNA damage. Co-deletion of Aspm and either of the apoptosis regulators Bax or Trp53 (also known as p53) rescues the survival of neural progenitors and reduces the growth restriction imposed by Aspm deletion. Our data show that Aspm functions to regulate mitosis and to mitigate DNA damage during CGNP cell division, causes microcephaly through progenitor apoptosis when mutated, and sustains tumor growth in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew J Crowther
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alyssa Stewart
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hedi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean O'Neill
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine Veleta
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph R Merrill
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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29
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Johnstone M, Maclean A, Heyrman L, Lenaerts AS, Nordin A, Nilsson LG, De Rijk P, Goossens D, Adolfsson R, St Clair DM, Hall J, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM, Del-Favero J, Blackwood DHR, Pickard BS. Copy Number Variations in DISC1 and DISC1-Interacting Partners in Major Mental Illness. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2015; 1:175-190. [PMID: 27239468 PMCID: PMC4872463 DOI: 10.1159/000438788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Robust statistical, genetic and functional evidence supports a role for DISC1 in the aetiology of major mental illness. Furthermore, many of its protein-binding partners show evidence for involvement in the pathophysiology of a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Copy number variants (CNVs) are suspected to play an important causal role in these disorders. In this study, CNV analysis of DISC1 and its binding partners PAFAH1B1, NDE1, NDEL1, FEZ1, MAP1A, CIT and PDE4B in Scottish and Northern Swedish population-based samples was carried out using multiplex amplicon quantification. Here, we report the finding of rare CNVs in DISC1, NDE1 (together with adjacent genes within the 16p13.11 duplication), NDEL1 (including the overlapping MYH10 gene) and CIT. Our findings provide further evidence for involvement of DISC1 and its interaction partners in neuropsychiatric disorders and also for a role of structural variants in the aetiology of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan Maclean
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lien Heyrman
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelie Nordin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Peter De Rijk
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Goossens
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David M St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Douglas H R Blackwood
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Medical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Maskey D, Marlin MC, Kim S, Kim S, Ong EC, Li G, Tsiokas L. Cell cycle-dependent ubiquitylation and destruction of NDE1 by CDK5-FBW7 regulates ciliary length. EMBO J 2015. [PMID: 26206584 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia start forming within the G1 phase of the cell cycle and continue to grow as cells exit the cell cycle (G0). They start resorbing when cells re-enter the cell cycle (S phase) and are practically invisible in mitosis. The mechanisms by which cilium biogenesis and disassembly are coupled to the cell cycle are complex and not well understood. We previously identified the centrosomal phosphoprotein NDE1 as a negative regulator of ciliary length and showed that its levels inversely correlate with ciliogenesis. Here, we identify the tumor suppressor FBW7 (also known as FBXW7, CDC4, AGO, or SEL-10) as the E3 ligase that mediates the destruction of NDE1 upon entry into G1. CDK5, a kinase active in G1/G0, primes NDE1 for FBW7-mediated recognition. Cells depleted of FBW7 or CDK5 show enhanced levels of NDE1 and a reduction in ciliary length, which is corrected in cells depleted of both FBW7 or CDK5 and NDE1. These data show that cell cycle-dependent mechanisms can control ciliary length through a CDK5-FBW7-NDE1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Maskey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Matthew Caleb Marlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - E-Ching Ong
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Leonidas Tsiokas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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31
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Florio M, Albert M, Taverna E, Namba T, Brandl H, Lewitus E, Haffner C, Sykes A, Wong FK, Peters J, Guhr E, Klemroth S, Prüfer K, Kelso J, Naumann R, Nüsslein I, Dahl A, Lachmann R, Pääbo S, Huttner WB. Human-specific gene ARHGAP11B promotes basal progenitor amplification and neocortex expansion. Science 2015; 347:1465-70. [PMID: 25721503 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex reflects increased amplification of basal progenitors in the subventricular zone, producing more neurons during fetal corticogenesis. In this work, we analyze the transcriptomes of distinct progenitor subpopulations isolated by a cell polarity-based approach from developing mouse and human neocortex. We identify 56 genes preferentially expressed in human apical and basal radial glia that lack mouse orthologs. Among these, ARHGAP11B has the highest degree of radial glia-specific expression. ARHGAP11B arose from partial duplication of ARHGAP11A (which encodes a Rho guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein) on the human lineage after separation from the chimpanzee lineage. Expression of ARHGAP11B in embryonic mouse neocortex promotes basal progenitor generation and self-renewal and can increase cortical plate area and induce gyrification. Hence, ARHGAP11B may have contributed to evolutionary expansion of human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Eric Lewitus
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alex Sykes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jula Peters
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elaine Guhr
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Klemroth
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Kelso
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ina Nüsslein
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Lachmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Pfotenhauerstraße 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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