1
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Hashimoto K, Ohira M, Kodama A, Kimoto M, Inoue M, Toné S, Usui Y, Hanashima A, Goto T, Ogura Y, Ujihara Y, Mohri S. Loss of connectin novex-3 leads to heart dysfunction associated with impaired cardiomyocyte proliferation and abnormal nuclear mechanics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13727. [PMID: 38877142 PMCID: PMC11178842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Connectin (also known as titin) is a giant striated muscle protein that functions as a molecular spring by providing elasticity to the sarcomere. Novex-3 is a short splice variant of connectin whose physiological function remains unknown. We have recently demonstrated using in vitro analyses that in addition to sarcomere expression, novex-3 was also expressed in cardiomyocyte nuclei exclusively during fetal life, where it provides elasticity/compliance to cardiomyocyte nuclei and promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation in the fetus, suggesting a non-sarcomeric function. Here, we analyzed novex-3 knockout mice to assess the involvement of this function in cardiac pathophysiology in vivo. Deficiency of novex-3 compromised fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation and induced the enlargement of individual cardiomyocytes in neonates. In adults, novex-3 deficiency resulted in chamber dilation and systolic dysfunction, associated with Ca2+ dysregulation, resulting in a reduced life span. Mechanistic analyses revealed a possible association between impaired proliferation and abnormal nuclear mechanics, including stiffer nuclei positioned peripherally with stabilized circumnuclear microtubules in knockout cardiomyocytes. Although the underlying causal relationships were not fully elucidated, these data show that novex-3 has a vital non-sarcomeric function in cardiac pathophysiology and serves as an early contributor to cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hashimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Momoko Ohira
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Aya Kodama
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Misaki Kimoto
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mariko Inoue
- Central Research Institute, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Toné
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0394, Japan
| | - Yuu Usui
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Hanashima
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takato Goto
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yuhei Ogura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ujihara
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mohri
- First Department of Physiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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2
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Weinberger M, Riley PR. Animal models to study cardiac regeneration. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:89-105. [PMID: 37580429 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Permanent fibrosis and chronic deterioration of heart function in patients after myocardial infarction present a major health-care burden worldwide. In contrast to the restricted potential for cellular and functional regeneration of the adult mammalian heart, a robust capacity for cardiac regeneration is seen during the neonatal period in mammals as well as in the adults of many fish and amphibian species. However, we lack a complete understanding as to why cardiac regeneration takes place more efficiently in some species than in others. The capacity of the heart to regenerate after injury is controlled by a complex network of cellular and molecular mechanisms that form a regulatory landscape, either permitting or restricting regeneration. In this Review, we provide an overview of the diverse array of vertebrates that have been studied for their cardiac regenerative potential and discuss differential heart regeneration outcomes in closely related species. Additionally, we summarize current knowledge about the core mechanisms that regulate cardiac regeneration across vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinberger
- Institute of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Riley
- Institute of Developmental & Regenerative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Yagi H, Xu X, Gabriel GC, Lo C. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:947-961. [PMID: 38884763 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart disease (CHD) with underdevelopment of left-sided heart structures. While previously uniformly fatal, surgical advances now provide highly effective palliation that allows most HLHS patients to survive their critical CHD. Nevertheless, there remains high morbidity and mortality with high risk of heart failure. As hemodynamic compromise from restricted aortic blood flow has been suggested to underlie the poor LV growth, this suggests the possibility of prenatal fetal intervention to recover LV growth. As such interventions have yielded ambiguous results, the optimization of therapy will require more mechanistic insights into the developmental etiology for HLHS. Clinical studies have shown high heritability for HLHS, with an oligogenic etiology indicated in conjunction with genetic heterogeneity. This is corroborated with the recent recovery of mutant mice with HLHS. With availability-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from HLHS mice and patients, new insights have emerged into the cellular and molecular etiology for the LV hypoplasia in HLHS. Cell proliferation defects were observed in conjunction with metaphase arrest and the disturbance of Hippo-YAP signaling. The left-sided restriction of the ventricular hypoplasia may result from epigenetic perturbation of pathways regulating left-right patterning. These findings suggest new avenues for fetal interventions with therapies using existing drugs that target the Hippo-YAP pathway and/or modulate epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Garcia‐Carpio I, Braun VZ, Weiler ES, Leone M, Niñerola S, Barco A, Fava LL, Villunger A. Extra centrosomes induce PIDD1-mediated inflammation and immunosurveillance. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113510. [PMID: 37530438 PMCID: PMC10577638 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Unscheduled increases in ploidy underlie defects in tissue function, premature aging, and malignancy. A concomitant event to polyploidization is the amplification of centrosomes, the main microtubule organization centers in animal cells. Supernumerary centrosomes are frequent in tumors, correlating with higher aggressiveness and poor prognosis. However, extra centrosomes initially also exert an onco-protective effect by activating p53-induced cell cycle arrest. If additional signaling events initiated by centrosomes help prevent pathology is unknown. Here, we report that extra centrosomes, arising during unscheduled polyploidization or aberrant centriole biogenesis, induce activation of NF-κB signaling and sterile inflammation. This signaling requires the NEMO-PIDDosome, a multi-protein complex composed of PIDD1, RIPK1, and NEMO/IKKγ. Remarkably, the presence of supernumerary centrosomes suffices to induce a paracrine chemokine and cytokine profile, able to polarize macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, extra centrosomes increase the immunogenicity of cancer cells and render them more susceptible to NK-cell attack. Hence, the PIDDosome acts as a dual effector, able to engage not only the p53 network for cell cycle control but also NF-κB signaling to instruct innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmina Garcia‐Carpio
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, BiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Vincent Z Braun
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, BiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Elias S Weiler
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, BiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marina Leone
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, BiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sergio Niñerola
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversidad Miguel HernándezAlicanteSpain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversidad Miguel HernándezAlicanteSpain
| | - Luca L Fava
- Armenise‐Harvard Laboratory of Cell Division, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIOUniversity of TrentoTrentoItaly
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, BiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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5
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Elia A, Mohsin S, Khan M. Cardiomyocyte Ploidy, Metabolic Reprogramming and Heart Repair. Cells 2023; 12:1571. [PMID: 37371041 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult heart is made up of cardiomyocytes (CMs) that maintain pump function but are unable to divide and form new myocytes in response to myocardial injury. In contrast, the developmental cardiac tissue is made up of proliferative CMs that regenerate injured myocardium. In mammals, CMs during development are diploid and mononucleated. In response to cardiac maturation, CMs undergo polyploidization and binucleation associated with CM functional changes. The transition from mononucleation to binucleation coincides with unique metabolic changes and shift in energy generation. Recent studies provide evidence that metabolic reprogramming promotes CM cell cycle reentry and changes in ploidy and nucleation state in the heart that together enhances cardiac structure and function after injury. This review summarizes current literature regarding changes in CM ploidy and nucleation during development, maturation and in response to cardiac injury. Importantly, how metabolism affects CM fate transition between mononucleation and binucleation and its impact on cell cycle progression, proliferation and ability to regenerate the heart will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Elia
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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6
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Atmakuru PS, Dhawan J. The cilium-centrosome axis in coupling cell cycle exit and cell fate. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:308872. [PMID: 37144419 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is an evolutionarily conserved, ancient organelle whose role in cell division was first described over a century ago. The structure and function of the centrosome as a microtubule-organizing center, and of its extracellular extension - the primary cilium - as a sensory antenna, have since been extensively studied, but the role of the cilium-centrosome axis in cell fate is still emerging. In this Opinion piece, we view cellular quiescence and tissue homeostasis from the vantage point of the cilium-centrosome axis. We focus on a less explored role in the choice between distinct forms of mitotic arrest - reversible quiescence and terminal differentiation, which play distinct roles in tissue homeostasis. We outline evidence implicating the centrosome-basal body switch in stem cell function, including how the cilium-centrosome complex regulates reversible versus irreversible arrest in adult skeletal muscle progenitors. We then highlight exciting new findings in other quiescent cell types that suggest signal-dependent coupling of nuclear and cytoplasmic events to the centrosome-basal body switch. Finally, we propose a framework for involvement of this axis in mitotically inactive cells and identify future avenues for understanding how the cilium-centrosome axis impacts central decisions in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti S Atmakuru
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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7
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Chun YW, Miyamoto M, Williams CH, Neitzel LR, Silver-Isenstadt M, Cadar AG, Fuller DT, Fong DC, Liu H, Lease R, Kim S, Katagiri M, Durbin MD, Wang KC, Feaster TK, Sheng CC, Neely MD, Sreenivasan U, Cortes-Gutierrez M, Finn AV, Schot R, Mancini GMS, Ament SA, Ess KC, Bowman AB, Han Z, Bichell DP, Su YR, Hong CC. Impaired Reorganization of Centrosome Structure Underlies Human Infantile Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2023; 147:1291-1303. [PMID: 36970983 PMCID: PMC10133173 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During cardiomyocyte maturation, the centrosome, which functions as a microtubule organizing center in cardiomyocytes, undergoes dramatic structural reorganization where its components reorganize from being localized at the centriole to the nuclear envelope. This developmentally programmed process, referred to as centrosome reduction, has been previously associated with cell cycle exit. However, understanding of how this process influences cardiomyocyte cell biology, and whether its disruption results in human cardiac disease, remains unknown. We studied this phenomenon in an infant with a rare case of infantile dilated cardiomyopathy (iDCM) who presented with left ventricular ejection fraction of 18% and disrupted sarcomere and mitochondria structure. METHODS We performed an analysis beginning with an infant who presented with a rare case of iDCM. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells from the patient to model iDCM in vitro. We performed whole exome sequencing on the patient and his parents for causal gene analysis. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout and correction in vitro were used to confirm whole exome sequencing results. Zebrafish and Drosophila models were used for in vivo validation of the causal gene. Matrigel mattress technology and single-cell RNA sequencing were used to characterize iDCM cardiomyocytes further. RESULTS Whole exome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout/correction identified RTTN, the gene encoding the centrosomal protein RTTN (rotatin), as the causal gene underlying the patient's condition, representing the first time a centrosome defect has been implicated in a nonsyndromic dilated cardiomyopathy. Genetic knockdowns in zebrafish and Drosophila confirmed an evolutionarily conserved requirement of RTTN for cardiac structure and function. Single-cell RNA sequencing of iDCM cardiomyocytes showed impaired maturation of iDCM cardiomyocytes, which underlie the observed cardiomyocyte structural and functional deficits. We also observed persistent localization of the centrosome at the centriole, contrasting with expected programmed perinuclear reorganization, which led to subsequent global microtubule network defects. In addition, we identified a small molecule that restored centrosome reorganization and improved the structure and contractility of iDCM cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate a case of human disease caused by a defect in centrosome reduction. We also uncovered a novel role for RTTN in perinatal cardiac development and identified a potential therapeutic strategy for centrosome-related iDCM. Future study aimed at identifying variants in centrosome components may uncover additional contributors to human cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Chun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Matthew Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Charles H. Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Leif R. Neitzel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Maya Silver-Isenstadt
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Adrian G. Cadar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Daniela T. Fuller
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daniel C. Fong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Robert Lease
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sungseek Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Mikako Katagiri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Matthew D. Durbin
- Division of Neonatology-Perinatology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 26202
| | - Kuo-Chen Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Tromondae K. Feaster
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Calvin C. Sheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - M. Diana Neely
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Urmila Sreenivasan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Marcia Cortes-Gutierrez
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aloke V. Finn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rachel Schot
- Division of Neonatology-Perinatology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 26202
| | - Grazia M. S. Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seth A. Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin C. Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37201
| | - Aaron B. Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Zhe Han
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - David P. Bichell
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Yan Ru Su
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37201
| | - Charles C. Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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8
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Weier AK, Homrich M, Ebbinghaus S, Juda P, Miková E, Hauschild R, Zhang L, Quast T, Mass E, Schlitzer A, Kolanus W, Burgdorf S, Gruß OJ, Hons M, Wieser S, Kiermaier E. Multiple centrosomes enhance migration and immune cell effector functions of mature dendritic cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213533. [PMID: 36214847 PMCID: PMC9555069 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes play a crucial role during immune cell interactions and initiation of the immune response. In proliferating cells, centrosome numbers are tightly controlled and generally limited to one in G1 and two prior to mitosis. Defects in regulating centrosome numbers have been associated with cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Here, we report the emergence of extra centrosomes in leukocytes during immune activation. Upon antigen encounter, dendritic cells pass through incomplete mitosis and arrest in the subsequent G1 phase leading to tetraploid cells with accumulated centrosomes. In addition, cell stimulation increases expression of polo-like kinase 2, resulting in diploid cells with two centrosomes in G1-arrested cells. During cell migration, centrosomes tightly cluster and act as functional microtubule-organizing centers allowing for increased persistent locomotion along gradients of chemotactic cues. Moreover, dendritic cells with extra centrosomes display enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and optimized T cell responses. Together, these results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of extra centrosomes for regular cell and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Weier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirka Homrich
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ebbinghaus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pavel Juda
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Miková
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lili Zhang
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elvira Mass
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Developmental Biology of the Immune System, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Quantitative Systems Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Burgdorf
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Cellular Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Gruß
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miroslav Hons
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Wieser
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Eva Kiermaier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Immune and Tumor Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Correspondence to Eva Kiermaier:
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9
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Magadum A, Renikunta HV, Singh N, Estaras C, Kishore R, Engel FB. Live cell screening identifies glycosides as enhancers of cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:901396. [PMID: 36225954 PMCID: PMC9549374 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.901396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation is a promising strategy to regenerate the heart. Yet, so far, it is poorly understood how cardiomyocyte proliferation is regulated, and no factor identified to promote mammalian cardiomyocyte proliferation has been translated into medical practice. Therefore, finding a novel factor will be vital. Here, we established a live cell screening based on mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes expressing a non-functional human geminin deletion mutant fused to Azami Green (CM7/1-hgem-derived cardiomyocytes). We screened for a subset of compounds of the small molecule library Spectrum Collection and identified 19 potential inducers of stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte proliferation. Furthermore, the pro-proliferative potential of identified candidate compounds was validated in neonatal and adult rat cardiomyocytes as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. 18 of these compounds promoted mitosis and cytokinesis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Among the top four candidates were two cardiac glycosides, peruvoside and convallatoxin, the flavonoid osajin, and the selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist and imidazoline I1 receptor ligand efaroxan hydrochloride. Inhibition of PTEN and GSK-3β enhanced cell cycle re-entry and progression upon stimulation with cardiac glycosides and osajin, while inhibition of IP3 receptors inhibited the cell cycle-promoting effect of cardiac glycosides. Collectively, we established a screening system and identified potential compounds to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. Our data suggest that modulation of calcium handling and metabolism promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation, and cardiac glycosides might, besides increasing myocardial contraction force, contribute to cardiac repair by inducing cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Magadum
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ajit Magadum
| | - Harsha V. Renikunta
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Berlin - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Sports Biosciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Conchi Estaras
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Raj Kishore
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
- Felix B. Engel
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10
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Blom JN, Wang X, Lu X, Kim MY, Wang G, Feng Q. Inhibition of intraflagellar transport protein-88 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reduces cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175287. [PMID: 36150531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium is a potential source of cardiac progenitors to support reparative angiogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI) through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Primary cilia are recognized as hubs of cellular signaling, and their presence can alter downstream pathways to modulate EMT. The present study aimed to examine the effects of inhibiting intraflagellar transport protein-88 (Ift88), a protein vital to ciliary assembly, on epicardial EMT and cardiac remodeling post-MI. Epicardium derived cells (EPDCs) were cultured from E13.5 heart explants and treated with adenoviral vector encoding short-hairpin RNA against the mouse Ift88 (Ad-shIft88) to disassemble the primary cilium. Effects of Ad-shIft88 on epicardial EMT and cardiac remodeling were examined in mice post-MI. Our results show that Ad-shIft88 enhanced EMT of cultured EPDCs. In adult mice, intra-myocardial administration of Ad-shIft88 increased the number of Wilms tumor 1 (Wt1) positive cells in the epicardium and myocardium, promoted expression of genes associated with epicardial EMT, and enhanced capillary and arteriolar densities post-MI. Additionally, intra-myocardial Ad-shIft88 treatment attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and improved myocardial function three weeks post-MI. In conclusion, knockdown of Ift88 improves epicardial EMT, neovascularization and cardiac remodeling in the ischemic heart. Our study highlights the primary cilium as a potential therapeutic target post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Blom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mella Y Kim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Leong EL, Khaing NT, Cadot B, Hong WL, Kozlov S, Werner H, Wong ESM, Stewart CL, Burke B, Lee YL. Nesprin-1 LINC complexes recruit microtubule cytoskeleton proteins and drive pathology in Lmna-mutant striated muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 32:177-191. [PMID: 35925868 PMCID: PMC9840208 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LMNA, the gene encoding A-type lamins, cause laminopathies-diseases of striated muscle and other tissues. The aetiology of laminopathies has been attributed to perturbation of chromatin organization or structural weakening of the nuclear envelope (NE) such that the nucleus becomes more prone to mechanical damage. The latter model requires a conduit for force transmission to the nucleus. NE-associated Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes are one such pathway. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats to disrupt the Nesprin-1 KASH (Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology) domain, we identified this LINC complex protein as the predominant NE anchor for microtubule cytoskeleton components, including nucleation activities and motor complexes, in mouse cardiomyocytes. Loss of Nesprin-1 LINC complexes resulted in loss of microtubule cytoskeleton proteins at the nucleus and changes in nuclear morphology and positioning in striated muscle cells, but with no overt physiological defects. Disrupting the KASH domain of Nesprin-1 suppresses Lmna-linked cardiac pathology, likely by reducing microtubule cytoskeleton activities at the nucleus. Nesprin-1 LINC complexes thus represent a potential therapeutic target for striated muscle laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Cadot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U974, Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Wei Liang Hong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 6 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore,ASTAR Skin Research Labs (ASRL), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 6 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Serguei Kozlov
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hendrikje Werner
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 6 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore,ASTAR Skin Research Labs (ASRL), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 6 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Esther Sook Miin Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 6 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 5 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Colin L Stewart
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Colin L. Stewart, ; Brian Burke, ; Yin Loon Lee,
| | - Brian Burke
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Colin L. Stewart, ; Brian Burke, ; Yin Loon Lee,
| | - Yin Loon Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Colin L. Stewart, ; Brian Burke, ; Yin Loon Lee,
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12
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Duan X, Liu X, Zhan Z. Metabolic Regulation of Cardiac Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:933060. [PMID: 35872916 PMCID: PMC9304552 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.933060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality due to heart diseases remains highest in the world every year, with ischemic cardiomyopathy being the prime cause. The irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes following myocardial injury leads to compromised contractility of the remaining myocardium, adverse cardiac remodeling, and ultimately heart failure. The hearts of adult mammals can hardly regenerate after cardiac injury since adult cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle. Nonetheless, the hearts of early neonatal mammals possess a stronger capacity for regeneration. To improve the prognosis of patients with heart failure and to find the effective therapeutic strategies for it, it is essential to promote endogenous regeneration of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial metabolism maintains normal physiological functions of the heart and compensates for heart failure. In recent decades, the focus is on the changes in myocardial energy metabolism, including glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism, in cardiac physiological and pathological states. In addition to being a source of energy, metabolites are becoming key regulators of gene expression and epigenetic patterns, which may affect heart regeneration. However, the myocardial energy metabolism during heart regeneration is majorly unknown. This review focuses on the role of energy metabolism in cardiac regeneration, intending to shed light on the strategies for manipulating heart regeneration and promoting heart repair after cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Xingguang Liu,
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenzhen Zhan,
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13
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Defining the molecular underpinnings controlling cardiomyocyte proliferation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:911-934. [PMID: 35723259 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after birth, mammalian cardiomyocytes (CM) exit the cell cycle and cease to proliferate. The inability of adult CM to replicate renders the heart particularly vulnerable to injury. Restoration of CM proliferation would be an attractive clinical target for regenerative therapies that can preserve contractile function and thus prevent the development of heart failure. Our review focuses on recent progress in understanding the tight regulation of signaling pathways and their downstream molecular mechanisms that underly the inability of CM to proliferate in vivo. In this review, we describe the temporal expression of cell cycle activators e.g., cyclin/Cdk complexes and their inhibitors including p16, p21, p27 and members of the retinoblastoma gene family during gestation and postnatal life. The differential impact of members of the E2f transcription factor family and microRNAs on the regulation of positive and negative cell cycle factors is discussed. This review also highlights seminal studies that identified the coordination of signaling mechanisms that can potently activate CM cell cycle re-entry including the Wnt/Ctnnb1, Hippo, Pi3K-Akt and Nrg1-Erbb2/4 pathways. We also present an up-to-date account of landmark studies analyzing the effect of various genes such as Argin, Dystrophin, Fstl1, Meis1, Pitx2 and Pkm2 that are responsible for either inhibition or activation of CM cell division. All these reports describe bona fide therapeutically targets that could guide future clinical studies toward cardiac repair.
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14
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Cardiomyocyte Proliferation from Fetal- to Adult- and from Normal- to Hypertrophy and Failing Hearts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060880. [PMID: 35741401 PMCID: PMC9220194 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Death from injury to the heart from a variety of causes remains a major cause of mortality worldwide. The cardiomyocyte, the major contracting cell of the heart, is responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body. During fetal development, these immature cardiomyocytes are small and rapidly divide to complete development of the heart by birth when they develop structural and functional characteristics of mature cells which prevent further division. All further growth of the heart after birth is due to an increase in the size of cardiomyocytes, hypertrophy. Following the loss of functional cardiomyocytes due to coronary artery occlusion or other causes, the heart is unable to replace the lost cells. One of the significant research goals has been to induce adult cardiomyocytes to reactivate the cell cycle and repair cardiac injury. This review explores the developmental, structural, and functional changes of the growing cardiomyocyte, and particularly the sarcomere, responsible for force generation, from the early fetal period of reproductive cell growth through the neonatal period and on to adulthood, as well as during pathological response to different forms of myocardial diseases or injury. Multiple issues relative to cardiomyocyte cell-cycle regulation in normal or diseased conditions are discussed. Abstract The cardiomyocyte undergoes dramatic changes in structure, metabolism, and function from the early fetal stage of hyperplastic cell growth, through birth and the conversion to hypertrophic cell growth, continuing to the adult stage and responding to various forms of stress on the myocardium, often leading to myocardial failure. The fetal cell with incompletely formed sarcomeres and other cellular and extracellular components is actively undergoing mitosis, organelle dispersion, and formation of daughter cells. In the first few days of neonatal life, the heart is able to repair fully from injury, but not after conversion to hypertrophic growth. Structural and metabolic changes occur following conversion to hypertrophic growth which forms a barrier to further cardiomyocyte division, though interstitial components continue dividing to keep pace with cardiac growth. Both intra- and extracellular structural changes occur in the stressed myocardium which together with hemodynamic alterations lead to metabolic and functional alterations of myocardial failure. This review probes some of the questions regarding conditions that regulate normal and pathologic growth of the heart.
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15
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Camargo Ortega G, Götz M. Centrosome heterogeneity in stem cells regulates cell diversity. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:707-719. [PMID: 35750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are at the source of creating cellular diversity. Multiple mechanisms, including basic cell biological processes, regulate their fate. The centrosome is at the core of many stem cell functions and recent work highlights the association of distinct proteins at the centrosome in stem cell differentiation. As showcased by a novel centrosome protein regulating neural stem cell differentiation, it is timely to review the heterogeneity of the centrosome at protein and RNA levels and how this impacts their function in stem and progenitor cells. Together with evidence for heterogeneity of other organelles so far considered as similar between cells, we call for exploring the cell type-specific composition of organelles as a way to expand protein function in development with relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Camargo Ortega
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH, Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; 4 SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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16
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Zhu W, Sun J, Bishop SP, Sadek H, Zhang J. Turning back the clock: A concise viewpoint of cardiomyocyte cell cycle activation for myocardial regeneration and repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 170:15-21. [PMID: 35660800 PMCID: PMC9391298 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) could progress to end-stage congestive heart failure, which is one of the most significant problems in public health. From the molecular and cellular perspective, heart failure often results from the loss of cardiomyocytes-the fundamental contractile unit of the heart-and the damage caused by myocardial injury in adult mammals cannot be repaired, in part because mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo cell-cycle arrest during the early perinatal period. However, recent studies in the hearts of neonatal small and large mammals suggest that the onset of cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest can be reversed, which may lead to the development of entirely new strategies for the treatment of heart failure. In this Viewpoint, we summarize these and other provocative findings about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and how they may be targeted to turn back the clock of cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and improve recovery from cardiac injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, United States of America
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Sanford P Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Hesham Sadek
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America.
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17
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PLK inhibitors identified by high content phenotypic screening promote maturation of human PSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 620:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Philip R, Fiorino C, Harrison RE. Terminally differentiated osteoclasts organize centrosomes into large clusters for microtubule nucleation and bone resorption. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar68. [PMID: 35511803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized, multinucleated cells responsible for the selective resorption of the dense, calcified bone matrix. Microtubules (MTs) contribute to the polarization and trafficking events involved in bone resorption by osteoclasts, however the origin of these elaborate arrays is less clear. Osteoclasts arise through cell fusion of precursor cells. Previous studies have suggested that centrosome MT nucleation is lost during this process, with the nuclear membrane and its surrounding Golgi serving as the major microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) in these cells. Here we reveal that precursor cell centrosomes are maintained and functional in the multinucleated osteoclast and interestingly form large MTOC clusters, with the clusters organizing significantly more MTs, compared to individual centrosomes. MTOC cluster formation requires dynamic microtubules and minus-end directed MT motor activity. Inhibition of these centrosome clustering elements had a marked impact on both F-actin ring formation and bone resorption. Together these findings show that multinucleated osteoclasts employ unique centrosomal clusters to organize the extensive microtubules during bone attachment and resorption. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Philip
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1 × 5
| | - Cara Fiorino
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
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19
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Auchampach J, Han L, Huang GN, Kühn B, Lough JW, O'Meara CC, Payumo AY, Rosenthal NA, Sucov HM, Yutzey KE, Patterson M. Measuring cardiomyocyte cell-cycle activity and proliferation in the age of heart regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H579-H596. [PMID: 35179974 PMCID: PMC8934681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00666.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, the field of mammalian myocardial regeneration has grown dramatically, and with this expanded interest comes increasing claims of experimental manipulations that mediate bona fide proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Too often, however, insufficient evidence or improper controls are provided to support claims that cardiomyocytes have definitively proliferated, a process that should be strictly defined as the generation of two de novo functional cardiomyocytes from one original cardiomyocyte. Throughout the literature, one finds inconsistent levels of experimental rigor applied, and frequently the specific data supplied as evidence of cardiomyocyte proliferation simply indicate cell-cycle activation or DNA synthesis, which do not necessarily lead to the generation of new cardiomyocytes. In this review, we highlight potential problems and limitations faced when characterizing cardiomyocyte proliferation in the mammalian heart, and summarize tools and experimental standards, which should be used to support claims of proliferation-based remuscularization. In the end, definitive establishment of de novo cardiomyogenesis can be difficult to prove; therefore, rigorous experimental strategies should be used for such claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Herma Heart Institute, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Division of Cardiology, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Lough
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander Y Payumo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San José State University, San Jose, California
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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20
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Abstract
The centrosome is a multifunctional organelle that is known primarily for its microtubule organising function. Centrosomal defects caused by changes in centrosomal structure or number have been associated with human diseases ranging from congenital defects to cancer. We are only beginning to appreciate how the non-microtubule organising roles of the centrosome are related to these clinical conditions. In this review, we will discuss the historical evidence that led to the proposal that the centrosome participates in cell cycle regulation. We then summarize the body of work that describes the involvement of the mammalian centrosome in triggering cell cycle progression and checkpoint signalling. Then we will highlight work from the fission yeast model organism, revealing the molecular details that explain how the spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast functional equivalent of the centrosome), participates in these cell cycle transitions. Importantly, we will discuss some of the emerging questions from recent discoveries related to the role of the centrosome as a cell cycle regulator.
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21
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Abstract
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal elements found in all eukaryotic cells. The structure and composition of microtubules regulate their function, and the dynamic remodeling of the network by posttranslational modifications and microtubule-associated proteins generates diverse populations of microtubules adapted for various contexts. In the cardiomyocyte, the microtubules must accommodate the unique challenges faced by a highly contractile, rigidly structured, and long-lasting cell. Through their canonical trafficking role and positioning of mRNA, proteins, and organelles, microtubules regulate essential cardiomyocyte functions such as electrical activity, calcium handling, protein translation, and growth. In a more specialized role, posttranslationally modified microtubules form load-bearing structures that regulate myocyte mechanics and mechanotransduction. Modified microtubules proliferate in cardiovascular diseases, creating stabilized resistive elements that impede cardiomyocyte contractility and contribute to contractile dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the most exciting new concepts emerging from recent studies into canonical and noncanonical roles of cardiomyocyte microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Uchida
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Emily A Scarborough
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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22
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Bongiovanni C, Sacchi F, Da Pra S, Pantano E, Miano C, Morelli MB, D'Uva G. Reawakening the Intrinsic Cardiac Regenerative Potential: Molecular Strategies to Boost Dedifferentiation and Proliferation of Endogenous Cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:750604. [PMID: 34692797 PMCID: PMC8531484 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.750604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts carried out to develop stem/progenitor cell-based technologies aiming at replacing and restoring the cardiac tissue following severe damages, thus far no strategies based on adult stem cell transplantation have been demonstrated to efficiently generate new cardiac muscle cells. Intriguingly, dedifferentiation, and proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and not stem cell differentiation represent the preponderant cellular mechanism by which lower vertebrates spontaneously regenerate the injured heart. Mammals can also regenerate their heart up to the early neonatal period, even in this case by activating the proliferation of endogenous cardiomyocytes. However, the mammalian cardiac regenerative potential is dramatically reduced soon after birth, when most cardiomyocytes exit from the cell cycle, undergo further maturation, and continue to grow in size. Although a slow rate of cardiomyocyte turnover has also been documented in adult mammals, both in mice and humans, this is not enough to sustain a robust regenerative process. Nevertheless, these remarkable findings opened the door to a branch of novel regenerative approaches aiming at reactivating the endogenous cardiac regenerative potential by triggering a partial dedifferentiation process and cell cycle re-entry in endogenous cardiomyocytes. Several adaptations from intrauterine to extrauterine life starting at birth and continuing in the immediate neonatal period concur to the loss of the mammalian cardiac regenerative ability. A wide range of systemic and microenvironmental factors or cell-intrinsic molecular players proved to regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and their manipulation has been explored as a therapeutic strategy to boost cardiac function after injuries. We here review the scientific knowledge gained thus far in this novel and flourishing field of research, elucidating the key biological and molecular mechanisms whose modulation may represent a viable approach for regenerating the human damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bongiovanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacchi
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Da Pra
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elvira Pantano
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Miano
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele D'Uva
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
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23
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Becker R, Vergarajauregui S, Billing F, Sharkova M, Lippolis E, Mamchaoui K, Ferrazzi F, Engel FB. Myogenin controls via AKAP6 non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing center formation at the nuclear envelope. eLife 2021; 10:65672. [PMID: 34605406 PMCID: PMC8523159 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are pivotal for the function of multiple cell types, but the processes initiating their formation are unknown. Here, we find that the transcription factor myogenin is required in murine myoblasts for the localization of MTOC proteins to the nuclear envelope. Moreover, myogenin is sufficient in fibroblasts for nuclear envelope MTOC (NE-MTOC) formation and centrosome attenuation. Bioinformatics combined with loss- and gain-of-function experiments identified induction of AKAP6 expression as one central mechanism for myogenin-mediated NE-MTOC formation. Promoter studies indicate that myogenin preferentially induces the transcription of muscle- and NE-MTOC-specific isoforms of Akap6 and Syne1, which encodes nesprin-1α, the NE-MTOC anchor protein in muscle cells. Overexpression of AKAP6β and nesprin-1α was sufficient to recruit endogenous MTOC proteins to the nuclear envelope of myoblasts in the absence of myogenin. Taken together, our results illuminate how mammals transcriptionally control the switch from a centrosomal MTOC to an NE-MTOC and identify AKAP6 as a novel NE-MTOC component in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Billing
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Sharkova
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eleonora Lippolis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM U974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GH Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
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Steinfeldt J, Becker R, Vergarajauregui S, Engel FB. Alternative Splicing of Pericentrin Contributes to Cell Cycle Control in Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080087. [PMID: 34436229 PMCID: PMC8397033 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation is a promising option to regenerate the heart. Thus, it is important to elucidate mechanisms that contribute to the cell cycle arrest of mammalian cardiomyocytes. Here, we assessed the contribution of the pericentrin (Pcnt) S isoform to cell cycle arrest in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of Pcnt isoforms combined with SiRNA-mediated depletion indicates that Pcnt S preferentially localizes to the nuclear envelope, while the Pcnt B isoform is enriched at centrosomes. This is further supported by the localization of ectopically expressed FLAG-tagged Pcnt S and Pcnt B in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Analysis of centriole configuration upon Pcnt depletion revealed that Pcnt B but not Pcnt S is required for centriole cohesion. Importantly, ectopic expression of Pcnt S induced centriole splitting in a heterologous system, ARPE-19 cells, and was sufficient to impair DNA synthesis in C2C12 myoblasts. Moreover, Pcnt S depletion enhanced serum-induced cell cycle re-entry in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Analysis of mitosis, binucleation rate, and cell number suggests that Pcnt S depletion enhances serum-induced progression of postnatal cardiomyocytes through the cell cycle resulting in cell division. Collectively, our data indicate that alternative splicing of Pcnt contributes to the establishment of cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest shortly after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Steinfeldt
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.S.); (R.B.); (S.V.)
- Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)9131-85-25699
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Borrelli MA, Turnquist HR, Little SR. Biologics and their delivery systems: Trends in myocardial infarction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:181-215. [PMID: 33775706 PMCID: PMC8178247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death around the world, in which myocardial infarction (MI) is a precipitating event. However, current therapies do not adequately address the multiple dysregulated systems following MI. Consequently, recent studies have developed novel biologic delivery systems to more effectively address these maladies. This review utilizes a scientometric summary of the recent literature to identify trends among biologic delivery systems designed to treat MI. Emphasis is placed on sustained or targeted release of biologics (e.g. growth factors, nucleic acids, stem cells, chemokines) from common delivery systems (e.g. microparticles, nanocarriers, injectable hydrogels, implantable patches). We also evaluate biologic delivery system trends in the entire regenerative medicine field to identify emerging approaches that may translate to the treatment of MI. Future developments include immune system targeting through soluble factor or chemokine delivery, and the development of advanced delivery systems that facilitate the synergistic delivery of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Borrelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 940 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Heth R Turnquist
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, 200 Darragh St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 940 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 302 Benedum Hall, 3700 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Forbes Tower, Suite 7057, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Macrophage phenotype and function are dependent upon the composition and biomechanics of the local cardiac tissue microenvironment. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16938-16956. [PMID: 34292877 PMCID: PMC8312435 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage accumulation and nitrosative stress are known mechanisms underlying age-related cardiovascular pathology and functional decline. The cardiac muscle microenvironment is known to change with age, yet the direct effects of these changes have yet to be studied in-depth. The present study sought to better elucidate the role that biochemical and biomechanical alterations in cardiac tissue have in the altered phenotype and functionality of cardiac resident macrophages observed with increasing age. To accomplish this, naïve bone marrow derived macrophages from young mice were seeded onto either functionalized poly-dimethyl-siloxane hydrogels ranging in stiffness from 2kPA to 64kPA or onto tissue culture plastic, both of which were coated with either young or aged solubilized mouse cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM). Both biomechanical and biochemical alterations were found to have a significant effect on macrophage polarization and function. Increased substrate stiffness was found to promote macrophage morphologies associated with pro-inflammatory macrophage activation, increased expression of pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase protein with increased nitric oxide secretion, and attenuated arginase activity and protein expression. Additionally, exposure to aged cECM promoted attenuated responsivity to both canonical pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling cues when compared to young cECM treated cells. These results suggest that both biomechanical and biochemical changes in the cardiovascular system play a role in promoting the age-related shift towards pro-inflammatory macrophage populations associated with cardiovascular disease development.
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Transcriptional Regulation of Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063288. [PMID: 33807107 PMCID: PMC8004589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the postnatal period, mammalian cardiomyocytes undergo numerous maturational changes associated with increased cardiac function and output, including hypertrophic growth, cell cycle exit, sarcomeric protein isoform switching, and mitochondrial maturation. These changes come at the expense of loss of regenerative capacity of the heart, contributing to heart failure after cardiac injury in adults. While most studies focus on the transcriptional regulation of embryonic or adult cardiomyocytes, the transcriptional changes that occur during the postnatal period are relatively unknown. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional regulators responsible for these aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation during the postnatal period in mammals. By specifically highlighting this transitional period, we draw attention to critical processes in cardiomyocyte maturation with potential therapeutic implications in cardiovascular disease.
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Esmaeili H, Li C, Fu X, Jung JP. Engineering Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:611936. [PMID: 33553118 PMCID: PMC7855456 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.611936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering microenvironments for accelerated myocardial repair is a challenging goal. Cell therapy has evolved over a few decades to engraft therapeutic cells to replenish lost cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle. However, compelling evidence supports that tailoring specific signals to endogenous cells rather than the direct integration of therapeutic cells could be an attractive strategy for better clinical outcomes. Of many possible routes to instruct endogenous cells, we reviewed recent cases that extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins contribute to enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation from neonates to adults. In addition, the presence of ECM proteins exerts biophysical regulation in tissue, leading to the control of microenvironments and adaptation for enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation. Finally, we also summarized recent clinical trials exclusively using ECM proteins, further supporting the notion that engineering ECM proteins would be a critical strategy to enhance myocardial repair without taking any risks or complications of applying therapeutic cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Chaoyang Li
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Xing Fu
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jangwook P Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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29
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Cardiac cell type-specific responses to injury and contributions to heart regeneration. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33527149 PMCID: PMC7851195 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Due to the limited proliferation rate of mature cardiomyocytes, adult mammalian hearts are unable to regenerate damaged cardiac muscle following injury. Instead, injured area is replaced by fibrotic scar tissue, which may lead to irreversible cardiac remodeling and organ failure. In contrast, adult zebrafish and neonatal mammalian possess the capacity for heart regeneration and have been widely used as experimental models. Recent studies have shown that multiple types of cells within the heart can respond to injury with the activation of distinct signaling pathways. Determining the specific contributions of each cell type is essential for our understanding of the regeneration network organization throughout the heart. In this review, we provide an overview of the distinct functions and coordinated cell behaviors of several major cell types including cardiomyocytes, endocardial cells, epicardial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. The topic focuses on their specific responses and cellular plasticity after injury, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Bishop SP, Zhou Y, Nakada Y, Zhang J. Changes in Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle and Hypertrophic Growth During Fetal to Adult in Mammals. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017839. [PMID: 33399005 PMCID: PMC7955297 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The failure of adult cardiomyocytes to reproduce themselves to repair an injury results in the development of severe cardiac disability leading to death in many cases. The quest for an understanding of the inability of cardiac myocytes to repair an injury has been ongoing for decades with the identification of various factors which have a temporary effect on cell‐cycle activity. Fetal cardiac myocytes are continuously replicating until the time that the developing fetus reaches a stage of maturity sufficient for postnatal life around the time of birth. Recent reports of the ability for early neonatal mice and pigs to completely repair after the severe injury has stimulated further study of the regulators of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle to promote replication for the remuscularization of injured heart. In all mammals just before or after birth, single‐nucleated hyperplastically growing cardiomyocytes, 1X2N, undergo ≥1 additional DNA replications not followed by cytokinesis, resulting in cells with ≥2 nuclei or as in primates, multiple DNA replications (polyploidy) of 1 nucleus, 2X2(+)N or 1X4(+)N. All further growth of the heart is attributable to hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Animal studies ranging from zebrafish with 100% 1X2N cells in the adult to some strains of mice with up to 98% 2X2N cells in the adult and other species with variable ratios of 1X2N and 2X2N cells are reviewed relative to the time of conversion. Various structural, physiologic, metabolic, genetic, hormonal, oxygenation, and other factors that play a key role in the inability of post‐neonatal and adult myocytes to undergo additional cytokinesis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford P Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
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31
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Mittasch M, Tran VM, Rios MU, Fritsch AW, Enos SJ, Ferreira Gomes B, Bond A, Kreysing M, Woodruff JB. Regulated changes in material properties underlie centrosome disassembly during mitotic exit. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133724. [PMID: 32050025 PMCID: PMC7147112 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes must resist microtubule-mediated forces for mitotic chromosome segregation. During mitotic exit, however, centrosomes are deformed and fractured by those same forces, which is a key step in centrosome disassembly. How the functional material properties of centrosomes change throughout the cell cycle, and how they are molecularly tuned, remain unknown. Here, we used optically induced flow perturbations to determine the molecular basis of centrosome strength and ductility in C. elegans embryos. We found that both properties declined sharply at anaphase onset, long before natural disassembly. This mechanical transition required PP2A phosphatase and correlated with inactivation of PLK-1 (Polo kinase) and SPD-2 (Cep192). In vitro, PLK-1 and SPD-2 directly protected centrosome scaffolds from force-induced disassembly. Our results suggest that, before anaphase, PLK-1 and SPD-2 respectively confer strength and ductility to the centrosome scaffold so that it can resist microtubule-pulling forces. In anaphase, centrosomes lose PLK-1 and SPD-2 and transition to a weak, brittle state that enables force-mediated centrosome disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Mittasch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vanna M Tran
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Manolo U Rios
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anatol W Fritsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen J Enos
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alec Bond
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeffrey B Woodruff
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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32
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Vergarajauregui S, Becker R, Steffen U, Sharkova M, Esser T, Petzold J, Billing F, Kapiloff MS, Schett G, Thievessen I, Engel FB. AKAP6 orchestrates the nuclear envelope microtubule-organizing center by linking golgi and nucleus via AKAP9. eLife 2020; 9:61669. [PMID: 33295871 PMCID: PMC7725499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The switch from centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) to non-centrosomal MTOCs during differentiation is poorly understood. Here, we identify AKAP6 as key component of the nuclear envelope MTOC. In rat cardiomyocytes, AKAP6 anchors centrosomal proteins to the nuclear envelope through its spectrin repeats, acting as an adaptor between nesprin-1α and Pcnt or AKAP9. In addition, AKAP6 and AKAP9 form a protein platform tethering the Golgi to the nucleus. Both Golgi and nuclear envelope exhibit MTOC activity utilizing either AKAP9, or Pcnt-AKAP9, respectively. AKAP6 is also required for formation and activity of the nuclear envelope MTOC in human osteoclasts. Moreover, ectopic expression of AKAP6 in epithelial cells is sufficient to recruit endogenous centrosomal proteins. Finally, AKAP6 is required for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and osteoclast bone resorption activity. Collectively, we decipher the MTOC at the nuclear envelope as a bi-layered structure generating two pools of microtubules with AKAP6 as a key organizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vergarajauregui
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Becker
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Sharkova
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman Esser
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Billing
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, United States
| | - George Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingo Thievessen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen (MURCE), Erlangen, Germany
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Zhu Y, Do VD, Richards AM, Foo R. What we know about cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:80-91. [PMID: 33275936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) lost during cardiac injury and heart failure (HF) cannot be replaced due to their limited proliferative capacity. Regenerating the failing heart by promoting CM cell-cycle re-entry is an ambitious solution, currently vigorously pursued. Some genes have been proven to promote endogenous CM proliferation, believed to be preceded by CM dedifferentiation, wherein terminally differentiated CMs are initially reversed back to the less mature state which precedes cell division. However, very little else is known about CM dedifferentiation which remains poorly defined. We lack robust molecular markers and proper understanding of the mechanisms driving dedifferentiation. Even the term dedifferentiation is debated because there is no objective evidence of pluripotency, and could rather reflect CM plasticity instead. Nonetheless, the significance of CM transition states on cardiac function, and whether they necessarily lead to CM proliferation, remains unclear. This review summarises the current state of knowledge of both natural and experimentally induced CM dedifferentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates (primarily the zebrafish) and mammals, as well as the phenotypes and molecular mechanisms involved. The significance and potential challenges of studying CM dedifferentiation are also discussed. In summary, CM dedifferentiation, essential for CM plasticity, may have an important role in heart regeneration, thereby contributing to the prevention and treatment of heart disease. More attention is needed in this field to overcome the technical limitations and knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Vinh Dang Do
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - A Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore
| | - Roger Foo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Research and Technology, Singapore.
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Ng DCH, Richards DK, Mills RJ, Ho UY, Perks HL, Tucker CR, Voges HK, Pagan JK, Hudson JE. Centrosome Reduction Promotes Terminal Differentiation of Human Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:817-826. [PMID: 32946803 PMCID: PMC7561510 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome reduction and redistribution of pericentriolar material (PCM) coincides with cardiomyocyte transitions to a post-mitotic and matured state. However, it is unclear whether centrosome changes are a cause or consequence of terminal differentiation. We validated that centrosomes were intact and functional in proliferative human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs), consistent with their immature phenotype. We generated acentrosomal hPSC-CMs, through pharmacological inhibition of centriole duplication, and showed that centrosome loss was sufficient to promote post-mitotic transitions and aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation. As Hippo kinases are activated during post-natal cardiac maturation, we pharmacologically activated the Hippo pathway using C19, which was sufficient to trigger centrosome disassembly and relocalization of PCM components to perinuclear membranes. This was due to specific activation of Hippo kinases, as direct inhibition of YAP-TEAD interactions with verteporfin had no effect on centrosome organization. This suggests that Hippo kinase-centrosome remodeling may play a direct role in cardiac maturation. Centrosomes are intact and functional in immature human cardiomyocytes Centrosome loss promotes maturation of human cardiomyocytes Centrosomes are returned with cell cycle reinitiation in post-natal cardiomyocytes Hippo kinases promote disassembly and redistribution of centrosomal proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic C H Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Dominic K Richards
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Uda Y Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah L Perks
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Callum R Tucker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Holly K Voges
- Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julia K Pagan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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35
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PIM1 Promotes Survival of Cardiomyocytes by Upregulating c-Kit Protein Expression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092001. [PMID: 32878131 PMCID: PMC7563506 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing cardiomyocyte survival is crucial to blunt deterioration of myocardial structure and function following pathological damage. PIM1 (Proviral Insertion site in Murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinase 1) is a cardioprotective serine threonine kinase that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and antagonizes senescence through multiple concurrent molecular signaling cascades. In hematopoietic stem cells, PIM1 interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit upstream of the ERK (Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase) and Akt signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and survival. The relationship between PIM1 and c-Kit activity has not been explored in the myocardial context. This study delineates the interaction between PIM1 and c-Kit leading to enhanced protection of cardiomyocytes from stress. Elevated c-Kit expression is induced in isolated cardiomyocytes from mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of PIM1. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay reveal protein–protein interaction between PIM1 and c-Kit. Following treatment with Stem Cell Factor, PIM1-overexpressing cardiomyocytes display elevated ERK activity consistent with c-Kit receptor activation. Functionally, elevated c-Kit expression confers enhanced protection against oxidative stress in vitro. This study identifies the mechanistic relationship between PIM1 and c-Kit in cardiomyocytes, demonstrating another facet of cardioprotection regulated by PIM1 kinase.
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36
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Microtubule Organization in Striated Muscle Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061395. [PMID: 32503326 PMCID: PMC7349303 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctly organized microtubule networks contribute to the function of differentiated cell types such as neurons, epithelial cells, skeletal myotubes, and cardiomyocytes. In striated (i.e., skeletal and cardiac) muscle cells, the nuclear envelope acts as the dominant microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and the function of the centrosome—the canonical MTOC of mammalian cells—is attenuated, a common feature of differentiated cell types. We summarize the mechanisms known to underlie MTOC formation at the nuclear envelope, discuss the significance of the nuclear envelope MTOC for muscle function and cell cycle progression, and outline potential mechanisms of centrosome attenuation.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The typical remodeling process after cardiac injury is scarring and compensatory hypertrophy. The limited regeneration potential of the adult heart is thought to be due to the post-mitotic status of postnatal cardiomyocytes, which are mostly binucleated and/or polyploid. Nevertheless, there is evidence for cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent findings regarding the proliferative potential of mononuclear cardiomyocytes and to evaluate their function in cardiac turnover and disease. Recent Findings There is overwhelming evidence from carbon-dating in humans and multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry in mice that there is a very low but detectable level of turnover of cardiomyocytes in the heart. The source of this renewal is not clear, but recent evidence points to a population of mononuclear, diploid cardiomyocytes that are still capable of authentic cell division. Controversy arises when their role in cardiac repair is considered, as some studies claim that they contribute to repair by cell division while other studies do not find evidence for hyperplasia but hypertrophy. Stimulation of the mononuclear cardiomyocyte population has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cardiac disease. Summary The studies reviewed here agree on the existence of a low annual cardiomyocyte turnover rate which can be attributed to the proliferation of mononuclear cardiomyocytes. Potential roles of mononucleated cardiomyocytes in cardiac repair after injury are discussed.
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38
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Riparbelli MG, Persico V, Dallai R, Callaini G. Centrioles and Ciliary Structures during Male Gametogenesis in Hexapoda: Discovery of New Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030744. [PMID: 32197383 PMCID: PMC7140630 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are-widely conserved barrel-shaped organelles present in most organisms. They are indirectly involved in the organization of the cytoplasmic microtubules both in interphase and during the cell division by recruiting the molecules needed for microtubule nucleation. Moreover, the centrioles are required to assemble cilia and flagella by the direct elongation of their microtubule wall. Due to the importance of the cytoplasmic microtubules in several aspects of the cell life, any defect in centriole structure can lead to cell abnormalities that in humans may result in significant diseases. Many aspects of the centriole dynamics and function have been clarified in the last years, but little attention has been paid to the exceptions in centriole structure that occasionally appeared within the animal kingdom. Here, we focused our attention on non-canonical aspects of centriole architecture within the Hexapoda. The Hexapoda is one of the major animal groups and represents a good laboratory in which to examine the evolution and the organization of the centrioles. Although these findings represent obvious exceptions to the established rules of centriole organization, they may contribute to advance our understanding of the formation and the function of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Riparbelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Romano Dallai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.R.); (V.P.); (R.D.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-57-723-4475
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Ali H, Braga L, Giacca M. Cardiac regeneration and remodelling of the cardiomyocyte cytoarchitecture. FEBS J 2020; 287:417-438. [PMID: 31743572 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult mammals are unable to regenerate their hearts after cardiac injury, largely due to the incapacity of cardiomyocytes (CMs) to undergo cell division. However, mammalian embryonic and fetal CMs, similar to CMs from fish and amphibians during their entire life, exhibit robust replicative activity, which stops abruptly after birth and never significantly resumes. Converging evidence indicates that formation of the highly ordered and stable cytoarchitecture of mammalian mature CMs is coupled with loss of their proliferative potential. Here, we review the available information on the role of the cardiac cytoskeleton and sarcomere in the regulation of CM proliferation. The actin cytoskeleton, the intercalated disc, the microtubular network and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex each sense mechanical cues from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, they participate in the regulation of CM proliferation by impinging on the yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif, β-catenin and myocardin-related transcription factor transcriptional co-activators. Mastering the molecular mechanisms regulating CM proliferation would permit the development of innovative strategies to stimulate cardiac regeneration in adult individuals, a hitherto unachieved yet fundamental therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, UK.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Braga
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, UK.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, UK.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Judd J, Lovas J, Huang GN. Defined factors to reactivate cell cycle activity in adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18830. [PMID: 31827131 PMCID: PMC6906479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle during the neonatal period, commensurate with the loss of regenerative capacity in adult mammalian hearts. We established conditions for long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes that are genetically labeled with fluorescence. This technique permits reliable analyses of proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes without complications from cardiomyocyte marker expression loss due to dedifferentiation or significant contribution from cardiac progenitor cell expansion and differentiation in culture. Using this system, we took a candidate gene approach to screen for fetal-specific proliferative gene programs that can induce proliferation of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. Using pooled gene delivery and subtractive gene elimination, we identified a novel functional interaction between E2f Transcription Factor 2 (E2f2) and Brain Expressed X-Linked (Bex)/Transcription elongation factor A-like (Tceal) superfamily members Bex1 and Tceal8. Specifically, Bex1 and Tceal8 both preserved cell viability during E2f2-induced cell cycle re-entry. Although Tceal8 inhibited E2f2-induced S-phase re-entry, Bex1 facilitated DNA synthesis while inhibiting cell death. In sum, our study provides a valuable method for adult cardiomyocyte proliferation research and suggests that Bex family proteins may function in modulating cell proliferation and death decisions during cardiomyocyte development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Judd
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jonathan Lovas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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41
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Re-enforcing hypoxia-induced polyploid cardiomyocytes enter cytokinesis through activation of β-catenin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17865. [PMID: 31780774 PMCID: PMC6883062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) loss is a characteristic of various heart diseases, including ischaemic heart disease. Cardiac regeneration has been suggested as a promising strategy to address CM loss. Although many studies of regeneration have focused mainly on mononucleated or diploid CM, the limitations associated with the cytokinesis of polyploid and multinucleated CMs remain less well known. Here, we show that β-catenin, a key regulator in heart development, can increase cytokinesis in polyploid multinucleated CMs. The activation of β-catenin increases the expression of the cytokinesis-related factor epithelial cell transforming 2 (ECT2), which regulates the actomyosin ring and thus leads to the completion of cytokinesis in polyploid CMs. In addition, hypoxia can induce polyploid and multinucleated CMs by increasing factors related to the G1-S-anaphase of the cell cycle, but not those related to cytokinesis. Our study therefore reveals that the β-catenin can promote the cytokinesis of polyploid multinucleated CMs via upregulation of ECT2. These findings suggest a potential field of polyploid CM research that may be exploitable for cardiac regeneration therapy.
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42
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Generation and regulation of microtubule network asymmetry to drive cell polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:86-95. [PMID: 31739264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules control cell architecture by serving as a scaffold for intracellular transport, signaling, and organelle positioning. Microtubules are intrinsically polarized, and their orientation, density, and post-translational modifications both respond and contribute to cell polarity. Animal cells that can rapidly reorient their polarity axis, such as fibroblasts, immune cells, and cancer cells, contain radially organized microtubule arrays anchored at the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, whereas stably polarized cells often acquire non-centrosomal microtubule networks attached to the cell cortex, nucleus, or other structures. Microtubule density, longevity, and post-translational modifications strongly depend on the dynamics of their plus ends. Factors controlling microtubule plus-end dynamics are often part of cortical assemblies that integrate cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and secretion and are subject to microtubule-dependent feedback regulation. Finally, microtubules can mechanically contribute to cell asymmetry by promoting cell elongation, a property that might be important for cells with dense microtubule arrays growing in soft environments.
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43
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Abstract
In mammals, most cardiomyocytes (CMs) become polyploid (they have more than two complete sets of chromosomes). The purpose of this review is to evaluate assumptions about CM ploidy that are commonly discussed, even if not experimentally demonstrated, and to highlight key issues that are still to be resolved. Topics discussed here include (a) technical and conceptual difficulties in defining a polyploid CM, (b) the candidate role of reactive oxygen as a proximal trigger for the onset of polyploidy, (c) the relationship between polyploidization and other aspects of CM maturation, (d) recent insights related to the regenerative role of the subpopulation of CMs that are not polyploid, and (e) speculations as to why CMs become polyploid at all. New approaches to experimentally manipulate CM ploidy may resolve some of these long-standing and fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiheng Gan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA; .,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA;
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44
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Vujic A, Natarajan N, Lee RT. Molecular mechanisms of heart regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:20-28. [PMID: 31587963 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart is incapable of clinically relevant regeneration. The regenerative deficit in adult mammalian heart contrasts with the fetal and neonatal heart, which demonstrate substantial regenerative capacity after injury. This deficiency in adult mammals is attributable to the lack of resident stem cells after birth, combined with an inability of pre-existing cardiomyocytes to complete cytokinesis. Studies of neonatal heart regeneration in mammals suggest that latent regenerative potential can be re-activated. Dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote cardiomyocyte proliferation is key to stimulating true regeneration in adult humans. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of cardiomyocyte proliferation that suggest molecular approaches to heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Niranjana Natarajan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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45
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Leone M, Musa G, Engel FB. Cardiomyocyte binucleation is associated with aberrant mitotic microtubule distribution, mislocalization of RhoA and IQGAP3, as well as defective actomyosin ring anchorage and cleavage furrow ingression. Cardiovasc Res 2019. [PMID: 29522098 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims After birth mammalian cardiomyocytes initiate a last cell cycle which results in binucleation due to cytokinesis failure. Despite its importance for cardiac regenerative therapies, this process is poorly understood. Here, we aimed at a better understanding of the difference between cardiomyocyte proliferation and binucleation and providing a new tool to distinguish these two processes. Methods and results Monitoring of cell division by time-lapse imaging revealed that rat cardiomyocyte binucleation stems from a failure to properly ingress the cleavage furrow. Astral microtubule required for actomyosin ring anchorage and thus furrow ingression were not symmetrically distributed at the periphery of the equatorial region during anaphase in binucleating cardiomyocytes. Consequently, RhoA, the master regulator of actomyosin ring formation and constriction, non-muscle myosin IIB, a central component of the actomyosin ring, as well as IQGAP3 were abnormally localized during cytokinesis. In agreement with improper furrow ingression, binucleation in vitro and in vivo was associated with a failure of RhoA and IQGAP3 to localize to the stembody of the midbody. Conclusion Taken together, these results indicate that naturally occurring cytokinesis failure in primary cardiomyocytes is due to an aberrant mitotic microtubule apparatus resulting in inefficient anchorage of the actomyosin ring to the plasma cell membrane. Thus, cardiomyocyte binucleation and division can be discriminated by the analysis of RhoA as well as IQGAP3 localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leone
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Benedikt Engel
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen
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46
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Caporizzo MA, Chen CY, Prosser BL. Cardiac microtubules in health and heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1255-1272. [PMID: 31398994 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219868960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are large (∼40,000 µm3), rod-shaped muscle cells that provide the working force behind each heartbeat. These highly structured cells are packed with dense cytoskeletal networks that can be divided into two groups—the contractile (i.e. sarcomeric) cytoskeleton that consists of filamentous actin-myosin arrays organized into myofibrils, and the non-sarcomeric cytoskeleton, which is composed of β- and γ-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Together, microtubules and intermediate filaments form a cross-linked scaffold, and these networks are responsible for the delivery of intracellular cargo, the transmission of mechanical signals, the shaping of membrane systems, and the organization of myofibrils and organelles. Microtubules are extensively altered as part of both adaptive and pathological cardiac remodeling, which has diverse ramifications for the structure and function of the cardiomyocyte. In heart failure, the proliferation and post-translational modification of the microtubule network is linked to a number of maladaptive processes, including the mechanical impediment of cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation. This raises the possibility that reversing microtubule alterations could improve cardiac performance, yet therapeutic efforts will strongly benefit from a deeper understanding of basic microtubule biology in the heart. The aim of this review is to summarize the known physiological roles of the cardiomyocyte microtubule network, the consequences of its pathological remodeling, and to highlight the open and intriguing questions regarding cardiac microtubules. Impact statement Advancements in cell biological and biophysical approaches and super-resolution imaging have greatly broadened our view of tubulin biology over the last decade. In the heart, microtubules and microtubule-based transport help to organize and maintain key structures within the cardiomyocyte, including the sarcomere, intercalated disc, protein clearance machinery and transverse-tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. It has become increasingly clear that post translational regulation of microtubules is a key determinant of their sub-cellular functionality. Alterations in microtubule network density, stability, and post-translational modifications are hallmarks of pathological cardiac remodeling, and modified microtubules can directly impede cardiomyocyte contractile function in various forms of heart disease. This review summarizes the functional roles and multi-leveled regulation of the cardiac microtubule cytoskeleton and highlights how refined experimental techniques are shedding mechanistic clarity on the regionally specified roles of microtubules in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Yingxian Chen
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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47
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Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Adult Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Detour: Off-ramp to Quiescent Destinations. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:557-567. [PMID: 31262545 PMCID: PMC6703820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ability to promote completion of mitotic cycling of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes remains an intractable and vexing challenge, despite being one of the most sought after 'holy grails' of cardiovascular research. While some of the struggle is attributable to adult cardiomyocytes themselves that are notoriously post-mitotic, another contributory factor rests with difficulty in definitive tracking of adult cardiomyocyte cell cycle and lack of rigorous measures to track proliferation in situ. This review summarizes past, present, and future directions to promote adult mammalian cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression, proliferation, and renewal. Establishing relationship(s) between cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and cellular biological properties is sorely needed to understand the mechanistic basis for cardiomyocyte cell cycle withdrawal to enhance cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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48
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Joukov V, De Nicolo A. The Centrosome and the Primary Cilium: The Yin and Yang of a Hybrid Organelle. Cells 2019; 8:E701. [PMID: 31295970 PMCID: PMC6678760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes and primary cilia are usually considered as distinct organelles, although both are assembled with the same evolutionary conserved, microtubule-based templates, the centrioles. Centrosomes serve as major microtubule- and actin cytoskeleton-organizing centers and are involved in a variety of intracellular processes, whereas primary cilia receive and transduce environmental signals to elicit cellular and organismal responses. Understanding the functional relationship between centrosomes and primary cilia is important because defects in both structures have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Here, we discuss evidence that the animal centrosome evolved, with the transition to complex multicellularity, as a hybrid organelle comprised of the two distinct, but intertwined, structural-functional modules: the centriole/primary cilium module and the pericentriolar material/centrosome module. The evolution of the former module may have been caused by the expanding cellular diversification and intercommunication, whereas that of the latter module may have been driven by the increasing complexity of mitosis and the requirement for maintaining cell polarity, individuation, and adhesion. Through its unique ability to serve both as a plasma membrane-associated primary cilium organizer and a juxtanuclear microtubule-organizing center, the animal centrosome has become an ideal integrator of extracellular and intracellular signals with the cytoskeleton and a switch between the non-cell autonomous and the cell-autonomous signaling modes. In light of this hypothesis, we discuss centrosome dynamics during cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and propose a model of centrosome-driven microtubule assembly in mitotic and interphase cells. In addition, we outline the evolutionary benefits of the animal centrosome and highlight the hierarchy and modularity of the centrosome biogenesis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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49
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Leone M, Engel FB. Pseudo-bipolar spindle formation and cell division in postnatal binucleated cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:69-73. [PMID: 31301302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of adult human, mouse and rat cardiomyocytes is not diploid mononucleated. Nevertheless, the current literature on heart regeneration based on cardiomyocyte proliferation focuses mainly on the proliferation capacity of diploid mononucleated cardiomyocytes, instead of the more abundant mononucleated polyploid or binucleated cardiomyocytes. Here, we aimed at a better understanding of the process of mitosis and cell division in postnatal binucleated cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Postnatal rat binucleated cardiomyocytes were stimulated to re-enter the cell cycle either by fetal bovine serum or a combination of fibroblast growth factor 1 and p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. Phase-contrast videos revealed that binucleated cardiomyocytes form one metaphase plate and preferentially undergo afterwards cytokinesis failure. The maximum rate of cell division of video-recorded binucleated cardiomyocytes was around 6%. Immunofluorescence analyses of centriole number in mitotic binucleated cardiomyocytes revealed that these cells contain more than four centrioles, which can be paired as well as unpaired. In agreement with multiple and/or unpaired centrioles, multipolar spindle formation was observed in mitotic binucleated cardiomyocytes using fluorescence live imaging of tubulin-GFP. Multipoles were transient and resolved into pseudo-bipolar spindles both in case of cell division and cytokinesis failure. Notably, centrioles were in most cases unevenly distributed among daughter cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that postnatal binucleated cardiomyocytes upon stimulation can enter mitosis, cope with their multiple and/or unpaired centrioles by forming pseudo-bipolar spindles, and divide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leone
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Muscle Research Center (Erlangen (MURCE)), Germany.
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50
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Magescas J, Zonka JC, Feldman JL. A two-step mechanism for the inactivation of microtubule organizing center function at the centrosome. eLife 2019; 8:47867. [PMID: 31246171 PMCID: PMC6684319 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome acts as a microtubule organizing center (MTOC), orchestrating microtubules into the mitotic spindle through its pericentriolar material (PCM). This activity is biphasic, cycling through assembly and disassembly during the cell cycle. Although hyperactive centrosomal MTOC activity is a hallmark of some cancers, little is known about how the centrosome is inactivated as an MTOC. Analysis of endogenous PCM proteins in C. elegans revealed that the PCM is composed of partially overlapping territories organized into an inner and outer sphere that are removed from the centrosome at different rates and using different behaviors. We found that phosphatases oppose the addition of PCM by mitotic kinases, ultimately catalyzing the dissolution of inner sphere PCM proteins at the end of mitosis. The nature of the PCM appears to change such that the remaining aging PCM outer sphere is mechanically ruptured by cortical pulling forces, ultimately inactivating MTOC function at the centrosome. New cells are created when existing cells divide, a process that is critical for life. A structure called the spindle is an important part of cell division, helping to orient the division and separate parts of the old cell into the newly generated ones. The spindle is built using filamentous protein structures called microtubules which are arranged by microtubule organizing centers (or MTOCs for short). In animals, an MTOC forms at each end of the spindle around two structures called centrosomes. A network of proteins called the pericentriolar material (PCM) form around centrosomes, converting them into MTOCs. The PCM grows around centrosomes as a cell prepares to divide and is removed again afterward. Enzymes called kinases are important in controlling cell division and PCM assembly; they are opposed by other enzymes known as phosphatases. The processes involved in organization and removal of the PCM are not well understood. The microscopic worm Caenorhabditis elegans provides an opportunity to study details of cell division in a living animal. Magescas et al. used fluorescent labels to view proteins from the PCM under a microscope. The images showed two partially overlapping spherical parts to the PCM – inner and outer. Further examination revealed that the inner PCM is maintained by a careful balance of kinase and phosphatase activity. When kinases shut down at the end of cell division, the phosphatases break down the inner PCM. By contrast, the outer PCM is physically torn apart by forces acting through the attached microtubules. Future work will seek to examine which proteins are specifically affected by phosphatases to identify the key regulators of PCM persistence in the cell and to reveal the proteins needed for MTOC activity at the centrosome. Since poor MTOC regulation can play a part in the growth and spread of cancer, this could lead to targets for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Magescas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jenny C Zonka
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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