1
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Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011387. [PMID: 39226333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogaster wing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lauren L Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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2
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Herriage HC, Huang YT, Calvi BR. The antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:35-43. [PMID: 37331841 PMCID: PMC10724375 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the important functions of regulated cell death is to prevent cells from inappropriately acquiring extra copies of their genome, a state known as polyploidy. Apoptosis is the primary cell death mechanism that prevents polyploidy, and defects in this apoptotic response can result in polyploid cells whose subsequent error-prone chromosome segregation are a major contributor to genome instability and cancer progression. Conversely, some cells actively repress apoptosis to become polyploid as part of normal development or regeneration. Thus, although apoptosis prevents polyploidy, the polyploid state can actively repress apoptosis. In this review, we discuss progress in understanding the antagonistic relationship between apoptosis and polyploidy in development and cancer. Despite recent advances, a key conclusion is that much remains unknown about the mechanisms that link apoptosis to polyploid cell cycles. We suggest that drawing parallels between the regulation of apoptosis in development and cancer could help to fill this knowledge gap and lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter C Herriage
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian R Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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3
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Huang YT, Hesting LL, Calvi BR. An unscheduled switch to endocycles induces a reversible senescent arrest that impairs growth of the Drosophila wing disc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.14.585098. [PMID: 38559130 PMCID: PMC10980049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.14.585098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A programmed developmental switch to G / S endocycles results in tissue growth through an increase in cell size. Unscheduled, induced endocycling cells (iECs) promote wound healing but also contribute to cancer. Much remains unknown, however, about how these iECs affect tissue growth. Using the D. melanogasterwing disc as model, we find that populations of iECs initially increase in size but then subsequently undergo a heterogenous arrest that causes severe tissue undergrowth. iECs acquired DNA damage and activated a Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, but, unlike other stressed cells, were apoptosis-resistant and not eliminated from the epithelium. Instead, iECs entered a JNK-dependent and reversible senescent-like arrest. Senescent iECs promoted division of diploid neighbors, but this compensatory proliferation did not rescue tissue growth. Our study has uncovered unique attributes of iECs and their effects on tissue growth that have important implications for understanding their roles in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Lauren L. Hesting
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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4
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Wang Y, Tamori Y. Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:96. [PMID: 38254985 PMCID: PMC10815460 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes have been found in more than 90% of solid tumors, and among these, polyploidy accounts for about 40%. Polyploidized cells most often have duplicate centrosomes as well as genomes, and thus their mitosis tends to promote merotelic spindle attachments and chromosomal instability, which produces a variety of aneuploid daughter cells. Polyploid cells have been found highly resistant to various stress and anticancer therapies, such as radiation and mitogenic inhibitors. In other words, common cancer therapies kill proliferative diploid cells, which make up the majority of cancer tissues, while polyploid cells, which lurk in smaller numbers, may survive. The surviving polyploid cells, prompted by acute environmental changes, begin to mitose with chromosomal instability, leading to an explosion of genetic heterogeneity and a concomitant cell competition and adaptive evolution. The result is a recurrence of the cancer during which the tenacious cells that survived treatment express malignant traits. Although the presence of polyploid cells in cancer tissues has been observed for more than 150 years, the function and exact role of these cells in cancer progression has remained elusive. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment directed against polyploid cells. This is due in part to the lack of suitable experimental models, but recently several models have become available to study polyploid cells in vivo. We propose that the experimental models in Drosophila, for which genetic techniques are highly developed, could be very useful in deciphering mechanisms of polyploidy and its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Vittoria MA, Quinton RJ, Ganem NJ. Whole-genome doubling in tissues and tumors. Trends Genet 2023; 39:954-967. [PMID: 37714734 PMCID: PMC10840902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of proliferating somatic human cells are diploid, and this genomic state is typically maintained across successive cell divisions. However, failures in cell division can induce a whole-genome doubling (WGD) event, in which diploid cells transition to a tetraploid state. While some WGDs are developmentally programmed to produce nonproliferative tetraploid cells with specific cellular functions, unscheduled WGDs can be catastrophic: erroneously arising tetraploid cells are ill-equipped to cope with their doubled cellular and chromosomal content and quickly become genomically unstable and tumorigenic. Deciphering the genetics that underlie the genesis, physiology, and evolution of whole-genome doubled (WGD+) cells may therefore reveal therapeutic avenues to selectively eliminate pathological WGD+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Vittoria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Ryan J Quinton
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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6
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Chakraborty A, Peterson NG, King JS, Gross RT, Pla MM, Thennavan A, Zhou KC, DeLuca S, Bursac N, Bowles DE, Wolf MJ, Fox DT. Conserved chamber-specific polyploidy maintains heart function in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:dev201896. [PMID: 37526609 PMCID: PMC10482010 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmentally programmed polyploidy (whole-genome duplication) of cardiomyocytes is common across evolution. Functions of such polyploidy are essentially unknown. Here, in both Drosophila larvae and human organ donors, we reveal distinct polyploidy levels in cardiac organ chambers. In Drosophila, differential growth and cell cycle signal sensitivity leads the heart chamber to reach a higher ploidy/cell size relative to the aorta chamber. Cardiac ploidy-reduced animals exhibit reduced heart chamber size, stroke volume and cardiac output, and acceleration of circulating hemocytes. These Drosophila phenotypes mimic human cardiomyopathies. Our results identify productive and likely conserved roles for polyploidy in cardiac chambers and suggest that precise ploidy levels sculpt many developing tissues. These findings of productive cardiomyocyte polyploidy impact efforts to block developmental polyploidy to improve heart injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archan Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nora G. Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Juliet S. King
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan T. Gross
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Aatish Thennavan
- Department of Systems Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Kevin C. Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sophia DeLuca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dawn E. Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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7
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Chakraborty A, Peterson NG, King JS, Gross RT, Pla MM, Thennavan A, Zhou KC, DeLuca S, Bursac N, Bowles DE, Wolf MJ, Fox DT. Conserved Chamber-Specific Polyploidy Maintains Heart Function in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528086. [PMID: 36798187 PMCID: PMC9934670 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developmentally programmed polyploidy (whole-genome-duplication) of cardiomyocytes is common across evolution. Functions of such polyploidy are essentially unknown. Here, we reveal roles for precise polyploidy levels in cardiac tissue. We highlight a conserved asymmetry in polyploidy level between cardiac chambers in Drosophila larvae and humans. In Drosophila , differential Insulin Receptor (InR) sensitivity leads the heart chamber to reach a higher ploidy/cell size relative to the aorta chamber. Cardiac ploidy-reduced animals exhibit reduced heart chamber size, stroke volume, cardiac output, and acceleration of circulating hemocytes. These Drosophila phenotypes mimic systemic human heart failure. Using human donor hearts, we reveal asymmetry in nuclear volume (ploidy) and insulin signaling between the left ventricle and atrium. Our results identify productive and likely conserved roles for polyploidy in cardiac chambers and suggest precise ploidy levels sculpt many developing tissues. These findings of productive cardiomyocyte polyploidy impact efforts to block developmental polyploidy to improve heart injury recovery.
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8
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Abstract
Determining cellular DNA content is valuable in the study of numerous biological processes, including organ development and injury repair. While FACS analysis of dissociated cells is a widely used method for assaying ploidy in a tissue cell population, for many tissue samples, it is possible and convenient to measure ploidy in situ using light microscopy. Here, we present two protocols for measuring cellular ploidy in tissues. These protocols are based on our studies in Drosophila melanogaster, but these are applicable to other settings as well. We present example results from Drosophila hindgut, midgut, and wing imaginal disc as examples. The first protocol focuses on measuring DNA content from decondensed interphase nuclei, while the second protocol details the visualization of condensed chromosomes for ploidy determination, either from mitotic cells or from interphase cells with drug-induced chromosome condensation. These techniques can be completed in 1 day and require standard lab supplies as well as a fluorescence light microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa E Clay
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin M Stormo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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9
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Clay DE, Jezuit EA, Montague RA, Fox DT. Conserved function of Drosophila Fancd2 monoubiquitination in response to double-strand DNA breaks. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:6589893. [PMID: 35595243 PMCID: PMC9339327 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia genes play key roles in metazoan DNA damage responses, and human FA mutations cause numerous disease phenotypes. In human cells, activating monoubiquitination of the Fanconi anemia protein Fancd2 occurs following diverse DNA damage stimuli. Monoubiquitinated Fancd2 forms nuclear foci to recruit additional repair factors. Fancd2 animal models to date have focused on molecular nulls or whole gene knockdown, leaving the specific in vivo role of monoubiquitination unclear. Using a point mutant in a conserved residue, we recently linked Drosophila Fancd2 monoubiquitination to a mitosis-specific DNA double-strand break response. In this context, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate the first animal model of an endogenous mutation in the conserved monoubiquitination site (fancd2K595R). Here, we expand upon our characterization of fancd2K595R. We also introduce and characterize additional Drosophila tools to study fancd2, including new mutant alleles and GFP-tagged rescue transgenes. Using these new reagents, we show the impact of Drosophila Fancd2 on organismal and cell viability, as well as on repair protein localization, in the presence or absence of double-strand breaks. These findings expand our understanding of Fanconi anemia gene function in vivo and provide useful reagents for DNA repair research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa E Clay
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erin A Jezuit
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ruth A Montague
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, C318 Levine Science Research Center, DUMC Box 3813, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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10
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Clay DE, Bretscher HS, Jezuit EA, Bush KB, Fox DT. Persistent DNA damage signaling and DNA polymerase theta promote broken chromosome segregation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202106116. [PMID: 34613334 PMCID: PMC8500225 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycling cells must respond to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to avoid genome instability. Missegregation of chromosomes with DSBs during mitosis results in micronuclei, aberrant structures linked to disease. How cells respond to DSBs during mitosis is incompletely understood. We previously showed that Drosophilamelanogaster papillar cells lack DSB checkpoints (as observed in many cancer cells). Here, we show that papillar cells still recruit early acting repair machinery (Mre11 and RPA3) and the Fanconi anemia (FA) protein Fancd2 to DSBs. These proteins persist as foci on DSBs as cells enter mitosis. Repair foci are resolved in a stepwise manner during mitosis. DSB repair kinetics depends on both monoubiquitination of Fancd2 and the alternative end-joining protein DNA polymerase θ. Disruption of either or both of these factors causes micronuclei after DNA damage, which disrupts intestinal organogenesis. This study reveals a mechanism for how cells with inactive DSB checkpoints can respond to DNA damage that persists into mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delisa E. Clay
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Heidi S. Bretscher
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Erin A. Jezuit
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Korie B. Bush
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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11
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Kim M, Delos Santos K, Moon NS. Proper CycE-Cdk2 activity in endocycling tissues requires regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dacapo by dE2F1b in Drosophila. Genetics 2021; 217:1-15. [PMID: 33683365 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy is an integral part of development and is associated with cellular stress, aging, and pathological conditions. The endocycle, comprised of successive rounds of G and S phases without mitosis, is widely employed to produce polyploid cells in plants and animals. In Drosophila, maintenance of the endocycle is dependent on E2F-governed oscillations of Cyclin E (CycE)-Cdk2 activity, which is known to be largely regulated at the level of transcription. In this study, we report an additional level of E2F-dependent control of CycE-Cdk2 activity during the endocycle. Genetic experiments revealed that an alternative isoform of Drosophila de2f1, dE2F1b, regulates the expression of the p27CIP/KIP-like Cdk inhibitor Dacapo (Dap). We provide evidence showing that dE2F1b-dependent Dap expression in endocycling tissues is necessary for setting proper CycE-Cdk2 activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dE2F1b is required for proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression that establishes a negative feedback loop in S phase. Overall, our study reveals previously unappreciated E2F-dependent regulatory networks that are critical for the periodic transition between G and S phases during the endocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Kim
- Department of Biology, Developmental Biology Research Initiative, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Keemo Delos Santos
- Department of Biology, Developmental Biology Research Initiative, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Nam-Sung Moon
- Department of Biology, Developmental Biology Research Initiative, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1 Canada
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12
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Communal living: the role of polyploidy and syncytia in tissue biology. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:245-260. [PMID: 34075512 PMCID: PMC8169410 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of tissues with diverse cell sizes. Whether a tissue primarily consists of numerous, small cells as opposed to fewer, large cells can impact tissue development and function. The addition of nuclear genome copies within a common cytoplasm is a recurring strategy to manipulate cellular size within a tissue. Cells with more than two genomes can exist transiently, such as in developing germlines or embryos, or can be part of mature somatic tissues. Such nuclear collectives span multiple levels of organization, from mononuclear or binuclear polyploid cells to highly multinucleate structures known as syncytia. Here, we review the diversity of polyploid and syncytial tissues found throughout nature. We summarize current literature concerning tissue construction through syncytia and/or polyploidy and speculate why one or both strategies are advantageous.
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13
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Sawyer JK, Kabiri Z, Montague RA, Allen SR, Stewart R, Paramore SV, Cohen E, Zaribafzadeh H, Counter CM, Fox DT. Exploiting codon usage identifies intensity-specific modifiers of Ras/MAPK signaling in vivo. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009228. [PMID: 33296356 PMCID: PMC7752094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways are intricately fine-tuned to accomplish diverse biological processes. An example is the conserved Ras/mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) pathway, which exhibits context-dependent signaling output dynamics and regulation. Here, by altering codon usage as a novel platform to control signaling output, we screened the Drosophila genome for modifiers specific to either weak or strong Ras-driven eye phenotypes. Our screen enriched for regions of the genome not previously connected with Ras phenotypic modification. We mapped the underlying gene from one modifier to the ribosomal gene RpS21. In multiple contexts, we show that RpS21 preferentially influences weak Ras/MAPK signaling outputs. These data show that codon usage manipulation can identify new, output-specific signaling regulators, and identify RpS21 as an in vivo Ras/MAPK phenotypic regulator. Cellular communication is critical in controlling the growth of organs and must be carefully regulated to prevent disease. The Ras signaling pathway is frequently used for cellular communication of tissue growth regulation but can operate at different signaling strengths. Here, we used a novel strategy to identify genes that specifically tune weak or strong Ras signaling states. We find that the gene RpS21 preferentially tunes weak Ras signaling states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zahra Kabiri
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Montague
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Allen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebeccah Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah V. Paramore
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hamed Zaribafzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Counter
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMC); (DTF)
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMC); (DTF)
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14
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Adebambo TH, Fox DT, Otitoloju AA. Toxicological Study and Genetic Basis of BTEX Susceptibility in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Genet 2020; 11:594179. [PMID: 33193742 PMCID: PMC7593870 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.594179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, also known as BTEX, are released into environmental media by petroleum product exploratory and exploitative activities and are harmful to humans and animals. Testing the effects of these chemicals on a significantly large scale requires an inexpensive, rapidly developing model organism such as Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, the toxicological profile of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene in D. melanogaster was evaluated. Adult animals were monitored for acute toxicity effects. Similarly, first instar larvae reared separately on the same compounds were monitored for the ability to develop into adult flies (eclosion). Further, the impact of fixed concentrations of benzene and xylene on apoptosis and mitosis were investigated in adult progenitor tissues found in third instar larvae. Toluene is the most toxic to adult flies with an LC50 of 0.166 mM, while a significant and dose-dependent decrease in fly eclosion was observed with benzene, p-xylene, and o-xylene. An increase in apoptosis and mitosis was also observed in animals exposed to benzene and p-xylene. Through Genome Wide Association Screening (GWAS), 38 regions of the D. melanogaster genome were identified as critical for responses to p-xylene. This study reveals the strength of D. Melanogaster genetics as an accessible approach to study BTEX compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope H Adebambo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Musseau C, Jorly J, Gadin S, Sørensen I, Deborde C, Bernillon S, Mauxion JP, Atienza I, Moing A, Lemaire-Chamley M, Rose JKC, Chevalier C, Rothan C, Fernandez-Lochu L, Gévaudant F. The Tomato Guanylate-Binding Protein SlGBP1 Enables Fruit Tissue Differentiation by Maintaining Endopolyploid Cells in a Non-Proliferative State. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3188-3205. [PMID: 32753430 PMCID: PMC7534463 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate maintenance is an integral part of plant cell differentiation and the production of functional cells, tissues, and organs. Fleshy fruit development is characterized by the accumulation of water and solutes in the enlarging cells of parenchymatous tissues. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), this process is associated with endoreduplication in mesocarp cells. The mechanisms that preserve this developmental program, once initiated, remain unknown. We show here that analysis of a previously identified tomato ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant that exhibits abnormal mesocarp cell differentiation could help elucidate determinants of fruit cell fate maintenance. We identified and validated the causal locus through mapping-by-sequencing and gene editing, respectively, and performed metabolic, cellular, and transcriptomic analyses of the mutant phenotype. The data indicate that disruption of the SlGBP1 gene, encoding GUANYLATE BINDING PROTEIN1, induces early termination of endoreduplication followed by late divisions of polyploid mesocarp cells, which consequently acquire the characteristics of young proliferative cells. This study reveals a crucial role of plant GBPs in the control of cell cycle genes, and thus, in cell fate maintenance. We propose that SlGBP1 acts as an inhibitor of cell division, a function conserved with the human hGBP-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Musseau
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joana Jorly
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphanie Gadin
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Catherine Deborde
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Bernillon
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Isabelle Atienza
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Annick Moing
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
- PMB-Metabolome, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2018, Bordeaux Metabolome Facility, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lucie Fernandez-Lochu
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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16
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Gemble S, Basto R. CHRONOCRISIS: When Cell Cycle Asynchrony Generates DNA Damage in Polyploid Cells. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000105. [PMID: 32885500 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain multiple copies of all chromosomes. Polyploidization can be developmentally programmed to sustain tissue barrier function or to increase metabolic potential and cell size. Programmed polyploidy is normally associated with terminal differentiation and poor proliferation capacity. Conversely, non-programmed polyploidy can give rise to cells that retain the ability to proliferate. This can fuel rapid genome rearrangements and lead to diseases like cancer. Here, the mechanisms that generate polyploidy are reviewed and the possible challenges upon polyploid cell division are discussed. The discussion is framed around a recent study showing that asynchronous cell cycle progression (an event that is named "chronocrisis") of different nuclei from a polyploid cell can generate DNA damage at mitotic entry. The potential mechanisms explaining how mitosis in non-programmed polyploid cells can generate abnormal karyotypes and genetic instability are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gemble
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Lab, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Lab, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, Paris, 75005, France
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17
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Cohen E, Sawyer JK, Peterson NG, Dow JAT, Fox DT. Physiology, Development, and Disease Modeling in the Drosophila Excretory System. Genetics 2020; 214:235-264. [PMID: 32029579 PMCID: PMC7017010 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic homeostasis. For over 350 years, these two organs have fascinated biologists as a model of organ structure and function. As part of a recent surge in interest, research on the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Drosophila have uncovered important paradigms of organ physiology and development. Further, many human disease processes can be modeled in these organs. Here, focusing on discoveries in the past 10 years, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila excretory system. We describe the major developmental events that build these organs during embryogenesis, remodel them during metamorphosis, and repair them following injury. Finally, we highlight the use of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut as accessible models of human disease biology. The Malpighian tubule is a particularly excellent model to study rapid fluid transport, neuroendocrine control of renal function, and modeling of numerous human renal conditions such as kidney stones, while the hindgut provides an outstanding model for processes such as the role of cell chirality in development, nonstem cell-based injury repair, cancer-promoting processes, and communication between the intestine and nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | | | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology and
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
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18
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Peterson NG, Stormo BM, Schoenfelder KP, King JS, Lee RRS, Fox DT. Cytoplasmic sharing through apical membrane remodeling. eLife 2020; 9:58107. [PMID: 33051002 PMCID: PMC7655102 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm are found in diverse tissues, organisms, and diseases. Yet, multinucleation remains a poorly understood biological property. Cytoplasm sharing invariably involves plasma membrane breaches. In contrast, we discovered cytoplasm sharing without membrane breaching in highly resorptive Drosophila rectal papillae. During a six-hour developmental window, 100 individual papillar cells assemble a multinucleate cytoplasm, allowing passage of proteins of at least 62 kDa throughout papillar tissue. Papillar cytoplasm sharing does not employ canonical mechanisms such as incomplete cytokinesis or muscle fusion pore regulators. Instead, sharing requires gap junction proteins (normally associated with transport of molecules < 1 kDa), which are positioned by membrane remodeling GTPases. Our work reveals a new role for apical membrane remodeling in converting a multicellular epithelium into a giant multinucleate cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora G Peterson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Benjamin M Stormo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | | | - Juliet S King
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | | | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States,University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
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19
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Stormo BM, Fox DT. Interphase cohesin regulation ensures mitotic fidelity after genome reduplication. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:219-227. [PMID: 30462577 PMCID: PMC6589556 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure faithful genome propagation, mitotic cells alternate one round of chromosome duplication with one round of chromosome separation. Chromosome separation failure thus causes genome reduplication, which alters mitotic chromosome structure. Such structural alterations are well documented to impair mitotic fidelity following aberrant genome reduplication, including in diseased states. In contrast, we recently showed that naturally occurring genome reduplication does not alter mitotic chromosome structure in Drosophila papillar cells. Our discovery raised the question of how a cell undergoing genome reduplication might regulate chromosome structure to prevent mitotic errors. Here, we show that papillar cells ensure mitotic fidelity through interphase cohesin regulation. We demonstrate a requirement for cohesins during programmed rounds of papillar genome reduplication known as endocycles. This interphase cohesin regulation relies on cohesin release but not cohesin cleavage and depends on the conserved cohesin regulator Pds5 . Our data suggest that a distinct form of interphase cohesin regulation ensures mitotic fidelity after genome reduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Stormo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Donald T. Fox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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20
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Gjelsvik KJ, Besen-McNally R, Losick VP. Solving the Polyploid Mystery in Health and Disease. Trends Genet 2019; 35:6-14. [PMID: 30470486 PMCID: PMC6457904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyploidy (the more than doubling of a cell's genome) frequently arises during organogenesis, tissue repair, and age-associated diseases. Despite its prevalence, major gaps exist in how polyploid cells emerge and affect tissue function. Studies have begun to elucidate the signals required for polyploid cell growth as well as the advantages and disadvantages of polyploidy in health and disease. This review highlights the recent advances on the role and regulation of polyploidy in Drosophila and vertebrate models. The newly discovered versatility of polyploid cells has the potential to provide alternative strategies to promote tissue growth and repair, while limiting disease and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gjelsvik
- MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - R Besen-McNally
- MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - V P Losick
- MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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21
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Velicky P, Meinhardt G, Plessl K, Vondra S, Weiss T, Haslinger P, Lendl T, Aumayr K, Mairhofer M, Zhu X, Schütz B, Hannibal RL, Lindau R, Weil B, Ernerudh J, Neesen J, Egger G, Mikula M, Röhrl C, Urban AE, Baker J, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Genome amplification and cellular senescence are hallmarks of human placenta development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007698. [PMID: 30312291 PMCID: PMC6200260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome amplification and cellular senescence are commonly associated with pathological processes. While physiological roles for polyploidization and senescence have been described in mouse development, controversy exists over their significance in humans. Here, we describe tetraploidization and senescence as phenomena of normal human placenta development. During pregnancy, placental extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade the pregnant endometrium, termed decidua, to establish an adapted microenvironment required for the developing embryo. This process is critically dependent on continuous cell proliferation and differentiation, which is thought to follow the classical model of cell cycle arrest prior to terminal differentiation. Strikingly, flow cytometry and DNAseq revealed that EVT formation is accompanied with a genome-wide polyploidization, independent of mitotic cycles. DNA replication in these cells was analysed by a fluorescent cell-cycle indicator reporter system, cell cycle marker expression and EdU incorporation. Upon invasion into the decidua, EVTs widely lose their replicative potential and enter a senescent state characterized by high senescence-associated (SA) β-galactosidase activity, induction of a SA secretory phenotype as well as typical metabolic alterations. Furthermore, we show that the shift from endocycle-dependent genome amplification to growth arrest is disturbed in androgenic complete hydatidiform moles (CHM), a hyperplastic pregnancy disorder associated with increased risk of developing choriocarinoma. Senescence is decreased in CHM-EVTs, accompanied by exacerbated endoreduplication and hyperploidy. We propose induction of cellular senescence as a ploidy-limiting mechanism during normal human placentation and unravel a link between excessive polyploidization and reduced senescence in CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Velicky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Meinhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Plessl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Vondra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Weiss
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Children´s Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Haslinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Biooptics Facility of Institute of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology and Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Aumayr
- Biooptics Facility of Institute of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology and Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Mairhofer
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Birgit Schütz
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberta L. Hannibal
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Lindau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Beatrix Weil
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Neesen
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Mikula
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander E. Urban
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Tasha and John Morgridge Faculty Scholar, Stanford Child Health Research Institute, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Cohen E, Allen SR, Sawyer JK, Fox DT. Fizzy-Related dictates A cell cycle switch during organ repair and tissue growth responses in the Drosophila hindgut. eLife 2018; 7:e38327. [PMID: 30117808 PMCID: PMC6130973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ploidy-increasing cell cycles drive tissue growth in many developing organs. Such cycles, including endocycles, are increasingly appreciated to drive tissue growth following injury or activated growth signaling in mature organs. In these organs, the regulation and distinct roles of different cell cycles remains unclear. Here, we uncover a programmed switch between cell cycles in the Drosophila hindgut pylorus. Using an acute injury model, we identify mitosis as the response in larval pyloric cells, whereas endocycles occur in adult pyloric cells. By developing a novel genetic method, DEMISE (Dual-Expression-Method-for-Induced-Site-specific-Eradication), we show the cell cycle regulator Fizzy-related dictates the decision between mitosis and endocycles. After injury, both cycles accurately restore tissue mass and genome content. However, in response to sustained growth signaling, only endocycles preserve epithelial architecture. Our data reveal distinct cell cycle programming in response to similar stimuli in mature vs. developmental states and reveal a tissue-protective role of endocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Scott R Allen
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Cell BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer BiologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
- Regeneration Next InitiativeDuke University School of MedicineDurhamUnited States
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23
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Stormo BM, Fox DT. Polyteny: still a giant player in chromosome research. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:201-214. [PMID: 28779272 PMCID: PMC5768140 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this era of high-resolution mapping of chromosome territories, topological interactions, and chromatin states, it is increasingly appreciated that the positioning of chromosomes and their interactions within the nucleus is critical for cellular function. Due to their large size and distinctive structure, polytene chromosomes have contributed a wealth of knowledge regarding chromosome regulation. In this review, we discuss the diversity of polytene chromosomes in nature and in disease, examine the recurring structural features of polytene chromosomes in terms of what they reveal about chromosome biology, and discuss recent advances regarding how polytene chromosomes are assembled and disassembled. After over 130 years of study, these giant chromosomes are still powerful tools to understand chromosome biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Stormo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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24
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Poulton JS, Cuningham JC, Peifer M. Centrosome and spindle assembly checkpoint loss leads to neural apoptosis and reduced brain size. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1255-1265. [PMID: 28351851 PMCID: PMC5412557 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitotic spindle assembly is critical for mitotic fidelity and organismal development. Multiple processes coordinate spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Two key components are centrosomes and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and mutations affecting either can cause human microcephaly. In vivo studies in Drosophila melanogaster found that loss of either component alone is well tolerated in the developing brain, in contrast to epithelial tissues of the imaginal discs. In this study, we reveal that one reason for that tolerance is the compensatory relationship between centrosomes and the SAC. In the absence of both centrosomes and the SAC, brain cells, including neural stem cells, experience massive errors in mitosis, leading to increased cell death, which reduces the neural progenitor pool and severely disrupts brain development. However, our data also demonstrate that neural cells are much more tolerant of aneuploidy than epithelial cells. Our data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which different tissues manage genome stability and parallels with human microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Poulton
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John C Cuningham
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 .,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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