1
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David SB, Ho KYL, Tanentzapf G, Zaritsky A. Formation of recurring transient Ca 2+-based intercellular communities during Drosophila hematopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318155121. [PMID: 38602917 PMCID: PMC11032476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue development occurs through a complex interplay between many individual cells. Yet, the fundamental question of how collective tissue behavior emerges from heterogeneous and noisy information processing and transfer at the single-cell level remains unknown. Here, we reveal that tissue scale signaling regulation can arise from local gap-junction mediated cell-cell signaling through the spatiotemporal establishment of an intermediate-scale of transient multicellular communication communities over the course of tissue development. We demonstrated this intermediate scale of emergent signaling using Ca2+ signaling in the intact, ex vivo cultured, live developing Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. Recurrent activation of these transient signaling communities defined self-organized signaling "hotspots" that gradually formed over the course of larva development. These hotspots receive and transmit information to facilitate repetitive interactions with nonhotspot neighbors. Overall, this work bridges the scales between single-cell and emergent group behavior providing key mechanistic insight into how cells establish tissue-scale communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Ben David
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva84105, Israel
| | - Kevin Y. L. Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Assaf Zaritsky
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva84105, Israel
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2
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Ho KYL, Carr RL, Dvoskin AD, Tanentzapf G. Kinetics of blood cell differentiation during hematopoiesis revealed by quantitative long-term live imaging. eLife 2023; 12:e84085. [PMID: 37000163 PMCID: PMC10065797 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells typically reside in a specialized physical and biochemical environment that facilitates regulation of their behavior. For this reason, stem cells are ideally studied in contexts that maintain this precisely constructed microenvironment while still allowing for live imaging. Here, we describe a long-term organ culture and imaging strategy for hematopoiesis in flies that takes advantage of powerful genetic and transgenic tools available in this system. We find that fly blood progenitors undergo symmetric cell divisions and that their division is both linked to cell size and is spatially oriented. Using quantitative imaging to simultaneously track markers for stemness and differentiation in progenitors, we identify two types of differentiation that exhibit distinct kinetics. Moreover, we find that infection-induced activation of hematopoiesis occurs through modulation of the kinetics of cell differentiation. Overall, our results show that even subtle shifts in proliferation and differentiation kinetics can have large and aggregate effects to transform blood progenitors from a quiescent to an activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yueh Lin Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Rosalyn Leigh Carr
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- British Columbia Children’s HospitalVancouverCanada
| | | | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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3
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Peeling Back the Layers of Lymph Gland Structure and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147767. [PMID: 35887113 PMCID: PMC9319083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 60 years, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has proven to be an excellent model to study the regulation of hematopoiesis. This is not only due to the evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways and transcription factors contributing to blood cell fate, but also to convergent evolution that led to functional similarities in distinct species. An example of convergence is the compartmentalization of blood cells, which ensures the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells and allows for the rapid reaction of the immune system upon challenges. The lymph gland, a widely studied hematopoietic organ of the Drosophila larva, represents a microenvironment with similar features and functions to classical hematopoietic stem cell niches of vertebrates. Lymph gland studies were effectively supported by the unparalleled toolkit developed in Drosophila, which enabled the high-resolution investigation of the cellular composition and regulatory interaction networks of the lymph gland. In this review, we summarize how our understanding of lymph gland structure and hematopoietic cell-to-cell communication evolved during the past decades and compare their analogous features to those of the vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell niche.
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4
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Kapoor A, Padmavathi A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Dual control of dopamine in Drosophila myeloid-like progenitor cell proliferation and regulation of lymph gland growth. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52951. [PMID: 35476897 PMCID: PMC9171693 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, definitive haematopoiesis takes place in a specialized organ termed "lymph gland". It harbours multi-potent stem-like blood progenitor cells whose development controls overall growth of this haematopoietic tissue and formation of mature blood cells. With respect to its development, neurotransmitters have emerged as potent regulators of blood-progenitor cell development and function. In this study, we extend our understanding of neurotransmitters and show that progenitors are self-sufficient with regard to synthesizing dopamine, a well-established neurotransmitter. These cells also have modules for dopamine sensing through the receptor and transporter. We found that modulating expression of these components in progenitor cells affected lymph gland growth, which suggested growth-promoting function of dopamine in blood-progenitor cells. Cell-cycle analysis of developing lymph glands revealed an unexpected requirement for intracellular dopamine in moderating the progression of early progenitor cells from S to G2 phase of the cell cycle, while activation of dopamine receptor signalling later in development regulated their progression from G2 and entry into mitosis. The dual capacity in which dopamine operated, first intracellularly to coordinate S/G2 transition and later extracellularly in G2/M transition, was critical for the growth of the lymph gland. Overall, the data presented highlight a novel non-canonical use of dopamine in the myeloid system that reveals an uncharacterized function of intracellular dopamine in cell-cycle phasing with outcomes on haematopoietic growth and immunity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kapoor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Achalla Padmavathi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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5
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Goyal M, Tomar A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Blood progenitor redox homeostasis through olfaction-derived systemic GABA in hematopoietic growth control in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:273541. [PMID: 34850846 PMCID: PMC8733872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in myeloid development is well established. However, its aberrant generation alters hematopoiesis. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of events controlling ROS homeostasis forms the central focus of this study. We show that, in homeostasis, myeloid-like blood progenitor cells of the Drosophila larvae, which reside in a specialized hematopoietic organ termed the lymph gland, use TCA to generate ROS. However, excessive ROS production leads to lymph gland growth retardation. Therefore, to moderate blood progenitor ROS, Drosophila larvae rely on olfaction and its downstream systemic GABA. GABA internalization and its breakdown into succinate by progenitor cells activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), which controls inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). PDH is the rate-limiting enzyme that connects pyruvate to the TCA cycle and to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, GABA metabolism via PDK activation maintains TCA activity and blood progenitor ROS homeostasis, and supports normal lymph gland growth. Consequently, animals that fail to smell also fail to sustain TCA activity and ROS homeostasis, which leads to lymph gland growth retardation. Overall, this study describes the requirement of animal odor-sensing and GABA in myeloid ROS regulation and hematopoietic growth control. Summary: Ablation of olfactory receptor neurons reveals that odor-sensing and GABA are involved in myeloid reactive oxygen species regulation and hematopoietic growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Goyal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Ajay Tomar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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6
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Spratford CM, Goins LM, Chi F, Girard JR, Macias SN, Ho VW, Banerjee U. Intermediate progenitor cells provide a transition between hematopoietic progenitors and their differentiated descendants. Development 2021; 148:273785. [PMID: 34918741 PMCID: PMC8722385 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and genomic analysis in Drosophila suggests that hematopoietic progenitors likely transition into terminal fates via intermediate progenitors (IPs) with some characteristics of either, but perhaps maintaining IP-specific markers. In the past, IPs have not been directly visualized and investigated owing to lack of appropriate genetic tools. Here, we report a Split GAL4 construct, CHIZ-GAL4, that identifies IPs as cells physically juxtaposed between true progenitors and differentiating hemocytes. IPs are a distinct cell type with a unique cell-cycle profile and they remain multipotent for all blood cell fates. In addition, through their dynamic control of the Notch ligand Serrate, IPs specify the fate of direct neighbors. The Ras pathway controls the number of IP cells and promotes their transition into differentiating cells. This study suggests that it would be useful to characterize such intermediate populations of cells in mammalian hematopoietic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fangtao Chi
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Savannah N Macias
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vivien W Ho
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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7
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Ho KYL, Khadilkar RJ, Carr RL, Tanentzapf G. A gap-junction-mediated, calcium-signaling network controls blood progenitor fate decisions in hematopoiesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4697-4712.e6. [PMID: 34480855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell homeostasis requires coordinated fate decisions among stem cells that are often widely distributed within a tissue at varying distances from their stem cell niche. This requires a mechanism to ensure robust fate decisions within a population of stem cells. Here, we show that, in the Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland (LG), gap junctions form a network that coordinates fate decisions between blood progenitors. Using live imaging of calcium signaling in intact LGs, we find that blood progenitors are connected through a signaling network. Blocking gap junction function disrupts this network, alters the pattern of encoded calcium signals, and leads to loss of progenitors and precocious blood cell differentiation. Ectopic and uniform activation of the calcium-signaling mediator CaMKII restores progenitor homeostasis when gap junctions are disrupted. Overall, these data show that gap junctions equilibrate cell signals between blood progenitors to coordinate fate decisions and maintain hematopoietic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y L Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer-Tata Memorial Centre (ACTREC-TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Rosalyn L Carr
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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8
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Rodrigues D, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar MS. Intact in situ Preparation of the Drosophila melanogaster Lymph Gland for a Comprehensive Analysis of Larval Hematopoiesis. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4204. [PMID: 34859119 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells have a limited lifespan and are replenished by a small number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Adult vertebrate hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen, rendering a comprehensive analysis of the entire HSPC pool nearly impossible. The Drosophila blood system is well studied and has developmental, molecular, and functional parallels with that of vertebrates. Unlike vertebrates, post-embryonic hematopoiesis in Drosophila is essentially restricted to the larval lymph gland (LG), a multi-lobed organ that flanks the dorsal vessel. Because the anterior-most or primary lobes of the LG are easy to dissect out, their cellular and molecular characteristics have been studied in considerable detail. The 2-3 pairs of posterior lobes are more delicate and fragile and have largely been ignored. However, posterior lobes harbor a significant blood progenitor pool, and several hematopoietic mutants show differences in phenotype between the anterior and posterior lobes. Hence, a comprehensive analysis of the LG is important for a thorough understanding of Drosophila hematopoiesis. Most studies focus on isolating the primary lobes by methods that generally dislodge and damage other lobes. To obtain preparations of the whole LG, including intact posterior lobes, here we provide a detailed protocol for larval fillet dissection. This allows accessing and analyzing complete LG lobes, along with dorsal vessel and pericardial cells. We demonstrate that tissue architecture and integrity is maintained and provide methods for quantitative analysis. This protocol can be used to quickly and effectively isolate complete LGs from first instar larval to pupal stages and can be implemented with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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9
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Girard JR, Goins LM, Vuu DM, Sharpley MS, Spratford CM, Mantri SR, Banerjee U. Paths and pathways that generate cell-type heterogeneity and developmental progression in hematopoiesis. eLife 2021; 10:e67516. [PMID: 34713801 PMCID: PMC8610493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of Drosophila lymph gland hematopoiesis are limited by the availability of cell-type-specific markers. Using a combination of bulk RNA-Seq of FACS-sorted cells, single-cell RNA-Seq, and genetic dissection, we identify new blood cell subpopulations along a developmental trajectory with multiple paths to mature cell types. This provides functional insights into key developmental processes and signaling pathways. We highlight metabolism as a driver of development, show that graded Pointed expression allows distinct roles in successive developmental steps, and that mature crystal cells specifically express an alternate isoform of Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif/Sima). Mechanistically, the Musashi-regulated protein Numb facilitates Sima-dependent non-canonical, and inhibits canonical, Notch signaling. Broadly, we find that prior to making a fate choice, a progenitor selects between alternative, biologically relevant, transitory states allowing smooth transitions reflective of combinatorial expressions rather than stepwise binary decisions. Increasingly, this view is gaining support in mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Dung M Vuu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Mark S Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shreya R Mantri
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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10
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Morin-Poulard I, Tian Y, Vanzo N, Crozatier M. Drosophila as a Model to Study Cellular Communication Between the Hematopoietic Niche and Blood Progenitors Under Homeostatic Conditions and in Response to an Immune Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719349. [PMID: 34484226 PMCID: PMC8415499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, which are controlled by a complex cellular microenvironment called "niche". Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism to decipher the mechanisms controlling hematopoiesis, due both to its limited number of blood cell lineages and to the conservation of genes and signaling pathways throughout bilaterian evolution. Insect blood cells or hemocytes are similar to the mammalian myeloid lineage that ensures innate immunity functions. Like in vertebrates, two waves of hematopoiesis occur in Drosophila. The first wave takes place during embryogenesis. The second wave occurs at larval stages, where two distinct hematopoietic sites are identified: subcuticular hematopoietic pockets and a specialized hematopoietic organ called the lymph gland. In both sites, hematopoiesis is regulated by distinct niches. In hematopoietic pockets, sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system provide a microenvironment that promotes embryonic hemocyte expansion and differentiation. In the lymph gland blood cells are produced from hematopoietic progenitors. A small cluster of cells called Posterior Signaling Centre (PSC) and the vascular system, along which the lymph gland develops, act collectively as a niche, under homeostatic conditions, to control the balance between maintenance and differentiation of lymph gland progenitors. In response to an immune stress such as wasp parasitism, lymph gland hematopoiesis is drastically modified and shifts towards emergency hematopoiesis, leading to increased progenitor proliferation and their differentiation into lamellocyte, a specific blood cell type which will neutralize the parasite. The PSC is essential to control this emergency response. In this review, we summarize Drosophila cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between the niche and hematopoietic progenitors, both under homeostatic and stress conditions. Finally, we discuss similarities between mechanisms by which niches regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yushun Tian
- MCD/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- MCD/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
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11
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Nguyen TTN, Shim J, Song YH. Chk2-p53 and JNK in irradiation-induced cell death of hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated cells in Drosophila larval lymph gland. Biol Open 2021; 10:271116. [PMID: 34328173 PMCID: PMC8411456 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA double-strand breaks that activate the DNA damage response (DDR), which leads to cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptotic cell death. Understanding the DDR of stem cells is critical to tissue homeostasis and the survival of the organism. Drosophila hematopoiesis serves as a model system for sensing stress and environmental changes; however, their response to DNA damage remains largely unexplored. The Drosophila lymph gland is the larval hematopoietic organ, where stem-like progenitors proliferate and differentiate into mature blood cells called hemocytes. We found that apoptotic cell death was induced in progenitors and hemocytes after 40 Gy irradiation, with progenitors showing more resistance to IR-induced cell death compared to hemocytes at a lower dose. Furthermore, we found that Drosophila ATM (tefu), Chk2 (lok), p53, and reaper were necessary for IR-induced cell death in the progenitors. Notably, IR-induced cell death in mature hemocytes required tefu, Drosophila JNK (bsk), and reaper, but not lok or p53. In summary, we found that DNA damage induces apoptotic cell death in the late third instar larval lymph gland and identified lok/p53-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in progenitors and mature hemocytes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Song
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kanwal A, Joshi PV, Mandal S, Mandal L. Ubx-Collier signaling cascade maintains blood progenitors in the posterior lobes of the Drosophila larval lymph gland. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009709. [PMID: 34370733 PMCID: PMC8376192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila larval hematopoiesis occurs in a specialized multi-lobed organ called the lymph gland. Extensive characterization of the organ has provided mechanistic insights into events related to developmental hematopoiesis. Spanning from the thoracic to the abdominal segment of the larvae, this organ comprises a pair of primary, secondary, and tertiary lobes. Much of our understanding arises from the studies on the primary lobe, while the secondary and tertiary lobes have remained mostly unexplored. Previous studies have inferred that these lobes are composed of progenitors that differentiate during pupation; however, the mechanistic basis of this extended progenitor state remains unclear. This study shows that posterior lobe progenitors are maintained by a local signaling center defined by Ubx and Collier in the tertiary lobe. This Ubx zone in the tertiary lobe shares several markers with the niche of the primary lobe. Ubx domain regulates the homeostasis of the posterior lobe progenitors in normal development and an immune-challenged scenario. Our study establishes the lymph gland as a model to tease out how the progenitors interface with the dual niches within an organ during development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kanwal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Pranav Vijay Joshi
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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13
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Ramesh P, Dey NS, Kanwal A, Mandal S, Mandal L. Relish plays a dynamic role in the niche to modulate Drosophila blood progenitor homeostasis in development and infection. eLife 2021; 10:67158. [PMID: 34292149 PMCID: PMC8363268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune challenges demand the gearing up of basal hematopoiesis to combat infection. Little is known about how during development, this switch is achieved to take care of the insult. Here, we show that the hematopoietic niche of the larval lymph gland of Drosophila senses immune challenge and reacts to it quickly through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Relish, a component of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. During development, Relish is triggered by ecdysone signaling in the hematopoietic niche to maintain the blood progenitors. Loss of Relish causes an alteration in the cytoskeletal architecture of the niche cells in a Jun Kinase-dependent manner, resulting in the trapping of Hh implicated in progenitor maintenance. Notably, during infection, downregulation of Relish in the niche tilts the maintenance program toward precocious differentiation, thereby bolstering the cellular arm of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditya Kanwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, India.,Developmental Genetics Laboratory, IISER Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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14
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Li F, Zheng Z, Li H, Fu R, Xu L, Yang F. Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13099. [PMID: 34162929 PMCID: PMC8222279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zaichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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15
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Tiwari SK, Mandal S. Mitochondrial Control of Stem Cell State and Fate: Lessons From Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:606639. [PMID: 34012959 PMCID: PMC8128071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.606639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, Drosophila has served as a wonderful genetically tractable model system to unravel various facets of tissue-resident stem cells in their microenvironment. Studies in different stem and progenitor cell types of Drosophila have led to the discovery of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors crucial for stem cell state and fate. Though initially touted as the ATP generating machines for carrying various cellular processes, it is now increasingly becoming clear that mitochondrial processes alone can override the cellular program of stem cells. The last few years have witnessed a surge in our understanding of mitochondria's contribution to governing different stem cell properties in their subtissular niches in Drosophila. Through this review, we intend to sum up and highlight the outcome of these in vivo studies that implicate mitochondria as a central regulator of stem cell fate decisions; to find the commonalities and uniqueness associated with these regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Tiwari
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Mohali, India
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16
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Rodrigues D, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar M. Intact in situ Preparation of Drosophila melanogaster Lymph Gland for Comprehensive Analysis of Larval Hematopoiesis. Bio Protoc 2021. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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17
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Csordás G, Gábor E, Honti V. There and back again: The mechanisms of differentiation and transdifferentiation in Drosophila blood cells. Dev Biol 2020; 469:135-143. [PMID: 33131706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation is a conversion of an already differentiated cell type into another cell type without the involvement of stem cells. This transition is well described in the case of vertebrate immune cells, as well as in Drosophila melanogaster, which therefore serves as a suitable model to study the process in detail. In the Drosophila larva, the latest single-cell sequencing methods enabled the clusterization of the phagocytic blood cells, the plasmatocytes, which are capable of transdifferentiation into encapsulating cells, the lamellocytes. Here we summarize the available data of the past years on the plasmatocyte-lamellocyte transition, and make an attempt to harmonize them with transcriptome-based blood cell clustering to better understand the underlying mechanisms of transdifferentiation in Drosophila, and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csordás
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Erika Gábor
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6701, P.O.Box 521, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Honti
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, H-6701, P.O.Box 521, Hungary.
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18
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Cho B, Yoon SH, Lee D, Koranteng F, Tattikota SG, Cha N, Shin M, Do H, Hu Y, Oh SY, Lee D, Vipin Menon A, Moon SJ, Perrimon N, Nam JW, Shim J. Single-cell transcriptome maps of myeloid blood cell lineages in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4483. [PMID: 32900993 PMCID: PMC7479620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila lymph gland, the larval hematopoietic organ comprised of prohemocytes and mature hemocytes, has been a valuable model for understanding mechanisms underlying hematopoiesis and immunity. Three types of mature hemocytes have been characterized in the lymph gland: plasmatocytes, lamellocytes, and crystal cells, which are analogous to vertebrate myeloid cells, yet molecular underpinnings of the lymph gland hemocytes have been less investigated. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively analyze heterogeneity of developing hemocytes in the lymph gland, and discover previously undescribed hemocyte types including adipohemocytes, stem-like prohemocytes, and intermediate prohemocytes. Additionally, we identify the developmental trajectory of hemocytes during normal development as well as the emergence of the lamellocyte lineage following active cellular immunity caused by wasp infestation. Finally, we establish similarities and differences between embryonically derived- and larval lymph gland hemocytes. Altogether, our study provides detailed insights into the hemocyte development and cellular immune responses at single-cell resolution. How the Drosophila lymph gland hemocytes develop and are regulated at a single-cell level is unclear. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing to show heterogeneity of developing hemocytes in the lymph gland and how they react to wasp infestation, and compare hemocytes from two independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdinand Koranteng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nuri Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Do
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sue Young Oh
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - A Vipin Menon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Lan W, Liu S, Zhao L, Su Y. Regulation of Drosophila Hematopoiesis in Lymph Gland: From a Developmental Signaling Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155246. [PMID: 32722007 PMCID: PMC7432643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila hematopoietic system is becoming increasingly attractive for its simple blood cell lineage and its developmental and functional parallels with the vertebrate system. As the dedicated organ for Drosophila larval hematopoiesis, the lymph gland harbors both multipotent stem-like progenitor cells and differentiated blood cells. The balance between progenitor maintenance and differentiation in the lymph gland must be precisely and tightly controlled. Multiple developmental signaling pathways, such as Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/Wingless, have been demonstrated to regulate the hematopoietic processes in the lymph gland. Focusing on blood cell maintenance and differentiation, this article summarizes the functions of several classic developmental signaling pathways for lymph gland growth and patterning, highlighting the important roles of developmental signaling during lymph gland development as well as Drosophila larval hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lan
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sumin Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Su
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
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20
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Al Outa A, Abubaker D, Madi J, Nasr R, Shirinian M. The Leukemic Fly: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2020; 9:E1737. [PMID: 32708107 PMCID: PMC7409271 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia involves different types of blood cancers, which lead to significant mortality and morbidity. Murine models of leukemia have been instrumental in understanding the biology of the disease and identifying therapeutics. However, such models are time consuming and expensive in high throughput genetic and drug screening. Drosophilamelanogaster has emerged as an invaluable in vivo model for studying different diseases, including cancer. Fruit flies possess several hematopoietic processes and compartments that are in close resemblance to their mammalian counterparts. A number of studies succeeded in characterizing the fly's response upon the expression of human leukemogenic proteins in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues. Moreover, some of these studies showed that these models are amenable to genetic screening. However, none were reported to be tested for drug screening. In this review, we describe the Drosophila hematopoietic system, briefly focusing on leukemic diseases in which fruit flies have been used. We discuss myeloid and lymphoid leukemia fruit fly models and we further highlight their roles for future therapeutic screening. In conclusion, fruit fly leukemia models constitute an interesting area which could speed up the process of integrating new therapeutics when complemented with mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Al Outa
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Dana Abubaker
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Madi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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21
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Khadilkar RJ, Ho KYL, Venkatesh B, Tanentzapf G. Integrins Modulate Extracellular Matrix Organization to Control Cell Signaling during Hematopoiesis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3316-3329.e5. [PMID: 32649911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During hematopoiesis, progenitor cells receive and interpret a diverse array of regulatory signals from their environment. These signals control the maintenance of the progenitors and regulate the production of mature blood cells. Integrins are well known in vertebrates for their roles in hematopoiesis, particularly in assisting in the migration to, as well as the physical attachment of, progenitors to the niche. However, whether and how integrins are also involved in the signaling mechanisms that control hematopoiesis remains to be resolved. Here, we show that integrins play a key role during fly hematopoiesis in regulating cell signals that control the behavior of hematopoietic progenitors. Integrins can regulate hematopoiesis directly, via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, and indirectly, by directing extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly and/or maintenance. ECM organization and density controls blood progenitor behavior by modulating multiple signaling pathways, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Hedgehog (Hh). Furthermore, we show that integrins and the ECM are reduced following infection, which may assist in activating the immune response. Our results provide mechanistic insight into how integrins can shape the signaling environment around hematopoietic progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin Y L Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bhavya Venkatesh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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22
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Luo F, Yu S, Jin LH. The Posterior Signaling Center Is an Important Microenvironment for Homeostasis of the Drosophila Lymph Gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:382. [PMID: 32509789 PMCID: PMC7253591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a necessary process for development and immune defense in Drosophila from the embryonic period to adulthood. There are two main stages in this process: the first stage occurs in the head mesoderm during the embryonic stage, and the second occurs in a specialized hematopoietic organ along the dorsal vessel, the lymph gland, during the larval stage. The lymph gland consists of paired lobes, each of which has distinct regions: the cortical zone (CZ), which contains mature hemocytes; the medullary zone (MZ), which contains hematopoietic progenitors; and the posterior signaling center (PSC), which specifically expresses the early B-cell factor (EBF) transcription factor Collier (Col) and the HOX factor Antennapedia (Antp) to form a microenvironment similar to that of the mammalian bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell niche. The PSC plays a key role in regulating hematopoietic progenitor differentiation. Moreover, the PSC contributes to the cellular immune response to wasp parasitism triggered by elevated ROS levels. Two recent studies have revealed that hematopoietic progenitor maintenance is directly regulated by Col expressed in the MZ and is independent of the PSC, challenging the traditional model. In this review, we summarize the regulatory networks of PSC cell proliferation, the controversy regarding PSC-mediated regulation of hematopoietic progenitor differentiation, and the wasp egg infection response. In addition, we discuss why the PSC is an ideal model for investigating mammalian hematopoietic stem cell niches and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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23
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Blanco-Obregon D, Katz MJ, Durrieu L, Gándara L, Wappner P. Context-specific functions of Notch in Drosophila blood cell progenitors. Dev Biol 2020; 462:101-115. [PMID: 32243888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Larval hematopoiesis takes place at the lymph gland, where myeloid-like progenitors differentiate into Plasmatocytes and Crystal Cells, under regulation of conserved signaling pathways. It has been established that the Notch pathway plays a specific role in Crystal Cell differentiation and maintenance. In mammalian hematopoiesis, the Notch pathway has been proposed to fulfill broader functions, including Hematopoietic Stem Cell maintenance and cell fate decision in progenitors. In this work we describe different roles that Notch plays in the lymph gland. We show that Notch, activated by its ligand Serrate, expressed at the Posterior Signaling Center, is required to restrain Core Progenitor differentiation. We define a novel population of blood cell progenitors that we name Distal Progenitors, where Notch, activated by Serrate expressed in Lineage Specifying Cells at the Medullary Zone/Cortical Zone boundary, regulates a binary decision between Plasmatocyte and Crystal Cell fates. Thus, Notch plays context-specific functions in different blood cell progenitor populations of the Drosophila lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Blanco-Obregon
- Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina
| | - M J Katz
- Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Durrieu
- Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - L Gándara
- Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Wappner
- Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
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24
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Koranteng F, Cha N, Shin M, Shim J. The Role of Lozenge in Drosophila Hematopoiesis. Mol Cells 2020; 43:114-120. [PMID: 31992020 PMCID: PMC7057836 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila hematopoiesis is comparable to mammalian differentiation of myeloid lineages, and therefore, has been a useful model organism in illustrating the molecular and genetic basis for hematopoiesis. Multiple novel regulators and signals have been uncovered using the tools of Drosophila genetics. A Runt domain protein, lozenge, is one of the first players recognized and closely studied in the hematopoietic lineage specification. Here, we explore the role of lozenge in determination of prohemocytes into a special class of hemocyte, namely the crystal cell, and discuss molecules and signals controlling the lozenge function and its implication in immunity and stress response. Given the highly conserved nature of Runt domain in both invertebrates and vertebrates, studies in Drosophila will enlighten our perspectives on Runx-mediated development and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuri Cha
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 0476, Korea
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25
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Kaur H, Sharma SK, Mandal S, Mandal L. Lar maintains the homeostasis of the hematopoietic organ in Drosophila by regulating insulin signaling in the niche. Development 2019; 146:dev.178202. [PMID: 31784462 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell compartments in metazoa get regulated by systemic factors as well as local stem cell niche-derived factors. However, the mechanisms by which systemic signals integrate with local factors in maintaining tissue homeostasis remain unclear. Employing the Drosophila lymph gland, which harbors differentiated blood cells, and stem-like progenitor cells and their niche, we demonstrate how a systemic signal interacts and harmonizes with local factor/s to achieve cell type-specific tissue homeostasis. Our genetic analyses uncovered a novel function of Lar, a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. Niche-specific loss of Lar leads to upregulated insulin signaling, causing increased niche cell proliferation and ectopic progenitor differentiation. Insulin signaling assayed by PI3K activation is downregulated after the second instar larval stage, a time point that coincides with the appearance of Lar in the hematopoietic niche. We further demonstrate that Lar physically associates with InR and serves as a negative regulator for insulin signaling in the Drosophila larval hematopoietic niche. Whether Lar serves as a localized invariable negative regulator of systemic signals such as insulin in other stem cell niches remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sharma
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab 140306, India
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26
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Cell Adhesion-Mediated Actomyosin Assembly Regulates the Activity of Cubitus Interruptus for Hematopoietic Progenitor Maintenance in Drosophila. Genetics 2019; 212:1279-1300. [PMID: 31138608 PMCID: PMC6707476 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin network is involved in crucial cellular processes including morphogenesis, cell adhesion, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and collective cell migration in Drosophila, Caenorhabditiselegans, and mammals. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila larval blood stem-like progenitors require actomyosin activity for their maintenance. Genetic loss of the actomyosin network from progenitors caused a decline in their number. Likewise, the progenitor population increased upon sustained actomyosin activation via phosphorylation by Rho-associated kinase. We show that actomyosin positively regulates larval blood progenitors by controlling the maintenance factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Overexpression of the maintenance signal via a constitutively activated construct (ci.HA) failed to sustain Ci-155 in the absence of actomyosin components like Zipper (zip) and Squash (sqh), thus favoring protein kinase A (PKA)-independent regulation of Ci activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a change in cortical actomyosin assembly mediated by DE-cadherin modulates Ci activity, thereby determining progenitor status. Thus, loss of cell adhesion and downstream actomyosin activity results in desensitization of the progenitors to Hh signaling, leading to their differentiation. Our data reveal how cell adhesion and the actomyosin network cooperate to influence patterning, morphogenesis, and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem-like progenitor pool in the developing Drosophila hematopoietic organ.
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27
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Mahony CB, Bertrand JY. How HSCs Colonize and Expand in the Fetal Niche of the Vertebrate Embryo: An Evolutionary Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:34. [PMID: 30915333 PMCID: PMC6422921 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can self-renew, establish the entire blood system and represent the basis of regenerative medicine applied to hematological disorders. Clinical use of HSCs is however limited by their inefficient expansion ex vivo, creating a need to further understand HSC expansion in vivo. After embryonic HSCs are born from the hemogenic endothelium, they migrate to the embryonic/fetal niche, where the future adult HSC pool is established by considerable expansion. This takes place at different anatomical sites and is controlled by numerous signals. HSCs then migrate to their adult niche, where they are maintained throughout adulthood. Exactly how HSC expansion is controlled during embryogenesis remains to be characterized and is an important step to improve the therapeutic use of HSCs. We will review the current knowledge of HSC expansion in the different fetal niches across several model organisms and highlight possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Y Bertrand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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28
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Headcase is a Repressor of Lamellocyte Fate in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030173. [PMID: 30841641 PMCID: PMC6470581 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the evolutionary conservation of the regulation of hematopoiesis, Drosophila provides an excellent model organism to study blood cell differentiation and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance. The larvae of Drosophila melanogaster respond to immune induction with the production of special effector blood cells, the lamellocytes, which encapsulate and subsequently kill the invader. Lamellocytes differentiate as a result of a concerted action of all three hematopoietic compartments of the larva: the lymph gland, the circulating hemocytes, and the sessile tissue. Within the lymph gland, the communication of the functional zones, the maintenance of HSC fate, and the differentiation of effector blood cells are regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways. Applying gene conversion, mutational analysis, and a candidate based genetic interaction screen, we investigated the role of Headcase (Hdc), the homolog of the tumor suppressor HECA in the hematopoiesis of Drosophila. We found that naive loss-of-function hdc mutant larvae produce lamellocytes, showing that Hdc has a repressive role in effector blood cell differentiation. We demonstrate that hdc genetically interacts with the Hedgehog and the Decapentaplegic pathways in the hematopoietic niche of the lymph gland. By adding further details to the model of blood cell fate regulation in the lymph gland of the larva, our findings contribute to the better understanding of HSC maintenance.
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29
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Banerjee U, Girard JR, Goins LM, Spratford CM. Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis. Genetics 2019; 211:367-417. [PMID: 30733377 PMCID: PMC6366919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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30
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Xu X, Bi HL, Zhang ZJ, Yang Y, Li K, Huang YP, Zhang Y, He L. BmHpo mutation induces smaller body size and late stage larval lethality in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:1006-1016. [PMID: 29808962 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a core member of the Hippo signaling pathway, Hpo plays a critical role in regulating growth and development. Previous studies reported that loss of function of Hpo results in increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis and induction of tissue overgrowth in Drosophila. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9) to study Hpo gene (BmHpo) function in the lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, known commonly as the silkworm. Sequence analysis of BmHpo revealed an array of deletions in mutants. We found that BmHpo knockout resulted in defects in body size regulation, in developmental defects and pigment accumulation and early death. Our data show that BmHpo is essential for regulation of insect growth and development and that CRISPR/Cas9 technology can serve as a basis for functional analysis of target genes in lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lun Bi
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Xu X, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Huang S, Li K, He L, Zhou X. Genome editing reveals the function of Yorkie during the embryonic and early larval development in silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:675-685. [PMID: 29797485 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a transcriptional coactivator, Yorkie (Yki) is a major downstream target of the Hippo signalling pathway to regulate the organ size during animal development and regeneration. Previous microarray analysis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, has shown that genes associated with the Hippo pathway were primarily expressed in gonads and imaginal discs. The RNA-interference-mediated silencing of Yki at the early wandering stage delayed B. mori development and ovary maturation, whereas baculovirus-mediated overexpression at the late larval instar facilitated organ growth and accelerated metamorphosis. Here, we employed CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis to investigate the function of Yki in B. mori (BmYki) at the embryonic and early larval stages. Knocking out of BmYki led to reduced body size, moulting defects and, eventually, larval lethality. Sequence analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 mutants exhibited an array of deletions in BmYki. As a critical downstream effector of the Hippo kinase cassette, silencing of BmYki at the embryonic stage is indispensable and the consequence is lethal. Given that the Hippo signalling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, Yki has the potential to be a novel molecular target for genetic-based pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - S Huang
- Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - L He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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32
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Yu S, Luo F, Jin LH. The Drosophila lymph gland is an ideal model for studying hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:60-69. [PMID: 29191551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster occurs throughout the entire life cycle, from the embryo to adulthood. The healthy lymph gland, as a hematopoietic organ during the larval stage, can give rise to two mature types of hemocytes, plasmatocytes and crystal cells, which persist into the pupal and adult stages. Homeostasis of the lymph gland is tightly controlled by a series of conserved factors and signaling pathways, which also play key roles in mammalian hematopoiesis. Thus, revealing the hematopoietic mechanisms in Drosophila will advance our understanding of hematopoietic stem cells and their niche as well as leukemia in mammals. In addition, the lymph gland employs a battery of strategies to produce lamellocytes, another type of mature hemocyte, to fight against parasitic wasp eggs, making the lymph gland an important immunological organ. In this review, the developmental process of the lymph gland and the regulatory networks of hematopoiesis are summarized. Moreover, we outline the current knowledge and novel insight into homeostasis of the lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangzhou Luo
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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33
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Gunage RD, Dhanyasi N, Reichert H, VijayRaghavan K. Drosophila adult muscle development and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Chaturvedi D, Reichert H, Gunage RD, VijayRaghavan K. Identification and functional characterization of muscle satellite cells in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:e30107. [PMID: 29072161 PMCID: PMC5681227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Work on genetic model systems such as Drosophila and mouse has shown that the fundamental mechanisms of myogenesis are remarkably similar in vertebrates and invertebrates. Strikingly, however, satellite cells, the adult muscle stem cells that are essential for the regeneration of damaged muscles in vertebrates, have not been reported in invertebrates. In this study, we show that lineal descendants of muscle stem cells are present in adult muscle of Drosophila as small, unfused cells observed at the surface and in close proximity to the mature muscle fibers. Normally quiescent, following muscle fiber injury, we show that these cells express Zfh1 and engage in Notch-Delta-dependent proliferative activity and generate lineal descendant populations, which fuse with the injured muscle fiber. In view of strikingly similar morphological and functional features, we consider these novel cells to be the Drosophila equivalent of vertebrate muscle satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Chaturvedi
- Department of Developmental Biology and GeneticsNational Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | | | - Rajesh D Gunage
- Department of Developmental Biology and GeneticsNational Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- Department of Developmental Biology and GeneticsNational Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental ResearchBangaloreIndia
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35
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Khadilkar RJ, Vogl W, Goodwin K, Tanentzapf G. Modulation of occluding junctions alters the hematopoietic niche to trigger immune activation. eLife 2017; 6:28081. [PMID: 28841136 PMCID: PMC5597334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are regulated by signals from their microenvironment, or niche. During Drosophila hematopoiesis, a niche regulates prohemocytes to control hemocyte production. Immune challenges activate cell-signalling to initiate the cellular and innate immune response. Specifically, certain immune challenges stimulate the niche to produce signals that induce prohemocyte differentiation. However, the mechanisms that promote prohemocyte differentiation subsequent to immune challenges are poorly understood. Here we show that bacterial infection induces the cellular immune response by modulating occluding-junctions at the hematopoietic niche. Occluding-junctions form a permeability barrier that regulates the accessibility of prohemocytes to niche derived signals. The immune response triggered by infection causes barrier breakdown, altering the prohemocyte microenvironment to induce immune cell production. Moreover, genetically induced barrier ablation provides protection against infection by activating the immune response. Our results reveal a novel role for occluding-junctions in regulating niche-hematopoietic progenitor signalling and link this mechanism to immune cell production following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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