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Pan X, Hu Y, Lei G, Wei Y, Li J, Luan T, Zhang Y, Chu Y, Feng Y, Zhan W, Zhao C, Meunier FA, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang T. Actomyosin-II protects axons from degeneration induced by mild mechanical stress. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202206046. [PMID: 38713825 PMCID: PMC11076810 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether, to what extent, and how the axons in the central nervous system (CNS) can withstand sudden mechanical impacts remain unclear. By using a microfluidic device to apply controlled transverse mechanical stress to axons, we determined the stress levels that most axons can withstand and explored their instant responses at nanoscale resolution. We found mild stress triggers a highly reversible, rapid axon beading response, driven by actomyosin-II-dependent dynamic diameter modulations. This mechanism contributes to hindering the long-range spread of stress-induced Ca2+ elevations into non-stressed neuronal regions. Through pharmacological and molecular manipulations in vitro, we found that actomyosin-II inactivation diminishes the reversible beading process, fostering progressive Ca2+ spreading and thereby increasing acute axonal degeneration in stressed axons. Conversely, upregulating actomyosin-II activity prevents the progression of initial injury, protecting stressed axons from acute degeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Our study unveils the periodic actomyosin-II in axon shafts cortex as a novel protective mechanism, shielding neurons from detrimental effects caused by mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Pan
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaowei Lei
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxuan Wei
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Chemistry and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongshu Luan
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrong Zhan
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frédéric A. Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yifan Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Physical Biology, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences China, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Wang
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Lindamood HL, Liu TM, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Using ALS to understand profilin 1's diverse roles in cellular physiology. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39056295 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Profilin is an actin monomer-binding protein whose role in actin polymerization has been studied for nearly 50 years. While its principal biochemical features are now well understood, many questions remain about how profilin controls diverse processes within the cell. Dysregulation of profilin has been implicated in a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory disorders, cardiac disease, and cancer. For example, mutations in the profilin 1 gene (PFN1) can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the precise mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. While initial work suggested proteostasis and actin cytoskeleton defects as the main pathological pathways, multiple novel functions for PFN1 have since been discovered that may also contribute to ALS, including the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport, stress granules, mitochondria, and microtubules. Here, we will review these newly discovered roles for PFN1, speculate on their contribution to ALS, and discuss how defects in actin can contribute to these processes. By understanding profilin 1's involvement in ALS pathogenesis, we hope to gain insight into this functionally complex protein with significant influence over cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halli L Lindamood
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tatiana M Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Das A, Franco JA, Mulcahy B, Wang L, Chapman D, Jaisinghani C, Pruitt BL, Zhen M, Goodman MB. C. elegans touch receptor neurons direct mechanosensory complex organization via repurposing conserved basal lamina proteins. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3133-3151.e10. [PMID: 38964319 PMCID: PMC11283674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The sense of touch is conferred by the conjoint function of somatosensory neurons and skin cells. These cells meet across a gap filled by a basal lamina, an ancient structure found in metazoans. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we investigate the composition and ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix at the epidermis and touch receptor neuron (TRN) interface. We show that membrane-matrix complexes containing laminin, nidogen, and the MEC-4 mechano-electrical transduction channel reside at this interface and are central to proper touch sensation. Interestingly, the dimensions and spacing of these complexes correspond with the discontinuous beam-like extracellular matrix structures observed in serial-section transmission electron micrographs. These complexes fail to coalesce in touch-insensitive extracellular matrix mutants and in dissociated neurons. Loss of nidogen reduces the density of mechanoreceptor complexes and the amplitude of the touch-evoked currents they carry. Thus, neuron-epithelium cell interfaces are instrumental in mechanosensory complex assembly and function. Unlike the basal lamina ensheathing the pharynx and body wall muscle, nidogen recruitment to the puncta along TRNs is not dependent upon laminin binding. MEC-4, but not laminin or nidogen, is destabilized by point mutations in the C-terminal Kunitz domain of the extracellular matrix component, MEC-1. These findings imply that somatosensory neurons secrete proteins that actively repurpose the basal lamina to generate special-purpose mechanosensory complexes responsible for vibrotactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakananda Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joy A Franco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lingxin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dail Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chandni Jaisinghani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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4
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Ghisleni A, Bonilla-Quintana M, Crestani M, Lavagnino Z, Galli C, Rangamani P, Gauthier NC. Mechanically induced topological transition of spectrin regulates its distribution in the mammalian cell cortex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5711. [PMID: 38977673 PMCID: PMC11231315 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cortex is a dynamic assembly formed by the plasma membrane and underlying cytoskeleton. As the main determinant of cell shape, the cortex ensures its integrity during passive and active deformations by adapting cytoskeleton topologies through yet poorly understood mechanisms. The spectrin meshwork ensures such adaptation in erythrocytes and neurons by adopting different organizations. Erythrocytes rely on triangular-like lattices of spectrin tetramers, whereas in neurons they are organized in parallel, periodic arrays. Since spectrin is ubiquitously expressed, we exploited Expansion Microscopy to discover that, in fibroblasts, distinct meshwork densities co-exist. Through biophysical measurements and computational modeling, we show that the non-polarized spectrin meshwork, with the intervention of actomyosin, can dynamically transition into polarized clusters fenced by actin stress fibers that resemble periodic arrays as found in neurons. Clusters experience lower mechanical stress and turnover, despite displaying an extension close to the tetramer contour length. Our study sheds light on the adaptive properties of spectrin, which participates in the protection of the cell cortex by varying its densities in response to key mechanical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghisleni
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mayte Bonilla-Quintana
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michele Crestani
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department for Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zeno Lavagnino
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Galli
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Cardio Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan, Italy
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM ETS, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Coppini A, Falconieri A, Mualem O, Nasrin SR, Roudon M, Saper G, Hess H, Kakugo A, Raffa V, Shefi O. Can repetitive mechanical motion cause structural damage to axons? Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371738. [PMID: 38912175 PMCID: PMC11191579 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological structures have evolved to very efficiently generate, transmit, and withstand mechanical forces. These biological examples have inspired mechanical engineers for centuries and led to the development of critical insights and concepts. However, progress in mechanical engineering also raises new questions about biological structures. The past decades have seen the increasing study of failure of engineered structures due to repetitive loading, and its origin in processes such as materials fatigue. Repetitive loading is also experienced by some neurons, for example in the peripheral nervous system. This perspective, after briefly introducing the engineering concept of mechanical fatigue, aims to discuss the potential effects based on our knowledge of cellular responses to mechanical stresses. A particular focus of our discussion are the effects of mechanical stress on axons and their cytoskeletal structures. Furthermore, we highlight the difficulty of imaging these structures and the promise of new microscopy techniques. The identification of repair mechanisms and paradigms underlying long-term stability is an exciting and emerging topic in biology as well as a potential source of inspiration for engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oz Mualem
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marine Roudon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadiel Saper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Orit Shefi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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6
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Boyer NP, Sharma R, Wiesner T, Delamare A, Pelletier F, Leterrier C, Roy S. Spectrin condensates provide a nidus for assembling the periodic axonal structure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.05.597638. [PMID: 38895400 PMCID: PMC11185721 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.05.597638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Coordinated assembly of individual components into higher-order structures is a defining theme in biology, but underlying principles are not well-understood. In neurons, α/β spectrins, adducin, and actinfilaments assemble into a lattice wrapping underneath the axonal plasma membrane, but mechanistic events leading to this periodic axonal structure (PAS) are unclear. Visualizing PAS components in axons as they develop, we found focal patches in distal axons containing spectrins and adducin (but sparse actin filaments) with biophysical properties reminiscent of biomolecular condensation. Overexpressing spectrin-repeats - constituents of α/β-spectrins - in heterologous cells triggered condensate formation, and preventing association of βII-spectrin with actin-filaments/membranes also facilitated condensation. Finally, overexpressing condensate-triggering spectrin repeats in neurons before PAS establishment disrupted the lattice, presumably by competing with innate assembly, supporting a functional role for biomolecular condensation. We propose a condensation-assembly model where PAS components form focal phase-separated condensates that eventually unfurl into a stable lattice-structure by associating with subplasmalemmal actin. By providing local 'depots' of assembly parts, biomolecular condensation may play a wider role in the construction of intricate cytoskeletal structures.
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7
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Romussi S, Giunti S, Andersen N, De Rosa MJ. C. elegans: a prominent platform for modeling and drug screening in neurological disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:565-585. [PMID: 38509691 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2329103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases (NDevDs and NDegDs, respectively) encompass a broad spectrum of disorders affecting the nervous system with an increasing incidence. In this context, the nematode C. elegans, has emerged as a benchmark model for biological research, especially in the field of neuroscience. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight the numerous advantages of this tiny worm as a model for exploring nervous system pathologies and as a platform for drug discovery. There is a particular focus given to describing the existing models of C. elegans for the study of NDevDs and NDegDs. Specifically, the authors underscore their strong applicability in preclinical drug development. Furthermore, they place particular emphasis on detailing the common techniques employed to explore the nervous system in both healthy and diseased states. EXPERT OPINION Drug discovery constitutes a long and expensive process. The incorporation of invertebrate models, such as C. elegans, stands as an exemplary strategy for mitigating costs and expediting timelines. The utilization of C. elegans as a platform to replicate nervous system pathologies and conduct high-throughput automated assays in the initial phases of drug discovery is pivotal for rendering therapeutic options more attainable and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romussi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Invertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Giunti
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Invertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Natalia Andersen
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Invertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María José De Rosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Invertebrados, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), UNS-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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8
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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9
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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10
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Witten G, DeMott E, Huang G, Zelasko F, de Jesus B, Mulchand C, Schuck L, Pullman S, Perez A, Mahableshwarkar P, Wu Z, Cardona EA, Pierce JT, Dickinson DJ, Doonan R. mScarlet and split fluorophore mScarlet resources for plasmid-based CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000871. [PMID: 37396790 PMCID: PMC10308244 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins allow the expression of a gene and the behavior of its protein product to be observed in living animals. The ability to create endogenous fluorescent protein tags via CRISPR genome engineering has revolutionized the authenticity of this expression, and mScarlet is currently our first-choice red fluorescent protein (RFP) for visualizing gene expression in vivo . Here, we have cloned versions of mScarlet and split fluorophore mScarlet previously optimized for C. elegans into the SEC-based system of plasmids for CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in. Ideally, an endogenous tag will be easily visible while not interfering with the normal expression and function of the targeted protein. For low molecular weight proteins that are a fraction of the size of a fluorescent protein tag (e.g. GFP or mCherry) and/or proteins known to be non-functional when tagged in this way, split fluorophore tagging could be an alternative. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in to tag three such proteins with split-fluorophore wrmScarlet: HIS-72, EGL-1, and PTL-1. Although we find that split fluorophore tagging does not disrupt the function of any of these proteins, we were unfortunately unable to observe the expression of most of these tags with epifluorescence, suggesting that split fluorophore tags are often very limited as endogenous reporters. Nevertheless, our plasmid toolkit provides a new resource that enables straightforward knock-in of either mScarlet or split mScarlet in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Witten
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ella DeMott
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Huang
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Francis Zelasko
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Bailey de Jesus
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chandi Mulchand
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Liam Schuck
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Pullman
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amelie Perez
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Priya Mahableshwarkar
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Andrew Cardona
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan Doonan
- Glow Worms Stream, Freshman Research Initiative, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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11
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Ghose A, Pullarkat P. The role of mechanics in axonal stability and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:22-34. [PMID: 35786351 PMCID: PMC7615100 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much of the focus of neuronal cell biology has been devoted to growth cone guidance, synaptogenesis, synaptic activity, plasticity, etc. The axonal shaft too has received much attention, mainly for its astounding ability to transmit action potentials and the transport of material over long distances. For these functions, the axonal cytoskeleton and membrane have been often assumed to play static structural roles. Recent experiments have changed this view by revealing an ultrastructure much richer in features than previously perceived and one that seems to be maintained at a dynamic steady state. The role of mechanics in this is only beginning to be broadly appreciated and appears to involve passive and active modes of coupling different biopolymer filaments, filament turnover dynamics and membrane biophysics. Axons, being unique cellular processes in terms of high aspect ratios and often extreme lengths, also exhibit unique passive mechanical properties that might have evolved to stabilize them under mechanical stress. In this review, we summarize the experiments that have exposed some of these features. It is our view that axonal mechanics deserves much more attention not only due to its significance in the development and maintenance of the nervous system but also due to the susceptibility of axons to injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Pramod Pullarkat
- Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bengaluru 560 080, India.
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12
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Chai Z, Gu S, Lykotrafitis G. Dynamics of the axon plasma membrane skeleton. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2514-2528. [PMID: 36939651 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It was recently revealed via super-resolution microscopy experiments that the axon plasma membrane skeleton (APMS) comprises a series of periodically arranged azimuthal actin rings connected via longitudinal spectrin filaments forming an orthotropic network. The common perception is that APMS enhances structural stability of the axon but its impact on axon deformation is unknown. To investigate the response of the APMS to extension, we introduce a coarse-grain molecular dynamics model consisting of actin particles forming rings and chains of particles representing spectrin tetramers with repeats than can unfold. We observe that the shape of force-extension curve is initially linear and the force level depends on the extension rate. Even during the initial deformation stage, unfolding of spectrin repeats occurs, but the saw-tooth shape of the corresponding force-extension curve observed in the case of one spectrin tetramer does not appear in the case of the entire APMS. The reason is that spectrin unfolding is not synchronized across filaments during extension. If actin-spectrin associations remain intact, the force-extension response reaches a perfectly plastic region because of increased spectrin unfolding frequency. However, when actin-spectrin links dissociate, which can happen at moderate and high extension rates, APMS softens and the resistance force decreases linearly as the axon elongates until it reaches a point where the APMS is completely severed. Furthermore, when the ring-to-ring distance is maintained fixed under stretch, the resistance force relaxes exponentially as a function of time due to additional unfolding of spectrin tetramers following the Kelvin-Voigt representation of the Zener model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Chai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Shiju Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Lykotrafitis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Biomolecular condensation involving the cytoskeleton. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:105-117. [PMID: 36690162 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensation of proteins contributes to the organization of the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. A number of condensation processes appear to be directly involved in regulating the structure, function and dynamics of the cytoskeleton. Liquid-liquid phase separation of cytoskeleton proteins, together with polymerization modulators, promotes cytoskeletal fiber nucleation and branching. Furthermore, the attachment of protein condensates to the cytoskeleton can contribute to cytoskeleton stability and organization, regulate transport, create patterns of functional reaction containers, and connect the cytoskeleton with membranes. Surface-bound condensates can exert and buffer mechanical forces that give stability and flexibility to the cytoskeleton, thus, may play a large role in cell biology. In this review, we introduce the concept and role of cellular biomolecular condensation, explain its special function on cytoskeletal fiber surfaces, and point out potential definition and experimental caveats. We review the current literature on protein condensation processes related to the actin, tubulin, and intermediate filament cytoskeleton, and discuss some of them in the context of neurobiology. In summary, we provide an overview about biomolecular condensation in relation to cytoskeleton structure and function, which offers a base for the exploration and interpretation of cytoskeletal condensates in neurobiology.
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14
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Wang LM, Goodman MB, Kuhl E. Image-based axon model highlights heterogeneity in initiation of damage. Biophys J 2023; 122:9-19. [PMID: 36461640 PMCID: PMC9822833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Head injury simulations predict the occurrence of traumatic brain injury by placing a threshold on the calculated strains for axon tracts within the brain. However, a current roadblock to accurate injury prediction is the selection of an appropriate axon damage threshold. While several computational studies have used models of the axon cytoskeleton to investigate damage initiation, these models all employ an idealized, homogeneous axonal geometry. This homogeneous geometry with regularly spaced microtubules, evenly distributed throughout the model, overestimates axon strength because, in reality, the axon cytoskeleton is heterogeneous. In the heterogeneous cytoskeleton, the weakest cross section determines the initiation of failure, but these weak spots are not present in a homogeneous model. Addressing one source of heterogeneity in the axon cytoskeleton, we present a new semiautomated image analysis pipeline for using serial-section transmission electron micrographs to reconstruct the microtubule geometry of an axon. The image analysis procedure locates microtubules within the images, traces them throughout the image stack, and reconstructs the microtubule structure as a finite element mesh. We demonstrate the image analysis approach using a C. elegans touch receptor neuron due to the availability of high-quality serial-section transmission electron micrograph data sets. The results of the analysis highlight the heterogeneity of the microtubule structure in the spatial variation of both microtubule number and length. Simulations comparing this image-based geometry with homogeneous geometries show that structural heterogeneity in the image-based model creates significant spatial variation in deformation. The homogeneous geometries, on the other hand, deform more uniformly. Since no single homogeneous model can replicate the mechanical behavior of the image-based model, our results argue that heterogeneity in axon microtubule geometry should be considered in determining accurate axon failure thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ellen Kuhl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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15
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Ghisleni A, Bonilla-Quintana M, Crestani M, Fukuzawa A, Rangamani P, Gauthier N. Mechanically induced topological transition of spectrin regulates its distribution in the mammalian cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.02.522381. [PMID: 36712133 PMCID: PMC9881866 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.02.522381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell cortex is a dynamic assembly that ensures cell integrity during passive deformation or active response by adapting cytoskeleton topologies with poorly understood mechanisms. The spectrin meshwork ensures such adaptation in erythrocytes and neurons. Erythrocytes rely on triangular-like lattices of spectrin tetramers, which in neurons are organized in periodic arrays. We exploited Expansion Microscopy to discover that these two distinct topologies can co-exist in other mammalian cells such as fibroblasts. We show through biophysical measurements and computational modeling that spectrin provides coverage of the cortex and, with the intervention of actomyosin, erythroid-like lattices can dynamically transition into condensates resembling neuron-like periodic arrays fenced by actin stress fibers. Spectrin condensates experience lower mechanical stress and turnover despite displaying an extension close to the contour length of the tetramer. Our study sheds light on the adaptive properties of spectrin, which ensures protection of the cortex by undergoing mechanically induced topological transitions.
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16
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Falconieri A, De Vincentiis S, Cappello V, Convertino D, Das R, Ghignoli S, Figoli S, Luin S, Català-Castro F, Marchetti L, Borello U, Krieg M, Raffa V. Axonal plasticity in response to active forces generated through magnetic nano-pulling. Cell Rep 2022; 42:111912. [PMID: 36640304 PMCID: PMC9902337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force is crucial in guiding axon outgrowth before and after synapse formation. This process is referred to as "stretch growth." However, how neurons transduce mechanical input into signaling pathways remains poorly understood. Another open question is how stretch growth is coupled in time with the intercalated addition of new mass along the entire axon. Here, we demonstrate that active mechanical force generated by magnetic nano-pulling induces remodeling of the axonal cytoskeleton. Specifically, the increase in the axonal density of microtubules induced by nano-pulling leads to an accumulation of organelles and signaling vesicles, which, in turn, promotes local translation by increasing the probability of assembly of the "translation factories." Modulation of axonal transport and local translation sustains enhanced axon outgrowth and synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara De Vincentiis
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy,The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ravi Das
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | - Sofia Figoli
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederic Català-Castro
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy,Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael Krieg
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Chauhan P, Wadhwa K, Singh G. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to evaluate neuroprotective potential of nano formulations. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1018754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of neurodegenerative illnesses on society is significant, but the mechanisms leading to neuronal malfunction and death in these conditions remain largely unknown despite identifying essential disease genes. To pinpoint the mechanisms behind the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, several researchers have turned to nematode C. elegans instead of using mammals. Since C. elegans is transparent, free-living, and amenable to culture, it has several benefits. As a result, all the neurons in C. elegans can be easily identified, and their connections are understood. Human proteins linked to Neurodegeneration can be made to express in them. It is also possible to analyze how C. elegans orthologs of the genes responsible for human neurodegenerative diseases function. In this article, we focused at some of the most important C. elegans neurodegeneration models that accurately represent many elements of human neurodegenerative illness. It has been observed that studies using the adaptable C. elegans have helped us in better understanding of human diseases. These studies have used it to replicate several aspects of human neurodegeneration. A nanotech approach involves engineering materials or equipments interacting with biological systems at the molecular level to trigger physiological responses by increasing stimulation, responding, and interacting with target sites while minimizing side effects, thus revolutionizing the treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Nanotechnologies are being used to treat neurological disorders and deliver nanoscale drugs. This review explores the current and future uses of these nanotechnologies as innovative therapeutic modalities in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using C elegans as an experimental model.
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18
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Synaptic branch stability is mediated by non-enzymatic functions of MEC-17/αTAT1 and ATAT-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14003. [PMID: 35977998 PMCID: PMC9385713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are fundamental elements of neuronal structure and function. They are dynamic structures formed from protofilament chains of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers. Acetylation of the lysine 40 (K40) residue of α-tubulin protects microtubules from mechanical stresses by imparting structural elasticity. The enzyme responsible for this acetylation event is MEC-17/αTAT1. Despite its functional importance, however, the consequences of altered MEC-17/αTAT1 levels on neuronal structure and function are incompletely defined. Here we demonstrate that overexpression or loss of MEC-17, or of its functional paralogue ATAT-2, causes a delay in synaptic branch extension, and defective synaptogenesis in the mechanosensory neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans. Strikingly, by adulthood, the synaptic branches in these animals are lost, while the main axon shaft remains mostly intact. We show that MEC-17 and ATAT-2 regulate the stability of the synaptic branches largely independently from their acetyltransferase domains. Genetic analyses reveals novel interactions between both mec-17 and atat-2 with the focal adhesion gene zyx-1/Zyxin, which has previously been implicated in actin remodelling. Together, our results reveal new, acetylation-independent roles for MEC-17 and ATAT-2 in the development and maintenance of neuronal architecture.
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19
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Shah P, Bao Z, Zaidel-Bar R. Visualizing and quantifying molecular and cellular processes in C. elegans using light microscopy. Genetics 2022; 221:6619563. [PMID: 35766819 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light microscopes are the cell and developmental biologists' "best friend", providing a means to see structures and follow dynamics from the protein to the organism level. A huge advantage of C. elegans as a model organism is its transparency, which coupled with its small size means that nearly every biological process can be observed and measured with the appropriate probe and light microscope. Continuous improvement in microscope technologies along with novel genome editing techniques to create transgenic probes have facilitated the development and implementation of a dizzying array of methods for imaging worm embryos, larvae and adults. In this review we provide an overview of the molecular and cellular processes that can be visualized in living worms using light microscopy. A partial inventory of fluorescent probes and techniques successfully used in worms to image the dynamics of cells, organelles, DNA, and protein localization and activity is followed by a practical guide to choosing between various imaging modalities, including widefield, confocal, lightsheet, and structured illumination microscopy. Finally, we discuss the available tools and approaches, including machine learning, for quantitative image analysis tasks, such as colocalization, segmentation, object tracking, and lineage tracing. Hopefully, this review will inspire worm researchers who have not yet imaged their worms to begin, and push those who are imaging to go faster, finer, and longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavak Shah
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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20
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Qu Y, Alves‐Silva J, Gupta K, Hahn I, Parkin J, Sánchez‐Soriano N, Prokop A. Re-evaluating the actin-dependence of spectraplakin functions during axon growth and maintenance. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:288-307. [PMID: 35333003 PMCID: PMC9320987 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the long and slender processes of neurons constituting the biological cables that wire the nervous system. The growth and maintenance of axons require loose microtubule bundles that extend through their entire length. Understanding microtubule regulation is therefore an essential aspect of axon biology. Key regulators of neuronal microtubules are the spectraplakins, a well-conserved family of cytoskeletal cross-linkers that underlie neuropathies in mouse and humans. Spectraplakin deficiency in mouse or Drosophila causes severe decay of microtubule bundles and reduced axon growth. The underlying mechanisms are best understood for Drosophila's spectraplakin Short stop (Shot) and believed to involve cytoskeletal cross-linkage: Shot's binding to microtubules and Eb1 via its C-terminus has been thoroughly investigated, whereas its F-actin interaction via N-terminal calponin homology (CH) domains is little understood. Here, we have gained new understanding by showing that the F-actin interaction must be finely balanced: altering the properties of F-actin networks or deleting/exchanging Shot's CH domains induces changes in Shot function-with a Lifeact-containing Shot variant causing remarkable remodeling of neuronal microtubules. In addition to actin-microtubule (MT) cross-linkage, we find strong indications that Shot executes redundant MT bundle-promoting roles that are F-actin-independent. We argue that these likely involve the neuronal Shot-PH isoform, which is characterized by a large, unexplored central plakin repeat region (PRR) similarly existing also in mammalian spectraplakins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Juliana Alves‐Silva
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Present address:
Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kriti Gupta
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell SignallingInstitute of SystemsMolecular & Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jill Parkin
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Natalia Sánchez‐Soriano
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell SignallingInstitute of SystemsMolecular & Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science CentreFaculty of BiologyMedicine and HealthSchool of Biology, The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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21
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Bonacossa-Pereira I, Coakley S, Hilliard MA. Neuron-epidermal attachment protects hyper-fragile axons from mechanical strain. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110501. [PMID: 35263583 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons experience significant strain caused by organismal development and movement. A combination of intrinsic mechanical resistance and external shielding by surrounding tissues prevents axonal damage, although the precise mechanisms are unknown. Here, we reveal a neuroprotective function of neuron-epidermal attachment in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that a gain-of-function mutation in the epidermal hemidesmosome component LET-805/myotactin, in combination with a loss-of-function mutation in UNC-70/β-spectrin, disrupts the uniform attachment and subsequent embedment of sensory axons within the epidermis during development. This generates regions of high tension within axons, leading to spontaneous axonal breaks and degeneration. Completely preventing attachment, by disrupting HIM-4/hemicentin or MEC-5/collagen, eliminates tension and alleviates damage. Finally, we demonstrate that progressive neuron-epidermal attachment via LET-805/myotactin is induced by the axon during development, as well as during regeneration after injury. Together, these results reveal that establishment of uniform neuron-epidermal attachment is critical to protect axons from mechanical strain during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bonacossa-Pereira
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sean Coakley
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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22
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Denha SA, Atang AE, Hays TS, Avery AW. β-III-spectrin N-terminus is required for high-affinity actin binding and SCA5 neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1726. [PMID: 35110634 PMCID: PMC8810934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent structural studies of β-III-spectrin and related cytoskeletal proteins revealed N-terminal sequences that directly bind actin. These sequences are variable in structure, and immediately precede a conserved actin-binding domain composed of tandem calponin homology domains (CH1 and CH2). Here we investigated in Drosophila the significance of the β-spectrin N-terminus, and explored its functional interaction with a CH2-localized L253P mutation that underlies the neurodegenerative disease spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 (SCA5). We report that pan-neuronal expression of an N-terminally truncated β-spectrin fails to rescue lethality resulting from a β-spectrin loss-of-function allele, indicating that the N-terminus is essential to β-spectrin function in vivo. Significantly, N-terminal truncation rescues neurotoxicity and defects in dendritic arborization caused by L253P. In vitro studies show that N-terminal truncation eliminates L253P-induced high-affinity actin binding, providing a mechanistic basis for rescue. These data suggest that N-terminal sequences may be useful therapeutic targets for small molecule modulation of the aberrant actin binding associated with SCA5 β-spectrin and spectrin-related disease proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Denha
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Thomas S Hays
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Adam W Avery
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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23
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Sun W, Gao X, Lei H, Wang W, Cao Y. Biophysical Approaches for Applying and Measuring Biological Forces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105254. [PMID: 34923777 PMCID: PMC8844594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, increasing evidence has indicated that mechanical loads can regulate the morphogenesis, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of living cells. Investigations of how cells sense mechanical stimuli or the mechanotransduction mechanism is an active field of biomaterials and biophysics. Gaining a further understanding of mechanical regulation and depicting the mechanotransduction network inside cells require advanced experimental techniques and new theories. In this review, the fundamental principles of various experimental approaches that have been developed to characterize various types and magnitudes of forces experienced at the cellular and subcellular levels are summarized. The broad applications of these techniques are introduced with an emphasis on the difficulties in implementing these techniques in special biological systems. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, which can guide readers to choose the most suitable technique for their questions. A perspective on future directions in this field is also provided. It is anticipated that technical advancement can be a driving force for the development of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Sun
- School of SciencesNantong UniversityNantong226019P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and IntegrationNational Laboratory of Solid State Microstructureand Department of PhysicsCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Institute of Brain ScienceNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science & EngineeringCollege of Chemistry & Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation CenterNanjing UniversityNanjing210023P. R. China
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24
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Das R, Lin LC, Català-Castro F, Malaiwong N, Sanfeliu-Cerdán N, Porta-de-la-Riva M, Pidde A, Krieg M. An asymmetric mechanical code ciphers curvature-dependent proprioceptor activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4617. [PMID: 34533987 PMCID: PMC8448456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A repetitive gait cycle is an archetypical component within the behavioral repertoire of many animals including humans. It originates from mechanical feedback within proprioceptors to adjust the motor program during locomotion and thus leads to a periodic orbit in a low-dimensional space. Here, we investigate the mechanics, molecules, and neurons responsible for proprioception in Caenorhabditis elegans to gain insight into how mechanosensation shapes the orbital trajectory to a well-defined limit cycle. We used genome editing, force spectroscopy, and multiscale modeling and found that alternating tension and compression with the spectrin network of a single proprioceptor encodes body posture and informs TRP-4/NOMPC and TWK-16/TREK2 homologs of mechanosensitive ion channels during locomotion. In contrast to a widely accepted model of proprioceptive “stretch” reception, we found that proprioceptors activated locally under compressive stresses in-vivo and in-vitro and propose that this property leads to compartmentalized activity within long axons delimited by curvature-dependent mechanical stresses.
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25
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Modeling links softening of myelin and spectrin scaffolds of axons after a concussion to increased vulnerability to repeated injuries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024961118. [PMID: 34234016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024961118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the microtubule lattice, which serves as a rigid cytoskeletal backbone for the axon, is a hallmark mechanical initiator of pathophysiology after concussion. Understanding the mechanical stress transfer from the brain tissue to the axonal cytoskeleton is essential to determine the microtubule lattice's vulnerability to mechanical injury. Here, we develop an ultrastructural model of the axon's cytoskeletal architecture to identify the components involved in the dynamic load transfer during injury. Corroborative in vivo studies were performed using a gyrencephalic swine model of concussion via single and repetitive head rotational acceleration. Computational analysis of the load transfer mechanism demonstrates that the myelin sheath and the actin/spectrin cortex play a significant role in effectively shielding the microtubules from tissue stress. We derive failure maps in the space spanned by tissue stress and stress rate to identify physiological conditions in which the microtubule lattice can rupture. We establish that a softer axonal cortex leads to a higher susceptibility of the microtubules to failure. Immunohistochemical examination of tissue from the swine model of single and repetitive concussion confirms the presence of postinjury spectrin degradation, with more extensive pathology observed following repetitive injury. Because the degradation of myelin and spectrin occurs over weeks following the first injury, we show that softening of the myelin layer and axonal cortex exposes the microtubules to higher stress during repeated incidences of traumatic brain injuries. Our predictions explain how mechanical injury predisposes axons to exacerbated responses to repeated injuries, as observed in vitro and in vivo.
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26
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Parkin J, Fülle JB, Slater PG, Lowery LA, Sanchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Tau, XMAP215/Msps and Eb1 co-operate interdependently to regulate microtubule polymerisation and bundle formation in axons. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009647. [PMID: 34228717 PMCID: PMC8284659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of microtubules requires their polymerisation, but little is known about how this polymerisation is regulated in cells. Focussing on the essential microtubule bundles in axons of Drosophila and Xenopus neurons, we show that the plus-end scaffold Eb1, the polymerase XMAP215/Msps and the lattice-binder Tau co-operate interdependently to promote microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation during axon development and maintenance. Eb1 and XMAP215/Msps promote each other's localisation at polymerising microtubule plus-ends. Tau outcompetes Eb1-binding along microtubule lattices, thus preventing depletion of Eb1 tip pools. The three factors genetically interact and show shared mutant phenotypes: reductions in axon growth, comet sizes, comet numbers and comet velocities, as well as prominent deterioration of parallel microtubule bundles into disorganised curled conformations. This microtubule curling is caused by Eb1 plus-end depletion which impairs spectraplakin-mediated guidance of extending microtubules into parallel bundles. Our demonstration that Eb1, XMAP215/Msps and Tau co-operate during the regulation of microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation, offers new conceptual explanations for developmental and degenerative axon pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Voelzmann
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Parkin
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Judith B. Fülle
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paula G. Slater
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Pan X, Zhou Y, Hotulainen P, Meunier FA, Wang T. The axonal radial contractility: Structural basis underlying a new form of neural plasticity. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100033. [PMID: 34145916 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Axons are the longest cellular structure reaching over a meter in the case of human motor axons. They have a relatively small diameter and contain several cytoskeletal elements that mediate both material and information exchange within neurons. Recently, a novel type of axonal plasticity, termed axonal radial contractility, has been unveiled. It is represented by dynamic and transient diameter changes of the axon shaft to accommodate the passages of large organelles. Mechanisms underpinning this plasticity are not fully understood. Here, we first summarised recent evidence of the functional relevance for axon radial contractility, then discussed the underlying structural basis, reviewing nanoscopic evidence of the subtle changes. Two models are proposed to explain how actomyosin rings are organised. Possible roles of non-muscle myosin II (NM-II) in axon degeneration are discussed. Finally, we discuss the concept of periodic functional nanodomains, which could sense extracellular cues and coordinate the axonal responses. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/ojCnrJ8RCRc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Pan
- Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Zhou
- Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tong Wang
- Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Mosquera JV, Bacher MC, Priess JR. Nuclear lipid droplets and nuclear damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009602. [PMID: 34133414 PMCID: PMC8208577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat stored in the form of lipid droplets has long been considered a defining characteristic of cytoplasm. However, recent studies have shown that nuclear lipid droplets occur in multiple cells and tissues, including in human patients with fatty liver disease. The function(s) of stored fat in the nucleus has not been determined, and it is possible that nuclear fat is beneficial in some situations. Conversely, nuclear lipid droplets might instead be deleterious by disrupting nuclear organization or triggering aggregation of hydrophobic proteins. We show here that nuclear lipid droplets occur normally in C. elegans intestinal cells and germ cells, but appear to be associated with damage only in the intestine. Lipid droplets in intestinal nuclei can be associated with novel bundles of microfilaments (nuclear actin) and membrane tubules that might have roles in damage repair. To increase the normal, low frequency of nuclear lipid droplets in wild-type animals, we used a forward genetic screen to isolate mutants with abnormally large or abundant nuclear lipid droplets. Genetic analysis and cloning of three such mutants showed that the genes encode the lipid regulator SEIP-1/seipin, the inner nuclear membrane protein NEMP-1/Nemp1/TMEM194A, and a component of COPI vesicles called COPA-1/α-COP. We present several lines of evidence that the nuclear lipid droplet phenotype of copa-1 mutants results from a defect in retrieving mislocalized membrane proteins that normally reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. The seip-1 mutant causes most germ cells to have nuclear lipid droplets, the largest of which occupy more than a third of the nuclear volume. Nevertheless, the nuclear lipid droplets do not trigger apoptosis, and the germ cells differentiate into gametes that produce viable, healthy progeny. Thus, our results suggest that nuclear lipid droplets are detrimental to intestinal nuclei, but have no obvious deleterious effect on germ nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan C. Bacher
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James R. Priess
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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29
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Kouri N, Murray ME, Reddy JS, Serie DJ, Soto-Beasley A, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Wang X, Castanedes MC, Baker MC, Rademakers R, Uitti RJ, Graff-Radford NR, Wszolek ZK, Schellenberg GD, Crook JE, Ertekin-Taner N, Ross OA, Dickson DW. Latent trait modeling of tau neuropathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:667-680. [PMID: 33635380 PMCID: PMC8043857 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is the second most common neurodegenerative Parkinsonian disorder after Parkinson's disease, and is characterized as a primary tauopathy. Leveraging the considerable clinical and neuropathologic heterogeneity associated with PSP, we measured tau neuropathology as quantitative traits to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) within PSP to identify genes and biological pathways that underlie the PSP disease process. In 882 PSP cases, semi-quantitative scores for phosphorylated tau-immunoreactive coiled bodies (CBs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), tufted astrocytes (TAs), and tau threads were documented from 18 brain regions, and converted to latent trait (LT) variables using the R ltm package. LT analysis utilizes a multivariate regression model that links categorical responses to unobserved covariates allowing for a reduction of dimensionality, generating a single, continuous variable to account for the multiple lesions and brain regions assessed. We first tested for association with PSP LTs and the top PSP GWAS susceptibility loci. Significant SNP/LT associations were identified at rs242557 (MAPT H1c sub-haplotype) with hindbrain CBs and rs1768208 (MOBP) with forebrain tau threads. Digital microscopy was employed to quantify phosphorylated tau burden in midbrain tectum and red nucleus in 795 PSP cases and tau burdens were used as quantitative phenotypes in GWAS. Top associations were identified at rs1768208 with midbrain tectum and red nucleus tau burden. Additionally, we performed a PSP LT GWAS on an initial cohort, a follow-up SNP panel (37 SNPs, P < 10-5) in an extended cohort, and a combined analysis. Top SNP/LT associations were identified at SNPs in or near SPTBN5/EHD4, SEC13/ATP2B2, EPHB1/PPP2R3A, TBC1D8, IFNGR1/OLIG3, ST6GAL1, HK1, CALB1, and SGCZ. Finally, testing for SNP/transcript associations using whole transcriptome and whole genome data identified significant expression quantitative trait loci at rs3088159/SPTBN5/EHD4 and rs154239/GHRL. Modeling tau neuropathology heterogeneity using LTs as quantitative phenotypes in a GWAS may provide substantial insight into biological pathways involved in PSP by affecting regional tau burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kouri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Soto-Beasley
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Minerva M Carrasquillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ryan J Uitti
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia E Crook
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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30
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Chen K, Yang R, Li Y, Zhou JC, Zhang M. Giant ankyrin-B suppresses stochastic collateral axon branching through direct interaction with microtubules. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151929. [PMID: 32640013 PMCID: PMC7401806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant ankyrin-B (gAnkB) is a 440-kD neurospecific ankyrin-B isoform and a high-confidence target for autism mutations. gAnkB suppresses axon branching through coordination of cortical microtubules, and autism-related mutation of gAnkB results in ectopic neuronal connectivity. We identified a bipartite motif from gAnkB, which bundles and avidly binds to microtubules in vitro. This motif is composed of a module of 15 tandem repeats followed by a short, conserved fragment also found in giant ankyrin-G (BG-box). Combination of these two parts synergistically increases microtubule-binding avidity. Transfection of astrocytes (which lack gAnkB) with WT gAnkB resulted in prominent bundling of microtubules, which did not occur with mutant gAnkB with impaired microtubule-binding activity. Similarly, rescue of gAnkB-deficient neurons with WT gAnkB suppressed axonal branching and invasion of EB3-tagged microtubules into filopodia, which did not occur with the same mutant gAnkB. Together, these findings demonstrate that gAnkB suppresses axon collateral branching and prevents microtubule invasion of nascent axon branches through direct interaction with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yubing Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Chuan Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Putting the axonal periodic scaffold in order. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:33-40. [PMID: 33450534 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurons rely on a unique organization of their cytoskeleton to build, maintain and transform their extraordinarily intricate shapes. After decades of research on the neuronal cytoskeleton, it is exciting that novel assemblies are still discovered thanks to progress in cellular imaging methods. Indeed, super-resolution microscopy has revealed that axons are lined with a periodic scaffold of actin rings, spaced every 190nm by spectrins. Determining the architecture, composition, dynamics, and functions of this membrane-associated periodic scaffold is a current conceptual and technical challenge, as well as a very active area of research. This short review aims at summarizing the latest research on the axonal periodic scaffold, highlighting recent progress and open questions.
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32
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Jung M, Kim D, Mun JY. Direct Visualization of Actin Filaments and Actin-Binding Proteins in Neuronal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588556. [PMID: 33324645 PMCID: PMC7726226 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin networks and actin-binding proteins (ABPs) are most abundant in the cytoskeleton of neurons. The function of ABPs in neurons is nucleation of actin polymerization, polymerization or depolymerization regulation, bundling of actin through crosslinking or stabilization, cargo movement along actin filaments, and anchoring of actin to other cellular components. In axons, ABP–actin interaction forms a dynamic, deep actin network, which regulates axon extension, guidance, axon branches, and synaptic structures. In dendrites, actin and ABPs are related to filopodia attenuation, spine formation, and synapse plasticity. ABP phosphorylation or mutation changes ABP–actin binding, which regulates axon or dendritic plasticity. In addition, hyperactive ABPs might also be expressed as aggregates of abnormal proteins in neurodegeneration. Those changes cause many neurological disorders. Here, we will review direct visualization of ABP and actin using various electron microscopy (EM) techniques, super resolution microscopy (SRM), and correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) with discussion of important ABPs in neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Doory Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
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33
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Fujishima K, Kurisu J, Yamada M, Kengaku M. βIII spectrin controls the planarity of Purkinje cell dendrites by modulating perpendicular axon-dendrite interactions. Development 2020; 147:226102. [PMID: 33234719 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the geometrical patterning of axon and dendrite wiring remains elusive, despite its crucial importance in the formation of functional neural circuits. The cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) arborizes a typical planar dendrite, which forms an orthogonal network with granule cell (GC) axons. By using electrospun nanofiber substrates, we reproduce the perpendicular contacts between PC dendrites and GC axons in culture. In the model system, PC dendrites show a preference to grow perpendicularly to aligned GC axons, which presumably contribute to the planar dendrite arborization in vivo We show that βIII spectrin, a causal protein for spinocerebellar ataxia type 5, is required for the biased growth of dendrites. βIII spectrin deficiency causes actin mislocalization and excessive microtubule invasion in dendritic protrusions, resulting in abnormally oriented branch formation. Furthermore, disease-associated mutations affect the ability of βIII spectrin to control dendrite orientation. These data indicate that βIII spectrin organizes the mouse dendritic cytoskeleton and thereby regulates the oriented growth of dendrites with respect to the afferent axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kurisu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yamada
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (KUIAS-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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34
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Complementary mesoscale dynamics of spectrin and acto-myosin shape membrane territories during mechanoresponse. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5108. [PMID: 33037189 PMCID: PMC7547731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is a major component of the cell cortex. While expressed by all metazoans, its dynamic interactions with the other cortex components, including the plasma membrane or the acto-myosin cytoskeleton, are poorly understood. Here, we investigate how spectrin re-organizes spatially and dynamically under the membrane during changes in cell mechanics. We find spectrin and acto-myosin to be spatially distinct but cooperating during mechanical challenges, such as cell adhesion and contraction, or compression, stretch and osmolarity fluctuations, creating a cohesive cortex supporting the plasma membrane. Actin territories control protrusions and contractile structures while spectrin territories concentrate in retractile zones and low-actin density/inter-contractile regions, acting as a fence that organize membrane trafficking events. We unveil here the existence of a dynamic interplay between acto-myosin and spectrin necessary to support a mesoscale organization of the lipid bilayer into spatially-confined cortical territories during cell mechanoresponse.
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35
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Mikhaylova M, Rentsch J, Ewers H. Actomyosin Contractility in the Generation and Plasticity of Axons and Dendritic Spines. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092006. [PMID: 32882840 PMCID: PMC7565476 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin and non-muscle myosins have long been known to play important roles in growth cone steering and neurite outgrowth. More recently, novel functions for non-muscle myosin have been described in axons and dendritic spines. Consequently, possible roles of actomyosin contraction in organizing and maintaining structural properties of dendritic spines, the size and location of axon initial segment and axonal diameter are emerging research topics. In this review, we aim to summarize recent findings involving myosin localization and function in these compartments and to discuss possible roles for actomyosin in their function and the signaling pathways that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- DFG Emmy Noether Group ‘Neuronal Protein Transport’, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (H.E.); Tel.: +49-4074-1055-815 (M.M.); +49-30-838-60644 (H.E.)
| | - Jakob Rentsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (H.E.); Tel.: +49-4074-1055-815 (M.M.); +49-30-838-60644 (H.E.)
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36
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Hassan A, Sapir L, Nitsan I, Greenblatt Ben-El RT, Halachmi N, Salzberg A, Tzlil S. A Change in ECM Composition Affects Sensory Organ Mechanics and Function. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2272-2280.e4. [PMID: 31116974 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioception requires the transduction of muscle-generated deformations into sensory neuronal impulses. In proprioceptive organs, the mechanical coupling between the sensory neuron and the muscle is mediated by a connective structure composed of accessory cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we use the fly chordotonal organ (ChO) to investigate how the mechanical properties of the connective element affect mechanosensing. We show that the loss of Pericardin, a major constituent of the ChO ECM, alters the mechanical properties of the ChO resulting in short-wavelength buckling of the accessory cells upon muscle contraction and low compressive strain within the organ. We explain these results using a simplified theoretical model of an elastic beam interacting with an elastic network under a compressive force. We further demonstrate that the transition from compression to bending interferes with the ability of the accessory cells to propagate muscle-generated deformations correctly to the neuron and hence with proper sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Hassan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Liel Sapir
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ido Nitsan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rina T Greenblatt Ben-El
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Naomi Halachmi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Adi Salzberg
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Shelly Tzlil
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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37
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Prokop A. Cytoskeletal organization of axons in vertebrates and invertebrates. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201912081. [PMID: 32369543 PMCID: PMC7337489 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of axons for the lifetime of an organism requires an axonal cytoskeleton that is robust but also flexible to adapt to mechanical challenges and to support plastic changes of axon morphology. Furthermore, cytoskeletal organization has to adapt to axons of dramatically different dimensions, and to their compartment-specific requirements in the axon initial segment, in the axon shaft, at synapses or in growth cones. To understand how the cytoskeleton caters to these different demands, this review summarizes five decades of electron microscopic studies. It focuses on the organization of microtubules and neurofilaments in axon shafts in both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons, as well as the axon initial segments of vertebrate motor- and interneurons. Findings from these ultrastructural studies are being interpreted here on the basis of our contemporary molecular understanding. They strongly suggest that axon architecture in animals as diverse as arthropods and vertebrates is dependent on loosely cross-linked bundles of microtubules running all along axons, with only minor roles played by neurofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokop
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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38
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Abstract
The brain is our most complex organ. During development, neurons extend axons, which may grow over long distances along well-defined pathways to connect to distant targets. Our current understanding of axon pathfinding is largely based on chemical signaling by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. These cues instruct motile growth cones, the leading tips of growing axons, where to turn and where to stop. However, it is not chemical signals that cause motion-motion is driven by forces. Yet our current understanding of the mechanical regulation of axon growth is very limited. In this review, I discuss the origin of the cellular forces controlling axon growth and pathfinding, and how mechanical signals encountered by growing axons may be integrated with chemical signals. This mechanochemical cross talk is an important but often overlooked aspect of cell motility that has major implications for many physiological and pathological processes involving neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
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39
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Nekimken AL, Pruitt BL, Goodman MB. Touch-induced mechanical strain in somatosensory neurons is independent of extracellular matrix mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1735-1743. [PMID: 32579427 PMCID: PMC7521855 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mechanosensory neurons are activated by mechanical loads applied to the skin, and these stimuli are proposed to generate mechanical strain within sensory neurons. Using a microfluidic device to deliver controlled stimuli to intact animals and large, immobile, and fluorescent protein-tagged mitochondria as fiducial markers in the touch receptor neurons (TRNs), we visualized and measured touch-induced mechanical strain in Caenorhabditis elegans worms. At steady state, touch stimuli sufficient to activate TRNs induce an average strain of 3.1% at the center of the actuator and this strain decays to near zero at the edges of the actuator. We also measured strain in animals carrying mutations affecting links between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the TRNs but could not detect any differences in touch-induced mechanical strain between wild-type and mutant animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that touching the skin induces local mechanical strain in intact animals and suggest that a fully intact ECM is not essential for transmitting mechanical strain from the skin to cutaneous mechanosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Nekimken
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Mechanical Engineering and Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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40
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Yu CC(J, Barry NC, Wassie AT, Sinha A, Bhattacharya A, Asano S, Zhang C, Chen F, Hobert O, Goodman MB, Haspel G, Boyden ES. Expansion microscopy of C. elegans. eLife 2020; 9:e46249. [PMID: 32356725 PMCID: PMC7195193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed expansion microscopy (ExM), which achieves nanoscale-precise imaging of specimens at ~70 nm resolution (with ~4.5x linear expansion) by isotropic swelling of chemically processed, hydrogel-embedded tissue. ExM of C. elegans is challenged by its cuticle, which is stiff and impermeable to antibodies. Here we present a strategy, expansion of C. elegans (ExCel), to expand fixed, intact C. elegans. ExCel enables simultaneous readout of fluorescent proteins, RNA, DNA location, and anatomical structures at resolutions of ~65-75 nm (3.3-3.8x linear expansion). We also developed epitope-preserving ExCel, which enables imaging of endogenous proteins stained by antibodies, and iterative ExCel, which enables imaging of fluorescent proteins after 20x linear expansion. We demonstrate the utility of the ExCel toolbox for mapping synaptic proteins, for identifying previously unreported proteins at cell junctions, and for gene expression analysis in multiple individual neurons of the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh (Jay) Yu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicholas C Barry
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Asmamaw T Wassie
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Anubhav Sinha
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Abhishek Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shoh Asano
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Gal Haspel
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology and Rutgers University-NewarkNewarkUnited States
- The Brain Research Institute, New Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkUnited States
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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41
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42
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He L, Kooistra R, Das R, Oudejans E, van Leen E, Ziegler J, Portegies S, de Haan B, van Regteren Altena A, Stucchi R, Altelaar AM, Wieser S, Krieg M, Hoogenraad CC, Harterink M. Cortical anchoring of the microtubule cytoskeleton is essential for neuron polarity. eLife 2020; 9:55111. [PMID: 32293562 PMCID: PMC7159925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a polarized neuron relies on the selective transport of proteins to axons and dendrites. Although it is well known that the microtubule cytoskeleton has a central role in establishing neuronal polarity, how its specific organization is established and maintained is poorly understood. Using the in vivo model system Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that the highly conserved UNC-119 protein provides a link between the membrane-associated Ankyrin (UNC-44) and the microtubule-associated CRMP (UNC-33). Together they form a periodic membrane-associated complex that anchors axonal and dendritic microtubule bundles to the cortex. This anchoring is critical to maintain microtubule organization by opposing kinesin-1 powered microtubule sliding. Disturbing this molecular complex alters neuronal polarity and causes strong developmental defects of the nervous system leading to severely paralyzed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu He
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robbelien Kooistra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ravi Das
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Oudejans
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric van Leen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Ziegler
- Fast live-cell superresolution microscopy, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bart de Haan
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna van Regteren Altena
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Af Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Wieser
- Fast live-cell superresolution microscopy, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Martin Harterink
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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43
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Abstract
The EMBO/EMBL Symposium 'Mechanical Forces in Development' was held in Heidelberg, Germany, on 3-6 July 2019. This interdisciplinary symposium brought together an impressive and diverse line-up of speakers seeking to address the origin and role of mechanical forces in development. Emphasising the importance of integrative approaches and theoretical simulations to obtain comprehensive mechanistic insights into complex morphogenetic processes, the meeting provided an ideal platform to discuss the concepts and methods of developmental mechanobiology in an era of fast technical and conceptual progress. Here, we summarise the concepts and findings discussed during the meeting, as well as the agenda it sets for the future of developmental mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Hallou
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK .,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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44
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Liu CH, Stevens SR, Teliska LH, Stankewich M, Mohler PJ, Hund TJ, Rasband MN. Nodal β spectrins are required to maintain Na + channel clustering and axon integrity. eLife 2020; 9:52378. [PMID: 32052742 PMCID: PMC7018506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered ion channels at nodes of Ranvier are critical for fast action potential propagation in myelinated axons. Axon-glia interactions converge on ankyrin and spectrin cytoskeletal proteins to cluster nodal Na+ channels during development. However, how nodal ion channel clusters are maintained is poorly understood. Here, we generated mice lacking nodal spectrins in peripheral sensory neurons to uncouple their nodal functions from their axon initial segment functions. We demonstrate a hierarchy of nodal spectrins, where β4 spectrin is the primary spectrin and β1 spectrin can substitute; each is sufficient for proper node organization. Remarkably, mice lacking nodal β spectrins have normal nodal Na+ channel clustering during development, but progressively lose Na+ channels with increasing age. Loss of nodal spectrins is accompanied by an axon injury response and axon deformation. Thus, nodal spectrins are required to maintain nodal Na+ channel clusters and the structural integrity of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsin Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Sharon R Stevens
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lindsay H Teliska
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | | | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Thomas J Hund
- Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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45
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Coakley S, Ritchie FK, Galbraith KM, Hilliard MA. Epidermal control of axonal attachment via β-spectrin and the GTPase-activating protein TBC-10 prevents axonal degeneration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:133. [PMID: 31919407 PMCID: PMC6952388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are subjected to strain due to body movement and their location within organs and tissues. However, how they withstand these forces over the lifetime of an organism is still poorly understood. Here, focusing on touch receptor neuron-epidermis interactions using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we show that UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10, a conserved GTPase-activating protein, function non-cell-autonomously within the epidermis to dynamically maintain attachment of the axon. We reveal that, in response to strain, UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10 stabilize trans-epidermal hemidesmosome attachment structures which otherwise become lost, causing axonal breakage and degeneration. Furthermore, we show that TBC-10 regulates axonal attachment and maintenance by inactivating RAB-35, and reveal functional conservation of these molecules with their vertebrate orthologs. Finally, we demonstrate that β-spectrin functions in this context non-cell-autonomously. We propose a model in which mechanically resistant epidermal attachment structures are maintained by UNC-70/β-spectrin and TBC-10 during movement, preventing axonal detachment and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Coakley
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fiona K Ritchie
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kate M Galbraith
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Massimo A Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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46
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Vassilopoulos S, Gibaud S, Jimenez A, Caillol G, Leterrier C. Ultrastructure of the axonal periodic scaffold reveals a braid-like organization of actin rings. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5803. [PMID: 31862971 PMCID: PMC6925202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent super-resolution microscopy studies have unveiled a periodic scaffold of actin rings regularly spaced by spectrins under the plasma membrane of axons. However, ultrastructural details are unknown, limiting a molecular and mechanistic understanding of these enigmatic structures. Here, we combine platinum-replica electron and optical super-resolution microscopy to investigate the cortical cytoskeleton of axons at the ultrastructural level. Immunogold labeling and correlative super-resolution/electron microscopy allow us to unambiguously resolve actin rings as braids made of two long, intertwined actin filaments connected by a dense mesh of aligned spectrins. This molecular arrangement contrasts with the currently assumed model of actin rings made of short, capped actin filaments. Along the proximal axon, we resolved the presence of phospho-myosin light chain and the scaffold connection with microtubules via ankyrin G. We propose that braided rings explain the observed stability of the actin-spectrin scaffold and ultimately participate in preserving the axon integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Centre of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France.
| | - Solène Gibaud
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, France
| | - Angélique Jimenez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, France
| | - Ghislaine Caillol
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille, France
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47
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Qu Y, Hahn I, Lees M, Parkin J, Voelzmann A, Dorey K, Rathbone A, Friel CT, Allan VJ, Okenve-Ramos P, Sanchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Efa6 protects axons and regulates their growth and branching by inhibiting microtubule polymerisation at the cortex. eLife 2019; 8:e50319. [PMID: 31718774 PMCID: PMC6884004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical collapse factors affect microtubule (MT) dynamics at the plasma membrane. They play important roles in neurons, as suggested by inhibition of axon growth and regeneration through the ARF activator Efa6 in C. elegans, and by neurodevelopmental disorders linked to the mammalian kinesin Kif21A. How cortical collapse factors influence axon growth is little understood. Here we studied them, focussing on the function of Drosophila Efa6 in experimentally and genetically amenable fly neurons. First, we show that Drosophila Efa6 can inhibit MTs directly without interacting molecules via an N-terminal 18 amino acid motif (MT elimination domain/MTED) that binds tubulin and inhibits microtubule growth in vitro and cells. If N-terminal MTED-containing fragments are in the cytoplasm they abolish entire microtubule networks of mouse fibroblasts and whole axons of fly neurons. Full-length Efa6 is membrane-attached, hence primarily blocks MTs in the periphery of fibroblasts, and explorative MTs that have left axonal bundles in neurons. Accordingly, loss of Efa6 causes an increase of explorative MTs: in growth cones they enhance axon growth, in axon shafts they cause excessive branching, as well as atrophy through perturbations of MT bundles. Efa6 over-expression causes the opposite phenotypes. Taken together, our work conceptually links molecular and sub-cellular functions of cortical collapse factors to axon growth regulation and reveals new roles in axon branching and in the prevention of axonal atrophy. Furthermore, the MTED delivers a promising tool that can be used to inhibit MTs in a compartmentalised fashion when fusing it to specifically localising protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Meredith Lees
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Jill Parkin
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Karel Dorey
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Victoria J Allan
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Pilar Okenve-Ramos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sanchez-Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology,Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
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48
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Hahn I, Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Costa-Gomes B, Prokop A. The model of local axon homeostasis - explaining the role and regulation of microtubule bundles in axon maintenance and pathology. Neural Dev 2019; 14:11. [PMID: 31706327 PMCID: PMC6842214 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-019-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons are the slender, cable-like, up to meter-long projections of neurons that electrically wire our brains and bodies. In spite of their challenging morphology, they usually need to be maintained for an organism's lifetime. This makes them key lesion sites in pathological processes of ageing, injury and neurodegeneration. The morphology and physiology of axons crucially depends on the parallel bundles of microtubules (MTs), running all along to serve as their structural backbones and highways for life-sustaining cargo transport and organelle dynamics. Understanding how these bundles are formed and then maintained will provide important explanations for axon biology and pathology. Currently, much is known about MTs and the proteins that bind and regulate them, but very little about how these factors functionally integrate to regulate axon biology. As an attempt to bridge between molecular mechanisms and their cellular relevance, we explain here the model of local axon homeostasis, based on our own experiments in Drosophila and published data primarily from vertebrates/mammals as well as C. elegans. The model proposes that (1) the physical forces imposed by motor protein-driven transport and dynamics in the confined axonal space, are a life-sustaining necessity, but pose a strong bias for MT bundles to become disorganised. (2) To counterbalance this risk, MT-binding and -regulating proteins of different classes work together to maintain and protect MT bundles as necessary transport highways. Loss of balance between these two fundamental processes can explain the development of axonopathies, in particular those linking to MT-regulating proteins, motors and transport defects. With this perspective in mind, we hope that more researchers incorporate MTs into their work, thus enhancing our chances of deciphering the complex regulatory networks that underpin axon biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Hahn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - André Voelzmann
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Yu-Ting Liew
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Beatriz Costa-Gomes
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, School of Biology, Manchester, UK.
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49
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Sabharwal V, Koushika SP. Crowd Control: Effects of Physical Crowding on Cargo Movement in Healthy and Diseased Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:470. [PMID: 31708745 PMCID: PMC6823667 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentration of cytoskeletal filaments, organelles, and proteins along with the space constraints due to the axon's narrow geometry lead inevitably to intracellular physical crowding along the axon of a neuron. Local cargo movement is essential for maintaining steady cargo transport in the axon, and this may be impeded by physical crowding. Molecular motors that mediate active transport share movement mechanisms that allow them to bypass physical crowding present on microtubule tracks. Many neurodegenerative diseases, irrespective of how they are initiated, show increased physical crowding owing to the greater number of stalled organelles and structural changes associated with the cytoskeleton. Increased physical crowding may be a significant factor in slowing cargo transport to synapses, contributing to disease progression and culminating in the dying back of the neuronal process. This review explores the idea that physical crowding can impede cargo movement along the neuronal process. We examine the sources of physical crowding and strategies used by molecular motors that might enable cargo to circumvent physically crowded locations. Finally, we describe sub-cellular changes in neurodegenerative diseases that may alter physical crowding and discuss the implications of such changes on cargo movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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50
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Katta S, Sanzeni A, Das A, Vergassola M, Goodman MB. Progressive recruitment of distal MEC-4 channels determines touch response strength in C. elegans. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:1213-1230. [PMID: 31533952 PMCID: PMC6785734 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Touch deforms, or strains, the skin beyond the immediate point of contact. The spatiotemporal nature of the touch-induced strain fields depend on the mechanical properties of the skin and the tissues below. Somatosensory neurons that sense touch branch out within the skin and rely on a set of mechano-electrical transduction channels distributed within their dendrites to detect mechanical stimuli. Here, we sought to understand how tissue mechanics shape touch-induced mechanical strain across the skin over time and how individual channels located in different regions of the strain field contribute to the overall touch response. We leveraged Caenorhabditis elegans' touch receptor neurons as a simple model amenable to in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recording and an integrated experimental-computational approach to dissect the mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal dynamics we observed. Consistent with the idea that strain is produced at a distance, we show that delivering strong stimuli outside the anatomical extent of the neuron is sufficient to evoke MRCs. The amplitude and kinetics of the MRCs depended on both stimulus displacement and speed. Finally, we found that the main factor responsible for touch sensitivity is the recruitment of progressively more distant channels by stronger stimuli, rather than modulation of channel open probability. This principle may generalize to somatosensory neurons with more complex morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata Katta
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Alessandro Sanzeni
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alakananda Das
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Massimo Vergassola
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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