1
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Zhai D, Zhang LY, Li LZ, Xu ZG, Liu XL, Shang GD, Zhao B, Gao J, Wang FX, Wang JW. Reciprocal conversion between annual and polycarpic perennial flowering behavior in the Brassicaceae. Cell 2024; 187:3319-3337.e18. [PMID: 38810645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The development of perennial crops holds great promise for sustainable agriculture and food security. However, the evolution of the transition between perenniality and annuality is poorly understood. Here, using two Brassicaceae species, Crucihimalaya himalaica and Erysimum nevadense, as polycarpic perennial models, we reveal that the transition from polycarpic perennial to biennial and annual flowering behavior is a continuum determined by the dosage of three closely related MADS-box genes. Diversification of the expression patterns, functional strengths, and combinations of these genes endows species with the potential to adopt various life-history strategies. Remarkably, we find that a single gene among these three is sufficient to convert winter-annual or annual Brassicaceae plants into polycarpic perennial flowering plants. Our work delineates a genetic basis for the evolution of diverse life-history strategies in plants and lays the groundwork for the generation of diverse perennial Brassicaceae crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu-Yi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling-Zi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhou-Geng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guan-Dong Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS, Shanghai 200032, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Maple R, Zhu P, Hepworth J, Wang JW, Dean C. Flowering time: From physiology, through genetics to mechanism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:190-212. [PMID: 38417841 PMCID: PMC11060688 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant species have evolved different requirements for environmental/endogenous cues to induce flowering. Originally, these varying requirements were thought to reflect the action of different molecular mechanisms. Thinking changed when genetic and molecular analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that a network of environmental and endogenous signaling input pathways converge to regulate a common set of "floral pathway integrators." Variation in the predominance of the different input pathways within a network can generate the diversity of requirements observed in different species. Many genes identified by flowering time mutants were found to encode general developmental and gene regulators, with their targets having a specific flowering function. Studies of natural variation in flowering were more successful at identifying genes acting as nodes in the network central to adaptation and domestication. Attention has now turned to mechanistic dissection of flowering time gene function and how that has changed during adaptation. This will inform breeding strategies for climate-proof crops and help define which genes act as critical flowering nodes in many other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Maple
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pan Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jo Hepworth
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Caroline Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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3
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Kinmonth-Schultz H, Sønstebø JH, Croneberger AJ, Johnsen SS, Leder E, Lewandowska-Sabat A, Imaizumi T, Rognli OA, Vinje H, Ward JK, Fjellheim S. Responsiveness to long days for flowering is reduced in Arabidopsis by yearly variation in growing season temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3337-3352. [PMID: 37249162 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conservative flowering behaviours, such as flowering during long days in summer or late flowering at a high leaf number, are often proposed to protect against variable winter and spring temperatures which lead to frost damage if premature flowering occurs. Yet, due the many factors in natural environments relative to the number of individuals compared, assessing which climate characteristics drive these flowering traits has been difficult. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to 10 winter-annual Arabidopsis thaliana populations from a wide climactic gradient in Norway. We used a variable reduction strategy to assess which of 100 climate descriptors from their home sites correlated most to their flowering behaviours when tested for responsiveness to photoperiod after saturation of vernalization; then, assessed sequence variation of 19 known environmental-response flowering genes. Photoperiod responsiveness inversely correlated with interannual variation in timing of growing season onset. Time to flowering appeared driven by growing season length, curtailed by cold fall temperatures. The distribution of FLM, TFL2 and HOS1 haplotypes, genes involved in ambient temperature response, correlated with growing-season climate. We show that long-day responsiveness and late flowering may be driven not by risk of spring frosts, but by growing season temperature and length, perhaps to opportunistically maximize growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kinmonth-Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jørn H Sønstebø
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia S Johnsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Erica Leder
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Odd Arne Rognli
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Hilde Vinje
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Joy K Ward
- College of Arts and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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4
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Auge G, Hankofer V, Groth M, Antoniou-Kourounioti R, Ratikainen I, Lampei C. Plant environmental memory: implications, mechanisms and opportunities for plant scientists and beyond. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad032. [PMID: 37415723 PMCID: PMC10321398 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants are extremely plastic organisms. They continuously receive and integrate environmental information and adjust their growth and development to favour fitness and survival. When this integration of information affects subsequent life stages or the development of subsequent generations, it can be considered an environmental memory. Thus, plant memory is a relevant mechanism by which plants respond adaptively to different environments. If the cost of maintaining the response is offset by its benefits, it may influence evolutionary trajectories. As such, plant memory has a sophisticated underlying molecular mechanism with multiple components and layers. Nonetheless, when mathematical modelling is combined with knowledge of ecological, physiological, and developmental effects as well as molecular mechanisms as a tool for understanding plant memory, the combined potential becomes unfathomable for the management of plant communities in natural and agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of plant memory, discuss the ecological requirements for its evolution, outline the multilayered molecular network and mechanisms required for accurate and fail-proof plant responses to variable environments, point out the direct involvement of the plant metabolism and discuss the tremendous potential of various types of models to further our understanding of the plant's environmental memory. Throughout, we emphasize the use of plant memory as a tool to unlock the secrets of the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentin Hankofer
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Groth
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rea Antoniou-Kourounioti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, University of Glasgow, Sir James Black Building, University Ave, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Irja Ratikainen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Lampei
- Department of Biology (FB17), Plant Ecology and Geobotany Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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5
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Takagi H, Hempton AK, Imaizumi T. Photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis: Multilayered regulatory mechanisms of CONSTANS and the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100552. [PMID: 36681863 PMCID: PMC10203454 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering affects the success of sexual reproduction. This developmental event also determines crop yield, biomass, and longevity. Therefore, this mechanism has been targeted for improvement along with crop domestication. The underlying mechanisms of flowering are highly conserved in angiosperms. Central to these mechanisms is how environmental and endogenous conditions control transcriptional regulation of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, which initiates floral development under long-day conditions in Arabidopsis. Since the identification of FT as florigen, efforts have been made to understand the regulatory mechanisms of FT expression. Although many transcriptional regulators have been shown to directly influence FT, the question of how they coordinately control the spatiotemporal expression patterns of FT still requires further investigation. Among FT regulators, CONSTANS (CO) is the primary one whose protein stability is tightly controlled by phosphorylation and ubiquitination/proteasome-mediated mechanisms. In addition, various CO interaction partners, some of them previously identified as FT transcriptional regulators, positively or negatively modulate CO protein activity. The FT promoter possesses several transcriptional regulatory "blocks," highly conserved regions among Brassicaceae plants. Different transcription factors bind to specific blocks and affect FT expression, often causing topological changes in FT chromatin structure, such as the formation of DNA loops. We discuss the current understanding of the regulation of FT expression mainly in Arabidopsis and propose future directions related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Andrew K Hempton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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6
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Muhammad S, Xu X, Zhou W, Wu L. Alternative splicing: An efficient regulatory approach towards plant developmental plasticity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1758. [PMID: 35983878 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a gene regulatory mechanism that plants adapt to modulate gene expression (GE) in multiple ways. AS generates alternative isoforms of the same gene following various development and environmental stimuli, increasing transcriptome plasticity and proteome complexity. AS controls the expression levels of certain genes and regulates GE networks that shape plant adaptations through nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). This review intends to discuss AS modulation, from interaction with noncoding RNAs to the established roles of splicing factors (SFs) in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. We aim to gather such studies that highlight the magnitude and impact of AS, which are not always clear from individual articles, when AS is increasing in individual genes and at a global level. This work also anticipates making plant researchers know that AS is likely to occur in their investigations and that dynamic changes in AS and their effects must be frequently considered. We also review our understanding of AS-mediated posttranscriptional modulation of plant stress tolerance and discuss its potential application in crop improvement in the future. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA-Based Catalysis > RNA Catalysis in Splicing and Translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Muhammad
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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7
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Temperature-mediated flower size plasticity in Arabidopsis. iScience 2022; 25:105411. [PMID: 36388994 PMCID: PMC9646949 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms can rapidly mitigate the effects of environmental changes by changing their phenotypes, known as phenotypic plasticity. Yet, little is known about the temperature-mediated plasticity of traits that are directly linked to plant fitness such as flower size. We discovered substantial genetic variation in flower size plasticity to temperature both among selfing Arabidopsis thaliana and outcrossing A. arenosa individuals collected from a natural growth habitat. Genetic analysis using a panel of 290 A. thaliana accession and mutant lines revealed that MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) 2-5 gene cluster, previously shown to regulate temperature-mediated flowering time, was associated to the flower size plasticity to temperature. Furthermore, our findings pointed that the control of plasticity differs from control of the trait itself. Altogether, our study advances the understanding of genetic and molecular factors underlying plasticity on fundamental fitness traits, such as flower size, in response to future climate scenarios.
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8
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Wright CJ, Smith CWJ, Jiggins CD. Alternative splicing as a source of phenotypic diversity. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:697-710. [PMID: 35821097 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary genetics is to understand the genetic processes that give rise to phenotypic diversity in multicellular organisms. Alternative splicing generates multiple transcripts from a single gene, enriching the diversity of proteins and phenotypic traits. It is well established that alternative splicing contributes to key innovations over long evolutionary timescales, such as brain development in bilaterians. However, recent developments in long-read sequencing and the generation of high-quality genome assemblies for diverse organisms has facilitated comparisons of splicing profiles between closely related species, providing insights into how alternative splicing evolves over shorter timescales. Although most splicing variants are probably non-functional, alternative splicing is nonetheless emerging as a dynamic, evolutionarily labile process that can facilitate adaptation and contribute to species divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Wright
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Lee KC, Lee HT, Jeong HH, Park JH, Kim YC, Lee JH, Kim JK. The splicing factor 1-FLOWERING LOCUS M module spatially regulates temperature-dependent flowering by modulating FLOWERING LOCUS T and LEAFY expression. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1603-1612. [PMID: 35589978 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The AtSF1-FLM module spatially controls temperature-dependent flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT and LFY in the leaf and shoot apex, respectively. Alternative splicing mediated by various splicing factors is important for the regulation of plant growth and development. Our recent reports have shown that a temperature-dependent interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana splicing factor 1 (AtSF1) and FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) pre-mRNA introns controls the differential production of FLM-β transcripts at different temperatures, eventually resulting in temperature-responsive flowering. However, the molecular and genetic interactions between the AtSF1-FLM module and floral activator genes remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the interactions among AtSF1, FLM, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and LEAFY (LFY) by performing molecular and genetic analyses. FT and TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) expression in atsf1-2 mutants significantly increased in the morning and middle of the night at 16 and 23 °C, respectively, under long-day conditions. In addition, ft mutation suppressed the early flowering of atsf1-2 and atsf1-2 flm-3 mutants and masked the temperature response of atsf1-2 flm-3 mutants, suggesting that FT is a downstream target gene of the AtSF1-FLM module. LFY expression significantly increased in the diurnal samples of atsf1-2 mutants and in the shoot apex regions of atsf1-2 ft-10 mutants at different temperatures. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that FLM directly binds to the genomic regions of LFY but not of APETALA1 (AP1). Moreover, lfy mutation suppressed the early flowering of flm-3 mutants, suggesting that LFY is another target of the AtSF1-FLM module. Our results reveal that the AtSF1-FLM module spatially modulates temperature-dependent flowering by regulating FT and LFY expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh Chien Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Hyun Jeong
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Cheon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Kook Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kashkan I, Timofeyenko K, Růžička K. How alternative splicing changes the properties of plant proteins. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e14. [PMID: 37077961 PMCID: PMC10095807 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Most plant primary transcripts undergo alternative splicing (AS), and its impact on protein diversity is a subject of intensive investigation. Several studies have uncovered various mechanisms of how particular protein splice isoforms operate. However, the common principles behind the AS effects on protein function in plants have rarely been surveyed. Here, on the selected examples, we highlight diverse tissue expression patterns, subcellular localization, enzymatic activities, abilities to bind other molecules and other relevant features. We describe how the protein isoforms mutually interact to underline their intriguing roles in altering the functionality of protein complexes. Moreover, we also discuss the known cases when these interactions have been placed inside the autoregulatory loops. This review is particularly intended for plant cell and developmental biologists who would like to gain inspiration on how the splice variants encoded by their genes of interest may coordinately work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kashkan
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ksenia Timofeyenko
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno62500, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Růžička
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Author for correspondence: K. Růžička, E-mail:
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11
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Hirsz D, Dixon LE. The Roles of Temperature-Related Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Cereal Floral Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112230. [PMID: 34834593 PMCID: PMC8620327 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental signal in the regulation of plant growth and development. The temperature signal varies across a daily 24 h period, between seasons and stochastically depending on local environmental events. Extracting important information from these complex signals has led plants to evolve multiple temperature responsive regulatory mechanisms at the molecular level. In temperate cereals, we are starting to identify and understand these molecular mechanisms. In addition, we are developing an understanding of how this knowledge can be used to increase the robustness of crop yield in response to significant changes in local and global temperature patterns. To enable this, it is becoming apparent that gene regulation, regarding expression and post-transcriptional regulation, is crucial. Large transcriptomic studies are identifying global changes in spliced transcript variants and regulatory non-coding RNAs in response to seasonal and stress temperature signals in many of the cereal crops. Understanding the functions of these variants and targets of the non-coding RNAs will greatly increase how we enable the adaptation of crops. This review considers our current understanding and areas for future development.
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12
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John S, Olas JJ, Mueller-Roeber B. Regulation of alternative splicing in response to temperature variation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6150-6163. [PMID: 34028544 PMCID: PMC8483784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous molecular strategies to cope with perturbations in environmental temperature, and to adjust growth and physiology to limit the negative effects of extreme temperature. One of the strategies involves alternative splicing of primary transcripts to encode alternative protein products or transcript variants destined for degradation by nonsense-mediated decay. Here, we review how changes in environmental temperature-cold, heat, and moderate alterations in temperature-affect alternative splicing in plants, including crops. We present examples of the mode of action of various temperature-induced splice variants and discuss how these alternative splicing events enable favourable plant responses to altered temperatures. Finally, we point out unanswered questions that should be addressed to fully utilize the endogenous mechanisms in plants to adjust their growth to environmental temperature. We also indicate how this knowledge might be used to enhance crop productivity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba John
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Haus, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Justyna Jadwiga Olas
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Haus, Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: or
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße, Haus, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology (CPSBB), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Beyond the Genetic Pathways, Flowering Regulation Complexity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115716. [PMID: 34071961 PMCID: PMC8198774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is one of the most critical developmental transitions in plants’ life. The irreversible change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is strictly controlled to ensure the progeny’s success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven flowering genetic pathways have been described under specific growth conditions. However, the evidence condensed here suggest that these pathways are tightly interconnected in a complex multilevel regulatory network. In this review, we pursue an integrative approach emphasizing the molecular interactions among the flowering regulatory network components. We also consider that the same regulatory network prevents or induces flowering phase change in response to internal cues modulated by environmental signals. In this sense, we describe how during the vegetative phase of development it is essential to prevent the expression of flowering promoting genes until they are required. Then, we mention flowering regulation under suboptimal growing temperatures, such as those in autumn and winter. We next expose the requirement of endogenous signals in flowering, and finally, the acceleration of this transition by long-day photoperiod and temperature rise signals allowing A. thaliana to bloom in spring and summer seasons. With this approach, we aim to provide an initial systemic view to help the reader integrate this complex developmental process.
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Lian H, Wang L, Ma N, Zhou CM, Han L, Zhang TQ, Wang JW. Redundant and specific roles of individual MIR172 genes in plant development. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001044. [PMID: 33529193 PMCID: PMC7853526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved microRNAs (miRNAs) usually have high copy numbers in the genome. The redundant and specific roles of each member of a multimember miRNA gene family are poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the miR156-SPL-miR172 axis constitutes a signaling cascade in regulating plant developmental transitions. Here, we report the feasibility and utility of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to investigate the functions of all 5 MIR172 family members in Arabidopsis. We show that an Arabidopsis plant devoid of miR172 is viable, although it displays pleiotropic morphological defects. MIR172 family members exhibit distinct expression pattern and exert functional specificity in regulating meristem size, trichome initiation, stem elongation, shoot branching, and floral competence. In particular, we find that the miR156-SPL-miR172 cascade is bifurcated into specific flowering responses by matching pairs of coexpressed SPL and MIR172 genes in different tissues. Our results thus highlight the spatiotemporal changes in gene expression that underlie evolutionary novelties of a miRNA gene family in nature. The expansion of MIR172 genes in the Arabidopsis genome provides molecular substrates for the integration of diverse floral inductive cues, which ensures that plants flower at the optimal time to maximize seed yields. This study uses CRISPR-Cas9 technology to investigate the functions of all five miR172 genes in Arabidopsis, finding that miRNA172 family members exhibit distinct expression pattern and exert functional specificity in regulating meristem size, trichome initiation, stem elongation, shoot branching and floral competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lian
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Han
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Qi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Molecular variation in a functionally divergent homolog of FCA regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5830. [PMID: 33203912 PMCID: PMC7673134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and functional characterization of natural variants in plants are essential for understanding phenotypic adaptation. Here we identify a molecular variation in At2g47310 that contributes to the natural variation in flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. This gene, which we term SISTER of FCA (SSF), functions in an antagonistic manner to its close homolog FCA. Genome-wide association analysis screens two major haplotypes of SSF associated with the natural variation in FLC expression, and a single polymorphism, SSF-N414D, is identified as a main contributor. The SSF414N protein variant interacts more strongly with CUL1, a component of the E3 ubiquitination complex, than the SSF414D form, mediating differences in SSF protein degradation and FLC expression. FCA and SSF appear to have arisen through gene duplication after dicot-monocot divergence, with the SSF-N414D polymorphism emerging relatively recently within A. thaliana. This work provides a good example for deciphering the functional importance of natural polymorphisms in different organisms. Natural variation represents valuable source for gene discovery. Here, the authors show that a homolog of Flowering Control Locus A (FCA) functions in an antagonistic manner to FCA in regulating Arabidopsis flowering time through interacting with CUL1-E3 and modulating FLC expression.
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16
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Yu H. Florigen trafficking integrates photoperiod and temperature signals in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1385-1398. [PMID: 32729982 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition to flowering is the most dramatic phase change in flowering plants and is crucial for reproductive success. A complex regulatory network in plants has evolved to perceive and integrate the endogenous and environmental signals. These signals perceived, including day length and temperature, converge to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which encodes a mobile stimulus required for floral induction in Arabidopsis. Despite the discovery of modulation of FT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by ambient temperature, whether the trafficking of FT protein is controlled in response to changes in growth temperature is so far unknown. Here, we show that FT transport from companion cells to sieve elements is controlled in a temperature-dependent manner. This process is mediated by multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) and a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE). Our findings suggest that ambient temperatures regulate both FT mRNA expression and FT protein trafficking to prevent precocious flowering at low temperatures and ensure plant reproductive success under favorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
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17
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Natural variation at FLM splicing has pleiotropic effects modulating ecological strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4140. [PMID: 32811829 PMCID: PMC7435183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the evolution of complex phenotypes and the underlying molecular bases of their variation is critical to understand how organisms adapt to their environment. Applying classical quantitative genetics on a segregating population derived from a Can-0xCol-0 cross, we identify the MADS-box transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) as a player of the phenotypic variation in plant growth and color. We show that allelic variation at FLM modulates plant growth strategy along the leaf economics spectrum, a trade-off between resource acquisition and resource conservation, observable across thousands of plant species. Functional differences at FLM rely on a single intronic substitution, disturbing transcript splicing and leading to the accumulation of non-functional FLM transcripts. Associations between this substitution and phenotypic and climatic data across Arabidopsis natural populations, show how noncoding genetic variation at a single gene might be adaptive through pleiotropic effects. FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) is known as a repressor of Arabidopsis flowering. Here, the authors show that a single intronic substitution of FLM modulates leaf color and plant growth strategy along the leaf economics spectrum, as well as plays a role in plant adaptation.
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18
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Lippmann R, Babben S, Menger A, Delker C, Quint M. Development of Wild and Cultivated Plants under Global Warming Conditions. Curr Biol 2020; 29:R1326-R1338. [PMID: 31846685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is one of the most detrimental aspects of climate change, affecting plant growth and development across the entire life cycle. This Review explores how different stages of development are influenced by elevated temperature in both wild plants and crops. Starting from seed development and germination, global warming will influence morphological adjustments, termed thermomorphogenesis, and photosynthesis primarily during the vegetative phase, as well as flowering and reproductive development. Where applicable, we distinguish between moderately elevated temperatures that affect all stages of plant development and heat waves that often occur during the reproductive phase when they can have devastating consequences for fruit development. The parallel occurrence of elevated temperature with other abiotic and biotic stressors, particularly the combination of global warming and drought or increased pathogen pressure, will potentiate the challenges for both wild and cultivated plant species. The key components of the molecular networks underlying the physiological processes involved in thermal responses in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana are highlighted. In crops, temperature-sensitive traits relevant for yield are illustrated for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.), representing cultivated species adapted to temperate vs. warm climate zones, respectively. While the fate of wild plants depends on political agendas, plant breeding approaches informed by mechanistic understanding originating in basic science can enable the generation of climate change-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lippmann
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Steve Babben
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Menger
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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19
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Gaudinier A, Blackman BK. Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1883-1898. [PMID: 31536639 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well appreciated that genetic studies of flowering time regulation have led to fundamental advances in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, the ways in which genetic studies of flowering time diversity have enriched the field of evolutionary biology have received less attention despite often being equally profound. Because flowering time is a complex, environmentally responsive trait that has critical impacts on plant fitness, crop yield, and reproductive isolation, research into the genetic architecture and molecular basis of its evolution continues to yield novel insights into our understanding of domestication, adaptation, and speciation. For instance, recent studies of flowering time variation have reconstructed how, when, and where polygenic evolution of phenotypic plasticity proceeded from standing variation and de novo mutations; shown how antagonistic pleiotropy and temporally varying selection maintain polymorphisms in natural populations; and provided important case studies of how assortative mating can evolve and facilitate speciation with gene flow. In addition, functional studies have built detailed regulatory networks for this trait in diverse taxa, leading to new knowledge about how and why developmental pathways are rewired and elaborated through evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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20
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Wang YY, Xiong F, Ren QP, Wang XL. Regulation of flowering transition by alternative splicing: the role of the U2 auxiliary factor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:751-758. [PMID: 31605606 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flowering transition is regulated by complex genetic networks in response to endogenous and environmental signals. Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step for the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Alternative splicing of key flowering genes has been investigated in detail over the past decade. However, few splicing factors have been identified as being involved in flowering transition. Human heterodimeric splicing factor U2 snRNP auxiliary factor (U2AF) consists of two subunits, U2AF35 and U2AF65, and functions in 3' splice site recognition in mRNA splicing. Recent studies reveal that Arabidopsis U2AF65a/b and U2AF35a/b play important roles in the splicing of key flowering genes. We summarize recent advances in research on splicing-regulated flowering transition by focusing on the role of Arabidopsis U2AF in the splicing of key flowering-related genes at ambient temperature and in the abscisic acid signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Ren
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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21
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Kennedy A, Geuten K. The Role of FLOWERING LOCUS C Relatives in Cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:617340. [PMID: 33414801 PMCID: PMC7783157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.617340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is one of the best characterized genes in plant research and is integral to vernalization-dependent flowering time regulation. Yet, despite the abundance of information on this gene and its relatives in Arabidopsis thaliana, the role FLC genes play in other species, in particular cereal crops and temperate grasses, remains elusive. This has been due in part to the comparative reduced availability of bioinformatic and mutant resources in cereals but also on the dominant effect in cereals of the VERNALIZATION (VRN) genes on the developmental process most associated with FLC in Arabidopsis. The strong effect of the VRN genes has led researchers to believe that the entire process of vernalization must have evolved separately in Arabidopsis and cereals. Yet, since the confirmation of the existence of FLC-like genes in monocots, new light has been shed on the roles these genes play in both vernalization and other mechanisms to fine tune development in response to specific environmental conditions. Comparisons of FLC gene function and their genetic and epigenetic regulation can now be made between Arabidopsis and cereals and how they overlap and diversify is coming into focus. With the advancement of genome editing techniques, further study on these genes is becoming increasingly easier, enabling us to investigate just how essential FLC-like genes are to modulating flowering time behavior in cereals.
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Feng YZ, Yu Y, Zhou YF, Yang YW, Lei MQ, Lian JP, He H, Zhang YC, Huang W, Chen YQ. A Natural Variant of miR397 Mediates a Feedback Loop in Circadian Rhythm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:204-214. [PMID: 31694901 PMCID: PMC6945863 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of ∼21 nt in length, which have regulatory roles in many biological processes. In animals, proper functioning of the circadian clock, which is closely linked to the fitness of almost all living organisms, is regulated by miRNAs. However, to date, there have been no reports of the roles of miRNA in regulation of the plant circadian rhythm. Here, we report a natural variant of miR397 that lengthens the circadian period and controls flowering time in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Highly conserved among angiosperms, the miRNA miR397 has two members in Arabidopsis: miR397a and miR397b. However, only miR397b significantly delayed flowering. Our results suggest that miR397b controls flowering by targeting CASEIN KINASE II SUBUNIT BETA3 (CKB3), in turn modulating the circadian period of CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1). We further demonstrated that CCA1 directly bound to the promoter of MIR397B and suppressed its expression, forming a miR397b-CKB3-CCA1 circadian regulation feedback circuit. Evolutionary analysis revealed that miR397b is a newly evolved genetic variant in Arabidopsis, and the miR397b targeting mode may have a role in enhancing plant fitness. Our results provide evidence for miRNA-mediated circadian regulation in plants and suggest the existence of a feedback loop to manipulate plant flowering through the regulation of circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhao Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qi Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Qin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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23
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Lee KC, Chung KS, Lee HT, Park JH, Lee JH, Kim JK. Role of Arabidopsis Splicing factor SF1 in Temperature-Responsive Alternative Splicing of FLM pre-mRNA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:596354. [PMID: 33335535 PMCID: PMC7735993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.596354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small changes in temperature affect plant ecological and physiological factors that impact agricultural production. Hence, understanding how temperature affects flowering is crucial for decreasing the effects of climate change on crop yields. Recent reports have shown that FLM-β, the major spliced isoform of FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM)-a flowering time gene, contributes to temperature-responsive flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular mechanism linking pre-mRNA processing and temperature-responsive flowering is not well understood. Genetic and molecular analyses identified the role of an Arabidopsis splicing factor SF1 homolog, AtSF1, in regulating temperature-responsive flowering. The loss-of-function AtSF1 mutant shows temperature insensitivity at different temperatures and very low levels of FLM-β transcript, but a significantly increased transcript level of the alternative splicing (AS) isoform, FLM-δ. An RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay revealed that AtSF1 is responsible for ambient temperature-dependent AS of FLM pre-mRNA, resulting in the temperature-dependent production of functional FLM-β transcripts. Moreover, alterations in other splicing factors such as ABA HYPERSENSITIVE1/CBP80 (ABH1/CBP80) and STABILIZED1 (STA1) did not impact the FLM-β/FLM-δ ratio at different temperatures. Taken together, our data suggest that a temperature-dependent interaction between AtSF1 and FLM pre-mRNA controls flowering time in response to temperature fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keh Chien Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Chung
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hee Tae Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong-Hwan Lee,
| | - Jeong-Kook Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Jeong-Kook Kim,
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24
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Vu LD, Xu X, Gevaert K, De Smet I. Developmental Plasticity at High Temperature. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:399-411. [PMID: 31363006 PMCID: PMC6776856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling the thermal response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Steffen A, Elgner M, Staiger D. Regulation of Flowering Time by the RNA-Binding Proteins AtGRP7 and AtGRP8. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2040-2050. [PMID: 31241165 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The timing of floral initiation is a tightly controlled process in plants. The circadian clock regulated glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (RBP) AtGRP7, a known regulator of splicing, was previously shown to regulate flowering time mainly by affecting the MADS-box repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Loss of AtGRP7 leads to elevated FLC expression and late flowering in the atgrp7-1 mutant. Here, we analyze genetic interactions of AtGRP7 with key regulators of the autonomous and the thermosensory pathway of floral induction. RNA interference- mediated reduction of the level of the paralogous AtGRP8 in atgrp7-1 further delays floral transition compared of with atgrp7-1. AtGRP7 acts in parallel to FCA, FPA and FLK in the branch of the autonomous pathway (AP) comprised of RBPs. It acts in the same branch as FLOWERING LOCUS D, and AtGRP7 loss-of-function mutants show elevated levels of dimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3, a mark for active transcription. In addition to its role in the AP, AtGRP7 acts in the thermosensory pathway of flowering time control by regulating alternative splicing of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM). Overexpression of AtGRP7 selectively favors the formation of the repressive isoform FLM-β. Our results suggest that the RBPs AtGRP7 and AtGRP8 influence MADS-Box transcription factors in at least two different pathways of flowering time control. This highlights the importance of RBPs to fine-tune the integration of varying cues into flowering time control and further strengthens the view that the different pathways, although genetically separable, constitute a tightly interwoven network to ensure plant reproductive success under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steffen
- RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mareike Elgner
- RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dorothee Staiger
- RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universit�tsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Méndez-Vigo B, Ausín I, Zhu W, Mollá-Morales A, Balasubramanian S, Alonso-Blanco C. Genetic Interactions and Molecular Evolution of the Duplicated Genes ICARUS2 and ICARUS1 Help Arabidopsis Plants Adapt to Different Ambient Temperatures. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1222-1237. [PMID: 30992321 PMCID: PMC6588312 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how plants adapt to ambient temperatures has become a major challenge prompted by global climate change. This has led to the identification of several genes regulating the thermal plasticity of plant growth and flowering time. However, the mechanisms accounting for the natural variation and evolution of such developmental plasticity remain mostly unknown. In this study, we determined that natural variation at ICARUS2 (ICA2), which interacts genetically with its homolog ICA1, alters growth and flowering time plasticity in relation to temperature in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic analyses demonstrated multiple functional effects for ICA2 and supported the notion that structural polymorphisms in ICA2 likely underlie its natural variation. Two major ICA2 haplogroups carrying distinct functionally active alleles showed high frequency, strong geographic structure, and significant associations with climatic variables related to annual and daily fluctuations in temperature. Genome analyses across the plant phylogeny indicated that the prevalent plant ICA genes encoding two tRNAHis guanylyl transferase 1 units evolved ∼120 million years ago during the early divergence of mono- and dicotyledonous clades. In addition, ICA1/ICA2 duplication occurred specifically in the Camelineae tribe (Brassicaceae). Thus, ICA2 appears to be ubiquitous across plant evolution and likely contributes to climate adaptation through modifications of thermal developmental plasticity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Méndez-Vigo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Ausín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Almudena Mollá-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
When exposed to warmer, nonstressful average temperatures, some plant organs grow and develop at a faster rate without affecting their final dimensions. Other plant organs show specific changes in morphology or development in a response termed thermomorphogenesis. Selected coding and noncoding RNA, chromatin features, alternative splicing variants, and signaling proteins change their abundance, localization, and/or intrinsic activity to mediate thermomorphogenesis. Temperature, light, and circadian clock cues are integrated to impinge on the level or signaling of hormones such as auxin, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins. The light receptor phytochrome B (phyB) is a temperature sensor, and the phyB-PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4)-auxin module is only one thread in a complex network that governs temperature sensitivity. Thermomorphogenesis offers an avenue to search for climate-smart plants to sustain crop and pasture productivity in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Vu LD, Gevaert K, De Smet I. Feeling the Heat: Searching for Plant Thermosensors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:210-219. [PMID: 30573309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To draw the complete picture of plant thermal signaling, it is important to find the missing links between the temperature cue, the actual sensing, and the subsequent response. In this context, several plant thermosensors have been proposed. Here, we compare these with thermosensors in various other organisms, put them in the context of thermosensing in plants, and suggest a set of criteria to which a thermosensor must adhere. Finally, we propose that more emphasis should be given to structural analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins in light of the activity of potential thermosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; These authors contributed equally. https://twitter.com/KrisGevaert_VIB
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; These authors contributed equally.
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29
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Taylor MA, Cooper MD, Schmitt J. Phenological and fitness responses to climate warming depend upon genotype and competitive neighbourhood in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Nibau C, Gallemí M, Dadarou D, Doonan JH, Cavallari N. Thermo-Sensitive Alternative Splicing of FLOWERING LOCUS M Is Modulated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase G2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1680. [PMID: 32038671 PMCID: PMC6987439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense environmental temperature and to coordinate growth and development accordingly, is critical to the reproductive success of plants. Flowering time is regulated at the level of gene expression by a complex network of factors that integrate environmental and developmental cues. One of the main players, involved in modulating flowering time in response to changes in ambient temperature is FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM). FLM transcripts can undergo extensive alternative splicing producing multiple variants, of which FLM-β and FLM-δ are the most representative. While FLM-β codes for the flowering repressor FLM protein, translation of FLM-δ has the opposite effect on flowering. Here we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase G2 (CDKG2), together with its cognate cyclin, CYCLYN L1 (CYCL1) affects the alternative splicing of FLM, balancing the levels of FLM-β and FLM-δ across the ambient temperature range. In the absence of the CDKG2/CYCL1 complex, FLM-β expression is reduced while FLM-δ is increased in a temperature dependent manner and these changes are associated with an early flowering phenotype in the cdkg2 mutant lines. In addition, we found that transcript variants retaining the full FLM intron 1 are sequestered in the cell nucleus. Strikingly, FLM intron 1 splicing is also regulated by CDKG2/CYCL1. Our results provide evidence that temperature and CDKs regulate the alternative splicing of FLM, contributing to flowering time definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Nibau
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nicola Cavallari, ; Candida Nibau,
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Despoina Dadarou
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Doonan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental, and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Cavallari
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nicola Cavallari, ; Candida Nibau,
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31
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Park YJ, Lee JH, Kim JY, Park CM. Alternative RNA Splicing Expands the Developmental Plasticity of Flowering Transition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 31134122 PMCID: PMC6517538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of the developmental phase transitions, which ranges from seed germination to flowering induction and senescence, is essential for propagation and reproductive success in plants. Flowering induction represents the vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition. An extensive array of genes controlling the flowering transition has been identified, and signaling pathways that incorporate endogenous and environmental cues into the developmental phase transition have been explored in various plant species. Notably, recent accumulating evidence indicate that multiple transcripts are often produced from many of the flowering time genes via alternative RNA splicing, which is known to diversify the transcriptomes and proteasomes in eukaryotes. It is particularly interesting that some alternatively spliced protein isoforms, including COβ and FT2β, function differentially from or even act as competitive inhibitors of the corresponding functional proteins by forming non-functional heterodimers. The alternative splicing events of the flowering time genes are modulated by developmental and environmental signals. It is thus necessary to elucidate molecular schemes controlling alternative splicing and functional characterization of splice protein variants for understanding how genetic diversity and developmental plasticity of the flowering transition are achieved in optimizing the time of flowering under changing climates. In this review, we present current knowledge on the alternative splicing-driven control of flowering time. In addition, we discuss physiological and biochemical importance of the alternative splicing events that occur during the flowering transition as a molecular means of enhancing plant adaptation capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - June-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chung-Mo Park,
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32
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Castelán-Muñoz N, Herrera J, Cajero-Sánchez W, Arrizubieta M, Trejo C, García-Ponce B, Sánchez MDLP, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. MADS-Box Genes Are Key Components of Genetic Regulatory Networks Involved in Abiotic Stress and Plastic Developmental Responses in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:853. [PMID: 31354752 PMCID: PMC6636334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, adapt to different stressful conditions, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and nutrient deficiency, via plastic developmental and growth responses. Depending on the intensity and the developmental phase in which it is imposed, a stress condition may lead to a broad range of responses at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Transcription factors are key components of regulatory networks that integrate environmental cues and concert responses at the cellular level, including those that imply a stressful condition. Despite the fact that several studies have started to identify various members of the MADS-box gene family as important molecular components involved in different types of stress responses, we still lack an integrated view of their role in these processes. In this review, we analyze the function and regulation of MADS-box gene family members in response to drought, salt, cold, heat, and oxidative stress conditions in different developmental processes of several plants. In addition, we suggest that MADS-box genes are key components of gene regulatory networks involved in plant responses to stress and plant developmental plasticity in response to seasonal changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Castelán-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Fisiología Vegetal, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Joel Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Wendy Cajero-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maite Arrizubieta
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Trejo
- Postgrado en Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética y Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo
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33
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Leijten W, Koes R, Roobeek I, Frugis G. Translating Flowering Time From Arabidopsis thaliana to Brassicaceae and Asteraceae Crop Species. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040111. [PMID: 30558374 PMCID: PMC6313873 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Flowering and seed set are essential for plant species to survive, hence plants need to adapt to highly variable environments to flower in the most favorable conditions. Endogenous cues such as plant age and hormones coordinate with the environmental cues like temperature and day length to determine optimal time for the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. In a breeding context, controlling flowering time would help to speed up the production of new hybrids and produce high yield throughout the year. The flowering time genetic network is extensively studied in the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, however this knowledge is still limited in most crops. This article reviews evidence of conservation and divergence of flowering time regulation in A. thaliana with its related crop species in the Brassicaceae and with more distant vegetable crops within the Asteraceae family. Despite the overall conservation of most flowering time pathways in these families, many genes controlling this trait remain elusive, and the function of most Arabidopsis homologs in these crops are yet to be determined. However, the knowledge gathered so far in both model and crop species can be already exploited in vegetable crop breeding for flowering time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke Leijten
- ENZA Zaden Research & Development B.V., Haling 1E, 1602 DB Enkhuizen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald Koes
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilja Roobeek
- ENZA Zaden Research & Development B.V., Haling 1E, 1602 DB Enkhuizen, The Netherlands.
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300 ⁻ 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy.
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34
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Theißen G, Rümpler F, Gramzow L. Array of MADS-Box Genes: Facilitator for Rapid Adaptation? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:563-576. [PMID: 29802068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In a world of global warming, the question emerges whether all plants have suitable mechanisms to keep pace with the rapidly changing environment. Most previous studies have focused on either the ability of plants to rapidly acclimatize via physiological and developmental plasticity, or long-term adaptation over thousands of years. However, we wonder whether plants can also adapt to changes in the environment within only a few generations. We hypothesize that rapidly evolving clusters of tandemly duplicated developmental control genes represent a source for fast adaptation. Specifically, we propose that a tandem cluster of FLC-like MADS-box genes involved in the transition to flowering in Arabidopsis functions as a facilitator for rapid adaptation to changes in ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Theißen
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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35
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Bartlett ME. Changing MADS-Box Transcription Factor Protein-Protein Interactions as a Mechanism for Generating Floral Morphological Diversity. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:1312-1321. [PMID: 28992040 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowers display fantastic morphological diversity. Despite extreme variability in form, floral organ identity is specified by a core set of deeply conserved proteins-the floral MADS-box transcription factors. This indicates that while core gene function has been maintained, MADS-box transcription factors have evolved to regulate different downstream genes. Thus, the evolution of gene regulation downstream of the MADS-box transcription factors is likely central to the evolution of floral form. Gene regulation is determined by the combination of transcriptional regulators present at a particular cis-regulatory element at a particular time. Therefore, the interactions between transcription factors can be of profound importance in determining patterns of gene regulation. Here, after a short primer on flowers and floral morphology, I discuss the centrality of protein-protein interactions to MADS-box transcription factor function, and review the evidence that the evolution of MADS-box protein-protein interactions is a key driver in the evolution of gene regulation downstream of the MADS-box genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine E Bartlett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St., 374 Morrill 4?S, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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36
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Yang L, Wang HN, Hou XH, Zou YP, Han TS, Niu XM, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Todesco M, Balasubramanian S, Guo YL. Parallel Evolution of Common Allelic Variants Confers Flowering Diversity in Capsella rubella. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1322-1336. [PMID: 29764984 PMCID: PMC6048796 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is an adaptive life history trait. Capsella rubella, a close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana and a young species, displays extensive variation for flowering time but low standing genetic variation due to an extreme bottleneck event, providing an excellent opportunity to understand how phenotypic diversity can occur with a limited initial gene pool. Here, we demonstrate that common allelic variation and parallel evolution at the FLC locus confer variation in flowering time in C. rubella. We show that two overlapping deletions in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of C. rubella FLC, which are associated with local changes in chromatin conformation and histone modifications, reduce its expression levels and promote flowering. We further show that these two pervasive variants originated independently in natural C. rubella populations after speciation and spread to an intermediate frequency, suggesting a role of this parallel cis-regulatory change in adaptive evolution. Our results provide an example of how parallel mutations in the same 5' UTR region can shape phenotypic evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xing-Hui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Pan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting-Shen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Min Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Marco Todesco
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Ya-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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37
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Liang N, Cheng D, Liu Q, Cui J, Luo C. Difference of proteomics vernalization-induced in bolting and flowering transitions of Beta vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:222-232. [PMID: 29253800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a biennial crop that accounts for 30% sugar production of the world. Vernalization is an essential factor for sugar beet reproductative growth under long days. Although genes association with bolting and flowering were well explored, the difference of proteomics in the two growth stages were still poorly understood. To address the molecular mechanism at the level of proteins, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics approach was employed to the three different growth stages (germination, bolting, flowering) of vernalized samples and the corresponding stage germination (17W weeks), 19W and 20W of nonvernalized samples. A total of 1110 peptides, 842 unique peptides and 570 proteins were identified. Most of them were assigned to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, hormone metabolism and protein processing pathway. IAA and Gibberellins (GA3) promoted growth and development in a threshold manner at growth stage germination after vernalization. A novel discovery was that IAA biosynthetic pathway of sugar beet was the Trp-dependent. In addition, two predominant pathways of protein processing association with vernalization were also identified in sugar beet at growth stage flowering. This study provided an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of vernalization at the level of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiguo Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Dayou Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiaohong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
| | - Chengfei Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, HarBin, 150001, China
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38
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Rodríguez-Cazorla E, Ortuño-Miquel S, Candela H, Bailey-Steinitz LJ, Yanofsky MF, Martínez-Laborda A, Ripoll JJ, Vera A. Ovule identity mediated by pre-mRNA processing in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007182. [PMID: 29329291 PMCID: PMC5785034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovules are fundamental for plant reproduction and crop yield as they are the precursors of seeds. Therefore, ovule specification is a critical developmental program. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ovule identity is redundantly conferred by the homeotic D-class genes SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2 and SEEDSTICK (STK), phylogenetically related to the MADS-domain regulatory gene AGAMOUS (AG), essential in floral organ specification. Previous studies have shown that the HUA-PEP activity, comprised of a suite of RNA-binding protein (RBP) encoding genes, regulates AG pre-mRNA processing and thus flower patterning and organ identity. Here, we report that the HUA-PEP activity additionally governs ovule morphogenesis. Accordingly, in severe hua-pep backgrounds ovules transform into flower organ-like structures. These homeotic transformations are most likely due to the dramatic reduction in SHP1, SHP2 and STK activity. Our molecular and genome-wide profiling strategies revealed the accumulation of prematurely terminated transcripts of D-class genes in hua-pep mutants and reduced amounts of their respective functional messengers, which points to pre-mRNA processing misregulation as the origin of the ovule developmental defects in such backgrounds. RNA processing and transcription are coordinated by the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD). Our results show that HUA-PEP activity members can interact with the CTD regulator C-TERMINAL DOMAIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE1 (CPL1), supporting a co-transcriptional mode of action for the HUA-PEP activity. Our findings expand the portfolio of reproductive developmental programs in which HUA-PEP activity participates, and further substantiates the importance of RNA regulatory mechanisms (pre-mRNA co-transcriptional regulation) for correct gene expression during plant morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samanta Ortuño-Miquel
- Área de Genética, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan d’Alacant, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Héctor Candela
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lindsay J. Bailey-Steinitz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Martin F. Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Antonio Martínez-Laborda
- Área de Genética, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan d’Alacant, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (JJR)
| | - Antonio Vera
- Área de Genética, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Sant Joan d’Alacant, Sant Joan d’Alacant, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail: (AV); (JJR)
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39
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Fujikura U, Jing R, Hanada A, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Yamaguchi S, Kappel C, Lenhard M. Variation in Splicing Efficiency Underlies Morphological Evolution in Capsella. Dev Cell 2018; 44:192-203.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Bloomer RH, Dean C. Fine-tuning timing: natural variation informs the mechanistic basis of the switch to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5439-5452. [PMID: 28992087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of diverse life history strategies has allowed Arabidopsis thaliana to adapt to worldwide locations, spanning a range of latitudinal and environmental conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana accessions are either vernalization-requiring winter annuals or rapid cyclers, with extensive natural variation in vernalization requirement and response. Genetic and molecular analysis of this variation has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in life history determination, with translation to both natural and crop systems in the Brassicaceae and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bloomer
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - C Dean
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Capovilla G, Symeonidi E, Wu R, Schmid M. Contribution of major FLM isoforms to temperature-dependent flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5117-5127. [PMID: 29036339 PMCID: PMC5853260 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM), a component of the thermosensory flowering time pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, is regulated by temperature-dependent alternative splicing (AS). The main splicing variant, FLM-β, is a well-documented floral repressor that is down-regulated in response to increasing ambient growth temperature. Two hypotheses have been formulated to explain how flowering time is modulated by AS of FLM. In the first model a second splice variant, FLM-δ, acts as a dominant negative isoform that competes with FLM-β at elevated ambient temperatures, thereby indirectly promoting flowering. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the induction of flowering at elevated temperatures is caused only by reduced FLM-β expression. To better understand the role of the two FLM splice forms, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to specifically delete the exons that characterize each splice variant. Lines that produced repressive FLM-β but were incapable of producing FLM-δ were late flowering. In contrast, FLM-β knockout lines that still produced FLM-δ flowered early, but not earlier than the flm-3 loss of function mutant, as would be expected if FLM-δ had a dominant-negative effect on flowering. Our data support the role of FLM-β as a flower repressor and provide evidence that a contribution of FLM-δ to the regulation of flowering time in wild-type A. thaliana seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capovilla
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Efthymia Symeonidi
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rui Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, Tübingen, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
This article comments on: Capovilla G, Symeonidi E, Wu R, Schmid M. 2017. Contribution of major FLM isoforms to temperature-dependent mediated flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 68, 5117–5127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Melzer
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Groot MP, Kubisch A, Ouborg NJ, Pagel J, Schmid KJ, Vergeer P, Lampei C. Transgenerational effects of mild heat in Arabidopsis thaliana show strong genotype specificity that is explained by climate at origin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1221-1234. [PMID: 28590553 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenerational environmental effects can trigger strong phenotypic variation. However, it is unclear how cues from different preceding generations interact. Also, little is known about the genetic variation for these life history traits. Here, we present the effects of grandparental and parental mild heat, and their combination, on four traits of the third-generation phenotype of 14 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We tested for correlations of these effects with climate and constructed a conceptual model to identify the environmental conditions that favour the parental effect on flowering time. We observed strong evidence for genotype-specific transgenerational effects. On average, A. thaliana accustomed to mild heat produced more seeds after two generations. Parental effects overruled grandparental effects in all traits except reproductive biomass. Flowering was generally accelerated by all transgenerational effects. Notably, the parental effect triggered earliest flowering in genotypes adapted to dry summers. Accordingly, this parental effect was favoured in the model when early summer heat terminated the growing season and environments were correlated across generations. Our results suggest that A. thaliana can partly accustom to mild heat over two generations and genotype-specific parental effects show non-random evolutionary divergence across populations that may support climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P Groot
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kubisch
- Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischerstr. 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - N Joop Ouborg
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jörn Pagel
- Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-Hartmann-Str. 3, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl J Schmid
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippine Vergeer
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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