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Yan Y, Murphy TH. Decoding state-dependent cortical-cerebellar cellular functional connectivity in the mouse brain. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114348. [PMID: 38865245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The cortex and cerebellum form multi-synaptic reciprocal connections. We investigate the functional connectivity between single spiking cerebellar neurons and the population activity of the mouse dorsal cortex using mesoscale imaging. Cortical representations of individual cerebellar neurons vary significantly across different brain states but are drawn from a common set of cortical networks. These cortical-cerebellar connectivity features are observed in mossy fibers and Purkinje cells as well as neurons in different cerebellar lobules, albeit with variations across cell types and regions. Complex spikes of Purkinje cells preferably associate with the sensorimotor cortex, whereas simple spikes display more diverse cortical connectivity patterns. The spontaneous functional connectivity patterns align with cerebellar neurons' functional responses to external stimuli in a modality-specific manner. The tuning properties of subsets of cerebellar neurons differ between anesthesia and awake states, mirrored by state-dependent changes in their long-range functional connectivity patterns with mesoscale cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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2
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Bredenberg C, Savin C, Kiani R. Recurrent Neural Circuits Overcome Partial Inactivation by Compensation and Re-learning. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1635232024. [PMID: 38413233 PMCID: PMC11026338 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1635-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in artificial manipulation of neural activity have precipitated a surge in studying the causal contribution of brain circuits to cognition and behavior. However, complexities of neural circuits challenge interpretation of experimental results, necessitating new theoretical frameworks for reasoning about causal effects. Here, we take a step in this direction, through the lens of recurrent neural networks trained to perform perceptual decisions. We show that understanding the dynamical system structure that underlies network solutions provides a precise account for the magnitude of behavioral effects due to perturbations. Our framework explains past empirical observations by clarifying the most sensitive features of behavior, and how complex circuits compensate and adapt to perturbations. In the process, we also identify strategies that can improve the interpretability of inactivation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Bredenberg
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Cristina Savin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY 10011
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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3
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Fleming EA, Field GD, Tadross MR, Hull C. Local synaptic inhibition mediates cerebellar granule cell pattern separation and enables learned sensorimotor associations. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:689-701. [PMID: 38321293 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex has a key role in generating predictive sensorimotor associations. To do so, the granule cell layer is thought to establish unique sensorimotor representations for learning. However, how this is achieved and how granule cell population responses contribute to behavior have remained unclear. To address these questions, we have used in vivo calcium imaging and granule cell-specific pharmacological manipulation of synaptic inhibition in awake, behaving mice. These experiments indicate that inhibition sparsens and thresholds sensory responses, limiting overlap between sensory ensembles and preventing spiking in many granule cells that receive excitatory input. Moreover, inhibition can be recruited in a stimulus-specific manner to powerfully decorrelate multisensory ensembles. Consistent with these results, granule cell inhibition is required for accurate cerebellum-dependent sensorimotor behavior. These data thus reveal key mechanisms for granule cell layer pattern separation beyond those envisioned by classical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Tadross
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Palacios ER, Chadderton P, Friston K, Houghton C. Cerebellar state estimation enables resilient coupling across behavioural domains. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6641. [PMID: 38503802 PMCID: PMC10951354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar computations are necessary for fine behavioural control and may rely on internal models for estimation of behaviourally relevant states. Here, we propose that the central cerebellar function is to estimate how states interact with each other, and to use these estimates to coordinates extra-cerebellar neuronal dynamics underpinning a range of interconnected behaviours. To support this claim, we describe a cerebellar model for state estimation that includes state interactions, and link this model with the neuronal architecture and dynamics observed empirically. This is formalised using the free energy principle, which provides a dual perspective on a system in terms of both the dynamics of its physical-in this case neuronal-states, and the inferential process they entail. As a demonstration of this proposal, we simulate cerebellar-dependent synchronisation of whisking and respiration, which are known to be tightly coupled in rodents, as well as limb and tail coordination during locomotion. In summary, we propose that the ubiquitous involvement of the cerebellum in behaviour arises from its central role in precisely coupling behavioural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensor Rafael Palacios
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Paul Chadderton
- University of Bristol, School of Physiology Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Karl Friston
- UCL, Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Conor Houghton
- University of Bristol, Department of Computer Science, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
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5
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Pachi I, Papadopoulos V, Xenaki LA, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bougea A, Bozi M, Papagiannakis N, Soldatos RF, Kolovou D, Pantes G, Scarmeas N, Paraskevas G, Voumvourakis K, Potagas C, Papageorgiou SG, Kollias K, Stefanis N, Stefanis L. Jumping to conclusions bias, psychosis and impulsivity in early stages of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:5773-5783. [PMID: 37555925 PMCID: PMC10632276 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to explore the correlations between Jumping to Conclusions (JtC) tendency and neuropsychiatric features in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND According to few reports, PD patients with impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) are prone to working memory difficulties including JtC bias. The correlation of psychotic features and JtC tendency remains still unclear. METHODS Healthy controls and patients within 3 years of PD onset were recruited. Participants were examined for psychotic symptoms using a 10 question PD-specific psychosis severity scale. JtC was measured by a probalistic reasoning scenario (beads task). In PD group, medication use, motor and non-motor symptoms were documented. Impulsivity was evaluated using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in PD (QUIP). RESULTS The prevalence of JtC bias was 9% (6/70) in healthy individuals, compared to 32% (22/68) of PD group [p = 0.001]. No association was detected between the presence of JtC tendency and PD-associated psychosis (p = 0.216). Patients with JtC had shorter duration of PD, more tremor-dominant PD subtype and higher QUIP scores, regardless of the dopaminergic therapy (p = 0.043, p = 0.015, p = 0.007, respectively). A trend towards attention and inhibition control deficit was noticed in JtC patients. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of JtC bias in early, cognitively intact PD population and a potential link between subthreshold ICBs and poor performance on beads task. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results and elaborate on the mechanisms that correlate impulsivity with JtC tendency, which are likely to be different from those mediating psychotic features in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadopoulos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Alkisti Xenaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Papagiannakis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Rigas Filippos Soldatos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kolovou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - George Pantes
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kollias
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Stefanis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece.
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6
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Shen LP, Li W, Pei LZ, Yin J, Xie ST, Li HZ, Yan C, Wang JJ, Zhang Q, Zhang XY, Zhu JN. Oxytocin Receptor in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Does Not Engage in Autism-Related Behaviors. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:888-904. [PMID: 36040660 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The classical motor center cerebellum is one of the most consistent structures of abnormality in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and neuropeptide oxytocin is increasingly explored as a potential pharmacotherapy for ASD. However, whether oxytocin targets the cerebellum for therapeutic effects remains unclear. Here, we report a localization of oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in Purkinje cells (PCs) of cerebellar lobule Crus I, which is functionally connected with ASD-implicated circuits. OXTR activation neither affects firing activities, intrinsic excitability, and synaptic transmission of normal PCs nor improves abnormal intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission of PCs in maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model of autism. Furthermore, blockage of OXTR in Crus I in wild-type mice does not induce autistic-like social, stereotypic, cognitive, and anxiety-like behaviors. These results suggest that oxytocin signaling in Crus I PCs seems to be uninvolved in ASD pathophysiology, and contribute to understanding of targets and mechanisms of oxytocin in ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-Zhu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Zang Y, De Schutter E. Recent data on the cerebellum require new models and theories. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102765. [PMID: 37591124 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum has been a popular topic for theoretical studies because its structure was thought to be simple. Since David Marr and James Albus related its function to motor skill learning and proposed the Marr-Albus cerebellar learning model, this theory has guided and inspired cerebellar research. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress that has been made within this framework of error-based supervised learning. We discuss the experimental progress that demonstrates more complicated molecular and cellular mechanisms in the cerebellum as well as new cell types and recurrent connections. We also cover its involvement in diverse non-motor functions and evidence of other forms of learning. Finally, we highlight the need to explain these new experimental findings into an integrated cerebellar model that can unify its diverse computational functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Zang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan. https://twitter.com/DeschutterOIST
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8
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Chao OY, Pathak SS, Zhang H, Augustine GJ, Christie JM, Kikuchi C, Taniguchi H, Yang YM. Social memory deficit caused by dysregulation of the cerebellar vermis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6007. [PMID: 37752149 PMCID: PMC10522595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Social recognition memory (SRM) is a key determinant of social interactions. While the cerebellum emerges as an important region for social behavior, how cerebellar activity affects social functions remains unclear. We selectively increased the excitability of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) to suppress Purkinje cell firing in the mouse cerebellar vermis. Chemogenetic perturbation of MLIs impaired SRM without affecting sociability, anxiety levels, motor coordination or object recognition. Optogenetic interference of MLIs during distinct phases of a social recognition test revealed the cerebellar engagement in the retrieval, but not encoding, of social information. c-Fos mapping after the social recognition test showed that cerebellar manipulation decreased brain-wide interregional correlations and altered network structure from medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus-centered to amygdala-centered modules. Anatomical tracing demonstrated hierarchical projections from the central cerebellum to the social brain network integrating amygdalar connections. Our findings suggest that the cerebellum organizes the neural matrix necessary for SRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Salil Saurav Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason M Christie
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Chikako Kikuchi
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Hiroki Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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Ikezoe K, Hidaka N, Manita S, Murakami M, Tsutsumi S, Isomura Y, Kano M, Kitamura K. Cerebellar climbing fibers multiplex movement and reward signals during a voluntary movement task in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:924. [PMID: 37689776 PMCID: PMC10492837 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar climbing fibers convey sensorimotor information and their errors, which are used for motor control and learning. Furthermore, they represent reward-related information. Despite such functional diversity of climbing fiber signals, it is still unclear whether each climbing fiber conveys the information of single or multiple modalities and how the climbing fibers conveying different information are distributed over the cerebellar cortex. Here we perform two-photon calcium imaging from cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice engaged in a voluntary forelimb lever-pull task and demonstrate that climbing fiber responses in 68% of Purkinje cells can be explained by the combination of multiple behavioral variables such as lever movement, licking, and reward delivery. Neighboring Purkinje cells exhibit similar climbing fiber response properties, form functional clusters, and share noise fluctuations of responses. Taken together, individual climbing fibers convey behavioral information on multiplex variables and are spatially organized into the functional modules of the cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ikezoe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hidaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Manita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Murakami
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Multi-scale Biological Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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10
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Boven E, Cerminara NL. Cerebellar contributions across behavioural timescales: a review from the perspective of cerebro-cerebellar interactions. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1211530. [PMID: 37745783 PMCID: PMC10512466 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1211530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing successful adaptive behaviour relies on our ability to process a wide range of temporal intervals with certain precision. Studies on the role of the cerebellum in temporal information processing have adopted the dogma that the cerebellum is involved in sub-second processing. However, emerging evidence shows that the cerebellum might be involved in suprasecond temporal processing as well. Here we review the reciprocal loops between cerebellum and cerebral cortex and provide a theoretical account of cerebro-cerebellar interactions with a focus on how cerebellar output can modulate cerebral processing during learning of complex sequences. Finally, we propose that while the ability of the cerebellum to support millisecond timescales might be intrinsic to cerebellar circuitry, the ability to support supra-second timescales might result from cerebellar interactions with other brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boven
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Neural and Machine Learning Group, Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia L. Cerminara
- Sensory and Motor Systems Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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11
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Verpeut JL, Bergeler S, Kislin M, William Townes F, Klibaite U, Dhanerawala ZM, Hoag A, Janarthanan S, Jung C, Lee J, Pisano TJ, Seagraves KM, Shaevitz JW, Wang SSH. Cerebellar contributions to a brainwide network for flexible behavior in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:605. [PMID: 37277453 PMCID: PMC10241932 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum regulates nonmotor behavior, but the routes of influence are not well characterized. Here we report a necessary role for the posterior cerebellum in guiding a reversal learning task through a network of diencephalic and neocortical structures, and in flexibility of free behavior. After chemogenetic inhibition of lobule VI vermis or hemispheric crus I Purkinje cells, mice could learn a water Y-maze but were impaired in ability to reverse their initial choice. To map targets of perturbation, we imaged c-Fos activation in cleared whole brains using light-sheet microscopy. Reversal learning activated diencephalic and associative neocortical regions. Distinctive subsets of structures were altered by perturbation of lobule VI (including thalamus and habenula) and crus I (including hypothalamus and prelimbic/orbital cortex), and both perturbations influenced anterior cingulate and infralimbic cortex. To identify functional networks, we used correlated variation in c-Fos activation within each group. Lobule VI inactivation weakened within-thalamus correlations, while crus I inactivation divided neocortical activity into sensorimotor and associative subnetworks. In both groups, high-throughput automated analysis of whole-body movement revealed deficiencies in across-day behavioral habituation to an open-field environment. Taken together, these experiments reveal brainwide systems for cerebellar influence that affect multiple flexible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Verpeut
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Silke Bergeler
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - F William Townes
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ugne Klibaite
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 01451, USA
| | - Zahra M Dhanerawala
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Austin Hoag
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sanjeev Janarthanan
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Caroline Jung
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Junuk Lee
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Thomas J Pisano
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kelly M Seagraves
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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12
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Zanin JP, Pandya MA, Espinoza D, Friedman WJ, Shiflett MW. Excess cerebellar granule neurons induced by the absence of p75NTR during development elicit social behavior deficits in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1147597. [PMID: 37305555 PMCID: PMC10249730 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1147597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, the cerebellum has been implicated with non-motor functions, including cognitive and emotional behavior. Anatomical and functional studies demonstrate bidirectional cerebellar connections with brain regions involved in social cognition. Cerebellar developmental abnormalities and injury are often associated with several psychiatric and mental disorders including autism spectrum disorders and anxiety. The cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) are essential for cerebellar function since they provide sensorimotor, proprioceptive, and contextual information to Purkinje cells to modify behavior in different contexts. Therefore, alterations to the CGN population are likely to compromise cerebellar processing and function. Previously we demonstrated that the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was fundamental for the development of the CGN. In the absence of p75NTR, we observed increased proliferation of the granule cell precursors (GCPs), followed by increased GCP migration toward the internal granule layer. The excess granule cells were incorporated into the cerebellar network, inducing alterations in cerebellar circuit processing. Methods In the present study, we used two conditional mouse lines to specifically delete the expression of p75NTR in CGN. In both mouse lines, deletion of the target gene was under the control of the transcription factor Atoh-1 promotor, however, one of the lines was also tamoxifen-inducible. Results We observed a loss of p75NTR expression from the GCPs in all cerebellar lobes. Compared to control animals, both mouse lines exhibited a reduced preference for social interactions when presented with a choice to interact with a mouse or an object. Open-field locomotor behavior and operant reward learning were unaffected in both lines. Lack of preference for social novelty and increased anxiety-related behavior was present in mice with constitutive p75NTR deletion; however, these effects were not present in the tamoxifen-inducible mice with p75NTR deletion that more specifically targeted the GCPs. Discussion Our findings demonstrate that alterations to CGN development by loss of p75NTR alter social behavior, and contribute to the increasing evidence that the cerebellum plays a role in non-motor-related behaviors, including social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mansi A. Pandya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Diego Espinoza
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Wilma J. Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Michael W. Shiflett
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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13
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Rodríguez-Borillo O, Roselló-Jiménez L, Guarque-Chabrera J, Palau-Batet M, Gil-Miravet I, Pastor R, Miquel M, Font L. Neural correlates of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in the posterior cerebellar cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1174189. [PMID: 37179684 PMCID: PMC10169591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1174189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Addictive drugs are potent neuropharmacological agents capable of inducing long-lasting changes in learning and memory neurocircuitry. With repeated use, contexts and cues associated with consumption can acquire motivational and reinforcing properties of abused drugs, triggering drug craving and relapse. Neuroplasticity underlying drug-induced memories takes place in prefrontal-limbic-striatal networks. Recent evidence suggests that the cerebellum is also involved in the circuitry responsible for drug-induced conditioning. In rodents, preference for cocaine-associated olfactory cues has been shown to correlate with increased activity at the apical part of the granular cell layer in the posterior vermis (lobules VIII and IX). It is important to determine if the cerebellum's role in drug conditioning is a general phenomenon or is limited to a particular sensory modality. Methods The present study evaluated the role of the posterior cerebellum (lobules VIII and IX), together with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) using a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference procedure with tactile cues. Cocaine CPP was tested using ascending (3, 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg) doses of cocaine in mice. Results Compared to control groups (Unpaired and Saline animals), Paired mice were able to show a preference for the cues associated with cocaine. Increased activation (cFos expression) of the posterior cerebellum was found in cocaine CPP groups and showed a positive correlation with CPP levels. Such increases in cFos activity in the posterior cerebellum significantly correlated with cFos expression in the mPFC. Discussion Our data suggest that the dorsal region of the cerebellum could be an important part of the network that mediates cocaine-conditioned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian Guarque-Chabrera
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - María Palau-Batet
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isis Gil-Miravet
- Unitat Predepartamental de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Raúl Pastor
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Marta Miquel
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura Font
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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14
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Zyuzin J, Combs D, Melrose J, Kodaverdian N, Leather C, Carrillo JD, Monterosso JR, Brocas I. The neural correlates of value representation: From single items to bundles. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1476-1495. [PMID: 36440955 PMCID: PMC9921239 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core questions in Neuro-economics is to determine where value is represented. To date, most studies have focused on simple options and identified the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) as the common value region. We report the findings of an fMRI study in which we asked participants to make pairwise comparisons involving options of varying complexity: single items (Control condition), bundles made of the same two single items (Scaling condition) and bundles made of two different single items (Bundling condition). We construct a measure of choice consistency to capture how coherent the choices of a participant are with one another. We also record brain activity while participants make these choices. We find that a common core of regions involving the left VMPFC, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), regions associated with complex visual processing and the left cerebellum track value across all conditions. Also, regions in the DLPFC, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and the cerebellum are differentially recruited across conditions. Last, variations in activity in VMPFC and DLPFC value-tracking regions are associated with variations in choice consistency. This suggests that value based decision-making recruits a core set of regions as well as specific regions based on task demands. Further, correlations between consistency and the magnitude of signal change with lateral portions of the PFC suggest the possibility that activity in these regions may play a causal role in decision quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton Combs
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - James Melrose
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Niree Kodaverdian
- Argyros School of Business and EconomicsChapman UniversityOrangeCAUSA
| | - Calvin Leather
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan D. Carrillo
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isabelle Brocas
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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15
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McDougle SD, Tsay JS, Pitt B, King M, Saban W, Taylor JA, Ivry RB. Continuous manipulation of mental representations is compromised in cerebellar degeneration. Brain 2022; 145:4246-4263. [PMID: 35202465 PMCID: PMC10200308 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel perspective on how the cerebellum might contribute to cognition, hypothesizing that this structure supports dynamic transformations of mental representations. In support of this hypothesis, we report a series of neuropsychological experiments comparing the performance of individuals with degenerative cerebellar disorders on tasks that either entail continuous, movement-like mental operations or more discrete mental operations. In the domain of visual cognition, the cerebellar disorders group exhibited an impaired rate of mental rotation, an operation hypothesized to require the continuous manipulation of a visual representation. In contrast, the cerebellar disorders group showed a normal processing rate when scanning items in visual working memory, an operation hypothesized to require the maintenance and retrieval of remembered items. In the domain of mathematical cognition, the cerebellar disorders group was impaired at single-digit addition, an operation hypothesized to primarily require iterative manipulations along a mental number-line; this group was not impaired on arithmetic tasks linked to memory retrieval (e.g. single-digit multiplication). These results, obtained in tasks from two disparate domains, point to a potential constraint on the contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive tasks. Paralleling its role in motor control, the cerebellum may be essential for coordinating dynamic, movement-like transformations in a mental workspace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Benjamin Pitt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Maedbh King
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - William Saban
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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16
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Crossed functional specialization between the basal ganglia and cerebellum during vocal emotion decoding: Insights from stroke and Parkinson’s disease. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1030-1043. [PMID: 35474566 PMCID: PMC9458588 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that both the basal ganglia and the cerebellum play functional roles in emotion processing, either directly or indirectly, through their connections with cortical and subcortical structures. However, the lateralization of this complex processing in emotion recognition remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated emotional prosody recognition in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (model of basal ganglia dysfunction) or cerebellar stroke patients, as well as in matched healthy controls (n = 24 in each group). We analysed performances according to the lateralization of the predominant brain degeneration/lesion. Results showed that a right (basal ganglia and cerebellar) hemispheric dysfunction was likely to induce greater deficits than a left one. Moreover, deficits following left hemispheric dysfunction were only observed in cerebellar stroke patients, and these deficits resembled those observed after degeneration of the right basal ganglia. Additional analyses taking disease duration / time since stroke into consideration revealed a worsening of performances in patients with predominantly right-sided lesions over time. These results point to the differential, but complementary, involvement of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in emotional prosody decoding, with a probable hemispheric specialization according to the level of cognitive integration.
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17
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Zanin JP, Friedman WJ. p75NTR prevents the onset of cerebellar granule cell migration via RhoA activation. eLife 2022; 11:e79934. [PMID: 36040414 PMCID: PMC9427104 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is one of the fundamental processes during brain development. Several neurodevelopmental disorders can be traced back to dysregulated migration. Although substantial efforts have been placed in identifying molecular signals that stimulate migration, little is known about potential mechanisms that restrict migration. These restrictive mechanisms are essential for proper development since it helps coordinate the timing for each neuronal population to arrive and establish proper connections. Moreover, preventing migration away from a proliferative niche is necessary in maintaining a pool of proliferating cells until the proper number of neuronal progenitors is attained. Here, using mice and rats, we identify an anti-migratory role for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in cerebellar development. Our results show that granule cell precursors (GCPs) robustly express p75NTR in the external granule layer (EGL) when they are proliferating during postnatal development, however, they do not express p75NTR when they migrate either from the rhombic lip during embryonic development or from the EGL during postnatal development. We show that p75NTR prevented GCP migration by maintaining elevated levels of active RhoA. The expression of p75NTR was sufficient to prevent the migration of the granule cells even in the presence of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), a well-established chemotactic signal for this cell population. Our findings suggest that the expression of p75NTR might be a critical signal that stops and maintains the GCPs in the proliferative niche of the EGL, by promoting the clonal expansion of cerebellar granule neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
| | - Wilma J Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
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18
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Avila E, Flierman NA, Holland PJ, Roelfsema PR, Frens MA, Badura A, De Zeeuw CI. Purkinje Cell Activity in the Medial and Lateral Cerebellum During Suppression of Voluntary Eye Movements in Rhesus Macaques. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863181. [PMID: 35573834 PMCID: PMC9096024 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volitional suppression of responses to distracting external stimuli enables us to achieve our goals. This volitional inhibition of a specific behavior is supposed to be mainly mediated by the cerebral cortex. However, recent evidence supports the involvement of the cerebellum in this process. It is currently not known whether different parts of the cerebellar cortex play differential or synergistic roles in the planning and execution of this behavior. Here, we measured Purkinje cell (PC) responses in the medial and lateral cerebellum in two rhesus macaques during pro- and anti-saccade tasks. During an antisaccade trial, non-human primates (NHPs) were instructed to make a saccadic eye movement away from a target, rather than toward it, as in prosaccade trials. Our data show that the cerebellum plays an important role not only during the execution of the saccades but also during the volitional inhibition of eye movements toward the target. Simple spike (SS) modulation during the instruction and execution periods of pro- and anti-saccades was prominent in PCs of both the medial and lateral cerebellum. However, only the SS activity in the lateral cerebellar cortex contained information about stimulus identity and showed a strong reciprocal interaction with complex spikes (CSs). Moreover, the SS activity of different PC groups modulated bidirectionally in both of regions, but the PCs that showed facilitating and suppressive activity were predominantly associated with instruction and execution, respectively. These findings show that different cerebellar regions and PC groups contribute to goal-directed behavior and volitional inhibition, but with different propensities, highlighting the rich repertoire of the cerebellar control in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Avila
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Flierman
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Holland
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter R. Roelfsema
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Badura
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Badura,
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Chris I. De Zeeuw,
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19
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A leaky evidence accumulation process for perceptual experience. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:451-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Kostadinov D, Häusser M. Reward signals in the cerebellum: origins, targets, and functional implications. Neuron 2022; 110:1290-1303. [PMID: 35325616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been proposed to play a role in cognitive function, although this has remained controversial. This idea has received renewed support with the recent discovery that signals associated with reward can be observed in the cerebellar circuitry, particularly in goal-directed learning tasks involving an interplay between the cerebellar cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. Remarkably, a wide range of reward contingencies-including reward expectation, delivery, size, and omission-can be encoded by specific circuit elements in a manner that reflects the microzonal organization of the cerebellar cortex. The facts that reward signals have been observed in both the mossy fiber and climbing fiber input pathways to the cerebellar cortex and that their convergence may trigger plasticity in Purkinje cells suggest that these interactions may be crucial for the role of the cerebellar cortex in learned behavior. These findings strengthen the emerging consensus that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in shaping cognitive processing and suggest that the cerebellum may combine both supervised learning and reinforcement learning to optimize goal-directed action. We make specific predictions about how cerebellar circuits can work in concert with the basal ganglia to guide different stages of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Kostadinov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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21
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Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109721. [PMID: 34551311 PMCID: PMC8506234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar outputs take polysynaptic routes to reach the rest of the brain, impeding conventional tracing. Here, we quantify pathways between the cerebellum and forebrain by using transsynaptic tracing viruses and a whole-brain analysis pipeline. With retrograde tracing, we find that most descending paths originate from the somatomotor cortex. Anterograde tracing of ascending paths encompasses most thalamic nuclei, especially ventral posteromedial, lateral posterior, mediodorsal, and reticular nuclei. In the neocortex, sensorimotor regions contain the most labeled neurons, but we find higher densities in associative areas, including orbital, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic cortex. Patterns of ascending expression correlate with c-Fos expression after optogenetic inhibition of Purkinje cells. Our results reveal homologous networks linking single areas of the cerebellar cortex to diverse forebrain targets. We conclude that shared areas of the cerebellum are positioned to provide sensory-motor information to regions implicated in both movement and nonmotor function. Pisano et al. use transsynaptic tracing and whole-brain light-sheet microscopy to quantitatively map cerebellar paths to and from the forebrain, including relatively dense projections to the prefrontal neocortex. Divergence of paths from single injection sites suggests that a single cerebellar region can influence multiple thalamic and neocortical targets at once.
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22
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Why Does the Neocortex Need the Cerebellum for Working Memory? J Neurosci 2021; 41:6368-6370. [PMID: 34321336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0701-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Okazawa G, Hatch CE, Mancoo A, Machens CK, Kiani R. Representational geometry of perceptual decisions in the monkey parietal cortex. Cell 2021; 184:3748-3761.e18. [PMID: 34171308 PMCID: PMC8273140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lateral intraparietal (LIP) neurons represent formation of perceptual decisions involving eye movements. In circuit models for these decisions, neural ensembles that encode actions compete to form decisions. Consequently, representation and readout of the decision variables (DVs) are implemented similarly for decisions with identical competing actions, irrespective of input and task context differences. Further, DVs are encoded as partially potentiated action plans through balance of activity of action-selective ensembles. Here, we test those core principles. We show that in a novel face-discrimination task, LIP firing rates decrease with supporting evidence, contrary to conventional motion-discrimination tasks. These opposite response patterns arise from similar mechanisms in which decisions form along curved population-response manifolds misaligned with action representations. These manifolds rotate in state space based on context, indicating distinct optimal readouts for different tasks. We show similar manifolds in lateral and medial prefrontal cortices, suggesting similar representational geometry across decision-making circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouki Okazawa
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christina E Hatch
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Allan Mancoo
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christian K Machens
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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24
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Tian X, Silva AC, Liu C. The Brain Circuits and Dynamics of Curiosity-Driven Behavior in Naturally Curious Marmosets. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4220-4232. [PMID: 33839768 PMCID: PMC8485152 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Curiosity is a fundamental nature of animals for adapting to changing environments, but its underlying brain circuits and mechanisms remain poorly understood. One main barrier is that existing studies use rewards to train animals and motivate their engagement in behavioral tasks. As such, the rewards become significant confounders in interpreting curiosity. Here, we overcame this problem by studying research-naïve and naturally curious marmosets that can proactively and persistently participate in a visual choice task without external rewards. When performing the task, the marmosets manifested a strong innate preference towards acquiring new information, associated with faster behavioral responses. Longitudinally functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed behavior-relevant brain states that reflected choice preferences and engaged several brain regions, including the cerebellum, the hippocampus, and cortical areas 19DI, 25, and 46D, with the cerebellum being the most prominent. These results unveil the essential brain circuits and dynamics underlying curiosity-driven activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA.,Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA.,Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Cirong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA.,Cerebral Microcirculation Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.,Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China
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25
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Gold J, Ciorciari J. A neurocognitive model of flow states and the role of cerebellar internal models. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113244. [PMID: 33744335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper conceptualizes a comprehensive body of neurocognitive knowledge of flow states based on two primary competing neurocognitive theories underpinning flow's purported functioning, the transient hypofrontality hypothesis and the network synchronization model. With these models in mind, a new neurocognitive model of flow is synthesized based on the similarities of these pre-existing theories and utilizing the internal models of the cerebellum to elucidate the differences and crossover in the current flow research. Ultimately, this paper works to provide a platform for researchers to use as a future reference and for hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gold
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne Neuroimaging (SNI), Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
| | - Joseph Ciorciari
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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26
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Hetrick WP, Green JT. Differential effects of two early life stress paradigms on cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100242. [PMID: 33344698 PMCID: PMC7739029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress paradigms have become prominent in the animal literature to model atypical development. Currently, two models have prevailed within the literature: (1) limited bedding or nesting and (2) maternal separation or deprivation. Both models have produced aberrations spanning behavior and neural circuitry. Surprisingly, these two models have yet to be directly compared. The current study utilized delay eyeblink conditioning, an associative learning task with a well-defined cerebellar circuit, to compare the behavioral effects of standard limited bedding (postnatal day 2–9, n = 15) and maternal separation (60 min per day during postnatal day 2–14, n = 13) early life stress paradigms. Animals in all groups exhibited robust learning curves. Surprisingly, facilitated conditioning was observed in the maternal separation group. Rats that underwent limited bedding did not differ from the control or maternal separation groups on any conditioning measures. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of early life stress paradigms and the claims made about their mechanisms, which if better clarified can be properly leveraged to increase translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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27
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Abstract
During evolution, duplication of subnuclei generates broader cerebellar projections
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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28
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Li N, Mrsic-Flogel TD. Cortico-cerebellar interactions during goal-directed behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 65:27-37. [PMID: 32979846 PMCID: PMC7770085 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preparatory activity is observed across multiple interconnected brain regions before goal-directed movement. Preparatory activity reflects discrete activity states representing specific future actions. It is unclear how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. Recent evidence suggests that the cerebellum, classically associated with fine motor control, contributes to preparatory activity in the neocortex. We review recent advances and offer perspective on the function of cortico-cerebellar interactions during goal-directed behavior. We propose that the cerebellum learns to facilitate transitions between neocortical activity states. Transitions between activity states enable flexible and appropriately timed behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Thomas D Mrsic-Flogel
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, United Kingdom.
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29
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De Zeeuw CI. Bidirectional learning in upbound and downbound microzones of the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 22:92-110. [PMID: 33203932 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, theories about cerebellar learning have evolved. A relatively simple view that highlighted the contribution of one major form of heterosynaptic plasticity to cerebellar motor learning has given way to a plethora of perspectives that suggest that many different forms of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity, acting at various sites, can control multiple types of learning behaviour. However, there still seem to be contradictions between the various hypotheses with regard to the mechanisms underlying cerebellar learning. The challenge is therefore to reconcile these different views and unite them into a single overall concept. Here I review our current understanding of the changes in the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in different 'microzones' during various forms of learning. I describe an emerging model that indicates that the activity of each microzone is bound to either increase or decrease during the initial stages of learning, depending on the directional and temporal demands of its downstream circuitry and the behaviour involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. .,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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30
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Dong D, Luo C, Guell X, Wang Y, He H, Duan M, Eickhoff SB, Yao D. Compression of Cerebellar Functional Gradients in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1282-1295. [PMID: 32144421 PMCID: PMC7505192 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of cerebellar involvement in brain disorders has evolved from motor processing to high-level cognitive and affective processing. Recent neuroscience progress has highlighted hierarchy as a fundamental principle for the brain organization. Despite substantial research on cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, there is a need to establish a neurobiological framework to better understand the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellum in schizophrenia. To help to establish such a framework, we investigated the abnormalities in the distribution of sensorimotor-supramodal hierarchical processing topography in the cerebellum and cerebellar-cerebral circuits in schizophrenia using a novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis (96 patients with schizophrenia vs 120 healthy controls). We found schizophrenia patients showed a compression of the principal motor-to-supramodal gradient. Specifically, there were increased gradient values in sensorimotor regions and decreased gradient values in supramodal regions, resulting in a shorter distance (compression) between the sensorimotor and supramodal poles of this gradient. This pattern was observed in intra-cerebellar, cerebellar-cerebral, and cerebral-cerebellar FC. Further investigation revealed hyper-connectivity between sensorimotor and cognition areas within cerebellum, between cerebellar sensorimotor and cerebral cognition areas, and between cerebellar cognition and cerebral sensorimotor areas, possibly contributing to the observed compressed pattern. These findings present a novel mechanism that may underlie the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellar and cerebro-cerebellar circuits in schizophrenia. Within this framework of abnormal motor-to-supramodal organization, a cascade of impairments stemming from disrupted low-level sensorimotor system may in part account for high-level cognitive cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Dong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xavier Guell
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yulin Wang
- Faculty of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hui He
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjun Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China
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31
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Ma M, Futia GL, de Souza FMS, Ozbay BN, Llano I, Gibson EA, Restrepo D. Molecular layer interneurons in the cerebellum encode for valence in associative learning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4217. [PMID: 32868778 PMCID: PMC7459332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor and associative learning. However, the contribution of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) to these processes is not well understood. We used two-photon microscopy to study the role of ensembles of cerebellar MLIs in a go-no go task where mice obtain a sugar water reward if they lick a spout in the presence of the rewarded odorant and avoid a timeout when they refrain from licking for the unrewarded odorant. In naive animals the MLI responses did not differ between the odorants. With learning, the rewarded odorant elicited a large increase in MLI calcium responses, and the identity of the odorant could be decoded from the differential response. Importantly, MLIs switched odorant responses when the valence of the stimuli was reversed. Finally, mice took a longer time to refrain from licking in the presence of the unrewarded odorant and had difficulty becoming proficient when MLIs were inhibited by chemogenetic intervention. Our findings support a role for MLIs in learning valence in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Gregory L Futia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Fabio M Simoes de Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Baris N Ozbay
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Denver, CO, 80216, USA
| | - Isabel Llano
- Saints Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emily A Gibson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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32
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Ohtsuki G, Shishikura M, Ozaki A. Synergistic excitability plasticity in cerebellar functioning. FEBS J 2020; 287:4557-4593. [PMID: 32367676 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a universal processor for sensory acquisition and internal models, and its association with synaptic and nonsynaptic plasticity have been envisioned as the biological correlates of learning, perception, and even thought. Indeed, the cerebellum is no longer considered merely as the locus of motor coordination and its learning. Here, we introduce the mechanisms underlying the induction of multiple types of plasticity in cerebellar circuit and give an overview focusing on the plasticity of nonsynaptic intrinsic excitability. The discovery of long-term potentiation of synaptic responsiveness in hippocampal neurons led investigations into changes of their intrinsic excitability. This activity-dependent potentiation of neuronal excitability is distinct from that of synaptic efficacy. Systematic examination of excitability plasticity has indicated that the modulation of various types of Ca2+ - and voltage-dependent K+ channels underlies the phenomenon, which is also triggered by immune activity. Intrinsic plasticity is expressed specifically on dendrites and modifies the integrative processing and filtering effect. In Purkinje cells, modulation of the discordance of synaptic current on soma and dendrite suggested a novel type of cellular learning mechanism. This property enables a plausible synergy between synaptic efficacy and intrinsic excitability, by amplifying electrical conductivity and influencing the polarity of bidirectional synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, the induction of intrinsic plasticity in the cerebellum correlates with motor performance and cognitive processes, through functional connections from the cerebellar nuclei to neocortex and associated regions: for example, thalamus and midbrain. Taken together, recent advances in neuroscience have begun to shed light on the complex functioning of nonsynaptic excitability and the synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Ohtsuki
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Japan.,Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Japan.,Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mari Shishikura
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ozaki
- Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Japan
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33
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Larson ER, Gimeno AF, Leishman E, Bartolomeo LA, Bradshaw HB, Green JT, O'Donnell BF, Mackie K, Hetrick WP. Long-Term Aberrations To Cerebellar Endocannabinoids Induced By Early-Life Stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7236. [PMID: 32350298 PMCID: PMC7190863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence points to the role of the endocannabinoid system in long-term stress-induced neural remodeling with studies on stress-induced endocannabinoid dysregulation focusing on cerebral changes that are temporally proximal to stressors. Little is known about temporally distal and sex-specific effects, especially in cerebellum, which is vulnerable to early developmental stress and is dense with cannabinoid receptors. Following limited bedding at postnatal days 2-9, adult (postnatal day 70) cerebellar and hippocampal endocannabinoids, related lipids, and mRNA were assessed, and behavioral performance evaluated. Regional and sex-specific effects were present at baseline and following early-life stress. Limited bedding impaired peripherally-measured basal corticosterone in adult males only. In the CNS, early-life stress (1) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and arachidonic acid in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus in males only; (2) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in females only in cerebellar Crus I; and (3) increased dorsal hippocampus prostaglandins in males only. Cerebellar interpositus transcriptomics revealed substantial sex effects, with minimal stress effects. Stress did impair novel object recognition in both sexes and social preference in females. Accordingly, the cerebellar endocannabinoid system exhibits robust sex-specific differences, malleable through early-life stress, suggesting the role of endocannabinoids and stress to sexual differentiation of the brain and cerebellar-related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eric R Larson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alex F Gimeno
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lisa A Bartolomeo
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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34
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Stine GM, Zylberberg A, Ditterich J, Shadlen MN. Differentiating between integration and non-integration strategies in perceptual decision making. eLife 2020; 9:55365. [PMID: 32338595 PMCID: PMC7217695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tasks used to study decision-making encourage subjects to integrate evidence over time. Such tasks are useful to understand how the brain operates on multiple samples of information over prolonged timescales, but only if subjects actually integrate evidence to form their decisions. We explored the behavioral observations that corroborate evidence-integration in a number of task-designs. Several commonly accepted signs of integration were also predicted by non-integration strategies. Furthermore, an integration model could fit data generated by non-integration models. We identified the features of non-integration models that allowed them to mimic integration and used these insights to design a motion discrimination task that disentangled the models. In human subjects performing the task, we falsified a non-integration strategy in each and confirmed prolonged integration in all but one subject. The findings illustrate the difficulty of identifying a decision-maker’s strategy and support solutions to achieve this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Stine
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Ariel Zylberberg
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Jochen Ditterich
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
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35
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Abstract
In a recent Editorial, De Schutter commented on our recent study on the roles of a cortico-cerebellar loop in motor planning in mice (De Schutter 2019, Neuroinformatics, 17, 181-183, Gao et al. 2018, Nature, 563, 113-116). Two issues were raised. First, De Schutter questions the involvement of the fastigial nucleus in motor planning, rather than the dentate nucleus, given previous anatomical studies in non-human primates. Second, De Schutter suggests that our study design did not delineate different components of the behavior and the fastigial nucleus might play roles in sensory discrimination rather than motor planning. These comments are based on anatomical studies in other species and homology-based arguments and ignore key anatomical data and neurophysiological experiments from our study. Here we outline our interpretation of existing data and point out gaps in knowledge where future studies are needed.
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36
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Wang ZM, Wei PH, Shan Y, Han M, Zhang M, Liu H, Gao JH, Lu J. Identifying and characterizing projections from the subthalamic nucleus to the cerebellum in humans. Neuroimage 2020; 210:116573. [PMID: 31968232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A connection between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the cerebellum which has been shown to exist in non-human primates, was recently identified in humans. However, its anatomical features, network properties and function have yet to be elucidated in humans. In the present study, we quantified the STN-cerebellum pathway in humans and explored its function based on structural observations. Anatomical features and asymmetry index (AI) were explored using high definition fiber tractography data of 30 individuals from the Massachusetts General Hospital - Human Connectome Project adult diffusion database. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine the interrelationship between the subdivisions of the STN-cerebellum and the global cortical-STN connections. The pathway was visualized bilaterally in all the subjects. Typically, after setting out from the STN, the STN-cerebellum projections incorporated into the nearby corticopontine tracts, passing through the cerebral peduncle, mediated by the pontine nucleus and then connecting in two opposite directions to join the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle. On the group averaged level, 78.03% and 62.54% of fibers from the right and left STN respectively, distributed to Crus I in the cerebellum, part of the remaining fibers projected to Crus II, with most of the fibers crossing contralaterally. According to the AI evaluation, 60% of the participants were right STN dominant, 23% were left STN dominant, and 17% were relatively symmetric. Pearson's correlation analysis further indicated that the number of pathways from mesial Brodmann area 8 to the STN (hyperdirect pathway associated with decision making) was positively correlated with the number of fibers from the right STN to Crus I. The insertion and termination, the right-side dominance, and the positive correlation with the hyperdirect pathway all suggest that the STN-cerebellum pathway might be involved in decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Peng-Hu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Shan
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Meizhen Han
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, 100053, China; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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37
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Lixenberg A, Yarkoni M, Botschko Y, Joshua M. Encoding of eye movements explains reward-related activity in cerebellar simple spikes. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:786-799. [PMID: 31940216 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00363.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum exhibits both motor and reward-related signals. However, it remains unclear whether reward is processed independently from the motor command or might reflect the motor consequences of the reward drive. To test how reward-related signals interact with sensorimotor processing in the cerebellum, we recorded Purkinje cell simple spike activity in the cerebellar floccular complex while monkeys were engaged in smooth pursuit eye movement tasks. The color of the target signaled the size of the reward the monkeys would receive at the end of the target motion. When the tracking task presented a single target, both pursuit and neural activity were only slightly modulated by the reward size. The reward modulations in single cells were rarely large enough to be detected. These modulations were only significant in the population analysis when we averaged across many neurons. In two-target tasks where the monkey learned to select based on the size of the reward outcome, both behavior and neural activity adapted rapidly. In both the single- and two-target tasks, the size of the reward-related modulation matched the size of the effect of reward on behavior. Thus, unlike cortical activity in eye movement structures, the reward-related signals could not be dissociated from the motor command. These results suggest that reward information is integrated with the eye movement command upstream of the Purkinje cells in the floccular complex. Thus reward-related modulations of the simple spikes are akin to modulations found in motor behavior and not to the central processing of the reward value.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Disentangling sensorimotor and reward signals is only possible if these signals do not completely overlap. We recorded activity in the floccular complex of the cerebellum while monkeys performed tasks designed to separate representations of reward from those of movement. Activity modulation by reward could be accounted for by the coding of eye movement parameters, suggesting that reward information is already integrated into motor commands upstream of the floccular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Lixenberg
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Merav Yarkoni
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Botschko
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mati Joshua
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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Cerebellum and cognition in Friedreich ataxia: a voxel-based morphometry and volumetric MRI study. J Neurol 2019; 267:350-358. [PMID: 31641877 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested the presence of a significant atrophy affecting the cerebellar cortex in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) patients, an area of the brain long considered to be relatively spared by neurodegenerative phenomena. Cognitive deficits, which occur in FRDA patients, have been associated with cerebellar volume loss in other conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between cerebellar volume and cognition in FRDA. METHODS Nineteen FRDA patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were included in this study and evaluated via a neuropsychological examination. Cerebellar global and lobular volumes were computed using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox (SUIT). Furthermore, a cerebellar voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was also carried out. Correlations between MRI metrics and clinical data were tested via partial correlation analysis. RESULTS FRDA patients showed a significant reduction of the total cerebellar volume (p = 0.004), significantly affecting the Lobule IX (p = 0.001). At the VBM analysis, we found a cluster of significant reduced GM density encompassing the entire lobule IX (p = 0.003). When correlations were probed, we found a direct correlation between Lobule IX volume and impaired visuo-spatial functions (r = 0.58, p = 0.02), with a similar correlation that was found between the same altered function and results obtained at the VBM (r = 0.52; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS With two different image analysis techniques, we confirmed the presence of cerebellar volume loss in FRDA, mainly affecting the posterior lobe. In particular, Lobule IX atrophy correlated with worse visuo-spatial abilities, further expanding our knowledge about the physiopathology of cognitive impairment in FRDA.
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39
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Heffley W, Hull C. Classical conditioning drives learned reward prediction signals in climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum. eLife 2019; 8:46764. [PMID: 31509108 PMCID: PMC6845228 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical models of cerebellar learning posit that climbing fibers operate according to a supervised learning rule to instruct changes in motor output by signaling the occurrence of movement errors. However, cerebellar output is also associated with non-motor behaviors, and recently with modulating reward association pathways in the VTA. To test how the cerebellum processes reward related signals in the same type of classical conditioning behavior typically studied to evaluate reward processing in the VTA and striatum, we have used calcium imaging to visualize instructional signals carried by climbing fibers across the lateral cerebellum in mice before and after learning. We find distinct climbing fiber responses in three lateral cerebellar regions that can each signal reward prediction. These instructional signals are well suited to guide cerebellar learning based on reward expectation and enable a cerebellar contribution to reward driven behaviors, suggesting a broad role for the lateral cerebellum in reward-based learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Heffley
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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Deverett B, Kislin M, Tank DW, Wang SSH. Cerebellar disruption impairs working memory during evidence accumulation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3128. [PMID: 31311934 PMCID: PMC6635393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To select actions based on sensory evidence, animals must create and manipulate representations of stimulus information in memory. Here we report that during accumulation of somatosensory evidence, optogenetic manipulation of cerebellar Purkinje cells reduces the accuracy of subsequent memory-guided decisions and causes mice to downweight prior information. Behavioral deficits are consistent with the addition of noise and leak to the evidence accumulation process. We conclude that the cerebellum can influence the accurate maintenance of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Deverett
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mikhail Kislin
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David W Tank
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Kostadinov D, Beau M, Blanco-Pozo M, Häusser M. Predictive and reactive reward signals conveyed by climbing fiber inputs to cerebellar Purkinje cells. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:950-962. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Shipman ML, Green JT. Cerebellum and cognition: Does the rodent cerebellum participate in cognitive functions? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:106996. [PMID: 30771461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread, nearly complete consensus that the human and non-human primate cerebellum is engaged in non-motor, cognitive functions. This body of research has implicated the lateral portions of lobule VII (Crus I and Crus II) and the ventrolateral dentate nucleus. With rodents, however, it is not so clear. We review here approximately 40 years of experiments using a variety of cerebellar manipulations in rats and mice and measuring the effects on executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility), spatial navigation, discrimination learning, and goal-directed and stimulus-driven instrumental conditioning. Our conclusion is that there is a solid body of support for engagement of the rodent cerebellum in tests of cognitive flexibility and spatial navigation, and some support for engagement in working memory and certain types of discrimination learning. Future directions will involve determining the relevant cellular mechanisms, cerebellar regions, and precise cognitive functions of the rodent cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shipman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Abstract
Making predictions and validating the predictions against actual sensory information is thought to be one of the most fundamental functions of the nervous system. A growing body of evidence shows that the neural mechanisms controlling behavior, both in motor and non-motor domains, rely on prediction errors, the discrepancy between predicted and actual information. The cerebellum has been viewed as a key component of the motor system providing predictions about upcoming movements and receiving feedback about motor errors. Consequentially, studies of cerebellar function have focused on the motor domain with less consideration for the wider context in which movements are generated. However, motor learning experiments show that cognition makes important contributions to motor adaptation that involves the cerebellum. One of the more successful theoretical frameworks for understanding motor control and cerebellar function is the forward internal model which states that the cerebellum predicts the sensory consequences of the motor commands and is involved in computing sensory prediction errors by comparing the predictions to the sensory feedback. The forward internal model was applied and tested mainly for effector movements, raising the question whether cerebellar encoding of behavior reflects task performance measures associated with cognitive involvement. Electrophysiological studies based on pseudo-random tracking in monkeys show that the discharge of Purkinje cell, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, encodes predictive and feedback signals not only of the effector kinematics but also of task performance. The implications are that the cerebellum implements both effector and task performance forward models and the latter are consistent with the cognitive contributions observed during motor learning. The implications of these findings include insights into recent psychophysical observations on moving with reduced feedback and motor learning. The findings also support the cerebellum's place in hierarchical generative models that work in concert to refine predictions about behavior and the world. Therefore, cerebellar representations bridge motor and non-motor domains and provide a better understanding of cerebellar function within the functional architecture of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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