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Sun M, Gao Y, Li Z, Yang L, Liu G, Xu Z, Guo R, You Y, Yang Z. ERK signaling expands mammalian cortical radial glial cells and extends the neurogenic period. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314802121. [PMID: 38498715 PMCID: PMC10990156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314802121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for cortical expansion during evolution remains largely unknown. Here, we report that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling promotes the self-renewal and expansion of cortical radial glial (RG) cells. Furthermore, FGF-ERK signaling induces bone morphogenic protein 7 (Bmp7) expression in cortical RG cells, which increases the length of the neurogenic period. We demonstrate that ERK signaling and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling mutually inhibit each other in cortical RG cells. We provide evidence that ERK signaling is elevated in cortical RG cells during development and evolution. We propose that the expansion of the mammalian cortex, notably in human, is driven by the ERK-BMP7-GLI3R signaling pathway in cortical RG cells, which participates in a positive feedback loop through antagonizing SHH signaling. We also propose that the relatively short cortical neurogenic period in mice is partly due to mouse cortical RG cells receiving higher SHH signaling that antagonizes ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Rongliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, and Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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2
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Iskusnykh IY, Fattakhov N, Li Y, Bihannic L, Kirchner MK, Steshina EY, Northcott PA, Chizhikov VV. Lmx1a is a master regulator of the cortical hem. eLife 2023; 12:e84095. [PMID: 37725078 PMCID: PMC10508884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the nervous system depends on signaling centers - specialized cellular populations that produce secreted molecules to regulate neurogenesis in the neighboring neuroepithelium. In some cases, signaling center cells also differentiate to produce key types of neurons. The formation of a signaling center involves its induction, the maintenance of expression of its secreted molecules, and cell differentiation and migration events. How these distinct processes are coordinated during signaling center development remains unknown. By performing studies in mice, we show that Lmx1a acts as a master regulator to orchestrate the formation and function of the cortical hem (CH), a critical signaling center that controls hippocampus development. Lmx1a co-regulates CH induction, its Wnt signaling, and the differentiation and migration of CH-derived Cajal-Retzius neurons. Combining RNAseq, genetic, and rescue experiments, we identified major downstream genes that mediate distinct Lmx1a-dependent processes. Our work revealed that signaling centers in the mammalian brain employ master regulatory genes and established a framework for analyzing signaling center development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Matthew K Kirchner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Ekaterina Y Steshina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisUnited States
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3
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Matrongolo MJ, Ho-Nguyen KT, Jain M, Ang PS, Reddy A, Schaper S, Tischfield MA. Loss of Twist1 and balanced retinoic acid signaling from the meninges causes cortical folding in mice. Development 2023; 150:dev201381. [PMID: 37590085 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Secondary lissencephaly evolved in mice due to effects on neurogenesis and the tangential distribution of neurons. Signaling pathways that help maintain lissencephaly are still poorly understood. We show that inactivating Twist1 in the primitive meninges causes cortical folding in mice. Cell proliferation in the meninges is reduced, causing loss of arachnoid fibroblasts that express Raldh2, an enzyme required for retinoic acid synthesis. Regionalized loss of Raldh2 in the dorsolateral meninges is first detected when folding begins. The ventricular zone expands and the forebrain lengthens at this time due to expansion of apical radial glia. As the cortex expands, regionalized differences in the levels of neurogenesis are coupled with changes to the tangential distribution of neurons. Consequentially, cortical growth at and adjacent to the midline accelerates with respect to more dorsolateral regions, resulting in cortical buckling and folding. Maternal retinoic acid supplementation suppresses cortical folding by normalizing forebrain length, neurogenesis and the tangential distribution of neurons. These results suggest that Twist1 and balanced retinoic acid signaling from the meninges are required to maintain normal levels of neurogenesis and lissencephaly in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J Matrongolo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Khue-Tu Ho-Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Manav Jain
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Phillip S Ang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Akash Reddy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Samantha Schaper
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Max A Tischfield
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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4
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Moffat A, Schuurmans C. The Control of Cortical Folding: Multiple Mechanisms, Multiple Models. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231190839. [PMID: 37621149 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex develops through a carefully conscripted series of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the production of highly specialized neuronal and glial cells. During development, cortical neurons and glia acquire a precise cellular arrangement and architecture to support higher-order cognitive functioning. Decades of study using rodent models, naturally gyrencephalic animal models, human pathology specimens, and, recently, human cerebral organoids, reveal that rodents recapitulate some but not all the cellular and molecular features of human cortices. Whereas rodent cortices are smooth-surfaced or lissencephalic, larger mammals, including humans and nonhuman primates, have highly folded/gyrencephalic cortices that accommodate an expansion in neuronal mass and increase in surface area. Several genes have evolved to drive cortical gyrification, arising from gene duplications or de novo origins, or by alterations to the structure/function of ancestral genes or their gene regulatory regions. Primary cortical folds arise in stereotypical locations, prefigured by a molecular "blueprint" that is set up by several signaling pathways (e.g., Notch, Fgf, Wnt, PI3K, Shh) and influenced by the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect neural progenitor cell proliferation and/or neurogenesis, predominantly of upper-layer neurons, perturb cortical gyrification. Below we review the molecular drivers of cortical folding and their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moffat
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Duy PQ, Rakic P, Alper SL, Robert SM, Kundishora AJ, Butler WE, Walsh CA, Sestan N, Geschwind DH, Jin SC, Kahle KT. A neural stem cell paradigm of pediatric hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4262-4279. [PMID: 36097331 PMCID: PMC10110448 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric hydrocephalus, the leading reason for brain surgery in children, is characterized by enlargement of the cerebral ventricles classically attributed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overaccumulation. Neurosurgical shunting to reduce CSF volume is the default treatment that intends to reinstate normal CSF homeostasis, yet neurodevelopmental disability often persists in hydrocephalic children despite optimal surgical management. Here, we discuss recent human genetic and animal model studies that are shifting the view of pediatric hydrocephalus from an impaired fluid plumbing model to a new paradigm of dysregulated neural stem cell (NSC) fate. NSCs are neuroprogenitor cells that comprise the germinal neuroepithelium lining the prenatal brain ventricles. We propose that heterogenous defects in the development of these cells converge to disrupt cerebrocortical morphogenesis, leading to abnormal brain-CSF biomechanical interactions that facilitate passive pooling of CSF and secondary ventricular distention. A significant subset of pediatric hydrocephalus may thus in fact be due to a developmental brain malformation leading to secondary enlargement of the ventricles rather than a primary defect of CSF circulation. If hydrocephalus is indeed a neuroradiographic presentation of an inborn brain defect, it suggests the need to focus on optimizing neurodevelopment, rather than CSF diversion, as the primary treatment strategy for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie M Robert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - William E Butler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Department of Pediatrics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Center for Hydrocephalus and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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6
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Karimy JK, Newville JC, Sadegh C, Morris JA, Monuki ES, Limbrick DD, McAllister Ii JP, Koschnitzky JE, Lehtinen MK, Jantzie LL. Outcomes of the 2019 hydrocephalus association workshop, "Driving common pathways: extending insights from posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus". Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:4. [PMID: 36639792 PMCID: PMC9838022 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hydrocephalus Association (HA) workshop, Driving Common Pathways: Extending Insights from Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus, was held on November 4 and 5, 2019 at Washington University in St. Louis. The workshop brought together a diverse group of basic, translational, and clinical scientists conducting research on multiple hydrocephalus etiologies with select outside researchers. The main goals of the workshop were to explore areas of potential overlap between hydrocephalus etiologies and identify drug targets that could positively impact various forms of hydrocephalus. This report details the major themes of the workshop and the research presented on three cell types that are targets for new hydrocephalus interventions: choroid plexus epithelial cells, ventricular ependymal cells, and immune cells (macrophages and microglia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Karimy
- Department of Family Medicine, Mountain Area Health Education Center - Boone, North Carolina, 28607, USA
| | - Jessie C Newville
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, 02114, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jill A Morris
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroscience Center, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd, NSC Rm 2112, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David D Limbrick
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - James P McAllister Ii
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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7
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László ZI, Lele Z. Flying under the radar: CDH2 (N-cadherin), an important hub molecule in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:972059. [PMID: 36213737 PMCID: PMC9539934 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.972059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH2 belongs to the classic cadherin family of Ca2+-dependent cell adhesion molecules with a meticulously described dual role in cell adhesion and β-catenin signaling. During CNS development, CDH2 is involved in a wide range of processes including maintenance of neuroepithelial integrity, neural tube closure (neurulation), confinement of radial glia progenitor cells (RGPCs) to the ventricular zone and maintaining their proliferation-differentiation balance, postmitotic neural precursor migration, axon guidance, synaptic development and maintenance. In the past few years, direct and indirect evidence linked CDH2 to various neurological diseases, and in this review, we summarize recent developments regarding CDH2 function and its involvement in pathological alterations of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia I. László
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Lele
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Lele,
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8
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Harnessing conserved signaling and metabolic pathways to enhance the maturation of functional engineered tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 36057642 PMCID: PMC9440900 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell types offers promise for basic science, drug testing, disease modeling, personalized medicine, and translatable cell therapies across many tissue types. However, in practice many iPSC-derived cells have presented as immature in physiological function, and despite efforts to recapitulate adult maturity, most have yet to meet the necessary benchmarks for the intended tissues. Here, we summarize the available state of knowledge surrounding the physiological mechanisms underlying cell maturation in several key tissues. Common signaling consolidators, as well as potential synergies between critical signaling pathways are explored. Finally, current practices in physiologically relevant tissue engineering and experimental design are critically examined, with the goal of integrating greater decision paradigms and frameworks towards achieving efficient maturation strategies, which in turn may produce higher-valued iPSC-derived tissues.
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9
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Terry BK, Kim S. The Role of Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling in Brain Development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1644-1665. [PMID: 35651313 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for our complex nervous system to develop normally, both precise spatial and temporal regulation of a number of different signaling pathways is critical. During both early embryogenesis and in organ development, one pathway that has been repeatedly implicated is the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. The paralogs YAP and TAZ are transcriptional co-activators that play an important role in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and organ growth. Regulation of these proteins by the Hippo kinase cascade is therefore important for normal development. In this article, we review the growing field of research surrounding the role of Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling in normal and atypical brain development. Starting from the development of the neural tube to the development and refinement of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and ventricular system, we address the typical role of these transcriptional co-activators, the functional consequences that manipulation of YAP/TAZ and their upstream regulators have on brain development, and where further research may be of benefit. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Terry BK, Park R, Cho SH, Crino PB, Kim S. Abnormal activation of Yap/Taz contributes to the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1979-1996. [PMID: 34999833 PMCID: PMC9239747 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-systemic genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) impacts multiple neurodevelopmental processes including neuronal morphogenesis, neuronal migration, myelination and gliogenesis. These alterations contribute to the development of cerebral cortex abnormalities and malformations. Although TSC is caused by mTORC1 hyperactivation, cognitive and behavioral impairments are not improved through mTORC1 targeting, making the study of the downstream effectors of this complex important for understanding the mechanisms underlying TSC. As mTORC1 has been shown to promote the activity of the transcriptional co-activator Yap, we hypothesized that altered Yap/Taz signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of TSC. We first observed that the levels of Yap/Taz are increased in human cortical tuber samples and in embryonic cortices of Tsc2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Next, to determine how abnormal upregulation of Yap/Taz impacts the neuropathology of TSC, we deleted Yap/Taz in Tsc2 cKO mice. Importantly, Yap/Taz/Tsc2 triple conditional knockout (tcKO) animals show reduced cortical thickness and cortical neuron cell size, despite the persistence of high mTORC1 activity, suggesting that Yap/Taz play a downstream role in cytomegaly. Furthermore, Yap/Taz/Tsc2 tcKO significantly restored cortical and hippocampal lamination defects and reduced hippocampal heterotopia formation. Finally, the loss of Yap/Taz increased the distribution of myelin basic protein in Tsc2 cKO animals, consistent with an improvement in myelination. Overall, our results indicate that targeting Yap/Taz lessens the severity of neuropathology in a TSC animal model. This study is the first to implicate Yap/Taz as contributors to cortical pathogenesis in TSC and therefore as potential novel targets in the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Terry
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 215-926-9360; Fax: 215-926-9325;
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11
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Roy A, Han VZ, Bard AM, Wehle DT, Smith SEP, Ramirez JM, Kalume F, Millen KJ. Non-synaptic Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms Underlie Neuronal Hyperactivity in a Genetic Model of PIK3CA-Driven Intractable Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:772847. [PMID: 34899181 PMCID: PMC8662737 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.772847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients harboring mutations in the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway-encoding genes often develop a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy. A significant proportion remains unresponsive to conventional anti-seizure medications. Understanding mutation-specific pathophysiology is thus critical for molecularly targeted therapies. We previously determined that mouse models expressing a patient-related activating mutation in PIK3CA, encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), are epileptic and acutely treatable by PI3K inhibition, irrespective of dysmorphology. Here we report the physiological mechanisms underlying this dysregulated neuronal excitability. In vivo, we demonstrate epileptiform events in the Pik3ca mutant hippocampus. By ex vivo analyses, we show that Pik3ca-driven hyperactivation of hippocampal pyramidal neurons is mediated by changes in multiple non-synaptic, cell-intrinsic properties. Finally, we report that acute inhibition of PI3K or AKT, but not MTOR activity, suppresses the intrinsic hyperactivity of the mutant neurons. These acute mechanisms are distinct from those causing neuronal hyperactivity in other AKT-MTOR epileptic models and define parameters to facilitate the development of new molecularly rational therapeutic interventions for intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achira Roy
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Victor Z Han
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Angela M Bard
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Devin T Wehle
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Franck Kalume
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Darayi M, Hoffman ME, Sayut J, Wang S, Demirci N, Consolini J, Holland MA. Computational models of cortical folding: A review of common approaches. J Biomech 2021; 139:110851. [PMID: 34802706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of gyrification, by which the brain develops the intricate pattern of gyral hills and sulcal valleys, is the result of interactions between biological and mechanical processes during brain development. Researchers have developed a vast array of computational models in order to investigate cortical folding. This review aims to summarize these studies, focusing on five essential elements of the brain that affect development and gyrification and how they are represented in computational models: (i) the constraints of skull, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid; (ii) heterogeneity of cortical layers and regions; (iii) anisotropic behavior of subcortical fiber tracts; (iv) material properties of brain tissue; and (v) the complex geometry of the brain. Finally, we highlight areas of need for future simulations of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Darayi
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mia E Hoffman
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - John Sayut
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shuolun Wang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Nagehan Demirci
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jack Consolini
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Maria A Holland
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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13
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Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Dual activation of Shh and Notch signaling induces dramatic enlargement of neocortical surface area. Neurosci Res 2021; 176:18-30. [PMID: 34600946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of the neocortex represents a characteristic event over the course of mammalian evolution. Gyrencephalic mammals that have the larger brains with many folds (gyri and sulci) seem to have acquired higher intelligence, reflective of the enlargement of the neocortical surface area. In this process, germinal layers containing neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitors expanded in number, leading to an increase in the total number of cortical neurons. In this study, we sought to expand neural stem/progenitor cells and enlarge the neocortical surface area by the dual activation of Shh and Notch signaling in transgenic (Tg) mice, promoting the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells by the Shh signaling effector while maintaining the undifferentiated state of NSCs by the Notch signaling effector. In the neocortical region of the Tg embryos, NSCs increased in number, and the ventricles, ventricular zone, and neocortical surface area were dramatically expanded. Furthermore, we observed that folds/wrinkles on the neocortical surface were progressively formed, accompanied by the vascular formation. These findings suggest that Shh and Notch signaling may be key regulators of mammalian brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Lavado A, Gangwar R, Paré J, Wan S, Fan Y, Cao X. YAP/TAZ maintain the proliferative capacity and structural organization of radial glial cells during brain development. Dev Biol 2021; 480:39-49. [PMID: 34419458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates the development and homeostasis of many tissues and in many species. It controls the activity of two paralogous transcriptional coactivators, YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ). Although previous studies have established that aberrant YAP/TAZ activation is detrimental to mammalian brain development, whether and how endogenous levels of YAP/TAZ activity regulate brain development remain unclear. Here, we show that during mammalian cortical development, YAP/TAZ are specifically expressed in apical neural progenitor cells known as radial glial cells (RGCs). The subcellular localization of YAP/TAZ undergoes dynamic changes as corticogenesis proceeds. YAP/TAZ are required for maintaining the proliferative potential and structural organization of RGCs, and their ablation during cortical development reduces the numbers of cortical projection neurons and causes the loss of ependymal cells, resulting in hydrocephaly. Transcriptomic analysis using sorted RGCs reveals gene expression changes in YAP/TAZ-depleted cells that correlate with mutant phenotypes. Thus, our study has uncovered essential functions of YAP/TAZ during mammalian brain development and revealed the transcriptional mechanism of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Joshua Paré
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shibiao Wan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xinwei Cao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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15
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Szulzewsky F, Holland EC, Vasioukhin V. YAP1 and its fusion proteins in cancer initiation, progression and therapeutic resistance. Dev Biol 2021; 475:205-221. [PMID: 33428889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
YAP1 is a transcriptional co-activator whose activity is controlled by the Hippo signaling pathway. In addition to important functions in normal tissue homeostasis and regeneration, YAP1 has also prominent functions in cancer initiation, aggressiveness, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In this review we are discussing the molecular functions of YAP1 and its roles in cancer, with a focus on the different mechanisms of de-regulation of YAP1 activity in human cancers, including inactivation of upstream Hippo pathway tumor suppressors, regulation by intersecting pathways, miRNAs, and viral oncogenes. We are also discussing new findings on the function and biology of the recently identified family of YAP1 gene fusions, that constitute a new type of activating mutation of YAP1 and that are the likely oncogenic drivers in several subtypes of human cancers. Lastly, we also discuss different strategies of therapeutic inhibition of YAP1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Seattle Tumor Translational Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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16
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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17
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Roy A, Millen KJ, Kapur RP. Hippocampal granule cell dispersion: a non-specific finding in pediatric patients with no history of seizures. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:54. [PMID: 32317027 PMCID: PMC7171777 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic epilepsy has been associated with hippocampal abnormalities like neuronal loss, gliosis and granule cell dispersion. The granule cell layer of a normal human hippocampal dentate gyrus is traditionally regarded as a compact neuron-dense layer. Histopathological studies of surgically resected or autopsied hippocampal samples primarily from temporal lobe epilepsy patients, as well as animal models of epilepsy, describe variable patterns of granule cell dispersion including focal cell clusters, broader thick segments, and bilamination or “tram-tracking”. Although most studies have implicated granule cell dispersion as a specific feature of chronic epilepsy, very few “non-seizure” controls were included in these published investigations. Our retrospective survey of 147 cadaveric pediatric human hippocampi identified identical morphological spectra of granule cell dispersion in both normal and seizure-affected brains. Moreover, sections across the entire antero-posterior axis of a control cadaveric hippocampus revealed repetitive occurrence of different morphologies of the granule cell layer – compact, focally disaggregated and bilaminar. The results indicate that granule cell dispersion is within the spectrum of normal variation and not unique to patients with epilepsy. We speculate that sampling bias has been responsible for an erroneous dogma, which we hope to rectify with this investigation.
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18
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Roy A, Deng M, Aldinger K, Glass I, Millen K. Laser Capture Micro-dissection (LCM) of Neonatal Mouse Forebrain for RNA Isolation. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3475. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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19
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Early dorsomedial tissue interactions regulate gyrification of distal neocortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5192. [PMID: 31729356 PMCID: PMC6858446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of neocortical gyrification is an important determinant of a species’ cognitive abilities, yet the mechanisms regulating cortical gyrification are poorly understood. We uncover long-range regulation of this process originating at the telencephalic dorsal midline, where levels of secreted Bmps are maintained by factors in both the neuroepithelium and the overlying mesenchyme. In the mouse, the combined loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, selectively expressed in the midline neuroepithelium and the mesenchyme respectively, causes dorsal midline Bmp signaling to drop at early neural tube stages. This alters the spatial and temporal Wnt signaling profile of the dorsal midline cortical hem, which in turn causes gyrification of the distal neocortex. Our study uncovers early mesenchymal-neuroepithelial interactions that have long-range effects on neocortical gyrification and shows that lissencephaly in mice is actively maintained via redundant genetic regulation of dorsal midline development and signaling. The contribution of long-range signaling to cortical gyrification remains poorly understood. In this study, authors demonstrate that the combined genetic loss of transcription factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b, expressed in the telencephalic dorsal midline neuroepithelium and head mesenchyme, respectively, induces gyrification in the mouse neocortex
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20
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Allocco AA, Jin SC, Duy PQ, Furey CG, Zeng X, Dong W, Nelson-Williams C, Karimy JK, DeSpenza T, Hao LT, Reeves B, Haider S, Gunel M, Lifton RP, Kahle KT. Recessive Inheritance of Congenital Hydrocephalus With Other Structural Brain Abnormalities Caused by Compound Heterozygous Mutations in ATP1A3. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:425. [PMID: 31616254 PMCID: PMC6775207 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ATP1A3 encodes the α3 subunit of the Na+/K+ ATPase, a fundamental ion-transporting enzyme. Primarily expressed in neurons, ATP1A3 is mutated in several autosomal dominant neurological diseases. To our knowledge, damaging recessive genotypes in ATP1A3 have never been associated with any human disease. Atp1a3 deficiency in zebrafish results in hydrocephalus; however, no known association exists between ATP1A3 and human congenital hydrocephalus (CH). Methods We utilized whole-exome sequencing (WES), bioinformatics, and computational modeling to identify and characterize novel ATP1A3 mutations in a patient with CH. We performed immunohistochemical studies using mouse embryonic brain tissues to characterize Atp1a3 expression during brain development. Results We identified two germline mutations in ATP1A3 (p. Arg19Cys and p.Arg463Cys), each of which was inherited from one of the patient’s unaffected parents, in a single patient with severe obstructive CH due to aqueductal stenosis, along with open schizencephaly, type 1 Chiari malformation, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Both mutations are predicted to be highly deleterious and impair protein stability. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate robust Atp1a3 expression in neural stem cells (NSCs), differentiated neurons, and choroid plexus of the mouse embryonic brain. Conclusion These data provide the first evidence of a recessive human phenotype associated with mutations in ATP1A3, and implicate impaired Na+/K+ ATPase function in the pathogenesis of CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- August A Allocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charuta G Furey
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xue Zeng
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carol Nelson-Williams
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tyrone DeSpenza
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Le T Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Benjamin Reeves
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Department of Computational Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,NIH-Yale Centers for Mendelian Genomics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Yale Stem Cell Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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21
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Roy A, Murphy RM, Deng M, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Aldinger KA, Glass IA, Millen KJ. PI3K-Yap activity drives cortical gyrification and hydrocephalus in mice. eLife 2019; 8:45961. [PMID: 31094678 PMCID: PMC6544437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms driving the initiation of brain folding are incompletely understood. We have previously characterized mouse models recapitulating human PIK3CA-related brain overgrowth, epilepsy, dysplastic gyrification and hydrocephalus (Roy et al., 2015). Using the same, highly regulatable brain-specific model, here we report PI3K-dependent mechanisms underlying gyrification of the normally smooth mouse cortex, and hydrocephalus. We demonstrate that a brief embryonic Pik3ca activation was sufficient to drive subtle changes in apical cell adhesion and subcellular Yap translocation, causing focal proliferation and subsequent initiation of the stereotypic ‘gyrification sequence’, seen in naturally gyrencephalic mammals. Treatment with verteporfin, a nuclear Yap inhibitor, restored apical surface integrity, normalized proliferation, attenuated gyrification and rescued the associated hydrocephalus, highlighting the interrelated role of regulated PI3K-Yap signaling in normal neural-ependymal development. Our data defines apical cell-adhesion as the earliest known substrate for cortical gyrification. In addition, our preclinical results support the testing of Yap-related small-molecule therapeutics for developmental hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achira Roy
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington, United States
| | - Rory M Murphy
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington, United States
| | - Mei Deng
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Washington, United States
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington, United States
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington, United States
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington, United States.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Washington, United States
| | - Ian A Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Washington, United States
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington, United States.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Washington, United States
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