1
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Naigles B, Narla AV, Soroczynski J, Tsimring LS, Hao N. Quantifying dynamic pro-inflammatory gene expression and heterogeneity in single macrophage cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105230. [PMID: 37689116 PMCID: PMC10579967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages must respond appropriately to pathogens and other pro-inflammatory stimuli in order to perform their roles in fighting infection. One way in which inflammatory stimuli can vary is in their dynamics-that is, the amplitude and duration of stimulus experienced by the cell. In this study, we performed long-term live cell imaging in a microfluidic device to investigate how the pro-inflammatory genes IRF1, CXCL10, and CXCL9 respond to dynamic interferon-gamma (IFNγ) stimulation. We found that IRF1 responds to low concentration or short duration IFNγ stimulation, whereas CXCL10 and CXCL9 require longer or higherconcentration stimulation to be expressed. We also investigated the heterogeneity in the expression of each gene and found that CXCL10 and CXCL9 have substantial cell-to-cell variability. In particular, the expression of CXCL10 appears to be largely stochastic with a subpopulation of nonresponding cells across all the stimulation conditions tested. We developed both deterministic and stochastic models for the expression of each gene. Our modeling analysis revealed that the heterogeneity in CXCL10 can be attributed to a slow chromatin-opening step that is on a similar timescale to that of adaptation of the upstream signal. In this way, CXCL10 expression in individual cells can remain stochastic in response to each pulse of repeated stimulation, which we also validated by experiments. Together, we conclude that pro-inflammatory genes in the same signaling pathway can respond to dynamic IFNγ stimulus with very different response features and that upstream signal adaptation can contribute to shaping heterogeneous gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Naigles
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Avaneesh V Narla
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jan Soroczynski
- Laboratory of Genome Architecture and Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lev S Tsimring
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nan Hao
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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2
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Yang H, Tel J. Engineering global and local signal generators for probing temporal and spatial cellular signaling dynamics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1239026. [PMID: 37790255 PMCID: PMC10543096 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1239026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells constantly encounter a wide range of environmental signals and rely on their signaling pathways to initiate reliable responses. Understanding the underlying signaling mechanisms and cellular behaviors requires signal generators capable of providing diverse input signals to deliver to cell systems. Current research efforts are primarily focused on exploring cellular responses to global or local signals, which enable us to understand cellular signaling and behavior in distinct dimensions. This review presents recent advancements in global and local signal generators, highlighting their applications in studying temporal and spatial signaling activity. Global signals can be generated using microfluidic or photochemical approaches. Local signal sources can be created using living or artificial cells in combination with different control methods. We also address the strengths and limitations of each signal generator type, discussing challenges and potential extensions for future research. These approaches are expected to continue to facilitate on-going research to discover novel and intriguing cellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Yang
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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3
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Van Eyndhoven LC, Verberne VPG, Bouten CVC, Singh A, Tel J. Transiently heritable fates and quorum sensing drive early IFN-I response dynamics. eLife 2023; 12:83055. [PMID: 36629318 PMCID: PMC9910831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defense against viral infections. Crucial is the tight and well-orchestrated control of cellular decision-making leading to the production of IFN-Is. Innovative single-cell approaches revealed that the initiation of IFN-I production is limited to only fractions of 1-3% of the total population, both found in vitro, in vivo, and across cell types, which were thought to be stochastically regulated. To challenge this dogma, we addressed the influence of various stochastic and deterministic host-intrinsic factors on dictating early IFN-I responses, using a murine fibroblast reporter model. Epigenetic drugs influenced the percentage of responding cells. Next, with the classical Luria-Delbrück fluctuation test, we provided evidence for transient heritability driving responder fates, which was verified with mathematical modeling. Finally, while studying varying cell densities, we substantiated an important role for cell density in dictating responsiveness, similar to the phenomenon of quorum sensing. Together, this systems immunology approach opens up new avenues to progress the fundamental understanding on cellular decision-making during early IFN-I responses, which can be translated to other (immune) signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Van Eyndhoven
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Vincent PG Verberne
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Carlijn VC Bouten
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of DelawareNewarkUnited States
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
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4
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Luo TY, Shi Y, Wang G, Spaner DE. Enhanced IFN Sensing by Aggressive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1662-1673. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I IFN is made by cells in response to stress. Cancer cells exist in a state of stress, but their IFN response is complex and not completely understood. This study investigated the role of autocrine IFN in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CLL cells were found to make low amounts of IFN via TANK-binding kinase 1 pathways, but p-STAT1 and -STAT2 proteins along with IFN-stimulated genes that reflect IFN activation were variably downregulated in cultured CLL cells by the neutralizing IFNAR1 Ab anifrolumab. Patients with CLL were segregated into two groups based on the response of their leukemia cells to anifrolumab. Samples associated with more aggressive clinical behavior indicated by unmutated IGHV genes along with high CD38 and p-Bruton’s tyrosine kinase expression exhibited responses to low amounts of IFN that were blocked by anifrolumab. Samples with more indolent behavior were unaffected by anifrolumab. Hypersensitivity to IFN was associated with higher expression of IFNAR1, MX1, STAT1, and STAT2 proteins and lower activity of negative regulatory tyrosine phosphatases. Autocrine IFN protected responsive CLL cells from stressful tissue culture environments and therapeutic drugs such as ibrutinib and venetoclax in vitro, in part by upregulating Mcl-1 expression. These findings suggest hypersensitivity to IFN may promote aggressive clinical behavior. Specific blockade of IFN signaling may improve outcomes for patients with CLL with higher-risk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina YuXuan Luo
- *Biology Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- †Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonghong Shi
- *Biology Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guizhi Wang
- *Biology Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E. Spaner
- *Biology Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- †Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ‡Biology Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- §Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- ¶Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Kalliara E, Kardynska M, Bagnall J, Spiller DG, Müller W, Ruckerl D, Śmieja J, Biswas SK, Paszek P. Post-transcriptional regulatory feedback encodes JAK-STAT signal memory of interferon stimulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947213. [PMID: 36238296 PMCID: PMC9552616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells fine tune their responses to infection and inflammatory cues. Here, using live-cell confocal microscopy and mathematical modelling, we investigate interferon-induced JAK-STAT signalling in innate immune macrophages. We demonstrate that transient exposure to IFN-γ stimulation induces a long-term desensitisation of STAT1 signalling and gene expression responses, revealing a dose- and time-dependent regulatory feedback that controls JAK-STAT responses upon re-exposure to stimulus. We show that IFN-α/β1 elicit different level of desensitisation from IFN-γ, where cells refractory to IFN-α/β1 are sensitive to IFN-γ, but not vice versa. We experimentally demonstrate that the underlying feedback mechanism involves regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation but is independent of new mRNA synthesis and cognate receptor expression. A new feedback model of the protein tyrosine phosphatase activity recapitulates experimental data and demonstrates JAK-STAT network’s ability to decode relative changes of dose, timing, and type of temporal interferon stimulation. These findings reveal that STAT desensitisation renders cells with signalling memory of type I and II interferon stimulation, which in the future may improve administration of interferon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kalliara
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Malgorzata Kardynska
- Department of Biosensors and Processing of Biomedical Signals, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - James Bagnall
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Spiller
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Müller
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Ruckerl
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jarosław Śmieja
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Subhra K. Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pawel Paszek
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Pawel Paszek,
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6
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Deciphering signal transduction networks in the liver by mechanistic mathematical modelling. Biochem J 2022; 479:1361-1374. [PMID: 35748700 PMCID: PMC9246346 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In health and disease, liver cells are continuously exposed to cytokines and growth factors. While individual signal transduction pathways induced by these factors were studied in great detail, the cellular responses induced by repeated or combined stimulations are complex and less understood. Growth factor receptors on the cell surface of hepatocytes were shown to be regulated by receptor interactions, receptor trafficking and feedback regulation. Here, we exemplify how mechanistic mathematical modelling based on quantitative data can be employed to disentangle these interactions at the molecular level. Crucial is the analysis at a mechanistic level based on quantitative longitudinal data within a mathematical framework. In such multi-layered information, step-wise mathematical modelling using submodules is of advantage, which is fostered by sharing of standardized experimental data and mathematical models. Integration of signal transduction with metabolic regulation in the liver and mechanistic links to translational approaches promise to provide predictive tools for biology and personalized medicine.
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7
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Sheu KM, Hoffmann A. Functional Hallmarks of Healthy Macrophage Responses: Their Regulatory Basis and Disease Relevance. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:295-321. [PMID: 35471841 PMCID: PMC10074967 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-031555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of diverse pathologic threats, thereby initiating and coordinating a multipronged immune response. Macrophages are distributed throughout the body-they circulate in the blood, line the mucosal membranes, reside within organs, and survey the connective tissue. Several reviews have summarized their diverse roles in different physiological scenarios and in the initiation or amplification of different pathologies. In this review, we propose that both the effector and the sentinel functions of healthy macrophages rely on three hallmark properties: response specificity, context dependence, and stimulus memory. When these hallmark properties are diminished, the macrophage's biological functions are impaired, which in turn results in increased risk for immune dysregulation, manifested by immune deficiency or autoimmunity. We review the evidence and the molecular mechanisms supporting these functional hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Sheu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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8
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Sakatoku K, Nakashima Y, Nagasaki J, Nishimoto M, Hirose A, Nakamae M, Koh H, Hino M, Nakamae H. Immunomodulatory and Direct Activities of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b on Cancer Cells in Mouse Models of Leukemia. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2246-2257. [PMID: 35441749 PMCID: PMC9277408 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ropeginterferon alfa‐2b has recently been clinically applied to myeloproliferative neoplasms with promising results, its antitumor mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated. Using a leukemia model developed in immunocompetent mice, we evaluated the direct cytotoxic effects and indirect effects induced by ropeginterferon alfa‐2b in tumor cells. Ropeginterferon alfa‐2b therapy significantly prolonged the survival of mice bearing leukemia cells and led to long‐term remission in some mice. Alternatively, conventional interferon‐alpha treatment slightly extended the survival and all mice died. When ropeginterferon alfa‐2b was administered to interferon‐alpha receptor 1–knockout mice after the development of leukemia to verify the direct effect on the tumor, the survival of these mice was slightly prolonged; nevertheless, all of them died. In vivo CD4+ or CD8+ T‐cell depletion resulted in a significant loss of therapeutic efficacy in mice. These results indicate that the host adoptive immunostimulatory effect of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b is the dominant mechanism through which tumor cells are suppressed. Moreover, mice in long‐term remission did not develop leukemia, even after tumor rechallenge. Rejection of rechallenge tumors was canceled only when both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were removed in vivo, which indicates that each T‐cell group functions independently in immunological memory. We show that ropeginterferon alfa‐2b induces excellent antitumor immunomodulation in hosts. Our finding serves in devising therapeutic strategies with ropeginterferon alfa‐2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sakatoku
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joji Nagasaki
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Nishimoto
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asao Hirose
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Nakamae
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Koh
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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9
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van der Vlist M, Ramos MIP, van den Hoogen LL, Hiddingh S, Timmerman LM, de Hond TAP, Kaan ED, van der Kroef M, Lebbink RJ, Peters FMA, Khoury-Hanold W, Fritsch-Stork R, Radstake TRDJ, Meyaard L. Signaling by the inhibitory receptor CD200R is rewired by type I interferon. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabb4324. [PMID: 34637328 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD200 receptor 1 (CD200R) is an inhibitory immunoreceptor that suppresses Toll-like receptor (TLR)–induced cytokine production through the adaptor protein Dok2 and the GTPase activating protein (GAP) p120-RasGAP, which can be cleaved during mild cellular stress. We found that in the presence of cleaved p120-RasGAP, CD200R lost its capacity to inhibit phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein (rpS6), suggesting the reduced activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Furthermore, treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with interferon-α (IFN-α) resulted in increased amounts of cleaved p120-RasGAP. Upon pretreatment of cells with increasing concentrations of IFN-α, CD200R switched from inhibiting to potentiating the TLR7- and TLR8-induced expression of the gene encoding IFN-γ, a cytokine that is important for innate and adaptive immunity and is implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. PBMC from patients with SLE, a prototypic type I IFN disease, had an increased abundance of cleaved p120-RasGAP compared to that in cells from healthy controls. In a subset of SLE patients, CD200R stopped functioning as an inhibitory receptor or potentiated TLR-induced IFNG mRNA expression. Thus, our data suggest that type I IFN rewires CD200R signaling to be proinflammatory, which could contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van der Vlist
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Inês Pascoal Ramos
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucas L van den Hoogen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Hiddingh
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura M Timmerman
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Titus A P de Hond
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen D Kaan
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Kroef
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Florence M A Peters
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - William Khoury-Hanold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruth Fritsch-Stork
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy R D J Radstake
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Van Eyndhoven LC, Singh A, Tel J. Decoding the dynamics of multilayered stochastic antiviral IFN-I responses. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:824-839. [PMID: 34364820 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferon (IFN-I) responses were first recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, but it is now widely appreciated that IFN-Is have many immunomodulatory functions, influencing antitumor responses, autoimmune manifestations, and antimicrobial defenses. Given these pivotal roles, it may be surprising that multilayered stochastic events create highly heterogeneous, but tightly regulated, all-or-nothing cellular decisions. Recently, mathematical models have provided crucial insights into the stochastic nature of antiviral IFN-I responses, which we critically evaluate in this review. In this context, we emphasize the need for innovative single-cell technologies combined with mathematical models to further reveal, understand, and predict the complexity of the IFN-I system in physiological and pathological conditions that may be relevant to a plethora of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Van Eyndhoven
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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11
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Garcia-del-Barco D, Risco-Acevedo D, Berlanga-Acosta J, Martos-Benítez FD, Guillén-Nieto G. Revisiting Pleiotropic Effects of Type I Interferons: Rationale for Its Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2021; 12:655528. [PMID: 33841439 PMCID: PMC8033157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.655528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic distribution of SARS-CoV-2 together with its particular feature of inactivating the interferon-based endogenous response and accordingly, impairing the innate immunity, has become a challenge for the international scientific and medical community. Fortunately, recombinant interferons as therapeutic products have accumulated a long history of beneficial therapeutic results in the treatment of chronic and acute viral diseases and also in the therapy of some types of cancer. One of the first antiviral treatments during the onset of COVID-19 in China was based on the use of recombinant interferon alfa 2b, so many clinicians began to use it, not only as therapy but also as a prophylactic approach, mainly in medical personnel. At the same time, basic research on interferons provided new insights that have contributed to a much better understanding of how treatment with interferons, initially considered as antivirals, actually has a much broader pharmacological scope. In this review, we briefly describe interferons, how they are induced in the event of a viral infection, and how they elicit signaling after contact with their specific receptor on target cells. Additionally, some of the genes stimulated by type I interferons are described, as well as the way interferon-mediated signaling is torpedoed by coronaviruses and in particular by SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene is one of the interferon response genes. Although for many scientists this fact could result in an adverse effect of interferon treatment in COVID-19 patients, ACE2 expression contributes to the balance of the renin-angiotensin system, which is greatly affected by SARS-CoV-2 in its internalization into the cell. This manuscript also includes the relationship between type I interferons and neutrophils, NETosis, and interleukin 17. Finally, under the subtitle of "take-home messages", we discuss the rationale behind a timely treatment with interferons in the context of COVID-19 is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garcia-del-Barco
- Neuroprotection Project, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Division, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daniela Risco-Acevedo
- Neuroprotection Project, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Division, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Berlanga-Acosta
- Cytoprotection Project, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Division, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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12
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Jiang Y, Hao N. Memorizing environmental signals through feedback and feedforward loops. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 69:96-102. [PMID: 33549848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells in diverse organisms can store the information of previous environmental conditions for long periods of time. This form of cellular memory adjusts the cell's responses to future challenges, providing fitness advantages in fluctuating environments. Many biological functions, including cellular memory, are mediated by specific recurring patterns of interactions among proteins and genes, known as 'network motifs.' In this review, we focus on three well-characterized network motifs - negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, and feedforward loops, which underlie different types of cellular memories. We describe the latest studies identifying these motifs in various molecular processes and discuss how the topologies and dynamics of these motifs can enable memory encoding and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Jiang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nan Hao
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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