1
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Ibáñez Alcalá RJ, Beck DW, Salcido AA, Davila LD, Giri A, Heaton CN, Villarreal Rodriguez K, Rakocevic LI, Hossain SB, Reyes NF, Batson SA, Macias AY, Drammis SM, Negishi K, Zhang Q, Umashankar Beck S, Vara P, Joshi A, Franco AJ, Hernandez Carbajal BJ, Ordonez MM, Ramirez FY, Lopez JD, Lozano N, Ramirez A, Legaspy L, Cruz PL, Armenta AA, Viel SN, Aguirre JI, Quintanar O, Medina F, Ordonez PM, Munoz AE, Martínez Gaudier GE, Naime GM, Powers RE, O'Dell LE, Moschak TM, Goosens KA, Friedman A. RECORD, a high-throughput, customizable system that unveils behavioral strategies leveraged by rodents during foraging-like decision-making. Commun Biol 2024; 7:822. [PMID: 38971889 PMCID: PMC11227549 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Translational studies benefit from experimental designs where laboratory organisms use human-relevant behaviors. One such behavior is decision-making, however studying complex decision-making in rodents is labor-intensive and typically restricted to two levels of cost/reward. We design a fully automated, inexpensive, high-throughput framework to study decision-making across multiple levels of rewards and costs: the REward-COst in Rodent Decision-making (RECORD) system. RECORD integrates three components: 1) 3D-printed arenas, 2) custom electronic hardware, and 3) software. We validated four behavioral protocols without employing any food or water restriction, highlighting the versatility of our system. RECORD data exposes heterogeneity in decision-making both within and across individuals that is quantifiably constrained. Using oxycodone self-administration and alcohol-consumption as test cases, we reveal how analytic approaches that incorporate behavioral heterogeneity are sensitive to detecting perturbations in decision-making. RECORD is a powerful approach to studying decision-making in rodents, with features that facilitate translational studies of decision-making in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk W Beck
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alexis A Salcido
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis D Davila
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Atanu Giri
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Cory N Heaton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Lara I Rakocevic
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Safa B Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Neftali F Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Serina A Batson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Y Macias
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sabrina M Drammis
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Qingyang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Paulina Vara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Arnav Joshi
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Austin J Franco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Miguel M Ordonez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Felix Y Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nayeli Lozano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Abigail Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Linnete Legaspy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Paulina L Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Abril A Armenta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie N Viel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jessica I Aguirre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Odalys Quintanar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Fernanda Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Pablo M Ordonez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Alfonzo E Munoz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Gabriela M Naime
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Rosalie E Powers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Travis M Moschak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ki A Goosens
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alexander Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Computational Science Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
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2
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Biderman D, Whiteway MR, Hurwitz C, Greenspan N, Lee RS, Vishnubhotla A, Warren R, Pedraja F, Noone D, Schartner MM, Huntenburg JM, Khanal A, Meijer GT, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Socha KZ, Urai AE, Cunningham JP, Sawtell NB, Paninski L. Lightning Pose: improved animal pose estimation via semi-supervised learning, Bayesian ensembling and cloud-native open-source tools. Nat Methods 2024; 21:1316-1328. [PMID: 38918605 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-024-02319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Contemporary pose estimation methods enable precise measurements of behavior via supervised deep learning with hand-labeled video frames. Although effective in many cases, the supervised approach requires extensive labeling and often produces outputs that are unreliable for downstream analyses. Here, we introduce 'Lightning Pose', an efficient pose estimation package with three algorithmic contributions. First, in addition to training on a few labeled video frames, we use many unlabeled videos and penalize the network whenever its predictions violate motion continuity, multiple-view geometry and posture plausibility (semi-supervised learning). Second, we introduce a network architecture that resolves occlusions by predicting pose on any given frame using surrounding unlabeled frames. Third, we refine the pose predictions post hoc by combining ensembling and Kalman smoothing. Together, these components render pose trajectories more accurate and scientifically usable. We released a cloud application that allows users to label data, train networks and process new videos directly from the browser.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anup Khanal
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Gillon CJ, Baker C, Ly R, Balzani E, Brunton BW, Schottdorf M, Ghosh S, Dehghani N. Open Data In Neurophysiology: Advancements, Solutions & Challenges. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2407.00976v1. [PMID: 39010879 PMCID: PMC11247910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Across the life sciences, an ongoing effort over the last 50 years has made data and methods more reproducible and transparent. This openness has led to transformative insights and vastly accelerated scientific progress1,2. For example, structural biology3 and genomics4,5 have undertaken systematic collection and publication of protein sequences and structures over the past half-century, and these data have led to scientific breakthroughs that were unthinkable when data collection first began (e.g.6). We believe that neuroscience is poised to follow the same path, and that principles of open data and open science will transform our understanding of the nervous system in ways that are impossible to predict at the moment. To this end, new social structures along with active and open scientific communities are essential7 to facilitate and expand the still limited adoption of open science practices in our field8. Unified by shared values of openness, we set out to organize a symposium for Open Data in Neuroscience (ODIN) to strengthen our community and facilitate transformative neuroscience research at large. In this report, we share what we learned during this first ODIN event. We also lay out plans for how to grow this movement, document emerging conversations, and propose a path toward a better and more transparent science of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Gillon
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cody Baker
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
- CatalystNeuro, Benicia, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Ly
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
- Scientific Data Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Balzani
- Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bingni W Brunton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Manuel Schottdorf
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Satrajit Ghosh
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nima Dehghani
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this paper
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4
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Carandini M. Sensory choices as logistic classification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576029. [PMID: 38979189 PMCID: PMC11230223 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Logistic classification is a simple way to make choices based on a set of factors: give each factor a weight, sum the results, and use the sum to set the log odds of a random draw. This operation is known to describe human and animal choices based on value (economic decisions). There is increasing evidence that it also describes choices based on sensory inputs (perceptual decisions), presented across sensory modalities (multisensory integration) and combined with non-sensory factors such as prior probability, expected value, overall motivation, and recent actions. Logistic classification can also capture the effects of brain manipulations such as local inactivations. The brain may implement by thresholding stochastic inputs (as in signal detection theory) acquired over time (as in the drift diffusion model). It is the optimal strategy under certain conditions, and the brain appears to use it as a heuristic in a wider set of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, UK
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5
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Birman D, Chapuis G, Faulkner M, Rossant C, Benson J, Catarino JA, Churchland AK, Hu F, Huntenburg JM, Khanal A, Krasniak C, Lau PYP, Meijer GT, Miska NJ, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Roth N, Schartner M, Socha KZ, Steinmetz NA, Urai AE, Wells MJ, West SJ, Winter O. Interactive data exploration websites for large-scale electrophysiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.597950. [PMID: 38915704 PMCID: PMC11195081 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.597950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Methodological advances in neuroscience have enabled the collection of massive datasets which demand innovative approaches for scientific communication. Existing platforms for data storage lack intuitive tools for data exploration, limiting our ability to interact effectively with these brain-wide datasets. We introduce two public websites: (Data and Atlas) developed for the International Brain Laboratory which provide access to millions of behavioral trials and hundreds of thousands of individual neurons. These interfaces allow users to discover both the raw and processed brain-wide data released by the IBL at the scale of the whole brain, individual sessions, trials, and neurons. By hosting these data interfaces as websites they are available cross-platform with no installation. By releasing each site's code as a modular open-source framework, other researchers can easily develop their own web interfaces and explore their own data. As neuroscience datasets continue to expand, customizable web interfaces offer a glimpse into a future of streamlined data exploration and act as blueprints for future tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Hu
- University of California Berkeley, USA
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6
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Brown RE. Measuring the replicability of our own research. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110111. [PMID: 38521128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
In the study of transgenic mouse models of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, we use batteries of tests to measure deficits in behaviour and from the results of these tests, we make inferences about the mental states of the mice that we interpret as deficits in "learning", "memory", "anxiety", "depression", etc. This paper discusses the problems of determining whether a particular transgenic mouse is a valid mouse model of disease X, the problem of background strains, and the question of whether our behavioural tests are measuring what we say they are. The problem of the reliability of results is then discussed: are they replicable between labs and can we replicate our results in our own lab? This involves the study of intra- and inter- experimenter reliability. The variables that influence replicability and the importance of conducting a complete behavioural phenotype: sensory, motor, cognitive and social emotional behaviour are discussed. Then the thorny question of failure to replicate is examined: Is it a curse or a blessing? Finally, the role of failure in research and what it tells us about our research paradigms is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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7
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Pellegrino A, Stein H, Cayco-Gajic NA. Dimensionality reduction beyond neural subspaces with slice tensor component analysis. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1199-1210. [PMID: 38710876 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Recent work has argued that large-scale neural recordings are often well described by patterns of coactivation across neurons. Yet the view that neural variability is constrained to a fixed, low-dimensional subspace may overlook higher-dimensional structure, including stereotyped neural sequences or slowly evolving latent spaces. Here we argue that task-relevant variability in neural data can also cofluctuate over trials or time, defining distinct 'covariability classes' that may co-occur within the same dataset. To demix these covariability classes, we develop sliceTCA (slice tensor component analysis), a new unsupervised dimensionality reduction method for neural data tensors. In three example datasets, including motor cortical activity during a classic reaching task in primates and recent multiregion recordings in mice, we show that sliceTCA can capture more task-relevant structure in neural data using fewer components than traditional methods. Overall, our theoretical framework extends the classic view of low-dimensional population activity by incorporating additional classes of latent variables capturing higher-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Pellegrino
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, INSERM U960, Département D'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France.
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Heike Stein
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, INSERM U960, Département D'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - N Alex Cayco-Gajic
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, INSERM U960, Département D'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France.
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8
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Edelman BJ, Siegenthaler D, Wanken P, Jenkins B, Schmid B, Ressle A, Gogolla N, Frank T, Macé E. The COMBO window: A chronic cranial implant for multiscale circuit interrogation in mice. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002664. [PMID: 38829885 PMCID: PMC11185485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists studying the neural correlates of mouse behavior often lack access to the brain-wide activity patterns elicited during a specific task of interest. Fortunately, large-scale imaging is becoming increasingly accessible thanks to modalities such as Ca2+ imaging and functional ultrasound (fUS). However, these and other techniques often involve challenging cranial window procedures and are difficult to combine with other neuroscience tools. We address this need with an open-source 3D-printable cranial implant-the COMBO (ChrOnic Multimodal imaging and Behavioral Observation) window. The COMBO window enables chronic imaging of large portions of the brain in head-fixed mice while preserving orofacial movements. We validate the COMBO window stability using both brain-wide fUS and multisite two-photon imaging. Moreover, we demonstrate how the COMBO window facilitates the combination of optogenetics, fUS, and electrophysiology in the same animals to study the effects of circuit perturbations at both the brain-wide and single-neuron level. Overall, the COMBO window provides a versatile solution for performing multimodal brain recordings in head-fixed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Edelman
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Siegenthaler
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paulina Wanken
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bethan Jenkins
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ressle
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Emotion Research Department, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Frank
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Olfactory Memory Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Olfactory Memory and Behavior Research Group, European Neuroscience Institute and Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emilie Macé
- Brain-Wide Circuits for Behavior Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, Planegg, Germany
- Dynamics of Excitable Cell Networks Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Zhu M, Kuhlman SJ, Barth AL. Transient enhancement of stimulus-evoked activity in neocortex during sensory learning. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053870. [PMID: 38955432 PMCID: PMC11261211 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053870.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic potentiation has been linked to learning in sensory cortex, but the connection between this potentiation and increased sensory-evoked neural activity is not clear. Here, we used longitudinal in vivo Ca2+ imaging in the barrel cortex of awake mice to test the hypothesis that increased excitatory synaptic strength during the learning of a whisker-dependent sensory-association task would be correlated with enhanced stimulus-evoked firing. To isolate stimulus-evoked responses from dynamic, task-related activity, imaging was performed outside of the training context. Although prior studies indicate that multiwhisker stimuli drive robust subthreshold activity, we observed sparse activation of L2/3 pyramidal (Pyr) neurons in both control and trained mice. Despite evidence for excitatory synaptic strengthening at thalamocortical and intracortical synapses in this brain area at the onset of learning-indeed, under our imaging conditions thalamocortical axons were robustly activated-we observed that L2/3 Pyr neurons in somatosensory (barrel) cortex displayed only modest increases in stimulus-evoked activity that were concentrated at the onset of training. Activity renormalized over longer training periods. In contrast, when stimuli and rewards were uncoupled in a pseudotraining paradigm, stimulus-evoked activity in L2/3 Pyr neurons was significantly suppressed. These findings indicate that sensory-association training but not sensory stimulation without coupled rewards may briefly enhance sensory-evoked activity, a phenomenon that might help link sensory input to behavioral outcomes at the onset of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sandra J Kuhlman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Alison L Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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10
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Vickers ED, McCormick DA. Pan-cortical 2-photon mesoscopic imaging and neurobehavioral alignment in awake, behaving mice. eLife 2024; 13:RP94167. [PMID: 38808733 PMCID: PMC11136495 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The flow of neural activity across the neocortex during active sensory discrimination is constrained by task-specific cognitive demands, movements, and internal states. During behavior, the brain appears to sample from a broad repertoire of activation motifs. Understanding how these patterns of local and global activity are selected in relation to both spontaneous and task-dependent behavior requires in-depth study of densely sampled activity at single neuron resolution across large regions of cortex. In a significant advance toward this goal, we developed procedures to record mesoscale 2-photon Ca2+ imaging data from two novel in vivo preparations that, between them, allow for simultaneous access to nearly all 0f the mouse dorsal and lateral neocortex. As a proof of principle, we aligned neural activity with both behavioral primitives and high-level motifs to reveal the existence of large populations of neurons that coordinated their activity across cortical areas with spontaneous changes in movement and/or arousal. The methods we detail here facilitate the identification and exploration of widespread, spatially heterogeneous neural ensembles whose activity is related to diverse aspects of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Vickers
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - David A McCormick
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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11
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Noel JP, Balzani E, Acerbi L, Benson J, Savin C, Angelaki DE. A common computational and neural anomaly across mouse models of autism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.593232. [PMID: 38766250 PMCID: PMC11100696 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.593232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Computational psychiatry has suggested that humans within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) inflexibly update their expectations (i.e., Bayesian priors). Here, we leveraged high-yield rodent psychophysics (n = 75 mice), extensive behavioral modeling (including principled and heuristics), and (near) brain-wide single cell extracellular recordings (over 53k units in 150 brain areas) to ask (1) whether mice with different genetic perturbations associated with ASD show this same computational anomaly, and if so, (2) what neurophysiological features are shared across genotypes in subserving this deficit. We demonstrate that mice harboring mutations in Fmr1 , Cntnap2 , and Shank3B show a blunted update of priors during decision-making. Neurally, the differentiating factor between animals flexibly and inflexibly updating their priors was a shift in the weighting of prior encoding from sensory to frontal cortices. Further, in mouse models of ASD frontal areas showed a preponderance of units coding for deviations from the animals' long-run prior, and sensory responses did not differentiate between expected and unexpected observations. These findings demonstrate that distinct genetic instantiations of ASD may yield common neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes.
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12
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Levi A, Aviv N, Stark E. Learning to learn: Single session acquisition of new rules by freely moving mice. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae203. [PMID: 38818240 PMCID: PMC11138122 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Learning from examples and adapting to new circumstances are fundamental attributes of human cognition. However, it is unclear what conditions allow for fast and successful learning, especially in nonhuman subjects. To determine how rapidly freely moving mice can learn a new discrimination criterion (DC), we design a two-alternative forced-choice visual discrimination paradigm in which the DCs governing the task can change between sessions. We find that experienced animals can learn a new DC after being exposed to only five training and three testing trials. The propensity for single session learning improves over time and is accurately predicted based on animal experience and criterion difficulty. After establishing the procedural learning of a paradigm, mice continuously improve their performance in new circumstances. Thus, mice learn to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Levi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Aviv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Stark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Haifa University, Haifa 3103301, Israel
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13
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Bimbard C, Takács F, Catarino JA, Fabre JMJ, Gupta S, Lenzi SC, Melin MD, O’Neill N, Orsolic I, Robacha M, Street JS, Teixeira J, Townsend S, van Beest EH, Zhang AM, Churchland AK, Duan CA, Harris KD, Kullmann DM, Lignani G, Mainen ZF, Margrie TW, Rochefort N, Wikenheiser AM, Carandini M, Coen P. An adaptable, reusable, and light implant for chronic Neuropixels probes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.03.551752. [PMID: 37577563 PMCID: PMC10418246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiology has proven invaluable to record neural activity, and the development of Neuropixels probes dramatically increased the number of recorded neurons. These probes are often implanted acutely, but acute recordings cannot be performed in freely moving animals and the recorded neurons cannot be tracked across days. To study key behaviors such as navigation, learning, and memory formation, the probes must be implanted chronically. An ideal chronic implant should (1) allow stable recordings of neurons for weeks; (2) allow reuse of the probes after explantation; (3) be light enough for use in mice. Here, we present the "Apollo Implant", an open-source and editable device that meets these criteria and accommodates up to two Neuropixels 1.0 or 2.0 probes. The implant comprises a "payload" module which is attached to the probe and is recoverable, and a "docking" module which is cemented to the skull. The design is adjustable, making it easy to change the distance between probes, the angle of insertion, and the depth of insertion. We tested the implant across eight labs in head-fixed mice, freely moving mice, and freely moving rats. The number of neurons recorded across days was stable, even after repeated implantations of the same probe. The Apollo implant provides an inexpensive, lightweight, and flexible solution for reusable chronic Neuropixels recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bimbard
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - F. Takács
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - J. A. Catarino
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasilia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. M. J. Fabre
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. Gupta
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S. C. Lenzi
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - M. D. Melin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - N. O’Neill
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - I. Orsolic
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - M. Robacha
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - J. S. Street
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - J. Teixeira
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasilia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S. Townsend
- The FabLab, Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, UK
| | - E. H. van Beest
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - A. M. Zhang
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. K. Churchland
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - C. A. Duan
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - K. D. Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D. M. Kullmann
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - G. Lignani
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Z. F. Mainen
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasilia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - T. W. Margrie
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK
| | - N.L. Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A. M. Wikenheiser
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M. Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - P. Coen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
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14
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Biderman D, Whiteway MR, Hurwitz C, Greenspan N, Lee RS, Vishnubhotla A, Warren R, Pedraja F, Noone D, Schartner M, Huntenburg JM, Khanal A, Meijer GT, Noel JP, Pan-Vazquez A, Socha KZ, Urai AE, Cunningham JP, Sawtell NB, Paninski L. Lightning Pose: improved animal pose estimation via semi-supervised learning, Bayesian ensembling, and cloud-native open-source tools. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.28.538703. [PMID: 37162966 PMCID: PMC10168383 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary pose estimation methods enable precise measurements of behavior via supervised deep learning with hand-labeled video frames. Although effective in many cases, the supervised approach requires extensive labeling and often produces outputs that are unreliable for downstream analyses. Here, we introduce "Lightning Pose," an efficient pose estimation package with three algorithmic contributions. First, in addition to training on a few labeled video frames, we use many unlabeled videos and penalize the network whenever its predictions violate motion continuity, multiple-view geometry, and posture plausibility (semi-supervised learning). Second, we introduce a network architecture that resolves occlusions by predicting pose on any given frame using surrounding unlabeled frames. Third, we refine the pose predictions post-hoc by combining ensembling and Kalman smoothing. Together, these components render pose trajectories more accurate and scientifically usable. We release a cloud application that allows users to label data, train networks, and predict new videos directly from the browser.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anup Khanal
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
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15
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Zhou M, Wu B, Jeong H, Burke DA, Namboodiri VMK. An open-source behavior controller for associative learning and memory (B-CALM). Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:2695-2710. [PMID: 37464151 PMCID: PMC10898869 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Associative learning and memory, i.e., learning and remembering the associations between environmental stimuli, self-generated actions, and outcomes such as rewards or punishments, are critical for the well-being of animals. Hence, the neural mechanisms underlying these processes are extensively studied using behavioral tasks in laboratory animals. Traditionally, these tasks have been controlled using commercial hardware and software, which limits scalability and accessibility due to their cost. More recently, due to the revolution in microcontrollers or microcomputers, several general-purpose and open-source solutions have been advanced for controlling neuroscientific behavioral tasks. While these solutions have great strength due to their flexibility and general-purpose nature, for the same reasons, they suffer from some disadvantages including the need for considerable programming expertise, limited online visualization, or slower than optimal response latencies for any specific task. Here, to mitigate these concerns, we present an open-source behavior controller for associative learning and memory (B-CALM). B-CALM provides an integrated suite that can control a host of associative learning and memory behaviors. As proof of principle for its applicability, we show data from head-fixed mice learning Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, discrimination learning, as well as a timing task and a choice task. These can be run directly from a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI) written in MATLAB that controls many independently running Arduino Mega microcontrollers in parallel (one per behavior box). In sum, B-CALM will enable researchers to execute a wide variety of associative learning and memory tasks in a scalable, accurate, and user-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huijeong Jeong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis A Burke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Mohan K Namboodiri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Maggi S, Hock RM, O'Neill M, Buckley M, Moran PM, Bast T, Sami M, Humphries MD. Tracking subjects' strategies in behavioural choice experiments at trial resolution. eLife 2024; 13:e86491. [PMID: 38426402 PMCID: PMC10959529 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating how, when, and what subjects learn during decision-making tasks requires tracking their choice strategies on a trial-by-trial basis. Here, we present a simple but effective probabilistic approach to tracking choice strategies at trial resolution using Bayesian evidence accumulation. We show this approach identifies both successful learning and the exploratory strategies used in decision tasks performed by humans, non-human primates, rats, and synthetic agents. Both when subjects learn and when rules change the exploratory strategies of win-stay and lose-shift, often considered complementary, are consistently used independently. Indeed, we find the use of lose-shift is strong evidence that subjects have latently learnt the salient features of a new rewarded rule. Our approach can be extended to any discrete choice strategy, and its low computational cost is ideally suited for real-time analysis and closed-loop control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Maggi
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Hock
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin O'Neill
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of Health & Nutritional Sciences, Atlantic Technological UniversitySligoIreland
| | - Mark Buckley
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Tobias Bast
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Musa Sami
- Institute of Mental Health, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark D Humphries
- School of Psychology, University of NottinghamNottinghamUnited Kingdom
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17
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Eisenberg T, Shein-Idelson M. ReptiLearn: An automated home cage system for behavioral experiments in reptiles without human intervention. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002411. [PMID: 38422162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding behavior and its evolutionary underpinnings is crucial for unraveling the complexities of brain function. Traditional approaches strive to reduce behavioral complexity by designing short-term, highly constrained behavioral tasks with dichotomous choices in which animals respond to defined external perturbation. In contrast, natural behaviors evolve over multiple time scales during which actions are selected through bidirectional interactions with the environment and without human intervention. Recent technological advancements have opened up new possibilities for experimental designs that more closely mirror natural behaviors by replacing stringent experimental control with accurate multidimensional behavioral analysis. However, these approaches have been tailored to fit only a small number of species. This specificity limits the experimental opportunities offered by species diversity. Further, it hampers comparative analyses that are essential for extracting overarching behavioral principles and for examining behavior from an evolutionary perspective. To address this limitation, we developed ReptiLearn-a versatile, low-cost, Python-based solution, optimized for conducting automated long-term experiments in the home cage of reptiles, without human intervention. In addition, this system offers unique features such as precise temperature measurement and control, live prey reward dispensers, engagement with touch screens, and remote control through a user-friendly web interface. Finally, ReptiLearn incorporates low-latency closed-loop feedback allowing bidirectional interactions between animals and their environments. Thus, ReptiLearn provides a comprehensive solution for researchers studying behavior in ectotherms and beyond, bridging the gap between constrained laboratory settings and natural behavior in nonconventional model systems. We demonstrate the capabilities of ReptiLearn by automatically training the lizard Pogona vitticeps on a complex spatial learning task requiring association learning, displaced reward learning, and reversal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Eisenberg
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark Shein-Idelson
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Gupta D, DePasquale B, Kopec CD, Brody CD. Trial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses in decision-making. Nat Commun 2024; 15:662. [PMID: 38253526 PMCID: PMC10803295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trial history biases and lapses are two of the most common suboptimalities observed during perceptual decision-making. These suboptimalities are routinely assumed to arise from distinct processes. However, previous work has suggested that they covary in their prevalence and that their proposed neural substrates overlap. Here we demonstrate that during decision-making, history biases and apparent lapses can both arise from a common cognitive process that is optimal under mistaken beliefs that the world is changing i.e. nonstationary. This corresponds to an accumulation-to-bound model with history-dependent updates to the initial state of the accumulator. We test our model's predictions about the relative prevalence of history biases and lapses, and show that they are robustly borne out in two distinct decision-making datasets of male rats, including data from a novel reaction time task. Our model improves the ability to precisely predict decision-making dynamics within and across trials, by positing a process through which agents can generate quasi-stochastic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Gupta
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Brian DePasquale
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles D Kopec
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Carlos D Brody
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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19
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Zimmerman CA, Pan-Vazquez A, Wu B, Keppler EF, Guthman EM, Fetcho RN, Bolkan SS, McMannon B, Lee J, Hoag AT, Lynch LA, Janarthanan SR, López Luna JF, Bondy AG, Falkner AL, Wang SSH, Witten IB. A neural mechanism for learning from delayed postingestive feedback. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561214. [PMID: 37873112 PMCID: PMC10592633 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Animals learn the value of foods based on their postingestive effects and thereby develop aversions to foods that are toxic1-6 and preferences to those that are nutritious7-14. However, it remains unclear how the brain is able to assign credit to flavors experienced during a meal with postingestive feedback signals that can arise after a substantial delay. Here, we reveal an unexpected role for postingestive reactivation of neural flavor representations in this temporal credit assignment process. To begin, we leverage the fact that mice learn to associate novel15-18, but not familiar, flavors with delayed gastric malaise signals to investigate how the brain represents flavors that support aversive postingestive learning. Surveying cellular resolution brainwide activation patterns reveals that a network of amygdala regions is unique in being preferentially activated by novel flavors across every stage of the learning process: the initial meal, delayed malaise, and memory retrieval. By combining high-density recordings in the amygdala with optogenetic stimulation of genetically defined hindbrain malaise cells, we find that postingestive malaise signals potently and specifically reactivate amygdalar novel flavor representations from a recent meal. The degree of malaise-driven reactivation of individual neurons predicts strengthening of flavor responses upon memory retrieval, leading to stabilization of the population-level representation of the recently consumed flavor. In contrast, meals without postingestive consequences degrade neural flavor representations as flavors become familiar and safe. Thus, our findings demonstrate that interoceptive reactivation of amygdalar flavor representations provides a neural mechanism to resolve the temporal credit assignment problem inherent to postingestive learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bichan Wu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Emma F Keppler
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Eartha Mae Guthman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert N Fetcho
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Scott S Bolkan
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brenna McMannon
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Junuk Lee
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Austin T Hoag
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Laura A Lynch
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Juan F López Luna
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Adrian G Bondy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Annegret L Falkner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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20
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Syeda A, Zhong L, Tung R, Long W, Pachitariu M, Stringer C. Facemap: a framework for modeling neural activity based on orofacial tracking. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:187-195. [PMID: 37985801 PMCID: PMC10774130 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have shown that orofacial behaviors drive a large fraction of neural activity across the brain. To understand the nature and function of these signals, we need better computational models to characterize the behaviors and relate them to neural activity. Here we developed Facemap, a framework consisting of a keypoint tracker and a deep neural network encoder for predicting neural activity. Our algorithm for tracking mouse orofacial behaviors was more accurate than existing pose estimation tools, while the processing speed was several times faster, making it a powerful tool for real-time experimental interventions. The Facemap tracker was easy to adapt to data from new labs, requiring as few as 10 annotated frames for near-optimal performance. We used the keypoints as inputs to a deep neural network which predicts the activity of ~50,000 simultaneously-recorded neurons and, in visual cortex, we doubled the amount of explained variance compared to previous methods. Using this model, we found that the neuronal activity clusters that were well predicted from behavior were more spatially spread out across cortex. We also found that the deep behavioral features from the model had stereotypical, sequential dynamics that were not reversible in time. In summary, Facemap provides a stepping stone toward understanding the function of the brain-wide neural signals and their relation to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Syeda
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Lin Zhong
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Renee Tung
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Will Long
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
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21
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Gale SD, Strawder C, Bennett C, Mihalas S, Koch C, Olsen SR. Backward masking in mice requires visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:129-136. [PMID: 37957319 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Visual masking can reveal the timescale of perception, but the underlying circuit mechanisms are not understood. Here we describe a backward masking task in mice and humans in which the location of a stimulus is potently masked. Humans report reduced subjective visibility that tracks behavioral deficits. In mice, both masking and optogenetic silencing of visual cortex (V1) reduce performance over a similar timecourse but have distinct effects on response rates and accuracy. Activity in V1 is consistent with masked behavior when quantified over long, but not short, time windows. A dual accumulator model recapitulates both mouse and human behavior. The model and subjects' performance imply that the initial spikes in V1 can trigger a correct response, but subsequent V1 activity degrades performance. Supporting this hypothesis, optogenetically suppressing mask-evoked activity in V1 fully restores accurate behavior. Together, these results demonstrate that mice, like humans, are susceptible to masking and that target and mask information is first confounded downstream of V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Gale
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Li R, Huang J, Li L, Zhao Z, Liang S, Liang S, Wang M, Liao X, Lyu J, Zhou Z, Wang S, Jin W, Chen H, Holder D, Liu H, Zhang J, Li M, Tang Y, Remy S, Pakan JMP, Chen X, Jia H. Holistic bursting cells store long-term memory in auditory cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8090. [PMID: 38062015 PMCID: PMC10703882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory neocortex has been suggested to be a substrate for long-term memory storage, yet which exact single cells could be specific candidates underlying such long-term memory storage remained neither known nor visible for over a century. Here, using a combination of day-by-day two-photon Ca2+ imaging and targeted single-cell loose-patch recording in an auditory associative learning paradigm with composite sounds in male mice, we reveal sparsely distributed neurons in layer 2/3 of auditory cortex emerged step-wise from quiescence into bursting mode, which then invariably expressed holistic information of the learned composite sounds, referred to as holistic bursting (HB) cells. Notably, it was not shuffled populations but the same sparse HB cells that embodied the behavioral relevance of the learned composite sounds, pinpointing HB cells as physiologically-defined single-cell candidates of an engram underlying long-term memory storage in auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Li
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Longhui Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Susu Liang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Zhenqiao Zhou
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Wenjun Jin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Damaris Holder
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hongbang Liu
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Min Li
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Stefan Remy
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Center for Behavioral and Brain Science (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence and School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the SyNergy Cluster, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Tong WL, Iyer A, Murthy VN, Reddy G. Adaptive algorithms for shaping behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.03.569774. [PMID: 38106232 PMCID: PMC10723287 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.03.569774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Dogs and laboratory mice are commonly trained to perform complex tasks by guiding them through a curriculum of simpler tasks ('shaping'). What are the principles behind effective shaping strategies? Here, we propose a machine learning framework for shaping animal behavior, where an autonomous teacher agent decides its student's task based on the student's transcript of successes and failures on previously assigned tasks. Using autonomous teachers that plan a curriculum in a common sequence learning task, we show that near-optimal shaping algorithms adaptively alternate between simpler and harder tasks to carefully balance reinforcement and extinction. Based on this intuition, we derive an adaptive shaping heuristic with minimal parameters, which we show is near-optimal on the sequence learning task and robustly trains deep reinforcement learning agents on navigation tasks that involve sparse, delayed rewards. Extensions to continuous curricula are explored. Our work provides a starting point towards a general computational framework for shaping animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Tong
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Venkatesh N. Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gautam Reddy
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Michelson NJ, Bolaños F, Bolaños LA, Balbi M, LeDue JM, Murphy TH. Meso-Py: Dual Brain Cortical Calcium Imaging in Mice during Head-Fixed Social Stimulus Presentation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0096-23.2023. [PMID: 38053472 PMCID: PMC10731520 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0096-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a cost-effective, compact foot-print, and open-source Raspberry Pi-based widefield imaging system. The compact nature allows the system to be used for close-proximity dual-brain cortical mesoscale functional-imaging to simultaneously observe activity in two head-fixed animals in a staged social touch-like interaction. We provide all schematics, code, and protocols for a rail system where head-fixed mice are brought together to a distance where the macrovibrissae of each mouse make contact. Cortical neuronal functional signals (GCaMP6s; genetically encoded Ca2+ sensor) were recorded from both mice simultaneously before, during, and after the social contact period. When the mice were together, we observed bouts of mutual whisking and cross-mouse correlated cortical activity across the cortex. Correlations were not observed in trial-shuffled mouse pairs, suggesting that correlated activity was specific to individual interactions. Whisking-related cortical signals were observed during the period where mice were together (closest contact). The effects of social stimulus presentation extend outside of regions associated with mutual touch and have global synchronizing effects on cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Michelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Federico Bolaños
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Luis A Bolaños
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M LeDue
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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25
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Najafian Jazi M, Tymorek A, Yen TY, Jose Kavarayil F, Stingl M, Chau SR, Baskurt B, García Vilela C, Allen K. Hippocampal firing fields anchored to a moving object predict homing direction during path-integration-based behavior. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7373. [PMID: 37968268 PMCID: PMC10651862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homing based on path integration (H-PI) is a form of navigation in which an animal uses self-motion cues to keep track of its position and return to a starting point. Despite evidence for a role of the hippocampus in homing behavior, the hippocampal spatial representations associated with H-PI are largely unknown. Here we developed a homing task (AutoPI task) that required a mouse to find a randomly placed lever on an arena before returning to its home base. Recordings from the CA1 area in male mice showed that hippocampal neurons remap between random foraging and AutoPI task, between trials in light and dark conditions, and between search and homing behavior. During the AutoPI task, approximately 25% of the firing fields were anchored to the lever position. The activity of 24% of the cells with a lever-anchored field predicted the homing direction of the animal on each trial. Our results demonstrate that the activity of hippocampal neurons with object-anchored firing fields predicts homing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Najafian Jazi
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Tymorek
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ting-Yun Yen
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Jose Kavarayil
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Stingl
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sherman Richard Chau
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benay Baskurt
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celia García Vilela
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Allen
- Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Hwang EJ, Korde S, Han Y, Sambangi J, Lian B, Owusu-Ofori A, Diasamidze M, Wong LM, Pickering N, Begin S. Parietal stimulation reverses age-related decline in exploration, learning, and decision-making. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.21.563408. [PMID: 37970542 PMCID: PMC10642975 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.21.563408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging can compromise decision-making and learning, potentially due to reduced exploratory behaviors crucial for novel problem-solving. We posit that invigorating exploration could mitigate these declines. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that older mice mirrored human aging, displaying less exploration and learning during decision-making, but optogenetic stimulation of their posterior parietal cortex boosted initial exploration, subsequently improving learning. Thus, enhancing exploration-driven learning could be a key to countering cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Hwang
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sayli Korde
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Jaydeep Sambangi
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Bowen Lian
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ama Owusu-Ofori
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Megi Diasamidze
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Lea M. Wong
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Nadine Pickering
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sam Begin
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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27
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Timme NM, Ardinger CE, Weir SDC, Zelaya-Escobar R, Kruger R, Lapish CC. Non-Consummatory Behavior Signals Predict Aversion-Resistant Alcohol Drinking in Head-Fixed Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.20.545767. [PMID: 37873153 PMCID: PMC10592797 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.20.545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
A key facet of alcohol use disorder is continuing to drink alcohol despite negative consequences (so called "aversion-resistant drinking"). In this study, we sought to assess the degree to which head-fixed mice exhibit aversion-resistant drinking and to leverage behavioral analysis techniques available in head-fixture to relate non-consummatory behaviors to aversion-resistant drinking. We assessed aversion-resistant drinking in head-fixed female and male C57BL/6J mice. We adulterated 20% (v/v) alcohol with varying concentrations of the bitter tastant quinine to measure the degree to which mice would continue to drink despite this aversive stimulus. We recorded high-resolution video of the mice during head-fixed drinking, tracked body parts with machine vision tools, and analyzed body movements in relation to consumption. Female and male head-fixed mice exhibited heterogenous levels of aversion-resistant drinking. Additionally, non-consummatory behaviors, such as paw movement and snout movement, were related to the intensity of aversion-resistant drinking. These studies demonstrate that head-fixed mice exhibit aversion-resistant drinking and that non-consummatory behaviors can be used to assess perceived aversiveness in this paradigm. Furthermore, these studies lay the groundwork for future experiments that will utilize advanced electrophysiological techniques to record from large populations of neurons during aversion-resistant drinking to understand the neurocomputational processes that drive this clinically relevant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Timme
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cherish E. Ardinger
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Seth D. C. Weir
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rachel Zelaya-Escobar
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rachel Kruger
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christopher C. Lapish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MSB 5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15 St, NB 414, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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28
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Funamizu A, Marbach F, Zador AM. Stable sound decoding despite modulated sound representation in the auditory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526457. [PMID: 37745428 PMCID: PMC10515783 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The activity of neurons in the auditory cortex is driven by both sounds and non-sensory context. To investigate the neuronal correlates of non-sensory context, we trained head-fixed mice to perform a two-alternative choice auditory task in which either reward or stimulus expectation (prior) was manipulated in blocks. Using two-photon calcium imaging to record populations of single neurons in auditory cortex, we found that both stimulus and reward expectation modulated the activity of these neurons. A linear decoder trained on this population activity could decode stimuli as well or better than predicted by the animal's performance. Interestingly, the optimal decoder was stable even in the face of variable sensory representations. Neither the context nor the mouse's choice could be reliably decoded from the recorded neural activity. Our findings suggest that in spite of modulation of auditory cortical activity by task priors, auditory cortex does not represent sufficient information about these priors to exploit them optimally and that decisions in this task require that rapidly changing sensory information be combined with more slowly varying task information extracted and represented in brain regions other than auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Funamizu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Present address: Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130032, Japan
- Present address: Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 1538902, Japan
| | - Fred Marbach
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Present address: The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, NW1 4AT London, UK
| | - Anthony M Zador
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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29
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Gordon-Fennell A, Barbakh JM, Utley MT, Singh S, Bazzino P, Gowrishankar R, Bruchas MR, Roitman MF, Stuber GD. An open-source platform for head-fixed operant and consummatory behavior. eLife 2023; 12:e86183. [PMID: 37555578 PMCID: PMC10499376 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head-fixed behavioral experiments in rodents permit unparalleled experimental control, precise measurement of behavior, and concurrent modulation and measurement of neural activity. Here, we present OHRBETS (Open-Source Head-fixed Rodent Behavioral Experimental Training System; pronounced 'Orbitz'), a low-cost, open-source platform of hardware and software to flexibly pursue the neural basis of a variety of motivated behaviors. Head-fixed mice tested with OHRBETS displayed operant conditioning for caloric reward that replicates core behavioral phenotypes observed during freely moving conditions. OHRBETS also permits optogenetic intracranial self-stimulation under positive or negative operant conditioning procedures and real-time place preference behavior, like that observed in freely moving assays. In a multi-spout brief-access consumption task, mice displayed licking as a function of concentration of sucrose, quinine, and sodium chloride, with licking modulated by homeostatic or circadian influences. Finally, to highlight the functionality of OHRBETS, we measured mesolimbic dopamine signals during the multi-spout brief-access task that display strong correlations with relative solution value and magnitude of consumption. All designs, programs, and instructions are provided freely online. This customizable platform enables replicable operant and consummatory behaviors and can be incorporated with methods to perturb and record neural dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gordon-Fennell
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Joumana M Barbakh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - MacKenzie T Utley
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Shreya Singh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Paula Bazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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30
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Memar S, Jiang E, Prado VF, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Prado MAM. Open science and data sharing in cognitive neuroscience with MouseBytes and MouseBytes. Sci Data 2023; 10:210. [PMID: 37059739 PMCID: PMC10104860 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Open access to rodent cognitive data has lagged behind the rapid generation of large open-access datasets in other areas of neuroscience, such as neuroimaging and genomics. One contributing factor has been the absence of uniform standardization in experiments and data output, an issue that has particularly plagued studies in animal models. Touchscreen-automated cognitive testing of animal models allows standardized outputs that are compatible with open-access sharing. Touchscreen datasets can be combined with different neuro-technologies such as fiber photometry, miniscopes, optogenetics, and MRI to evaluate the relationship between neural activity and behavior. Here we describe a platform that allows deposition of these data into an open-access repository. This platform, called MouseBytes, is a web-based repository that enables researchers to store, share, visualize, and analyze cognitive data. Here we present the architecture, structure, and the essential infrastructure behind MouseBytes. In addition, we describe MouseBytes+, a database that allows data from complementary neuro-technologies such as imaging and photometry to be easily integrated with behavioral data in MouseBytes to support multi-modal behavioral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Memar
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Eric Jiang
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Vania F Prado
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Marco A M Prado
- BrainsCAN, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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31
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Bonacchi N, Chapuis GA, Churchland AK, DeWitt EEJ, Faulkner M, Harris KD, Huntenburg JM, Hunter M, Laranjeira IC, Rossant C, Sasaki M, Schartner MM, Shen S, Steinmetz NA, Walker EY, West SJ, Winter O, Wells MJ. A modular architecture for organizing, processing and sharing neurophysiology data. Nat Methods 2023; 20:403-407. [PMID: 36864199 PMCID: PMC7614641 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an architecture for organizing, integrating and sharing neurophysiology data within a single laboratory or across a group of collaborators. It comprises a database linking data files to metadata and electronic laboratory notes; a module collecting data from multiple laboratories into one location; a protocol for searching and sharing data and a module for automatic analyses that populates a website. These modules can be used together or individually, by single laboratories or worldwide collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaelle A Chapuis
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne K Churchland
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mayo Faulkner
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Max Hunter
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cyrille Rossant
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven J West
- Sainsbury-Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Miles J Wells
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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32
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Recurrent networks endowed with structural priors explain suboptimal animal behavior. Curr Biol 2023; 33:622-638.e7. [PMID: 36657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The strategies found by animals facing a new task are determined both by individual experience and by structural priors evolved to leverage the statistics of natural environments. Rats quickly learn to capitalize on the trial sequence correlations of two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) tasks after correct trials but consistently deviate from optimal behavior after error trials. To understand this outcome-dependent gating, we first show that recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained in the same 2AFC task outperform rats as they can readily learn to use across-trial information both after correct and error trials. We hypothesize that, although RNNs can optimize their behavior in the 2AFC task without any a priori restrictions, rats' strategy is constrained by a structural prior adapted to a natural environment in which rewarded and non-rewarded actions provide largely asymmetric information. When pre-training RNNs in a more ecological task with more than two possible choices, networks develop a strategy by which they gate off the across-trial evidence after errors, mimicking rats' behavior. Population analyses show that the pre-trained networks form an accurate representation of the sequence statistics independently of the outcome in the previous trial. After error trials, gating is implemented by a change in the network dynamics that temporarily decouple the categorization of the stimulus from the across-trial accumulated evidence. Our results suggest that the rats' suboptimal behavior reflects the influence of a structural prior that reacts to errors by isolating the network decision dynamics from the context, ultimately constraining the performance in a 2AFC laboratory task.
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33
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Lycke R, Kim R, Zolotavin P, Montes J, Sun Y, Koszeghy A, Altun E, Noble B, Yin R, He F, Totah N, Xie C, Luan L. Low-threshold, high-resolution, chronically stable intracortical microstimulation by ultraflexible electrodes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529295. [PMID: 36865195 PMCID: PMC9980065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) enables applications ranging from neuroprosthetics to causal circuit manipulations. However, the resolution, efficacy, and chronic stability of neuromodulation is often compromised by the adverse tissue responses to the indwelling electrodes. Here we engineer ultraflexible stim-Nanoelectronic Threads (StimNETs) and demonstrate low activation threshold, high resolution, and chronically stable ICMS in awake, behaving mouse models. In vivo two-photon imaging reveals that StimNETs remain seamlessly integrated with the nervous tissue throughout chronic stimulation periods and elicit stable, focal neuronal activation at low currents of 2 μA. Importantly, StimNETs evoke longitudinally stable behavioral responses for over eight months at markedly low charge injection of 0.25 nC/phase. Quantified histological analysis show that chronic ICMS by StimNETs induce no neuronal degeneration or glial scarring. These results suggest that tissue-integrated electrodes provide a path for robust, long-lasting, spatially-selective neuromodulation at low currents which lessen risks of tissue damage or exacerbation of off-target side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lycke
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Robin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Pavlo Zolotavin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Jon Montes
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Yingchu Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Aron Koszeghy
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE); University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
| | - Esra Altun
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Material Science and NanoEngineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Brian Noble
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Rongkang Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Nelson Totah
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE); University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
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Turner KL, Gheres KW, Drew PJ. Relating Pupil Diameter and Blinking to Cortical Activity and Hemodynamics across Arousal States. J Neurosci 2023; 43:949-964. [PMID: 36517240 PMCID: PMC9908322 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arousal state affects neural activity and vascular dynamics in the cortex, with sleep associated with large changes in the local field potential and increases in cortical blood flow. We investigated the relationship between pupil diameter and blink rate with neural activity and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex in male and female unanesthetized, head-fixed mice. We monitored these variables while the mice were awake, during periods of rapid eye movement (REM), and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Pupil diameter was smaller during sleep than in the awake state. Changes in pupil diameter were coherent with both gamma-band power and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex, but the strength and sign of this relationship varied with arousal state. We observed a strong negative correlation between pupil diameter and both gamma-band power and blood volume during periods of awake rest and NREM sleep, although the correlations between pupil diameter and these signals became positive during periods of alertness, active whisking, and REM. Blinking was associated with increases in arousal and decreases in blood volume when the mouse was asleep. Bilateral coherence in gamma-band power and in blood volume dropped following awake blinking, indicating a reset of neural and vascular activity. Using only eye metrics (pupil diameter and eye motion), we could determine the arousal state of the mouse ('Awake,' 'NREM,' 'REM') with >90% accuracy with a 5 s resolution. There is a strong relationship between pupil diameter and hemodynamics signals in mice, reflecting the pronounced effects of arousal on cerebrovascular dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Determining arousal state is a critical component of any neuroscience experiment. Pupil diameter and blinking are influenced by arousal state, as are hemodynamics signals in the cortex. We investigated the relationship between cortical hemodynamics and pupil diameter and found that pupil diameter was strongly related to the blood volume in the cortex. Mice were more likely to be awake after blinking than before, and blinking resets neural activity. Pupil diameter and eye motion can be used as a reliable, noninvasive indicator of arousal state. As mice transition from wake to sleep and back again over a timescale of seconds, monitoring pupil diameter and eye motion permits the noninvasive detection of sleep events during behavioral or resting-state experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- Biology and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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35
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Gupta D, DePasquale B, Kopec CD, Brody CD. Trial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524599. [PMID: 36778392 PMCID: PMC9915493 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Trial history biases and lapses are two of the most common suboptimalities observed during perceptual decision-making. These suboptimalities are routinely assumed to arise from distinct processes. However, several hints in the literature suggest that they covary in their prevalence and that their proposed neural substrates overlap - what could underlie these links? Here we demonstrate that history biases and apparent lapses can both arise from a common cognitive process that is normative under misbeliefs about non-stationarity in the world. This corresponds to an accumulation-to-bound model with history-dependent updates to the initial state of the accumulator. We test our model's predictions about the relative prevalence of history biases and lapses, and show that they are robustly borne out in two distinct rat decision-making datasets, including data from a novel reaction time task. Our model improves the ability to precisely predict decision-making dynamics within and across trials, by positing a process through which agents can generate quasi-stochastic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Gupta
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Brian DePasquale
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Charles D Kopec
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Carlos D Brody
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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36
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Horrocks EAB, Mareschal I, Saleem AB. Walking humans and running mice: perception and neural encoding of optic flow during self-motion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210450. [PMID: 36511417 PMCID: PMC9745880 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion produces full-field optic flow that often dominates the visual motion inputs to an observer. The perception of optic flow is in turn important for animals to guide their heading and interact with moving objects. Understanding how locomotion influences optic flow processing and perception is therefore essential to understand how animals successfully interact with their environment. Here, we review research investigating how perception and neural encoding of optic flow are altered during self-motion, focusing on locomotion. Self-motion has been found to influence estimation and sensitivity for optic flow speed and direction. Nonvisual self-motion signals also increase compensation for self-driven optic flow when parsing the visual motion of moving objects. The integration of visual and nonvisual self-motion signals largely follows principles of Bayesian inference and can improve the precision and accuracy of self-motion perception. The calibration of visual and nonvisual self-motion signals is dynamic, reflecting the changing visuomotor contingencies across different environmental contexts. Throughout this review, we consider experimental research using humans, non-human primates and mice. We highlight experimental challenges and opportunities afforded by each of these species and draw parallels between experimental findings. These findings reveal a profound influence of locomotion on optic flow processing and perception across species. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'New approaches to 3D vision'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. B. Horrocks
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Isabelle Mareschal
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Aman B. Saleem
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
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37
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Gordon-Fennell A, Barbakh JM, Utley M, Singh S, Bazzino P, Gowrishankar R, Bruchas MR, Roitman MF, Stuber GD. An Open-Source Platform for Head-Fixed Operant and Consummatory Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523828. [PMID: 36712040 PMCID: PMC9882199 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Head-fixed behavioral experiments in rodents permit unparalleled experimental control, precise measurement of behavior, and concurrent modulation and measurement of neural activity. Here we present OHRBETS (Open-Source Head-fixed Rodent Behavioral Experimental Training System; pronounced 'Orbitz'), a low-cost, open-source ecosystem of hardware and software to flexibly pursue the neural basis of a variety of motivated behaviors. Head-fixed mice tested with OHRBETS displayed operant conditioning for caloric reward that replicates core behavioral phenotypes observed during freely moving conditions. OHRBETS also permits for optogenetic intracranial self-stimulation under positive or negative operant conditioning procedures and real-time place preference behavior, like that observed in freely moving assays. In a multi-spout brief-access consumption task, mice displayed licking as a function of concentration of sucrose, quinine, and sodium chloride, with licking modulated by homeostatic or circadian influences. Finally, to highlight the functionality of OHRBETS, we measured mesolimbic dopamine signals during the multi-spout brief-access task that display strong correlations with relative solution value and magnitude of consumption. All designs, programs, and instructions are provided freely online. This customizable ecosystem enables replicable operant and consummatory behaviors and can be incorporated with methods to perturb and record neural dynamics in vivo . Impact Statement A customizable open-source hardware and software ecosystem for conducting diverse head-fixed behavioral experiments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gordon-Fennell
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joumana M. Barbakh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - MacKenzie Utley
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shreya Singh
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paula Bazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Raajaram Gowrishankar
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell F. Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Garret D. Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
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38
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Bolding KA, Franks KM. Electrophysiological Recordings from Identified Cell Types in the Olfactory Cortex of Awake Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2710:209-221. [PMID: 37688735 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3425-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits consist of a myriad of distinct cell types, each with specific intrinsic properties and patterns of synaptic connectivity, which transform neural input and convey this information to downstream targets. Understanding how different features of an odor stimulus are encoded and relayed to their appropriate targets will require selective identification and manipulation of these different elements of the circuit. Here, we describe methods to obtain dense, extracellular electrophysiological recordings of odor-evoked activity in olfactory (piriform) cortex of awake, head-fixed mice, and optogenetic tools and procedures to identify genetically defined cell types within this circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Bolding
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin M Franks
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Mittal D, Mease R, Kuner T, Flor H, Kuner R, Andoh J. Data management strategy for a collaborative research center. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad049. [PMID: 37401720 PMCID: PMC10318494 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of effective research data management (RDM) strategies to support the generation of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) neuroscience data grows with each advance in data acquisition techniques and research methods. To maximize the impact of diverse research strategies, multidisciplinary, large-scale neuroscience research consortia face a number of unsolved challenges in RDM. While open science principles are largely accepted, it is practically difficult for researchers to prioritize RDM over other pressing demands. The implementation of a coherent, executable RDM plan for consortia spanning animal, human, and clinical studies is becoming increasingly challenging. Here, we present an RDM strategy implemented for the Heidelberg Collaborative Research Consortium. Our consortium combines basic and clinical research in diverse populations (animals and humans) and produces highly heterogeneous and multimodal research data (e.g., neurophysiology, neuroimaging, genetics, behavior). We present a concrete strategy for initiating early-stage RDM and FAIR data generation for large-scale collaborative research consortia, with a focus on sustainable solutions that incentivize incremental RDM while respecting research-specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mittal
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mease
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamila Andoh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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40
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Shoenhard H, Jain RA, Granato M. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates zebrafish sensorimotor decision making via a genetically defined cluster of hindbrain neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111790. [PMID: 36476852 PMCID: PMC9813870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making is a fundamental nervous system function that ranges widely in complexity and speed of execution. We previously established larval zebrafish as a model for sensorimotor decision making and identified the G-protein-coupled calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to be critical for this process. Here, we report that CaSR functions in neurons to dynamically regulate the bias between two behavioral outcomes: escapes and reorientations. By employing a computational guided transgenic strategy, we identify a genetically defined neuronal cluster in the hindbrain as a key candidate site for CaSR function. Finally, we demonstrate that transgenic CaSR expression targeting this cluster consisting of a few hundred neurons shifts behavioral bias in wild-type animals and restores decision making deficits in CaSR mutants. Combined, our data provide a rare example of a G-protein-coupled receptor that biases vertebrate sensorimotor decision making via a defined neuronal cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Shoenhard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roshan A. Jain
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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41
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Wang Y, LeDue JM, Murphy TH. Multiscale imaging informs translational mouse modeling of neurological disease. Neuron 2022; 110:3688-3710. [PMID: 36198319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale neurophysiology reveals that simple motor actions are associated with changes in neuronal firing in virtually every brain region studied. Accordingly, the assessment of focal pathology such as stroke or progressive neurodegenerative diseases must also extend widely across brain areas. To derive mechanistic information through imaging, multiple resolution scales and multimodal factors must be included, such as the structure and function of specific neurons and glial cells and the dynamics of specific neurotransmitters. Emerging multiscale methods in preclinical animal studies that span micro- to macroscale examinations fill this gap, allowing a circuit-based understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms. Combined with high-performance computation and open-source data repositories, these emerging multiscale and large field-of-view techniques include live functional ultrasound, multi- and single-photon wide-scale light microscopy, video-based miniscopes, and tissue-penetrating fiber photometry, as well as variants of post-mortem expansion microscopy. We present these technologies and outline use cases and data pipelines to uncover new knowledge within animal models of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Wang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M LeDue
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy H Murphy
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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42
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Saglietti L, Mannelli SS, Saxe A. An analytical theory of curriculum learning in teacher-student networks. JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS (ONLINE) 2022; 2022:114014. [PMID: 37817944 PMCID: PMC10561397 DOI: 10.1088/1742-5468/ac9b3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In animals and humans, curriculum learning-presenting data in a curated order-is critical to rapid learning and effective pedagogy. A long history of experiments has demonstrated the impact of curricula in a variety of animals but, despite its ubiquitous presence, a theoretical understanding of the phenomenon is still lacking. Surprisingly, in contrast to animal learning, curricula strategies are not widely used in machine learning and recent simulation studies reach the conclusion that curricula are moderately effective or even ineffective in most cases. This stark difference in the importance of curriculum raises a fundamental theoretical question: when and why does curriculum learning help? In this work, we analyse a prototypical neural network model of curriculum learning in the high-dimensional limit, employing statistical physics methods. We study a task in which a sparse set of informative features are embedded amidst a large set of noisy features. We analytically derive average learning trajectories for simple neural networks on this task, which establish a clear speed benefit for curriculum learning in the online setting. However, when training experiences can be stored and replayed (for instance, during sleep), the advantage of curriculum in standard neural networks disappears, in line with observations from the deep learning literature. Inspired by synaptic consolidation techniques developed to combat catastrophic forgetting, we propose curriculum-aware algorithms that consolidate synapses at curriculum change points and investigate whether this can boost the benefits of curricula. We derive generalisation performance as a function of consolidation strength (implemented as an L 2 regularisation/elastic coupling connecting learning phases), and show that curriculum-aware algorithms can yield a large improvement in test performance. Our reduced analytical descriptions help reconcile apparently conflicting empirical results, trace regimes where curriculum learning yields the largest gains, and provide experimentally-accessible predictions for the impact of task parameters on curriculum benefits. More broadly, our results suggest that fully exploiting a curriculum may require explicit adjustments in the loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Saglietti
- Institute for Data Science and Analytics, Bocconi University, Italy
| | - Stefano Sarao Mannelli
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit and Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Saxe
- Institute for Data Science and Analytics, Bocconi University, Italy
- FAIR, Meta AI, United States of America
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43
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Barkus C, Bergmann C, Branco T, Carandini M, Chadderton PT, Galiñanes GL, Gilmour G, Huber D, Huxter JR, Khan AG, King AJ, Maravall M, O'Mahony T, Ragan CI, Robinson ESJ, Schaefer AT, Schultz SR, Sengpiel F, Prescott MJ. Refinements to rodent head fixation and fluid/food control for neuroscience. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 381:109705. [PMID: 36096238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of head fixation in mice is increasingly common in research, its use having initially been restricted to the field of sensory neuroscience. Head restraint has often been combined with fluid control, rather than food restriction, to motivate behaviour, but this too is now in use for both restrained and non-restrained animals. Despite this, there is little guidance on how best to employ these techniques to optimise both scientific outcomes and animal welfare. This article summarises current practices and provides recommendations to improve animal wellbeing and data quality, based on a survey of the community, literature reviews, and the expert opinion and practical experience of an international working group convened by the UK's National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). Topics covered include head fixation surgery and post-operative care, habituation to restraint, and the use of fluid/food control to motivate performance. We also discuss some recent developments that may offer alternative ways to collect data from large numbers of behavioural trials without the need for restraint. The aim is to provide support for researchers at all levels, animal care staff, and ethics committees to refine procedures and practices in line with the refinement principle of the 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Barkus
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK.
| | | | - Tiago Branco
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul T Chadderton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Adil G Khan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Tina O'Mahony
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - C Ian Ragan
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andreas T Schaefer
- Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon R Schultz
- Centre for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark J Prescott
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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44
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Kosourikhina V, Kavanagh D, Richardson MJ, Kaplan DM. Validation of deep learning-based markerless 3D pose estimation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276258. [PMID: 36264853 PMCID: PMC9584509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep learning-based approaches to markerless 3D pose estimation are being adopted by researchers in psychology and neuroscience at an unprecedented rate. Yet many of these tools remain unvalidated. Here, we report on the validation of one increasingly popular tool (DeepLabCut) against simultaneous measurements obtained from a reference measurement system (Fastrak) with well-known performance characteristics. Our results confirm close (mm range) agreement between the two, indicating that under specific circumstances deep learning-based approaches can match more traditional motion tracking methods. Although more work needs to be done to determine their specific performance characteristics and limitations, this study should help build confidence within the research community using these new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kosourikhina
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diarmuid Kavanagh
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Michael J. Richardson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - David M. Kaplan
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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45
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Peters AJ, Marica AM, Fabre JMJ, Harris KD, Carandini M. Visuomotor learning promotes visually evoked activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111487. [PMID: 36261004 PMCID: PMC9631115 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is necessary for executing many learned associations between stimuli and movement. It is unclear, however, how activity in the mPFC evolves across learning, and how this activity correlates with sensory stimuli and the learned movements they evoke. To address these questions, we record cortical activity with widefield calcium imaging while mice learned to associate a visual stimulus with a forelimb movement. After learning, the mPFC shows stimulus-evoked activity both during task performance and during passive viewing, when the stimulus evokes no action. This stimulus-evoked activity closely tracks behavioral performance across training, with both exhibiting a marked increase between days when mice first learn the task, followed by a steady increase with further training. Electrophysiological recordings localized this activity to the secondary motor and anterior cingulate cortex. We conclude that learning a visuomotor task promotes a route for visual information to reach the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Peters
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Julie M J Fabre
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
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Lee JJ, Krumin M, Harris KD, Carandini M. Task specificity in mouse parietal cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:2961-2969.e5. [PMID: 35963238 PMCID: PMC9616730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parietal cortex is implicated in a variety of behavioral processes, but it is unknown whether and how its individual neurons participate in multiple tasks. We trained head-fixed mice to perform two visual decision tasks involving a steering wheel or a virtual T-maze and recorded from the same parietal neurons during these two tasks. Neurons that were active during the T-maze task were typically inactive during the steering-wheel task and vice versa. Recording from the same neurons in the same apparatus without task stimuli yielded the same specificity as in the task, suggesting that task specificity depends on physical context. To confirm this, we trained some mice in a third task combining the steering wheel context with the visual environment of the T-maze. This hybrid task engaged the same neurons as those engaged in the steering-wheel task. Thus, participation by neurons in mouse parietal cortex is task specific, and this specificity is determined by physical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Lee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, UK.
| | - Michael Krumin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, UK
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47
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Wilde M, Constantin L, Thorne PR, Montgomery JM, Scott EK, Cheyne JE. Auditory processing in rodent models of autism: a systematic review. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:48. [PMID: 36042393 PMCID: PMC9429780 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a complex condition with many traits, including differences in auditory sensitivity. Studies in human autism are plagued by the difficulty of controlling for aetiology, whereas studies in individual rodent models cannot represent the full spectrum of human autism. This systematic review compares results in auditory studies across a wide range of established rodent models of autism to mimic the wide range of aetiologies in the human population. A search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases to find primary research articles in mouse or rat models of autism which investigate central auditory processing. A total of 88 studies were included. These used non-invasive measures of auditory function, such as auditory brainstem response recordings, cortical event-related potentials, electroencephalography, and behavioural tests, which are translatable to human studies. They also included invasive measures, such as electrophysiology and histology, which shed insight on the origins of the phenotypes found in the non-invasive studies. The most consistent results across these studies were increased latency of the N1 peak of event-related potentials, decreased power and coherence of gamma activity in the auditory cortex, and increased auditory startle responses to high sound levels. Invasive studies indicated loss of subcortical inhibitory neurons, hyperactivity in the lateral superior olive and auditory thalamus, and reduced specificity of responses in the auditory cortex. This review compares the auditory phenotypes across rodent models and highlights those that mimic findings in human studies, providing a framework and avenues for future studies to inform understanding of the auditory system in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Wilde
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lena Constantin
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter R Thorne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Section of Audiology, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ethan K Scott
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Juliette E Cheyne
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Questionable Research Practices, Low Statistical Power, and Other Obstacles to Replicability: Why Preclinical Neuroscience Research Would Benefit from Registered Reports. eNeuro 2022; 9:9/4/ENEURO.0017-22.2022. [PMID: 35922130 PMCID: PMC9351632 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0017-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicability, the degree to which a previous scientific finding can be repeated in a distinct set of data, has been considered an integral component of institutionalized scientific practice since its inception several hundred years ago. In the past decade, large-scale replication studies have demonstrated that replicability is far from favorable, across multiple scientific fields. Here, I evaluate this literature and describe contributing factors including the prevalence of questionable research practices (QRPs), misunderstanding of p-values, and low statistical power. I subsequently discuss how these issues manifest specifically in preclinical neuroscience research. I conclude that these problems are multifaceted and difficult to solve, relying on the actions of early and late career researchers, funding sources, academic publishers, and others. I assert that any viable solution to the problem of substandard replicability must include changing academic incentives, with adoption of registered reports being the most immediately impactful and pragmatic strategy. For animal research in particular, comprehensive reporting guidelines that document potential sources of sensitivity for experimental outcomes is an essential addition.
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Claudi F, Campagner D, Branco T. Innate heuristics and fast learning support escape route selection in mice. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2980-2987.e5. [PMID: 35617953 PMCID: PMC9616796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When faced with imminent danger, animals must rapidly take defensive actions to reach safety. Mice can react to threatening stimuli in ∼250 milliseconds1 and, in simple environments, use spatial memory to quickly escape to shelter.2,3 Natural habitats, however, often offer multiple routes to safety that animals must identify and choose from.4 This is challenging because although rodents can learn to navigate complex mazes,5,6 learning the value of different routes through trial and error during escape could be deadly. Here, we investigated how mice learn to choose between different escape routes. Using environments with paths to shelter of varying length and geometry, we find that mice prefer options that minimize path distance and angle relative to the shelter. This strategy is already present during the first threat encounter and after only ∼10 minutes of exploration in a novel environment, indicating that route selection does not require experience of escaping. Instead, an innate heuristic assigns survival value to each path after rapidly learning the spatial environment. This route selection process is flexible and allows quick adaptation to arenas with dynamic geometries. Computational modeling shows that model-based reinforcement learning agents replicate the observed behavior in environments where the shelter location is rewarding during exploration. These results show that mice combine fast spatial learning with innate heuristics to choose escape routes with the highest survival value. The results further suggest that integrating prior knowledge acquired through evolution with knowledge learned from experience supports adaptation to changing environments and minimizes the need for trial and error when the errors are costly. Mice learn to escape via the fastest route after ∼10 minutes in a new environment Escape routes are learned during exploration and do not require threat exposure Mice prefer escape routes that minimize path distance and angle to shelter Fast route learning can be replicated by model-based reinforcement learning agents
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Claudi
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Dario Campagner
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London W1T 4JG, UK; Gatsby Unit, UCL, London W1T 4JG, UK
| | - Tiago Branco
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London W1T 4JG, UK.
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Nunez-Elizalde AO, Krumin M, Reddy CB, Montaldo G, Urban A, Harris KD, Carandini M. Neural correlates of blood flow measured by ultrasound. Neuron 2022; 110:1631-1640.e4. [PMID: 35278361 PMCID: PMC9235295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) is an appealing method for measuring blood flow and thus infer brain activity, but it relies on the physiology of neurovascular coupling and requires extensive signal processing. To establish to what degree fUSI trial-by-trial signals reflect neural activity, we performed simultaneous fUSI and neural recordings with Neuropixels probes in awake mice. fUSI signals strongly correlated with the slow (<0.3 Hz) fluctuations in the local firing rate and were closely predicted by the smoothed firing rate of local neurons, particularly putative inhibitory neurons. The optimal smoothing filter had a width of ∼3 s, matched the hemodynamic response function of awake mice, was invariant across mice and stimulus conditions, and was similar in the cortex and hippocampus. fUSI signals also matched neural firing spatially: firing rates were as highly correlated across hemispheres as fUSI signals. Thus, blood flow measured by ultrasound bears a simple and accurate relationship to neuronal firing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Krumin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Charu Bai Reddy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK.
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