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Mnatzaganian G, Lee CMY, Cowen G, Boyd JH, Varhol RJ, Randall S, Robinson S. Sex disparities in the prevalence, incidence, and management of diabetes mellitus: an Australian retrospective primary healthcare study involving 668,891 individuals. BMC Med 2024; 22:475. [PMID: 39415266 PMCID: PMC11483993 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Australia, diabetes is the fastest growing chronic condition, with prevalence trebling over the past three decades. Despite reported sex differences in diabetes outcomes, disparities in management and health targets remain unclear. This population-based retrospective study used MedicineInsight primary healthcare data to investigate sex differences in diabetes prevalence, incidence, management, and achievement of health targets. METHODS Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) attending 39 general practices in Western Australia were included. Diabetes incidence and prevalence were estimated by age category. Health targets assessed included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, blood lipids, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Medical management of diabetes-associated conditions was also investigated. Time-to-incident diabetes was modelled using a Weibull regression. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model investigated risk-adjusted sex differences in achieving the HbA1c health target (HbA1c ≤ 7.0% (≤ 53 mmol/mol)). RESULTS Records of 668,891 individuals (53.4% women) were analysed. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 1.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2%-1.3%) in those aged < 50 years to 7.2% (95% CI 7.1%-7.3%) in those aged ≥ 50 years and was overall higher in men. In patients younger than 30 years, incidence was higher in women, with this reversing after the age of 50. Among patients with diabetes, BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 was more prevalent in women, whereas current and past smoking were more common in men. Women were less likely than men to achieve lipid health targets and less likely to receive prescriptions for lipid, blood pressure, or glucose-lowering agents. Men with incident diabetes were 21% less likely than women to meet the HbA1c target. Similarly, ever recorded retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease and peripheral artery disease were higher in men than women. CONCLUSIONS This research underscores variations in diabetes epidemiology and management based on sex. Tailoring diabetes management should consider the patient's sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mnatzaganian
- La Trobe Rural Health School, College of Science, Health, and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | | | - Gill Cowen
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - James H Boyd
- Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard J Varhol
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sean Randall
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Chellamma J, Jayakumar RV, Nair A, Nirmala C, Khadar JP, Vijayan CP, Babu A, Gopi A. Reference range for glycated haemoglobin in full term non diabetic pregnant women: a multicentric cross sectional study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 310:1377-1383. [PMID: 37794248 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no large studies to define the normal value of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measured in full term pregnant women measured at the time of delivery. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted at three government hospitals in South India. Clinical data, maternal blood sample and foetal cord blood sample were collected from women admitted for safe confinement. Mean (± SD) of HbA1c in participants with no known diabetes (gestational or pregestational) or any complications (maternal or fetal) is described, 2.5th-97.5th centile reference range was derived. RESULTS From 3 centres, 2004 women participated in the study. Data from 1039 participants who had no history of diabetes or any maternal or fetal complication were used to determine the reference range for HbA1c at term pregnancy. The mean HbA1c in subjects devoid of diabetes and its known complications was 5.0 (± 0.39) %. The reference range for normal HbA1c at term in these women was found to be 4.3-5.9%. Maternal HbA1c at term pregnancy in non-diabetic pregnant women is associated with pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age and 2-h plasma glucose level of 2nd trimester oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). CONCLUSIONS The mean HbA1c at term pregnancy in non-diabetic women admitted for safe confinement is 5.00 (± 0.39) %. An HbA1c of 5.9% or more at term should be considered abnormal and women with such a value may be kept at a close surveillance for development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R V Jayakumar
- Indian Institute of Diabetes, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Abilash Nair
- Indian Institute of Diabetes, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - C Nirmala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jabbar Puthiyaveettil Khadar
- Indian Institute of Diabetes, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - C P Vijayan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, India
| | - Asha Babu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, W&C Hospital, Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Anjana Gopi
- Department of Paediatrics, ESIC Model Super Specialty Hospital, Kollam, India
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AlQarni AM, Alghamdi AA, Aljubran HJ, Bamalan OA, Abuzaid AH, AlYahya MA, AlAwami AM, Al Shubbar MD, Al Yousif GF. Exploring the Impact of Iron Deficiency Anaemia on Glycated Haemoglobin A1c Levels in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. Int J Womens Health 2024; 16:797-809. [PMID: 38765207 PMCID: PMC11100956 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s462163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is fundamental in monitoring glycaemic control during pregnancy. However, several conditions could affect this test's accuracy, including iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Hence, this systematic review delves into the underexplored connection between IDA, iron replacement therapy (IRT), and haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) during pregnancy. An electronic search of the Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Embase databases was conducted by six authors. From a comprehensive search strategy, 968 records were obtained. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven studies were included, comprising 365 women selected for analysis. Six studies indicated a positive correlation between IDA and HbA1c levels, while one found no correlation. The average HbA1c level of the included studies in pregnant women was 5.64%. In comparison, it was found that non-pregnant women had lower HbA1c levels. Among the included studies, the mean HbA1c levels decreased from 5.1% to 4.89% after treating pregnant women with IRT. The review emphasises the complexity of interpreting HbA1c levels in pregnant women with IDA, highlighting the influence of pregnancy-induced physiological changes. In addition, this suggests that HbA1c should not be the sole criterion for diabetes management in pregnant women with IDA. Future research should focus on alternative glycaemic monitoring methods unaffected by IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani M AlQarni
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A Alghamdi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain J Aljubran
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Bamalan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah H Abuzaid
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A AlYahya
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M AlAwami
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ghada F Al Yousif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Campbell C, Shoelson A, Mahony O. Complications associated with a flash glucose monitoring system in diabetic dogs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2023; 87:260-264. [PMID: 37790268 PMCID: PMC10542953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial glucose monitoring systems are commonly being used in diabetic dogs. The aim of this study was to document the incidence of complications associated with the use of a flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) in dogs. Medical records of dogs that had placement of a 14-day FGMS during a 1-year period were reviewed. Data retrieved included the number of days the sensor remained attached and functional, sensor detachment, sensor failure prior to the end of the 14-day monitoring period, and dermatologic changes at the sensor site. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the data. Thirty-four dogs had FGMSs placed. Most [32/34 (94%)] sensors were placed over the dorsolateral aspect of the thorax caudal to the scapula. Twenty-four sensors (71%) remained attached for the full 14 days. Incidence of complications associated with FGMS use was 13/34 (38%). The most frequent complication was mild dermatologic changes at the sensor site [6/34 (18%)]. Erythema and crusting at the attachment site were common and could be related to contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity, or skin preparation prior to placement. Flash glucose monitoring systems are safe in dogs, although there are some potential complications that should be discussed with dog owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Campbell
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Department of Clinical Sciences, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (Campbell, Mahony); Portland Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Care, Internal Medicine Department, 739 Warren Avenue, Portland, Maine 04103, USA (Shoelson)
| | - Adam Shoelson
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Department of Clinical Sciences, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (Campbell, Mahony); Portland Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Care, Internal Medicine Department, 739 Warren Avenue, Portland, Maine 04103, USA (Shoelson)
| | - Orla Mahony
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Department of Clinical Sciences, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA (Campbell, Mahony); Portland Veterinary Emergency and Specialty Care, Internal Medicine Department, 739 Warren Avenue, Portland, Maine 04103, USA (Shoelson)
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Jawed F, Tanveer T, Anwar F. Iron deficiency anemia and HbA1c levels: a wake-up call for health policy planners in low- and middle-income countries. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:481-482. [PMID: 36594732 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Jawed
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Tanveer
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan -
| | - Farah Anwar
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Niculae A, Peride I, Nechita AM, Petcu LC, Tiglis M, Checherita IA. Epidemiological Characteristics and Mortality Risk Factors Comparison in Dialysis and Non-Dialysis CKD Patients with COVID-19-A Single Center Experience. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060966. [PMID: 35743751 PMCID: PMC9224649 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Despite some controversies between studies, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a negative impact on COVID-19 outcomes, with patients presenting a higher mortality risk than in the general population. Studies have shown an association between COVID-19 severe cases and different inflammatory biomarkers. The aim of this study was to emphasize the epidemiological characteristics of CKD patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and to determine if the risk of mortality, and the severity of this infection might be influenced by different parameters. (2) Methods: Our retrospective study included CKD patients with COVID-19—362 in the non-dialysis group and 132 in the dialysis group. (3) Results: There were significant statistical differences between our groups regarding age (p < 0.001), hemoglobin (p < 0.001), interleukin-6 (p < 0.001), serum albumin (p = 0.016), procalcitonin (p = 0.002), ferritin (p < 0.001), and of course serum creatinine (p < 0.001). Even if the risk of death was higher in the dialysis group (Exp(b) = 1.839), the survival proportions were similar in both groups. (4) Conclusions: High values of hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and LDH at admission, age, length of hospital stay ≤ 10 days, and a pulmonary impairment > 25% are responsible for an adverse outcome in non-dialysis and dialysis patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Niculae
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.A.C.)
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, “St. John” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ileana Peride
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.A.C.)
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, “St. John” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Ana-Maria Nechita
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, “St. John” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lucian Cristian Petcu
- Department of Biophysics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Ovidius” University, 900684 Constanta, Romania;
| | - Mirela Tiglis
- Clinical Department No. 14, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Ionel Alexandru Checherita
- Clinical Department No. 3, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.N.); (I.A.C.)
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Michalak SS, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Michalak M, Gil L. Clinical Implications of the Coexistence of Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly Population. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:8745968. [PMID: 34708130 PMCID: PMC8545586 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8745968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and also anemia are common in the elderly and have a negative impact on the clinical outcomes of patients. The coexistence of anemia and DM seems to be insufficiently recognized; therefore, the aim of our study is to analyze the incidence and clinical consequences of this coexistence, including mortality, in the population of people aged ≥60. A retrospective study was conducted on 981 primary care clinic patients aged ≥60 during 2013-2014. The prevalence of coexistence of DM and anemia (defined in accordance with WHO) and data on the incidence of comorbidities, hospitalization, medical procedures, and all-cause mortality were analyzed. In the study population, 25% had DM, while 5.4% had both DM and anemia. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) was found in 48 patients (4.89%) of the entire study population, more often in men (p < 0.001). Diabetic patients with anemia compared to nonanemic diabetics had more comorbidities (median 4 (4, 5) vs. 3 (2-4); p < 0.001)-PAD more often (p = 0.004), more hospitalization (median 2 (0-11) vs. 0 (0-11); p < 0.001), and more frequent medical procedures (e.g., percutaneous coronary intervention (p < 0.001), coronary artery bypass surgery (p = 0.027), arteriography (p < 0.001), and bypass surgery or endovascular treatments of lower limb ischemia (p < 0.001)). The cumulative survival of patients with both DM and anemia vs. nonanemic diabetics at 36 months was 86.4% vs. 99.3% (p < 0.001). A multivariate logistic regression model showed anemia to be a significant risk factor for death in diabetic patients (p = 0.013). Patients with both DM and anemia have more comorbidities than nonanemic diabetic patients; they are more often hospitalized, require medical procedures more frequently, and are at a higher risk of death. Effective treatment of anemia in patients with DM is advisable and may well improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Michalak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - E. Wolny-Rokicka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Multidisciplinary Hospital, Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland
| | - E. Nowakowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - M. Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - L. Gil
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Pohanka M. Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:70. [PMID: 33806493 PMCID: PMC8000313 DOI: 10.3390/bios11030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a product of the spontaneous reaction between hemoglobin and elevated glucose levels in the blood. It is included among the so-called advanced glycation end products, of which is the most important for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and it can serve as an alternative to glycemia measurement. Compared to the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by glycemia, the HbA1c level is less influenced by a short-term problem with diabetes compensation. Mass spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques are among the standard methods of HbA1c level measurement. Compared to glycemia measurement, there is lack of simple methods for diabetes mellitus diagnosis by means of the HbA1c assay using a point-of-care test. This review article is focused on the surveying of facts about HbA1c and its importance in diabetes mellitus diagnosis, and surveying standard methods and new methods suitable for the HbA1c assay under point-of-care conditions. Various bioassays and biosensors are mentioned and their specifications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, CZ-50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Lai Y, Lin Z, Zhu Z. Association between hemoglobin within the normal range and hemoglobin A1c among Chinese non-diabetes adults. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 33639896 PMCID: PMC7916310 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the product of a non-enzymatic chemical reaction between hemoglobin (Hb) and glucose. However, the association between Hb and HbA1c remains to be fully elucidated in view of the controversial findings reported to date. Therefore, our aim in this study was to evaluate the association between Hb levels within the normal range and HbA1c levels among Chinese non-diabetes adults using cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. METHODS Our analysis was based on the data of 1659 non-diabete adults 20-49 years of age. Multivariable linear models were applied to examine the association between Hb and HbA1c levels. Subgroup analyses stratified by age and sex were also performed. RESULTS The association between Hb and HbA1c levels was positive in the unadjusted model (β =0.020, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.032). However, this association did not remain significant when the regression model was minimally adjusted for age and sex (β =0.006, 95% CI: - 0.014, 0.024); this association became negative when the model was further adjusted for covariates whose effect estimates of HbA1c levels more than 10% (β = - 0.042, 95% CI: - 0.064, - 0.020). The association remained negative on subgroup analyses stratified by age (20-34 years: β = - 0.052, 95% CI: - 0.091, - 0.013; 35-49 years: β = - 0.041, 95% CI: - 0.068, - 0.014) and sex (men: β = - 0.042, 95% CI: - 0.074, - 0.010; women: β = - 0.042, 95% CI: - 0.073, - 0.012) when controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that Hb levels within the normal range were negatively associated with HbA1c levels among Chinese non-diabetes adults. Confounding factors, such as red blood cell counts can affect the association between Hb and HbA1c levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lai
- Department of Emergency, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhu
- Department of Osteoporosis Care and Control, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China.
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