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Gbenonsi G, Boucham M, Belrhiti Z, Nejjari C, Huybrechts I, Khalis M. Health system factors that influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1325. [PMID: 34229634 PMCID: PMC8259007 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer patients in sub-Saharan Africa experience long time intervals between their first presentation to a health care facility and the start of cancer treatment. The role of the health system in the increasing treatment time intervals has not been widely investigated. This review aimed to identify existing information on health system factors that influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa to contribute to the reorientation of health policies in the region. METHODS PubMed, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, Mendeley, ResearchGate and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and July 2020. We performed a qualitative synthesis in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Related health system factors were extracted and classified according to the World Health Organization's six health system building blocks. The quality of qualitative and quantitative studies was assessed by using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Quality-Assessment Tool and the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool, respectively. In addition, we used the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research tool to assess the evidence for each qualitative finding. RESULTS From 14,184 identified studies, this systematic review included 28 articles. We identified a total of 36 barriers and 8 facilitators that may influence diagnostic and treatment intervals in women with breast cancer. The principal health system factors identified were mainly related to human resources and service delivery, particularly difficulty accessing health care, diagnostic errors, poor management, and treatment cost. CONCLUSION The present review shows that diagnostic and treatment intervals among women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa are influenced by many related health system factors. Policy makers in sub-Saharan Africa need to tackle the financial accessibility to breast cancer treatment by adequate universal health coverage policies and reinforce the clinical competencies for health workers to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate care for women with breast cancer in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gbenonsi
- International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Mouna Boucham
- International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Chakib Nejjari
- International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Khalis
- International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
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Malek Pascha VA, Sun L, Gilardino R, Legood R. Telemammography for breast cancer screening: a cost-effective approach in Argentina. BMJ Health Care Inform 2021; 28:e100351. [PMID: 34281995 PMCID: PMC8290945 DOI: 10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Argentina is a low and middle-income country (LMIC) with a highly fragmented healthcare system that conflicts with access to healthcare stated by the country's Universal Health Coverage plan. A tele-mammography network could improve access to breast cancer screening decreasing its mortality. This research aims to conduct an economic evaluation of the implementation of a tele-mammography program to improve access to healthcare. METHODS A cost-utility analysis was performed to explore the incremental benefit of annual tele-mammography screening for at-risk Argentinian women over 40 years old. A Markov model was developed to simulate annual mammography or tele-mammography screening in two hypothetical population-based cohorts of asymptomatic women. Parameter uncertainty was evaluated through deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Model structure uncertainty was also explored to test the robustness of the results. RESULTS It was estimated that 31 out of 100 new cases of breast cancer would be detected by mammography and 39/100 by tele-mammography. The model returned an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £26 051/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) which is lower than the WHO-recommended threshold of £26 288/QALY for Argentina. Deterministic sensitivity analysis showed the ICER is most sensitive to the uptake and sensitivity of the screening tests. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed tele-mammography is cost-effective in 59% of simulations. DISCUSSION Tele-mammography should be considered for adoption as it could improve access to expertise in underserved areas where adherence to screening protocols is poor. Disaggregated data by province is needed for a better- informed policy decision. Telemedicine could also be beneficial in ensuring the continuity of care when health systems are under stress like in the current COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION There is a 59% chance that tele-mammography is cost-effective compared to mammography for at-risk Argentinian women over 40- years old, and should be adopted to improve access to healthcare in underserved areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Alba Malek Pascha
- Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Li Sun
- Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ramiro Gilardino
- Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Legood
- Health Services Research and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Agodirin O, Aremu I, Rahman G, Olatoke S, Olaogun J, Akande H, Romanoff A. Determinants of Delayed Presentation and Advanced-Stage Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:1007-1017. [PMID: 33906291 PMCID: PMC8325140 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.4.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Breast cancer (BC) mortality is exceptionally high in Africa due to late presentation and advanced-stage diagnosis. Previous studies examining barriers to early BC presentation are markedly inconsistent, showing conflicting findings within and between African regions, making resource allocation and designing interventional campaigns challenging. Our objective was to assess the strength or magnitude of the association between determinants/risk factors and delayed presentation/advanced-stage diagnosis of BC in Africa. Methods: Electronic searches in PubMed, AJOL, Google, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central found eligible articles between 2000 and 2020. The meta-analytical procedure in Meta-XL used the quality effect model. I-squared (I2) above 75% indicated high heterogeneity. The summary effect size was the odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The effect of socio-economic and demographic determinants on delay varies across African regions. Low level of education (1.63, 95% CI 1.01-2.63), and not performing breast self examination (BSE) (13.59, 95% CI 3.33-55.4) were significantly associated with delayed presentation. Younger patients had more significant delays in West Africa (WA, 1.41, 95%CI 1.08-1.85), and the reverse occurred in North Africa (0.68, 95%CI 0.48-0.97). Lack of BC knowledge (1.59, 95% CI 1.29-1.97), not performing BSE, or no history of undergoing clinical breast examination (CBE) (2.45, 95% CI 1.60-3.40), were associated with advanced-stage disease at diagnosis. Older patients had significantly more advanced disease in WA, and the reverse occurred in South Africa. Aggressive molecular BC subtypes [Triple negative (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.27-2.06) or HER2 positive (1.56, 95% CI 1.10-2.23)] were significant determinants of advanced-stage diagnosis. Conclusion: Promoting early presentation and reducing advanced-stage BC throughout Africa should focus on modifiable factors, including providing quality education, improving breast health awareness and BC knowledge, and developing strategies to increase BSE and CBE. Interventions targeting socio-demographic determinants should be context-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayide Agodirin
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State. Nigeria
| | - Isiaka Aremu
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state. Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Rahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast. Ghana
| | - Samuel Olatoke
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State. Nigeria
| | - Julius Olaogun
- Department of Surgery, Ekiti State University, and Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state. Nigeria
| | - Halimat Akande
- Department of Radiology, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state. Nigeria
| | - Anya Romanoff
- Department of Global Health and Health System Design, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Global Cancer Disparities Initiatives, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Popli P, Gutterman EM, Omene C, Ganesan S, Mills D, Marlink R. Receptor-Defined Breast Cancer in Five East African Countries and Its Implications for Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7:289-301. [PMID: 33591798 PMCID: PMC8081496 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) are determinants of treatment and mortality for patients with breast cancer (BC). In East Africa, the estimated 5-year survival (37.7%) is far lower than the US average (90%). This meta-analysis investigates BC receptor subtypes within five East African countries to ascertain cross-country patterns and prioritize treatment needs. METHODS From a PubMed search, January 1, 1998-June 30, 2019, for all English-only BC articles for Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, eligible studies had receptor distributions for female BC samples ≥ 30 patients. Outcomes were proportions of ER+, PR+, and HER2-positive (HER2+), and/or molecular subtypes. Data included study characteristics and mean or median patient age. Using metaprop, Stata 16, we estimated pooled proportions (ES) with 95% CIs and assessed heterogeneity. RESULTS Among 36 BC studies with receptor data, 21 met criteria. Weighted mean age was 47.5 years and median, 48. Overall ES were as follows: 55% for ER-positive (ER+) (95% CI, 47 to 62), 23% for HER2+ (95% CI, 20 to 26), and 27% for triple-negative BC (TNBC) (95% CI, 23 to 32). CONCLUSION We found differences between countries, for example, lower distribution of TNBC in Ethiopia (21%) compared with Uganda (35%). ER+, the dominant BC subtype overall at 55%, emphasizes the need to prioritize endocrine therapy. Overall proportions of HER2+ BC (with or without ER+ or PR+), 23%, approached proportions of TNBC, 27%, yet HER2 testing and treatment were infrequent. Testing and reporting of receptor subtypes would promote delivery of more effective treatment reducing the mortality disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallvi Popli
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Coral Omene
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Richard Marlink
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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Jatho A, Mugisha NM, Kafeero J, Holoya G, Okuku F, Niyonzima N, Orem J. Capacity building for cancer prevention and early detection in the Ugandan primary healthcare facilities: Working toward reducing the unmet needs of cancer control services. Cancer Med 2020; 10:745-756. [PMID: 33319508 PMCID: PMC7877353 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2018, approximately 60,000 Ugandans were estimated to be suffering from cancer. It was also reported that only 5% of cancer patients access cancer care and 77% present with late‐stage cancer coupled with low level of cancer health literacy in the population despite a wide coverage of primary healthcare facilities in Uganda. We aimed to contribute to reducing the unmet needs of cancer prevention and early detection services in Uganda through capacity building. Methods In 2017, we conducted two national and six regional cancer control stakeholders’ consultative meetings. In 2017 and 2018, we trained district primary healthcare teams on cancer prevention and early detection. We also developed cancer information materials for health workers and communities and conducted a follow‐up after the training. Results A total of 488 primary healthcare workers from 118 districts were trained. Forty‐six health workers in the pilot East‐central subregion were further trained in cervical, breast, and prostate cancer early detection (screening and early diagnosis) techniques. A total of 32,800 cancer information, education and communication materials; breast, cervical, prostate childhood and general cancer information booklets; health education guide, community cancer information flipcharts for village health teams and referral guidelines for suspected cancer were developed and distributed to 122 districts. Also, 16 public and private‐not‐for‐profit regional hospitals, and one training institution received these materials. Audiovisual clips on breast, cervical, and prostate cancer were developed for mass and social media dissemination. A follow‐up after six months to one year indicated that 75% of the districts had implemented at least one of the agreed actions proposed during the training. Conclusions In Uganda, the unmet needs for cancer control services are enormous. However, building the capacity of primary healthcare workers to integrate prevention and early detection of cancer into primary health care based on low‐cost options for low‐income countries could contribute to reducing the unmet needs of cancer prevention and early detection in Uganda. In Uganda, the unmet needs for cancer control services are enormous. We engaged district leaders and healthcare managers, developed cancer information materials, and trained the district PHC workers to integrate prevention and early detection of cancer into the primary healthcare system. This could contribute to reducing the unmet needs of cancer control services in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Jatho
- National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Fred Okuku
- Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
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Agodirin O, Olatoke S, Rahman G, Olaogun J, Olasehinde O, Katung A, Kolawole O, Ayandipo O, Etonyeaku A, Habeeb O, Adeyeye A, Agboola J, Akande H, Oguntola S, Akanbi O, Fatudimu O. Presentation intervals and the impact of delay on breast cancer progression in a black African population. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:962. [PMID: 32560711 PMCID: PMC7304119 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The help-seeking interval and primary-care interval are points of delays in breast cancer presentation. To inform future intervention targeting early diagnosis of breast cancer, we described the contribution of each interval to the delay and the impact of delay on tumor progression. Method We conducted a multicentered survey from June 2017 to May 2018 hypothesizing that most patients visited the first healthcare provider within 60 days of tumor detection. Inferential statistics were by t-test, chi-square test, and Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test at p-value 0.05 or 95% confidence limits. Time-to-event was by survival method. Multivariate analysis was by logistic regression. Results Respondents were females between 24 and 95 years (n = 420). Most respondents visited FHP within 60 days of detecting symptoms (230 (60, 95% CI 53–63). Most had long primary-care (237 of 377 (64 95% CI 59–68) and detection-to-specialist (293 (73% (95% CI 68–77)) intervals. The primary care interval (median 106 days, IQR 13–337) was longer than the help-seeking interval (median 42 days, IQR 7–150) Wilcoxon signed-rank test p = 0.001. There was a strong correlation between the length of primary care interval and the detection-to-specialist interval (r = 0.9, 95% CI 0.88–0.92). Patronizing the hospital, receiving the correct advice, and having a big tumor (> 5 cm) were associated with short intervals. Tumors were detected early, but most became advanced before arriving at the specialist clinic. The difference in tumor size between detection and arriving at a specialist clinic was 5.0 ± 4.9 cm (95% CI 4.0–5.0). The hazard of progressing from early to locally advanced disease was least in the first 30 days (3%). The hazard was 31% in 90 days. Conclusion Most respondents presented early to the first healthcare provider, but most arrived late at a specialist clinic. The primary care interval was longer than the help-seeking interval. Most tumors were early at detection but locally advanced before arriving in a specialist clinic. Interventions aiming to shorten the primary care interval will have the most impact on time to breast cancer presentation for specialist oncology care in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayide Agodirin
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria.
| | - Samuel Olatoke
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Rahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Julius Olaogun
- Department of Surgery, Ekiti State Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Olasehinde
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - Aba Katung
- Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Center, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladapo Kolawole
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - Omobolaji Ayandipo
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Etonyeaku
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ilesha, Osun state, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Habeeb
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adeyeye
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
| | - John Agboola
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
| | - Halimat Akande
- Department of Radiology, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria
| | - Soliu Oguntola
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Akanbi
- Department of Surgery, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Fatudimu
- Department of Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria
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Agodirin OS, Aremu I, Rahman GA, Olatoke SA, Akande HJ, Oguntola AS, Olasehinde O, Ojulari S, Etonyeaku A, Olaogun J, Romanoff A. Prevalence of Themes Linked to Delayed Presentation of Breast Cancer in Africa: A Meta-Analysis of Patient-Reported Studies. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6:731-742. [PMID: 32437263 PMCID: PMC7268898 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of themes linked to delay in presentation of breast cancer (BC) and their underlying factors vary considerably throughout Africa. Regional differences and trends are largely unreported. The purpose of this research was to provide summary estimates of the prevalence and distribution of the themes and underlying factors linked to delay in the presentation of BC, regional variation, and trends in an effort to identify targets for intervention. DESIGN We screened articles found through PubMed/Medline, African Journal OnLine, Science Direct, Google/Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. We included patient-reported surveys on the reasons linked to delayed presentation under 6 previously identified themes: symptom misinterpretation, fear, preference for alternative care, social influence, hospital-related factors, and access factors. The meta-analytical procedure in MetaXL used the quality-effect model. RESULTS Twelve of the 236 identified articles were eligible for this review. The overall summary estimate of late presentation (> 90 days) was 54% (95% CI, 23 to 85) and was worst in the eastern and central regions. Symptom misinterpretation was the most common theme (50%; 95% CI, 21 to 56), followed by fear (17%; 95% CI, 3 to 27), hospital-related theme (11%; 95% CI, 1 to 21), preference for alternative care (10%; 95% CI, 0 to 21), social influence (7%; 95% CI, 0 to 14), and access-related theme (6%; 95% CI, 0 to 13). The most common factor underlying symptom misinterpretation was mischaracterizing the breast lesion as benign (60%; 95% CI, 4 to 100) which surpassed lack of awareness in the last decade. Misdiagnosis and failure to refer were the dominant hospital-related factors. CONCLUSION Modifiable factors such as mischaracterizing malignant masses as benign, fear, misdiagnosis, and failure to refer were the prevalent factors contributing to delays throughout Africa. These factors are promising targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayide S Agodirin
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Isiaka Aremu
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu A Rahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Coast and Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel A Olatoke
- Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Halimat J Akande
- Department of Radiology, University of Ilorin and University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Adetunji S Oguntola
- Department of Surgery, Lautech Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan Olasehinde
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Sheriff Ojulari
- Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Etonyeaku
- Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Julius Olaogun
- Department of Surgery, Ekiti State Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Anya Romanoff
- Breast Surgery, Dubin Breast Center, Icahn School of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY.,Department of Health System Design and Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
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Kumar A, Bhagabaty SM, Tripathy JP, Selvaraj K, Purkayastha J, Singh R. Delays in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer and the Pathways of Care: A Mixed Methods Study from a Tertiary Cancer Centre in North East India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3711-3721. [PMID: 31870113 PMCID: PMC7173377 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In India, mortality rate in breast cancer is high because more than half are diagnosed late at locally advanced or metastatic stages. This might be due to presentation delay (recognition of symptoms to first provider consultation) and treatment delay (first provider consultation to initiation of treatment), together known as overall delay. We aimed to estimate the overall delay in diagnosis and treatment in breast cancer and the associated factors, describe pathway of care and explore the reasons for delay from a patients' and providers' perspective. METHODS Explanatory sequential mixed-methods study with a quantitative component (retrospective cohort study including breast cancer patients registered at Dr. Borooah Cancer Institute (BBCI), Guwahati during February-June 2019) followed by descriptive qualitative component (in-depth interviews with 15 patients and 10 care providers). RESULTS Of 269 breast cancer patients, median (Inter Quartile Range) overall delay was 203 (110-401) days, presentation delay was 35 (10-112) days and treatment delay was 130 (75-258) days. Majority of patients approached private sector (190, 70.6%) as the first care provider. Nearly half of all patients (136, 50.6%) visited one health care provider before reaching the BBCI and another one-third (90, 33.5%) visited two providers. Reasons for presentation delay were misconception about the disease, perceived stigma, fear and denial of cancer, attribution of symptoms to trivial conditions, family responsibilities and embarrassment of breast examination by a male doctor. Treatment delay was due to initial visit to, misclassification of disease severity, dissatisfaction with care at public facilities, poor accessibility and affordability, fear of treatment and its side effects. CONCLUSION Treatment delay was the major contributor to overall delay. Private providers need to be sensitized and trained in screening of breast cancer and referral of suspected cases of cancer. More awareness is needed about warning symptoms of breast cancer and misconceptions regarding the disease.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Public Health, Cluster Coordinator, Doctors For You, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, Assistant Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Kalaiselvi Selvaraj
- Department of Community Medicine, Assistant Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Joydeep Purkayastha
- Department of Preventive Oncology, Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, India
| | - Ravikant Singh
- Public Health, Cluster Coordinator, Doctors For You, Guwahati, India
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Sharp JW, Hippe DS, Nakigudde G, Anderson BO, Muyinda Z, Molina Y, Scheel JR. Modifiable patient-related barriers and their association with breast cancer detection practices among Ugandan women without a diagnosis of breast cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217938. [PMID: 31220096 PMCID: PMC6586444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are diagnosed with late-staged disease. The current study assesses patient-related barriers among women from a general SSA population to better understand how patient-related barriers contribute to diagnostic delays. Using convenience-based sampling, 401 Ugandan women without breast cancer were surveyed to determine how prior participation in cancer detection practices correlate with patient-related barriers to prompt diagnosis. In a predominantly poor (76%) and rural population (75%), the median age of the participants was 38. Of the women surveyed, 155 (46%) had prior exposure to breast cancer education, 92 (27%) performed breast self-examination (BSE) and 68 (20%) had undergone a recent clinical breast examination (CBE), breast ultrasound or breast biopsy. The most commonly identified barriers to prompt diagnosis were knowledge deficits regarding early diagnosis (79%), economic barriers to accessing care (68%), fear (37%) and poor social support (24%). However, only women who reported knowledge deficits-a modifiable barrier-were less likely to participate in cancer detection practices (p<0.05). Women in urban and rural areas were similarly likely to report economic barriers, knowledge deficits and/or poor social support, but rural women were less likely than urban women to have received breast cancer education and/or perform BSE (p<0.001). Women who have had prior breast cancer education (p<0.001) and/or who perform BSE (p = 0.02) were more likely to know where she can go to receive a diagnostic breast evaluation. These findings suggest that SSA countries developing early breast cancer detection programs should specifically address modifiable knowledge deficits among women less likely to achieve a diagnostic work-up to reduce diagnostic delays and improve breast cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake W. Sharp
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Hippe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Benjamin O. Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Yamile Molina
- Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John R. Scheel
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Scheel JR, Parker S, Hippe DS, Patrick DL, Nakigudde G, Anderson BO, Gralow JR, Thompson B, Molina Y. Role of Family Obligation Stress on Ugandan Women's Participation in Preventive Breast Health. Oncologist 2019; 24:624-631. [PMID: 30072390 PMCID: PMC6516124 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to determine the role of family obligation stress on Ugandan women's participation in preventive breast health through the receipt of breast cancer education and health check-ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A validated survey was conducted on a community sample of Ugandan women, providing a multi-item scale to assess preventive breast-health-seeking behaviors and measure family obligation stress (FO; range 6-18). Univariate and multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between sociodemographic factors and FO. Univariate and multivariate linear regression (used in conjunction with the robust sandwich estimator for standard errors) and probability differences (PDs) were used to evaluate associations between preventive breast-health-seeking behaviors, sociodemographic factors, and FO. RESULTS A total of 401 Ugandan women ages 25-74 participated in the survey. Most had three or more children in the home (60%) and were employed full time (69%). Higher FO was associated with increasing number of children and/or adults in the household (p < .05), full-time employment (p < .001), and being single (p = .003). Women with higher FO were less likely to participate in breast cancer education (PD = -0.02 per 1-point increase, p = .008) and preventive health check-ups (PD = -0.02, p = .018), associations that persisted on multivariate analysis controlling for sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION Ugandan women with high FO are less likely to participate in preventive breast cancer detection efforts including breast cancer education and preventive health check-ups. Special efforts should be made to reach women with elevated FO, because it may be a risk factor for late-stage presentation among women who develop breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE High family obligation stress (FO) significantly reduces women's participation in preventive health check-ups and breast cancer education. These findings support research in U.S. Latinas showing high FO negatively affects women's health, suggesting that FO is an important factor in women's health-seeking behavior in other cultures. Addressing family obligation stress by including family members involved in decision-making is essential for improving breast cancer outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, such as Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Scheel
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Parker
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel S Hippe
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Donald L Patrick
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie R Gralow
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yamile Molina
- Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Bhatia RK, Rayne S, Rate W, Bakwenabatsile L, Monare B, Anakwenze C, Dhillon P, Narasimhamurthy M, Dryden-Peterson S, Grover S. Patient Factors Associated With Delays in Obtaining Cancer Care in Botswana. J Glob Oncol 2018; 4:1-13. [PMID: 30199305 PMCID: PMC6223504 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Delays in diagnosis and treatment of cancers can lead to poor survival. These delays represent a multifaceted problem attributable to patient, provider, and systemic factors. We aim to quantify intervals from symptom onset to treatment start among patients with cancer in Botswana and to understand potential risk factors for delay. Patients and Methods From December 2015 to January 2017, we surveyed patients seen in an oncology clinic in Botswana. We calculated proportions of patients who experienced delays in appraisal (between detecting symptoms and perceiving a reason to discuss them with provider, defined as > 1 month), help seeking (between discussing symptoms and first consultation with provider, defined as > 1 month), diagnosis (between first consultation and receiving a diagnosis, defined as > 3 months), and treatment (between diagnosis and starting treatment, defined as > 3 months). Results Among 214 patients with cancer who completed the survey, median age at diagnosis was 46 years, and the most common cancer was cancer of the cervix (42.2%). Eighty-one percent of patients were women, 60.7% were HIV infected, and 56.6% presented with advanced cancer (stage III or IV). Twenty-six percent of patients experienced delays in appraisal, 35.5% experienced delays help seeking, 63.1% experienced delays in diagnosis, and 50.4% experienced delays in treatment. Patient income, education, and age were not associated with delays. In univariable analysis, patients living with larger families were less likely to experience a help-seeking delay (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; P = .03), women and patients with perceived very serious symptoms were less likely to experience an appraisal delay (OR, 0.45; P = .032 and OR, 0.14; P = .02, respectively). Conclusion Nearly all patients surveyed experienced a delay in obtaining cancer care. In a setting where care is provided without charge, cancer type and male sex were more important predictors of delays than socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini K. Bhatia
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah Rayne
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - William Rate
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lame Bakwenabatsile
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Barati Monare
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Chidinma Anakwenze
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Preet Dhillon
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mohan Narasimhamurthy
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Scott Dryden-Peterson
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Rohini K. Bhatia, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Sarah Rayne, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; William Rate, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Lame Bakwenabatsile and Barati Monare, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership; Mohan Narasimhamurthy, University of Botswana; Surbhi Grover, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana; Surbhi Grover, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Chidinma Anakwenze, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX; Preet Dhillon, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Scott Dryden-Peterson, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Rivera-Franco MM, Leon-Rodriguez E. Delays in Breast Cancer Detection and Treatment in Developing Countries. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 12:1178223417752677. [PMID: 29434475 PMCID: PMC5802601 DOI: 10.1177/1178223417752677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in both developed and developing countries and the second most common cancer in the world. Developing countries are increasingly adopting a Western lifestyle, such as changes in diet and delayed first childbirth, lower parity, and shorter periods of breastfeeding, which are important determinants of a higher incidence of breast cancer among those regions. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) represent most of the countries with the highest mortality rates, ranging from 40% to 60%. Furthermore, developing countries account for scarce survival data, and the few data available coincide with the observed incidence and mortality differences. Five-year survival rates for breast cancer are much worse for LMICs countries such as Brazil, India, and Algeria in comparison with the United States and Sweden. Paucity of early detection programs explain these poor survival rates, which results in a high proportion of women presenting with late-stage disease, along with lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment facilities. Emphasis is urgently needed on health education, to promote early diagnosis of breast cancer, highlighting the importance of creating more public facilities that provide treatment, which are key components for the improvement in breast cancer care in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Rivera-Franco
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eucario Leon-Rodriguez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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13
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Scheel JR, Molina Y, Anderson BO, Patrick DL, Nakigudde G, Gralow JR, Lehman CD, Thompson B. Breast Cancer Beliefs as Potential Targets for Breast Cancer Awareness Efforts to Decrease Late-Stage Presentation in Uganda. J Glob Oncol 2017; 4:1-9. [PMID: 30241166 PMCID: PMC6180808 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.2016.008748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess breast cancer beliefs in Uganda and determine whether these beliefs
are associated with factors potentially related to nonparticipation in early
detection. Methods A survey with open- and close-ended items was conducted in a community sample
of Ugandan women to assess their beliefs about breast cancer. Linear
regression was used to ascertain associations between breast cancer beliefs
and demographic factors potentially associated with early detection,
including socioeconomic factors, health care access, prior breast cancer
knowledge, and personal detection practices. Results Of the 401 Ugandan women surveyed, most had less than a primary school
education and received medical care at community health centers. Most women
either believed in or were unsure about cultural explanatory models for
developing breast cancer (> 82%), and the majority listed these
beliefs as the most important causes of breast cancer (69%). By comparison,
≤ 45% of women believed in scientific explanatory risks for
developing breast cancer. Although most believed that regular screening and
early detection would find breast cancer when it is easy to treat (88% and
80%, respectively), they simultaneously held fatalistic attitudes toward
their own detection efforts, including belief or uncertainty that a cure is
impossible once they could self-detect a lump (54%). Individual beliefs were
largely independent of demographic factors. Conclusion Misconceptions about breast cancer risks and benefits of early detection are
widespread in Uganda and must be addressed in future breast cancer awareness
efforts. Until screening programs exist, most breast cancer will be
self-detected. Unless addressed by future awareness efforts, the high
frequency of fatalistic attitudes held by women toward their own detection
efforts will continue to be deleterious to breast cancer early detection in
sub-Saharan countries like Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Scheel
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yamile Molina
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin O Anderson
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Donald L Patrick
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gertrude Nakigudde
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Julie R Gralow
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Constance D Lehman
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Beti Thompson
- John R. Scheel, Benjamin O. Anderson, Julie R. Gralow, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington; Donald L. Patrick, University of Washington; Beti Thompson, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Yamile Molina, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; Gertrude Nakigudde, Uganda Women's Cancer Support Organization, Kampala, Uganda; and Constance D. Lehman, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Breast self-exam and patient interval associate with advanced breast cancer and treatment delay in Mexican women. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1276-1282. [PMID: 28444642 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to compare treatment intervals in breast cancer patients according to the detection method (breast self-exam vs screening). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis including 291 breast cancer patients at a Mexican tertiary referral hospital. RESULTS Breast cancer detection method was mostly breast self-exam (60%). The median patient interval was 60.5 days, and was associated with marital status and socioeconomic level. Differences between the two groups were statistically significant for global interval, p = 0.002; however, health system interval was not statistically different. CONCLUSION In our country, breast cancer screening is opportunistic, with several weaknesses within its management and quality systems. Our study showed that even in specialized health care centers, breast cancer is detected by self-exam in up to 2/3 of patients, which can explain the advanced stages at diagnosis in our country. In developing countries, the immediate health care access for breast cancer patients should be prioritized as an initial step to reduce the global treatment initiation interval in order to reduce mortality.
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Determinants of Patient Delay in Seeking Diagnosis and Treatment among Moroccan Women with Cervical Cancer. Obstet Gynecol Int 2016; 2016:4840762. [PMID: 27882055 PMCID: PMC5110862 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4840762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. This study sought to investigate potential determinants of patient delay among Moroccan women with cervical cancer. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to June 2015 at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat. Data were collected using questionnaire among patients with cervical cancer locally advanced or metastatic (stages IIA–IVB). Medical records were abstracted to complete clinical information. An interval longer than 90 days between discovery of initial symptoms and presentation to a provider was defined as a patient delay. Results. Four hundred and one patients with cervical cancer enrolled in this study. The mean age was 52.4 years (SD = 11.5). 53.6% were illiterate. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was identified for 65.8% of patients. 60.1% were diagnosed at stages IIA-IIB. 55.4% were found having patient delay. The regression analyses showed the association between literacy (p < 0.001), distance of the place of the first consultation (p = 0.031), abnormal vaginal bleeding as an earlier symptom (p < 0.001), stage at diagnosis (p < 0.03), knowledge of symptoms (p < 0.001), knowledge of causes (p = 0.008), and practice of gynecological exam during the last three years (p = 0.018) and the patient delay. Conclusion. Educational messages should aim at increasing awareness of cervical cancer, assisting women in symptom recognition, and encouraging earlier presentation.
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Odongo J, Makumbi T, Kalungi S, Galukande M. Patient delay factors in women presenting with breast cancer in a low income country. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:467. [PMID: 26395344 PMCID: PMC4580128 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In low income countries, many patients with breast cancer present with advanced disease which is majorly attributed to late presentation and this is associated with poor survival rates. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of patient delay and the factors that influence, delay in seeking health care in female breast cancer patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was done between January and April 2014 at a tertiary breast unit. Female patients with breast cancer above the age of 18 years were interviewed. Ethical approval was obtained. Results In total 162 patients were recruited, the mean patient delay in months was 22.6 (SD = 26.4), median delay was 13 months and range was 1–127 months. 139 (89 %) patients delayed by more than 3 months after noticing symptoms of breast anomaly. Patients with no social support from spouses and family were more likely to delay (OR = 7.1, 95 % CI 2.4–21.5, p = 0.001), those who perceived the symptoms as very serious were less likely to delay (OR = 0.2, 95 % CI 0.1–0.6, p = 0.007). There was a significant association between delayed presentation and advanced stage at presentation (p = 0.006). Conclusion Most women (89 %) with breast cancer delayed by more than 3 months to seek the first medical consultation after noticing symptoms. Patients who had no social support from their families were more likely to delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Odongo
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - T Makumbi
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - S Kalungi
- Department of Pathology, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - M Galukande
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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