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Rudoler D, Peterson S, Stock D, Taylor C, Wilton D, Blackie D, Burge F, Glazier RH, Goldsmith L, Grudniewicz A, Hedden L, Jamieson M, Katz A, MacKenzie A, Marshall E, McCracken R, McGrail K, Scott I, Wong ST, Lavergne MR. Changes over time in patient visits and continuity of care among graduating cohorts of family physicians in 4 Canadian provinces. CMAJ 2022; 194:E1639-E1646. [PMID: 36511867 PMCID: PMC9828986 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of patient access to family physicians in Canada is a concern. The role of recent physician graduates in this problem of supply of primary care services has not been established. We sought to establish whether career stage or graduation cohort were related to family physician practice volume and continuity of care over time. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of family physician practice from 1997/98 to 2017/18. We collected administrative health and physician claims data in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia. We included all physicians who registered with their respective provincial regulatory colleges as having a medical specialty of family practice or who had billed the provincial health insurance system for patient care as family physicians, or both. We used regression models to isolate the effects of 3-year categories of years in practice (at all career stages), time period and cohort on patient contacts and physician-level continuity of care. RESULTS Between 1997/98 and 2017/18, the median number of patient contacts per provider per year fell by between 515 and 1736 contacts in the 4 provinces examined. Median contacts peaked at 27-29 years in practice in all provinces, and median physician-level continuity of care increased until 30 or more years in practice. We found no association between graduation cohort and patient contacts or physician-level continuity of care. INTERPRETATION Recent cohorts of family physicians practise similarly to their predecessors in terms of practice volumes and continuity of care. Because family physicians of all career stages showed declining patient contacts, we suggest that system-wide solutions to recent challenges in the accessibility of primary care in Canada are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rudoler
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Sandra Peterson
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - David Stock
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Carole Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Drew Wilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Doug Blackie
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Fred Burge
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Richard H Glazier
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Laurie Goldsmith
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Agnes Grudniewicz
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Lindsay Hedden
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Margaret Jamieson
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alan Katz
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Adrian MacKenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Emily Marshall
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Rita McCracken
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Kim McGrail
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Ian Scott
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Sabrina T Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Ruth Lavergne
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Rudoler), Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ont.; Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences (Rudoler), Whitby, Ont.; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research (Peterson, McGrail, Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology (Stock, MacKenzie), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (Taylor), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Wilton, Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; School of Leadership Studies (Blackie), Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC; Department of Family Medicine (Burge, Lavergne), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; St. Michael's Hospital (Glazier), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Goldsmith, Hedden), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; GoldQual Consulting (Goldsmith), Toronto, Ont.; Telfer School of Management (Grudniewicz), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation (Jamieson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Family Medicine (Katz) and Community Health Sciences (Katz), Winnipeg, Man.; Nova Scotia Health Authority (MacKenzie, Marshall), Halifax, NS; Department of Family Medicine (Marshall), Primary Care Research Unit, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Family Practice (McCracken, Scott), and Centre for Health Education Scholarship (Scott), and School of Nursing (Wong), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; National Institute of Nursing Research (Wong), Bethesda, Md.; Tier II Primary Care (Lavergne), Canada Research Chairs Program, Ottawa, Ont
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