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Isler JR, Pini N, Lucchini M, Shuffrey LC, Morales S, Bowers ME, Leach SC, Sania A, Wang L, Condon C, Nugent JD, Elliott AJ, Friedrich C, Andrew R, Fox NA, Myers MM, Fifer WP. Longitudinal characterization of EEG power spectra during eyes open and eyes closed conditions in children. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14158. [PMID: 35968705 PMCID: PMC9729391 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to examine spectrum-wide (1 to 250 Hz) differences in electroencephalogram (EEG) power between eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) resting state conditions in 486 children. The results extend the findings of previous studies by characterizing EEG power differences from 30 to 250 Hz between EO and EC across childhood. Developmental changes in EEG power showed spatial and frequency band differences as a function of age and EO/EC condition. A 64-electrode system was used to record EEG at 4, 5, 7, 9, and 11 years of age. Specific findings were: (1) the alpha peak shifts from 8 Hz at 4 years to 9 Hz at 11 years, (2) EC results in increased EEG power (compared to EO) at lower frequencies but decreased EEG power at higher frequencies for all ages, (3) the EEG power difference between EO and EC changes from positive to negative within a narrow frequency band which shifts toward higher frequencies with age, from 9 to 12 Hz at 4 years to 32 Hz at 11 years, (4) at all ages EC is characterized by an increase in lower frequency EEG power most prominently over posterior regions, (5) at all ages, during EC, decreases in EEG power above 30 Hz are mostly over anterior regions of the scalp. This report demonstrates that the simple challenge of opening and closing the eyes offers the potential to provide quantitative biomarkers of phenotypic variation in brain maturation by employing a brief, minimally invasive protocol throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Isler
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - N. Pini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - M. Lucchini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - L. C. Shuffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - S. Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - M. E. Bowers
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. C. Leach
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. Sania
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - L. Wang
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - C. Condon
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - J. D. Nugent
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | | | - C. Friedrich
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57108 USA
| | - R. Andrew
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57108 USA
| | - N. A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. M. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - W. P. Fifer
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Elliott AJ, Cammarano A, Neild SA, Hill TL, Wagg DJ. Comparing the direct normal form and multiple scales methods through frequency detuning. Nonlinear Dyn 2018; 94:2919-2935. [PMID: 30930539 PMCID: PMC6404644 DOI: 10.1007/s11071-018-4534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Approximate analytical methods, such as the multiple scales (MS) and direct normal form (DNF) techniques, have been used extensively for investigating nonlinear mechanical structures, due to their ability to offer insight into the system dynamics. A comparison of their accuracy has not previously been undertaken, so is addressed in this paper. This is achieved by computing the backbone curves of two systems: the single-degree-of-freedom Duffing oscillator and a non-symmetric, two-degree-of-freedom oscillator. The DNF method includes an inherent detuning, which can be physically interpreted as a series expansion about the natural frequencies of the underlying linear system and has previously been shown to increase its accuracy. In contrast, there is no such inbuilt detuning for MS, although one may be, and usually is, included. This paper investigates the use of the DNF detuning as the chosen detuning in the MS method as a way of equating the two techniques, demonstrating that the two can be made to give identical results up to ε 2 order. For the examples considered here, the resulting predictions are more accurate than those provided by the standard MS technique. Wolfram Mathematica scripts implementing these methods have been provided to be used in conjunction with this paper to illustrate their practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Elliott
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - A. Cammarano
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - S. A. Neild
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR UK
| | - T. L. Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR UK
| | - D. J. Wagg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD UK
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Elliott AJ, Dolan JF, Oglesby DD. Evidence from coseismic slip gradients for dynamic control on rupture propagation and arrest through stepovers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aslam SA, Elliott AJ. Erratum: Cataract surgery for junior ophthalmologists: are there enough cases? Eye (Lond) 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Abstract
AIM To evaluate those cases that are suitable for operation by the junior ophthalmic trainee. METHODS A prospective survey of 96 consecutive cases from five consultant lists for phacoemulsification over a 1 month period were preoperatively assessed for their suitability for the ophthalmic trainee using set criteria. A checklist was designed for all patients and criteria were marked with reference to suitability by a single examiner. The criteria chosen were arbitrary and had no bearing on a consultant's final decision to allow the junior to operate. RESULTS Twenty-two out of 96 cases (22.9%) were deemed to be suitable for operation by a junior ophthalmologist (ie 4.4 cases per consultant list). The three main reasons for exclusion were first eye case, eye for operation with visual acuity 6/12 or better, and mature cataract. DISCUSSION Using our results, if 4.4 cases were suitable for a junior ophthalmologist per month, this would allow for adequate exposure during the early stages of training. However, if the number of relatively straightforward cases on training lists were to be reduced owing to unavailability on hospital waiting lists, this could potentially compromise ophthalmic training in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Aslam
- Frimley Park Hospital, Portsmouth Road, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey, UK.
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Claypoole KH, Elliott AJ, Uldall KK, Russo J, Dugbartey AT, Bergam K, Roy-Byrne PP. Cognitive functions and complaints in HIV-1 individuals treated for depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 5:74-84. [PMID: 16318457 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an0502_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Progressive neuropsychological dysfunction and complaints of cognitive difficulty frequently accompany HIV-1 infection. Providing appropriate treatment to HIV-1 patients requires determination of the extent to which the presentation of cognitive complaints reflects HIV-1-associated neuropsychological abnormalities or represents expression of depressive symptomatology. We prospectively treated 75 HIV-1 patients who were not demented but met criteria for major mood disorder with antidepressants for 12 weeks and compared pretreatment and posttreatment measures of depression, cognitive complaints, and neuropsychological performance. Complaints of difficulty with memory and attention were found to be independent of neuropsychological impairment, whereas memory complaints were highly correlated with severity of depression. Cognitive complaints declined significantly across the course of treatment for those patients who responded to antidepressant treatment. All patients, regardless of antidepressant treatment response, exhibited parallel improvement on 12-week follow- up neuropsychological examination. These findings suggest that treatment of depression affects cognitive complaints in HIV-1 individuals and that cognitive complaints of patients in asymptomatic or early symptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection may signal the need for evaluation of depression. In patients with more advanced HIV-1 infection, investigation into the basis of cognitive complaints may require a dual assessment of mood disturbance and neuropsychological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Claypoole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Claypoole KH, Elliott AJ, Uldall KK, Russo J, Dugbartey AT, Bergam K, Roy-Byrne PP. Cognitive functions and complaints in HIV-1 individuals treated for depression. Appl Neuropsychol 2005. [PMID: 16318457 DOI: 10.1207/s15324826an0502.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Progressive neuropsychological dysfunction and complaints of cognitive difficulty frequently accompany HIV-1 infection. Providing appropriate treatment to HIV-1 patients requires determination of the extent to which the presentation of cognitive complaints reflects HIV-1-associated neuropsychological abnormalities or represents expression of depressive symptomatology. We prospectively treated 75 HIV-1 patients who were not demented but met criteria for major mood disorder with antidepressants for 12 weeks and compared pretreatment and posttreatment measures of depression, cognitive complaints, and neuropsychological performance. Complaints of difficulty with memory and attention were found to be independent of neuropsychological impairment, whereas memory complaints were highly correlated with severity of depression. Cognitive complaints declined significantly across the course of treatment for those patients who responded to antidepressant treatment. All patients, regardless of antidepressant treatment response, exhibited parallel improvement on 12-week follow- up neuropsychological examination. These findings suggest that treatment of depression affects cognitive complaints in HIV-1 individuals and that cognitive complaints of patients in asymptomatic or early symptomatic stages of HIV-1 infection may signal the need for evaluation of depression. In patients with more advanced HIV-1 infection, investigation into the basis of cognitive complaints may require a dual assessment of mood disturbance and neuropsychological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Claypoole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Periáñez R, Elliott AJ. A particle-tracking method for simulating the dispersion of non-conservative radionuclides in coastal waters. J Environ Radioact 2002; 58:13-33. [PMID: 11763101 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A particle-tracking method has been used to simulate the dispersion of non-conservative radionuclides in the sea. Three dimensional turbulent diffusion and the interactions between water, suspended matter and bottom sediments are simulated using a stochastic method. Kinetic transfer coefficients, as in finite difference models, are used to describe the transfers between the liquid and solid phases. Deposition of suspended matter and erosion of sediment are also included in the model. The method has been applied to simulate the dispersion of 137Cs and (239,240)Pu in the English Channel and the results have been compared with those of a finite difference model. The results from both techniques are, in general, in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Periáñez
- Departamento Fisica Aplicada I, University of Sevilla, EU Ingeniería Técnica Agricola, Spain.
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Chand P, Kotian PL, Dehghani A, El-Kattan Y, Lin TH, Hutchison TL, Babu YS, Bantia S, Elliott AJ, Montgomery JA. Systematic structure-based design and stereoselective synthesis of novel multisubstituted cyclopentane derivatives with potent antiinfluenza activity. J Med Chem 2001; 44:4379-92. [PMID: 11728184 DOI: 10.1021/jm010277p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of novel, orally active, potent, and selective inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase differing structurally from existing neuraminidase inhibitors are described. X-ray crystal structures of complexes of neuraminidase with known five- and six-membered ring inhibitors revealed that potent inhibition of the enzyme is determined by the relative positions of the interacting inhibitor substituents (carboxylate, glycerol, acetamido, hydroxyl) rather than by the absolute position of the central ring. This led us to design potential neuraminidase inhibitors in which the cyclopentane ring served as a scaffold for substituents (carboxylate, guanidino, acetamido, alkyl) that would interact with the four binding pockets of the neuraminidase active site at least as effectively as those of the established six-membered ring inhibitors such as DANA (2), zanamivir (3), and oseltamivir (4). A mixture of the isomers was prepared initially. Protein crystallography of inhibitor-enzyme complexes was used to screen mixtures of isomers in order to identify the most active stereoisomer. A synthetic route to the identified candidate 50 was developed, which featured (3 + 2) cycloaddition of 2-ethylbutyronitrile oxide to methyl (1S,4R)-4[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]cyclopent-2-ene-1-carboxylate (43). Structures of the synthetic compounds were verified by NMR spectroscopy using nuclear Overhauser effect methodology. Two new neuraminidase inhibitors discovered in this work, 50 and 54, have IC(50) values vs neuraminidase from influenza A and B of <1 and <10 nM, respectively. These IC(50) values are comparable or superior to those for zanamivir and oseltamivir, agents recently approved by the FDA for treatment of influenza. The synthetic route used to prepare 50 and 54 was refined so that synthesis of pure active isomer 54, which has five chiral centers, required only seven steps from readily available intermediates. Further manipulation was required to prepare deoxy derivative 50. Because the activities of the two compounds are comparable and 54 [RWJ-270201 (BCX-1812)] is the easier to synthesize, it was selected for further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chand
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, Alabama 35244, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Estimates have been made of the reduction in dissolved oxygen levels in coastal waters that would result from the disposal of contaminated milk following a radiological accident. Two contrasting sites were chosen: the Bristol Channel near Hinkley Point and the coast of Cumbria near Sellafield. The results suggest that the dilution would be sufficiently strong near Hinkley Point, due to vigorous tidal mixing, that the impact on the DO levels of the coastal waters would be negligible. However, at both Sellafield and Heysham the disposal of milk could result in a reduction of the DO by 1-2 mg l(-1). In contrast to shallow estuarine waters, the recovery of oxygen levels due to the effects of re-aeration through surface gas exchange is unlikely to be significant due to the depth of the coastal waters. However, the recovery of the dissolved oxygen levels to ambient conditions following the completion of the discharge would occur on a time scale of about 17 days due to mixing of the DO deficit plume into the surrounding waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Marine Science Laboratories, Centre for Applied Oceanography, University of Wales, Anglesey, UK.
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Babu YS, Chand P, Bantia S, Kotian P, Dehghani A, El-Kattan Y, Lin TH, Hutchison TL, Elliott AJ, Parker CD, Ananth SL, Horn LL, Laver GW, Montgomery JA. BCX-1812 (RWJ-270201): discovery of a novel, highly potent, orally active, and selective influenza neuraminidase inhibitor through structure-based drug design. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3482-6. [PMID: 11000002 DOI: 10.1021/jm0002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y S Babu
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, Alabama 35244, USA.
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Elliott AJ. Putting together the pieces of the physician supply puzzle. CMAJ 2000; 162:315. [PMID: 10693581 PMCID: PMC1231000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
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Morris PE, Elliott AJ, Walton SP, Williams CH, Montgomery JA. Synthesis and biological activity of a novel class of purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2000; 19:379-404. [PMID: 10772722 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Morris
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama 35244, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES About 7000 tonnes of unleaded petrol were discharged into the English Channel after a tanker collision off Ostend on Saturday 18 January 1997. The petrol evaporated and the vapour plume was carried across the central part of England to Wales, resulting in reports of unidentified odours, and irritation of the eyes, skin, and upper respiratory tract. This work uses this incident to show how marine and atmospheric dispersion modelling together with routine air quality monitoring can assist in identifying hazards to the population at risk from chemical incidents. METHODS Public health surveillance and results from environmental sampling were compared with the behaviour of the plume as predicted by computer modelling. RESULTS The predicted plume path and dispersion were shown to correlate well with the results from surveillance and environmental analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for public health professionals to interact with medical toxicologists, atmospheric and marine scientists and engineers, and other environmental experts in managing events of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Welch
- Chemical Incident Response Service, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, UK
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Elliott AJ, Russo J, Bergam K, Claypoole K, Uldall KK, Roy-Byrne PP. Antidepressant efficacy in HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder: an open trial of nefazodone. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:226-31. [PMID: 10221282 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v60n0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment studies of major depression in patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have shown comparable efficacy for both tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Nefazodone appears to be more tolerable than TCAs and similar to SSRIs. This study examined the efficacy and tolerability of nefazodone in an open 12-week trial of HIV-seropositive outpatients with major depressive disorder. METHOD Fifteen HIV-seropositive patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder and a 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score of > or =18 were treated with open-label nefazodone for 12 weeks. Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, HAM-D, Clinical Global Impressions scale, and Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Events general inquiry (for safety and tolerability) scores were obtained at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. RESULTS Of 15 patients receiving nefazodone, 4 discontinued treatment (1 for adverse effects). Of 11 patients who completed the trial, 8 (73%) were classified as full responders with a 50% reduction in HAM-D scores and final CGI score of 1 or 2, and 10 (91%) were classified as partial responders (only 50% reduction in HAM-D scores). Nefazodone-treated subjects experienced few total adverse effects (mean = 1.5), no sexual side effects, and low rates of adverse-effect-related dropout (1 subject, 7%). CONCLUSION Depressed HIV-seropositive outpatients respond to nefazodone comparably to other outpatient populations and have few adverse effects, suggesting that nefazodone may have a role in the treatment of depression in HIV-seropositive patients. Potential drug interactions with protease inhibitors indicate that it is essential to evaluate for appropriate dosing to avoid adverse effects and increase overall antidepressant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences, University of Washington, and the Madison Clinic at Harborview Medical Center, Seattle 98104, USA.
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Abstract
We evaluated a brief therapy protocol involving the simplified regulated breathing method as a treatment for stuttering in children. The simplified treatment included awareness training, competing response training, and social support. Treatment was implemented in a multiple baseline across subjects design for 5 boys between the ages of 5 and 11. Each child received a 1 h treatment session, and 1/2 h booster sessions as needed. Four of the 5 children reduced their stuttering to less than 3% stuttered words (the criterion for successful treatment) after one 1 h treatment session. These results were maintained for 3 of the subjects from 6 to 9 months posttreatment. Social validity measures revealed significant differences between ratings on baseline and posttreatment speech samples. Treatment acceptability and credibility measures indicated that the subjects' guardians found the simplified regulated breathing method a reasonable treatment for stuttering in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105-5075, USA
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Elliott AJ, Caesar R. Carbon deposits in the conjunctival fornices. Eye (Lond) 1998; 12 ( Pt 1):161-2. [PMID: 9614543 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1998.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Elliott AJ, Uldall KK, Bergam K, Russo J, Claypoole K, Roy-Byrne PP. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine versus imipramine in depressed HIV-positive outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:367-72. [PMID: 9501747 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.155.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine) had comparable efficacy but greater tolerability than a tricyclic antidepressant (imipramine) in depressed patients with HIV infection. METHOD Seventy-five HIV-positive patients (45% of whom had AIDS) were blindly and randomly assigned to receive paroxetine (N = 25), imipramine (N = 25), or placebo (N = 25) in a 12-week trial. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression scale, and the SAFETEE general inquiry (for safety and tolerability) were administered at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. RESULTS Fifty-six (75%) of the 75 patients completed 6 weeks and 34 (45%) completed 12 weeks of the trial. The mean daily doses of both paroxetine (33.9 mg) and imipramine (162.5 mg) were significantly more effective than placebo; they were comparably effective at weeks 6, 8, and 12 according to the intent-to-treat analysis and at week 8 according to the analysis for the subjects who completed the trial (for them, only imipramine was superior to placebo at week 12). There were significantly more dropouts due to side effects from imipramine (48%) than from both paroxetine (20%) and placebo (24%). CONCLUSIONS Depressed patients with HIV infection responded to imipramine or paroxetine at a higher rate than to placebo irrespective of severity of immunosuppression. Because paroxetine was much better tolerated than imipramine, its overall effectiveness may be greater. However, because of the small study group and the high attrition rate, these findings cannot be generalized and may need replication in a larger study group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98104, USA.
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Rapp JT, Miltenberger RG, Long ES, Elliott AJ, Lumley VA. Simplified habit reversal treatment for chronic hair pulling in three adolescents: a clinical replication with direct observation. J Appl Behav Anal 1998; 31:299-302. [PMID: 9652106 PMCID: PMC1284118 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1998.31-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three developmentally normal adolescents with chronic hair pulling were treated with a simplified habit reversal procedure consisting of awareness training, competing response training, and social support. Treatment resulted in an immediate reduction to near-zero levels of hair pulling, with one to three booster sessions required to maintain these levels. The results were maintained from 18 to 27 weeks posttreatment, although 1 participant reported difficulty at follow-up. The effectiveness of simplified habit reversal and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Rapp
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study identified factors associated with medically serious suicide attempts (requiring medical hospitalization). METHOD Demographic information, current psychiatric mental state, suicide attempt and psychiatric history characteristics, and DSM-IV diagnoses were compared between 65 patients hospitalized for a medically serious suicide attempt (MSSA) and 32 patients seen in the emergency room for suicide attempt but not medically hospitalized (NMSSA). RESULTS Those with MSSAs had a higher rate of substance-induced mood disorder (but not substance abuse or dependence), while those with NMSSA had more attempts, more years since first attempt, and a higher rate of sexual and physical abuse, traumatic life events, borderline personality disorder, and bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION Substance-induced mood disorder is an important diagnosis in the evaluation of suicidal patients. The vulnerability of mood effects caused by substance abuse may lead to a more serious suicide attempt despite less extensive psychiatric problems. The most important early psychiatric intervention may be the immediate recognition and aggressive treatment of an individual's affective and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
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Walter EB, Elliott AJ, Regan AN, Drucker RP, Clements DA, Wilfert CM. Maternal acceptance of voluntary human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing during the newborn period with the Guthrie card. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14:376-81. [PMID: 7638013 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199505000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide the opportunity for women delivering newborns to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing we piloted a hospital-based voluntary HIV testing program during the newborn period using the Guthrie card. During the study period 789 women were offered newborn HIV antibody testing. Test acceptance during the newborn period (61.0%) was comparable to that reported for the prenatal period (60.6%). Overall 77.4% of women were tested in the newborn period or reported being tested in the prenatal period. Prenatal test acceptance best predicted newborn HIV test acceptance (odds ratio, 3.37; 95% confidence interval, 2.40 to 4.74). When compared to HIV testing during the newborn period prenatal HIV testing is preferable because it enables the recognition of HIV infection early during pregnancy and allows the mother the option to elect zidovudine therapy and potentially prevent infection in her newborn. However, when prenatal HIV testing is not routinely made available or cannot be assured, women should be offered the opportunity to be tested during the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Walter
- Duke Vaccine and Infectious Epidemiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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27
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Duncan G, Webb SF, Dawson AP, Bootman MD, Elliott AJ. Calcium regulation in tissue-cultured human and bovine lens epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:2835-42. [PMID: 8360017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study calcium regulatory mechanisms in lens cells with particular reference to the relative contributions from the calcium adenosine triphosphatase of plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, respectively. METHODS The calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura 2, was incorporated into tissue-cultured human and bovine epithelial cells and internal calcium was calibrated using the ionomycin (1 microM) method. The dynamics of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum were also studied in digitonin-permeabilized bovine cells. RESULTS Tissue-cultured bovine and human lens cells have very similar resting calcium levels (235 +/- 22 nM and 216 +/- 12 nM, respectively). Thapsigargin caused an increase in cytoplasmic calcium both in the presence and absence of external calcium, but the calmodulin antagonist W7 only initiated an increase in the presence of external Ca2+. The effects of thapsigargin and W7 were additive. Exposing lens cells to Na(+)-free perfusing solutions caused a transient increase in internal Ca2+. Bovine lens cells permeabilized by digitonin-released Ca2+ when exposed to inositol (1,4,5) triphosphate and the effect was maximal at 1 microM. CONCLUSIONS Lens cytoplasmic calcium is controlled by calcium adenosine triphosphatases at the plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The former is inhibited by W7 and insensitive to thapsigargin whereas the latter is inhibited by thapsigargin, but insensitive to W7. The lens endoplasmic reticulum store is also controlled by an inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate calcium-release mechanism. Na+/Ca2+ exchange plays a relatively minor role in calcium regulation, at least at resting calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duncan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Elliott AJ, Peterson LW. Maternal sexual abuse of male children. When to suspect and how to uncover it. Postgrad Med 1993; 94:169-72, 175-7, 180. [PMID: 8321770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Physicians need to be aware that women and mothers are capable of sexually abusing children and need to watch for signs that a mother may be at risk for perpetrating abuse or that a child may have been abused. Posttraumatic stress disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, secondary enuresis and encopresis, nightmares, and inappropriate sexual behavior are often symptoms of sexual abuse. It is important for physicians who are attempting to elicit a report of abuse from a child to keep in mind that (1) children express themselves most easily by nonverbal means, (2) the waiting room, school, and home are settings where information might be retrieved, and (3) the child's statements need to be evaluated using established criteria for analyzing their content. Physicians also need to remember that there is often an absence of physical findings in boys who have been sexually abused, although physical abuse and sexual abuse present simultaneously in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
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31
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Elliott AJ. Self videotaping during psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:723-4. [PMID: 1422641 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.161.5.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Lovey RG, Elliott AJ, Kaminski JJ, Loebenberg D, Parmegiani RM, Rane DF, Girijavallabhan VM, Pike RE, Guzik H, Antonacci B. Isobenzofurans as conformationally constrained miconazole analogues with improved antifungal potency. J Med Chem 1992; 35:4221-9. [PMID: 1433223 DOI: 10.1021/jm00100a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of halogen-substituted isobenzofuran analogues was synthesized, which represented conformationally constrained analogues of miconazole (1). In vitro and in vivo topical antifungal activity against both dermatophytes and Candida species varied widely, but 13c proved to be significantly superior to both 1 and clotrimazole against a vaginal Candida infection in hamsters, while 13b was significantly more active than 1 against a a topical Trichophyton infection in guinea pigs. None of the compounds were orally active. When the most direct analogue of 1 proved to be among the least active, a molecular modeling study was done using 1, the two active analogues 13b and 13c, and the inactive analogue 13a. All four compounds possessed skeletally similar conformations either at or energetically readily accessible from the global minimum energy conformations. This common conformation of the inactive analogue 13a, however, occupies unique molecular volume space associated with two chlorine atoms, which must also present unique electrostatic properties at the receptor. The conformation-activity relationships discussed may contribute toward deduction of additional structural requirements for pharmacophore optimization and more efficacious antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Lovey
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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33
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Abstract
A structure-activity study of fourteen chemically related flavonoids was conducted to evaluate their abilities to inhibit glutathione reductase (GR). By comparing the I50 values of flavonoids from different classes possessing an identical hydroxyl configuration, we determined the following order of potency for inhibition of GR: anthocyanidin > dihydroflavonol = chalcone > flavonol > catechin. Enzyme inhibition by delphinidin chloride and myricetin was partially prevented in a N2 atmosphere which implicates a role for oxygen in the mechanism of inhibition. To determine the role of oxygen species in enzyme inhibition, GR was preincubated with either mannitol, diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DETAPAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), or SOD and CAT prior to assays for enzyme inhibition by flavonoids. Enzyme inhibition by delphinidin chloride and myricetin was suppressed by the addition of SOD, suggesting that superoxide (O2-.) is involved. However, inhibition by quercetin and morin was not sensitive to antioxidants. To further investigate the role of O2-. in GR inhibition, a superoxide generating system was utilized in the presence and absence of flavonoid. The O2-. generating system failed to inhibit GR in the absence of flavonoid but enhanced the inhibition by myricetin, indicating that the O2-. did not directly inhibit GR but reacted directly with certain flavonoids to form a reactive intermediate which, in turn, inhibited GR. These findings suggest that the mechanism of inhibition of GR by flavonoids is complex and may have oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Allie M. Lee Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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34
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Keenan JM, Elliott AJ. Adenocarcinoma: an unusual presentation. Ann Ophthalmol 1991; 23:137-8. [PMID: 2064255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A young pregnant woman had facial swelling in the upper nasal region. This was initially considered to be lymphedema in view of a history of past severe facial acne. A biopsy was done when the lesion progressed; the specimen showed adenocarcinoma. This responded well to radiotherapy, the favorable response being maintained for more than 24 months.
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35
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Pritsos CA, Ahmad S, Elliott AJ, Pardini RS. Antioxidant enzyme level response to prooxidant allelochemicals in larvae of the southern armyworm moth, Spodoptera eridania. Free Radic Res Commun 1990; 9:127-33. [PMID: 2161387 DOI: 10.3109/10715769009148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, are highly polyphagous feeders which frequently encounter and feed upon plants containing high levels of prooxidant allelochemicals. While ingestion of moderate quantities of prooxidants can be tolerated by these larvae, ingestion of larger quantities can result in toxicity. Studies were conducted to assess the role of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the protection of S. eridania against redox active prooxidant plant allelochemicals. Dietary exposure of mid-fifth-instar larvae to either quercetin (a flavonoid) or xanthotoxin (a photoactive furanocoumarin), which generate superoxide radical, and singlet oxygen, respectively, resulted in an increase in SOD levels. CAT levels increased in all groups of S. eridania including control insects. This may have been due to the sudden exposure to food following an extended fast of 18 h (to insure that larvae would not reject the diet because of the prooxidants' bitter taste) with an eventual lowering of CAT values with time. GR activities did not significantly change except for a slight inhibition at the highest prooxidant concentrations used at 12-h post-ingestion. The data from these studies suggest that SOD responds to prooxidant challenges in these insects and together with CAT and GR contributes to the insect's defense against potentially toxic prooxidant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pritsos
- Department of Nutrition, SFB, University of Nevada, Reno 89557-0038
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36
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Abstract
Superior peripheral iridectomy has been performed in 40 patients who have undergone silicone oil surgery for retinal detachment and who are aphakic. Only two developed raised intraocular pressure due to pupil block by liquid silicone and in each case the iridectomies seemed to be closed by proliferative membrane rather than the silicone meniscus. This type of iridectomy is particularly suitable in patients requiring intracapsular cataract extraction after previous vitrectomy and silicone oil surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge
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37
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Kaminski JJ, Puchalski C, Solomon DM, Rizvi RK, Conn DJ, Elliott AJ, Lovey RG, Guzik H, Chiu PJ, Long JF. Antiulcer agents. 4. Conformational considerations and the antiulcer activity of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and related analogues. J Med Chem 1989; 32:1686-700. [PMID: 2754693 DOI: 10.1021/jm00128a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Definition of the interrelationship between the conformational characteristics of a series of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and their antiulcer activity was investigated by examining the conformational properties of 3-cyano-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (1), using a variety of experimental and theoretical methods. The results of these studies was the identification of two distinctly different candidates, designated the "folded" and the "extended" conformation, respectively, to represent the two possible minimum-energy conformations of 1. In order to select the biologically relevant conformer, a group of 3-substituted 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, having either a cis or a trans 2-phenylethenyl substituent at the 8-position were designed as conceptually simple and synthetically accessible semirigid analogues of the respective candidate conformers. Gastric antisecretory activity was found to reside only in the trans isomers (compounds 11, 15, and 17), which mimic the "extended" conformation. This observation led to the construction of 8,9-dihydro-2-methyl-9-phenyl-7H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrano[2,3-c]pyridi ne-3- acetonitrile (40), a rigid tricyclic analogue that is effectively locked in the "extended" conformation and that exhibited an antiulcer profile comparable to that of prototype 1. These results unequivocally demonstrate that, in accord with expectation for a drug operating at a specific receptor, the conformational characteristics of the molecule have a substantial effect in determining its antiulcer activity. More precisely, it has been demonstrated that it is the "extended" conformation of 1 that represents the "bioactive" form of the drug. These results constitute the basis for a molecular probe that should aid in the investigation of the as yet uncharacterized gastric proton pump enzyme (H+/K+-ATPase), by means of which 1 and its analogues presumably exert their pharmacologic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kaminski
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Schering-Plough Research, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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Abstract
Thirty-four patients living in Norfolk, aged 65 years and over, with visual acuities between 6/60 and counting fingers were interviewed at home to ascertain the degree of their disability and their use of low vision aids. Visual acuity in this range was not associated with patients' mobility or their dependence on others. A threshold of useful vision could not be identified within this range. Use of low vision aids, although disappointing, was more frequent by those who had attended a low vision clinic.
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40
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Abstract
Ten survivors of medulloblastoma were examined for residual opthalmological signs. Gaze-evoked nystagmus occurred in six children, four of whom also had pronounced upbeat nystagmus. This is a rare and specific type of nystagmus associated with lesions of the cerebellar vermis and medulla, and has not been described previously as a long-term sequel of medulloblastoma. The recognition of upbeat nystagmus is important because visual acuity may be reduced in upward gaze and difficulties at school may ensue for these children, who may be already intellectually and behaviourally compromised.
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Elliott AJ, Scott JD. Retinal compression folds after surgery for acute bullous retinal detachment. Eye (Lond) 1989; 3 ( Pt 1):100. [PMID: 2591593 DOI: 10.1038/eye.1989.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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42
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Pritsos CA, Pardini LL, Elliott AJ, Pardini RS. Relationship between the antioxidant enzyme DT-diaphorase and tumor response to mitomycin C treatment. Basic Life Sci 1988; 49:713-6. [PMID: 3150669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5568-7_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Pritsos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
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43
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Kaminski JJ, Hilbert JM, Pramanik BN, Solomon DM, Conn DJ, Rizvi RK, Elliott AJ, Guzik H, Lovey RG, Domalski MS. Antiulcer agents. 2. Gastric antisecretory, cytoprotective, and metabolic properties of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and analogues. J Med Chem 1987; 30:2031-46. [PMID: 3669011 DOI: 10.1021/jm00394a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for a successor to 3-(cyanomethyl)-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, Sch 28080 (27), a compound that exhibits gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective properties and has undergone clinical evaluation as an antiulcer agent, has culminated in the identification of four related compounds that exhibit pharmacologic profiles similar to that of 27. In three of these potential successors an amino group functions as a surrogate for the 3-cyanomethyl substituent of the prototype. The present work concerns, in addition to an evaluation of the structure-activity relationships of a series of analogues of 27, preliminary studies of the pharmacodynamics and metabolism of 27, performed with the aid of cyano carbon labeled versions of the drug (13C labeled; 28; 14C labeled, 29). These studies have shown that 27 is well-absorbed and extensively metabolized and that the major metabolite of 27 is the thiocyanate anion. A similar study performed on 3-amino-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, labeled at the 3-position with carbon-13 (41) or carbon-14 (42), revealed that this compound, which has an antisecretory/cytoprotective profile comparable to that of 27, is also metabolized to thiocyanate anion, although this must occur via a different mechanism. The chemistry section includes a discussion of the potential sites of protonation of the pharmacologically similar 3-amino analogue 40 and the structurally related imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine 67. Predictions based on charge density and protonation product stabilities are presented. That N1 is the site of protonation in these analogues has been definitively demonstrated by X-ray crystal structure analysis, which also unequivocally established the assigned imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kaminski
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Schering-Plough Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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44
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Kaminski JJ, Perkins DG, Frantz JD, Solomon DM, Elliott AJ, Chiu PJ, Long JF. Antiulcer agents. 3. Structure-activity-toxicity relationships of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and a related imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine. J Med Chem 1987; 30:2047-51. [PMID: 3669012 DOI: 10.1021/jm00394a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the interrelationship between structure, antiulcer activity, and toxicology screening data derived from a series of compounds selected from structure-activity studies directed toward identifying a successor to 3-(cyanomethyl)-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, Sch 28080 (1), has identified 3-(cyanomethyl)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2 -a]pyridine (5), 3-amino-2-methyl-8-(2-phenylethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (6), and 3-amino-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine (7). These analogues exhibit a combination of antisecretory and cytoprotective activity in animal models, while eliminating the adverse effects of the prototype 1. One of these, 3-amino-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine, Sch 32651 (7), has a profile meeting all criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kaminski
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Schering-Plough Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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45
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Elliott AJ. Points: How to organise a clinical examination. West J Med 1987. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.295.6605.1068-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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46
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Pisani DE, Elliott AJ, Hinman DR, Aaronson LM, Pardini RS. Relationship between inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by naphthoquinones, their antitumor activity, and their redox potential. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:3791-8. [PMID: 3778505 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of a series of 1,4-naphthoquinones were correlated with their activities against Sarcoma-180 by Hodnett et al. [J. med. Chem. 26, 570 (1983)]. Redox potential was the most important molecular parameter determining antitumor activity in this series of compounds, suggesting that interference with electron transport contributes to their cytotoxicity. We evaluated this same series of quinones for their abilities to inhibit the beef heart mitochondrial succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase enzyme systems. They exhibited a broad range of inhibitory potencies. There was a strong relationship between succinoxidase inhibition, antitumor activity (T/C ratio), and redox potential. The redox potentials of the quinones which inhibited succinoxidase lay within the narrow range of endogenous components of the respiratory chain. In contrast, inhibition of NADH-oxidase was related to redox potential but did not significantly predict antitumor activity. These results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial succinoxidase may be a useful preliminary screen for antitumor activity.
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47
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Kaminski JJ, Bristol JA, Puchalski C, Lovey RG, Elliott AJ, Guzik H, Solomon DM, Conn DJ, Domalski MS, Wong SC. Antiulcer agents. 1. Gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. J Med Chem 1985; 28:876-92. [PMID: 4009611 DOI: 10.1021/jm00145a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of antiulcer agents, the substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, is described. The present compounds are not histamine (H2) receptor antagonists nor are they prostaglandin analogues, yet they exhibit both gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective properties. The mechanism of gastric antisecretory activity may involve inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme. Structure-activity studies led to the identification of 3-(cyanomethyl)-2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, SCH 28080 (27), which was selected for further development and clinical evaluation.
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Abstract
The incidence and severity of cataract were studied in 37 children who had completed treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Twelve (32%) had posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Treatment had included corticosteroids and cranial irradiation, but no dose relationship was evident. The boys were more severely affected than the girls. Although none of the lens opacities was optically significant, clinicians should be aware of the potential risk to vision.
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49
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50
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Potts KT, Elliott AJ, Titus GR, Al-Hilal D, Lindley PF, Boyd GV, Norris T. The structure of azobenzene N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)imide [3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,2-diphenyltriazenium hydroxide, inner salt]. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Crystallogr Cryst Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1107/s056774088200380x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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