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Chambers MR, Foote JB, Bentley RT, Botta D, Crossman DK, Della Manna DL, Estevez-Ordonez D, Koehler JW, Langford CP, Miller MA, Markert JM, Olivier AK, Omar NB, Platt SR, Rissi DR, Shores A, Sorjonen DC, Yang ES, Yanke AB, Gillespie GY. Evaluation of immunologic parameters in canine glioma patients treated with an oncolytic herpes virus. J Transl Genet Genom 2021; 5:423-442. [PMID: 35342877 PMCID: PMC8955901 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2021.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To molecularly characterize the tumor microenvironment and evaluate immunologic parameters in canine glioma patients before and after treatment with oncolytic human IL-12-expressing herpes simplex virus (M032) and in treatment naïve canine gliomas. METHODS We assessed pet dogs with sporadically occurring gliomas enrolled in Stage 1 of a veterinary clinical trial that was designed to establish the safety of intratumoral oncoviral therapy with M032, a genetically modified oncolytic herpes simplex virus. Specimens from dogs in the trial and dogs not enrolled in the trial were evaluated with immunohistochemistry, NanoString, Luminex cytokine profiling, and multi-parameter flow cytometry. RESULTS Treatment-naive canine glioma microenvironment had enrichment of Iba1 positive macrophages and minimal numbers of T and B cells, consistent with previous studies identifying these tumors as immunologically "cold". NanoString mRNA profiling revealed enrichment for tumor intrinsic pathways consistent with suppression of tumor-specific immunity and support of tumor progression. Oncolytic viral treatment induced an intratumoral mRNA transcription signature of tumor-specific immune responses in 83% (5/6) of canine glioma patients. Changes included mRNA signatures corresponding with interferon signaling, lymphoid and myeloid cell activation, recruitment, and T and B cell immunity. Multiplexed protein analysis identified a subset of oligodendroglioma subjects with increased concentrations of IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, TNFα, GM-CSF between 14 and 28 days after treatment, with evidence of CD4+ T cell activation and modulation of IL-4 and IFNγ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that M032 modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment in the canine glioma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chambers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R T Bentley
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D Botta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - D K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - D L Della Manna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - D Estevez-Ordonez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J W Koehler
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - C P Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - M A Miller
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - A K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - N B Omar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - S R Platt
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D R Rissi
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - A Shores
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - D C Sorjonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - E S Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - A B Yanke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - G Y Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Klaren WD, Gadupudi GS, Wels B, Simmons DL, Olivier AK, Robertson LW. Progression of micronutrient alteration and hepatotoxicity following acute PCB126 exposure. Toxicology 2015; 338:1-7. [PMID: 26410179 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are industrial chemicals that have become a persistent threat to human health due to ongoing exposure. A subset of PCBs, known as dioxin-like PCBs, pose a special threat given their potent hepatic effects. Micronutrients, especially Cu, Zn and Se, homeostatic dysfunction is commonly seen after exposure to dioxin-like PCBs. This study investigates whether micronutrient alteration is the byproduct of the ongoing hepatotoxicity, marked by lipid accumulation, or a concurrent, yet independent event of hepatic damage. A time course study was carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats with treatments of PCB126, the prototypical dioxin-like PCB, resulting in 6 different time points. Animals were fed a purified diet, based on AIN-93G, for three weeks to ensure micronutrient equilibration. A single IP injection of either tocopherol-stripped soy oil vehicle (5 mL/kg) or 5 μmol/kg PCB126 dose in vehicle was given at various time points resulting in exposures of 9h, 18 h, 36 h, 3 days, 6 days, and 12 days. Mild hepatic vacuolar change was seen as early as 36 h with drastic changes at the later time points, 6 and 12 days. Micronutrient alterations, specifically Cu, Zn, and Se, were not seen until after day 3 and only observed in the liver. No alterations were seen in the duodenum, suggesting that absorption and excretion may not be involved. Micronutrient alterations occur with ROS formation, lipid accumulation, and hepatomegaly. To probe the mechanistic underpinnings, alteration of gene expression of several copper chaperones was investigated; only metallothionein appeared elevated. These data suggest that the disruption in micronutrient status is a result of the hepatic injury elicited by PCB126 and is mediated in part by metallothionein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Klaren
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - G S Gadupudi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - B Wels
- State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Ankeny, Iowa, USA
| | - D L Simmons
- State Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Ankeny, Iowa, USA
| | - A K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - L W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Cyr AR, Kulak MV, Park JM, Bogachek MV, Spanheimer PM, Woodfield GW, White-Baer LS, O'Malley YQ, Sugg SL, Olivier AK, Zhang W, Domann FE, Weigel RJ. TFAP2C governs the luminal epithelial phenotype in mammary development and carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2014; 34:436-44. [PMID: 24469049 PMCID: PMC4112181 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular subtypes of breast cancer are characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression that are predictive of outcome and response to therapy. The luminal breast cancer subtypes are defined by the expression of ER-alpha (ERα)-associated genes, many of which are directly responsive to the Transcription Factor Activator Protein 2C (TFAP2C). TFAP2C participates in a gene regulatory network controlling cell growth and differentiation during ectodermal development and regulating ESR1/ERα and other luminal cell-associated genes in breast cancer. TFAP2C has been established as a prognostic factor in human breast cancer, however, its role in the establishment and maintenance of the luminal cell phenotype during carcinogenesis and mammary gland development have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate a critical role for TFAP2C in maintaining the luminal phenotype in human breast cancer and in influencing the luminal cell phenotype during normal mammary development. Knockdown of TFAP2C in luminal breast carcinoma cells induced EMT with morphological and phenotypic changes characterized by a loss of luminal-associated gene expression and a concomitant gain of basal-associated gene expression. Conditional knockout of the mouse homolog of TFAP2C, Tcfap2c, in mouse mammary epithelium driven by MMTV-Cre promoted aberrant growth of the mammary tree leading to a reduction in the CD24hi/CD49fmid luminal cell population and concomitant gain of the CD24mid/CD49fhi basal cell population at maturity. Our results establish TFAP2C as a key transcriptional regulator for maintaining the luminal phenotype in human breast carcinoma. Furthermore, Tcfap2c influences development of the luminal cell type during mammary development. The data suggest that TFAP2C plays an important role in regulated luminal specific genes and may be a viable therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cyr
- 1] Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M V Kulak
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J M Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - M V Bogachek
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P M Spanheimer
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G W Woodfield
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - L S White-Baer
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Y Q O'Malley
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - S L Sugg
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A K Olivier
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - F E Domann
- 1] Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA [3] Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R J Weigel
- 1] Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Abstract
Histopathologic scoring is a tool by which semiquantitative data can be obtained from tissues. Initially, a thorough understanding of the experimental design, study objectives, and methods is required for the pathologist to appropriately examine tissues and develop lesion scoring approaches. Many principles go into the development of a scoring system such as tissue examination, lesion identification, scoring definitions, and consistency in interpretation. Masking (aka "blinding") of the pathologist to experimental groups is often necessary to constrain bias, and multiple mechanisms are available. Development of a tissue scoring system requires appreciation of the attributes and limitations of the data (eg, nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data) to be evaluated. Incidence, ordinal, and rank methods of tissue scoring are demonstrated along with key principles for statistical analyses and reporting. Validation of a scoring system occurs through 2 principal measures: (1) validation of repeatability and (2) validation of tissue pathobiology. Understanding key principles of tissue scoring can help in the development and/or optimization of scoring systems so as to consistently yield meaningful and valid scoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Gibson-Corley
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 500 Newton Rd, 1165ML, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sui H, Olivier AK, Klesney-Tait JA, Brooks L, Tyler SR, Sun X, Skopec A, Kline J, Sanchez PG, Meyerholz DK, Zavazava N, Iannettoni M, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR. Ferret lung transplant: an orthotopic model of obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:467-73. [PMID: 23205765 PMCID: PMC3638989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the primary cause of late morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation. Current animal models do not reliably develop OB pathology. Given the similarities between ferret and human lung biology, we hypothesized an orthotopic ferret lung allograft would develop OB. Orthotopic left lower lobe transplants were successfully performed in 22 outbred domestic ferrets in the absence of immunosuppression (IS; n = 5) and presence of varying IS protocols (n = 17). CT scans were performed to evaluate the allografts. At intervals between 3-6 months the allografts were examined histologically for evidence of acute/chronic rejection. IS protects allografts from acute rejection and early graft loss. Reduction of IS dosage by 50% allowed development of controlled rejection. Allografts developed infiltrates on CT and classic histologic acute rejection and lymphocytic bronchiolitis. Cycling of IS, to induce repeated episodes of controlled rejection, promoted classic histologic hallmarks of OB including fibrosis-associated occlusion of the bronchiolar airways in all allografts of long-term survivors. In conclusion, we have developed an orthotopic lung transplant model in the ferret with documented long-term functional allograft survival. Allografts develop acute rejection and lymphocytic bronchiolitis, similar to humans. Long-term survivors develop histologic changes in the allografts that are hallmarks of OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - A. K. Olivier
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - J. A. Klesney-Tait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - L. Brooks
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - S. R. Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - X. Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - A. Skopec
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - J. Kline
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - P. G. Sanchez
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - D. K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - N. Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - M. Iannettoni
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - J. F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - K. R. Parekh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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