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Parry H, McIlroy G, Bruton R, Ali M, Stephens C, Damery S, Otter A, McSkeane T, Rolfe H, Faustini S, Wall N, Hillmen P, Pratt G, Paneesha S, Zuo J, Richter A, Moss P. Antibody responses after first and second Covid-19 vaccination in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 34330895 PMCID: PMC8323747 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is associated with immunosuppression and patients are at increased clinical risk following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Covid-19 vaccines offer the potential for protection against severe infection but relatively little is known regarding the profile of the antibody response following first or second vaccination. We studied spike-specific antibody responses following first and/or second Covid-19 vaccination in 299 patients with CLL compared with healthy donors. 286 patients underwent extended interval (10-12 week) vaccination. 154 patients received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and 145 patients received ChAdOx1. Blood samples were taken either by venepuncture or as dried blood spots on filter paper. Spike-specific antibody responses were detectable in 34% of patients with CLL after one vaccine (n = 267) compared to 94% in healthy donors with antibody titres 104-fold lower in the patient group. Antibody responses increased to 75% after second vaccine (n = 55), compared to 100% in healthy donors, although titres remained lower. Multivariate analysis showed that current treatment with BTK inhibitors or IgA deficiency were independently associated with failure to generate an antibody response after the second vaccine. This work supports the need for optimisation of vaccination strategy in patients with CLL including the potential utility of booster vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- BNT162 Vaccine
- COVID-19/blood
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- H Parry
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - G McIlroy
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R Bruton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - M Ali
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C Stephens
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - S Damery
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Otter
- National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, UK
| | - T McSkeane
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Rolfe
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - N Wall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - P Hillmen
- St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - G Pratt
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - S Paneesha
- Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Bordesley Green East, B9 5SS, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - P Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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Angell JW, Jones G, Grove-White DH, Jones E, Higgins RJ, Otter A. A prospective on farm cohort study investigating the epidemiology and pathophysiology of drunken lamb syndrome. Vet Rec 2013; 172:154. [PMID: 23292949 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Drunken lamb syndrome (DLS) is a fatal disease of unknown aetiology affecting young lambs. In 2011, a prospective on farm cohort study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology and pathophysiology of DLS. Ten cases from a cohort of 1635 crossbred and pure Welsh Mountain lambs were identified as having DLS on the basis of characteristic clinical signs. Renal histopathology demonstrated nephrosis in all 10 cases. Some cases also demonstrated concurrent intestinal pathology. The cases were significantly smaller than the cohort, nine out of the 10 were twins, and they all demonstrated a severe metabolic acidosis characterised by elevated D-lactate. This study demonstrates that D-lactate--probably initiated by the overgrowth of intestinal microorganisms--appears to be the cause of the metabolic acidosis seen in cases of DLS, and to be responsible for the clinical signs seen. It is unclear as to the significance of the nephrosis lesions, and the name 'Lamb Nephrosis' may be misleading. Treatment may be possible using solutions of sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Angell
- Wern Veterinary Surgeons, Ruthin, Denbighshire, UK
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Payne JH, Hogg RA, Otter A, Roest HIJ, Livesey CT. Emergence of suspected type D botulism in ruminants in England and Wales (2001 to 2009), associated with exposure to broiler litter. Vet Rec 2011; 168:640. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Payne
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) - Sutton Bonington, The Elms; College Road, Sutton Bonington Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5RB
| | - R. A. Hogg
- AHVLA - Preston; Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Broughton, Preston Lancashire PR3 5HE
| | - A. Otter
- AHVLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | - H. I. J. Roest
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs; Central Veterinary Institute; PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands
| | - C. T. Livesey
- Chris Livesey Consulting, Givendale House, Leppington; Malton North Yorkshire YO17 9RL
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Otter A, Welchman DDB, Sandvik T, Cranwell MP, Holliman A, Millar MF, Scholes SFE. Congenital tremor and hypomyelination associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in 23 British cattle herds. Vet Rec 2009; 164:771-8. [PMID: 19542551 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.25.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents data from 23 British herds investigated between 1991 and 2007 where neurological disease in calves was caused by bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection. A variety of clinical signs, most commonly tremor or trembling, were apparent in the calves from birth, and most were recumbent or unable to stand unsupported. Severe diffuse neuraxial hypomyelination was present in all of the calves, and immunohistochemistry revealed cerebral neuronal labelling consistent with congenital persistent pestivirus infection in each brain. BVDV was detected in peripheral blood samples from eight of 15 calves tested using an antigen ELISA, and was isolated in culture from samples of viscera, brain or blood collected from 17 of 24 affected calves. TaqMan RT-PCR for pestivirus RNA was positive for BVDV-1 in all six calves tested. Six of the virus isolates on which molecular classification was carried out, obtained from calves in four of the herds, were identified as BVDV-1a, while three isolates from one affected and two unaffected calves on a fifth farm were confirmed as BVDV-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) - Shrewsbury, Kendal Road, Harlescott, Shrewsbury, UK.
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Edwards GT, Woodger NGA, Barlow AM, Bell SJ, Harwood DG, Otter A, Wight AR. Sarcina-like bacteria associated with bloat in young lambs and calves. Vet Rec 2009; 163:391-3. [PMID: 18820327 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.13.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sarcina species are fastidious Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that occur in cubical packets of eight or more cells. In 2006 to 2007, they were associated with cases of acute abomasal bloat in young lambs and calves. Two incidents were in lambs aged three to six weeks that were found dead, with one or two cases in each of a group of 15 and 100 lambs. Three incidents were recorded in small groups of calves up to 10 days of age, two cases in each incident, with the calves found dead or dying after a short illness characterised by bloat. Their gross lesions included emphysema and oedema of the abomasal wall, mucosal hyperaemia and haemorrhage, and rupture of the abomasum. Histological lesions included abomasitis with congestion, haemorrhage, emphysema and oedema. Bacteria characteristic of Sarcina species were observed in sections associated with the superficial mucosa of these cases, but the bacteria were not detected in cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Edwards
- VLA-Aberystwyth, Y Buarth, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Foster
- VLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | - A. Otter
- VLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | - R. Naylor
- VLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | - M. E. Wessels
- VLA - Preston; Barton Hall, Garstang Road, Barton Preston Lancashire PR3 5HE
| | - B. Veenstra
- Stapeley Veterinary Practice; The Gatehouse, Lordstone Lane Minsterley Shropshire SY5 0EU
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road Harlescott Shrewsbury SY1 4HD
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Foster
- VLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | - A. Otter
- VLA - Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD
| | | | - M. P. Cranwell
- VLA - Starcross; Staplake Mount, Starcross Exeter Devon EX6 8PE
| | - D. F. Twomey
- VLA - Starcross; Staplake Mount, Starcross Exeter Devon EX6 8PE
| | - M. F. Millar
- VLA - Langford; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DX
| | - M. A. Taylor
- Central Science Laboratory; Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ
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Foster AP, Otter A, Barlow AM, Pearson GR, Woodward MJ, Higgins RJ. Naturally occurring intestinal lesions in three alpacas (Vicugna pacos) caused by attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. Vet Rec 2008; 162:318-20. [PMID: 18326846 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.10.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A P Foster
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Shrewsbury, Kendal Road, Harlescott, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van der Burgt
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Luddington, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9SJ
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Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) infection was detected in a cohort of 68 purchased ewes, one of several groups of sheep introduced to a farm after the previous stock had been culled with suspected foot-and-mouth disease in 2001. Except for short periods totalling six to seven weeks when the sheep co-grazed with 13 ewe lambs and ram lambs, the infected cohort was kept separate from other sheep on the farm over a total of 21 months. During this period two crops of lambs were reared from the infected ewes. All the lambs were fattened and killed, and all ewes were culled after the second crop of lambs had been weaned. Subsequent serological testing of the remaining sheep on the farm confirmed the elimination of MV infection from the flock, leading to its acceptance in the Maedi Visna Accreditation Scheme of the Scottish Agricultural College's Sheep and Goat Health Schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Shrewsbury, Harlescott, Shrewsbury
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13
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Otter A, Houlihan MG, Daniel RG, Kirby FD, Schock A, Higgins RJ. Ovine gastrointestinal listeriosis. Vet Rec 2004; 154:479. [PMID: 15119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Phipps
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
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Abstract
Young calves which died on three dairy farms in England and Wales had generalised pallor and heavy infestations of the long-nosed sucking louse, Linognothus vituli. Surviving calves had packed-cell volumes, haemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts below the reference ranges, consistent with anaemia, and they were also heavily infested with lice. No other causes of anaemia were identified. It is proposed that heavy infestations with L. vituli should be considered when investigating the cause of anaemia in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Kendal Road, Harlescott, Shrewsbury
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16
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Otter A, Twomey DF, Rowe NS, Tipp JW, McElligott WS, Griffiths PC, O'Neill P. Suspected chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis in British cattle. Vet Rec 2003; 152:787-8. [PMID: 12846296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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17
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Guy C, Bjorkman C, Trees A, Otter A, Williams D. 97. Is natural post-natal infection of cattle with N. caninum associated with abortion? Res Vet Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(03)90096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Serology for Neospora caninum was undertaken using direct ELISAs on sera from 660 aborted sheep and 454 breeding sows, which had aborted or were considered infertile. All ovine sera were further tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for N. caninum, and a latex agglutination test (LAT) for Toxoplasma gondii was performed on 423 of the samples, including all those positive by ELISA. ELISA-positive porcine sera were tested by IFAT and an inhibition ELISA for antibodies to N. caninum and by LAT for T. gondii. Only 3 (0.45%) of the ovine sera were seropositive for N. caninum by both ELISA and IFAT whereas although 40 porcine sera were seropositive by ELISA all were negative by IFAT. The results suggest that environmental exposure to N. caninum occurs rarely in sheep and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Helmick
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Regional Laboratory, Job's Well Road, Johnstown, Carmarthen SA313EZ, UK
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19
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Abstract
An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) resulted in the deaths of 12 cattle in a herd of 77 animals during seven weeks in 1999; in addition, one cow developed a milder disease which was confirmed as MCF by PCR for ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA and an immunofluorescent antibody test for antibodies to the virus, but recovered. Further PCR and serological testing revealed the infection in three other animals, none of which developed clinical disease. Hypocuprosis and the possibility of a genetic predisposition were identified as factors which may have contributed to the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Harlescott, Shrewsbury
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Bates P, Duff P, Windsor R, Devoy J, Otter A, Sharp M. Mange mite species affecting camelids in the UK. Vet Rec 2001; 149:463-4. [PMID: 11688755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Wacowich-Sgarbi SA, Ling CC, Otter A, Bundle DR. A tethered disaccharide trapped as its anti conformer calibrates the Karplus relationship for 3J(C,H) coupling constants. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4362-3. [PMID: 11457214 DOI: 10.1021/ja005901m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Wacowich-Sgarbi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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22
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Otter A, Moynan C. Corynebacterium renale infection in calves. Vet Rec 2000; 146:83-4. [PMID: 10674699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Otter A, Clemence A, Barrowman R, Lewis G. Chronic nasal discharge in dairy cows. Vet Rec 2000; 146:55. [PMID: 10678816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taylor
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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Williams DJ, Davison HC, Helmick B, McGarry J, Guy F, Otter A, Trees AJ. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detecting serum antibody to Neospora caninum in cattle. Vet Rec 1999; 145:571-5. [PMID: 10606017 DOI: 10.1136/vr.145.20.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A commercially available serum antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Neospora caninum in cattle was evaluated against an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) by applying it to 397 sera from normal adult cattle, 352 sera from cattle which had recently aborted, and 422 sera from two herds which had a history of N caninum-associated abortions. It was evaluated in two laboratories and showed high reproducibility, repeatability and almost perfect or substantial agreement with the IFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool
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26
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Abstract
Transmission parameters of Neospora caninum infections in dairy cattle were determined in six herds with a history of Neospora-associated abortions, using an antibody-detection ELISA to detect evidence of infection. A total of 124 seropositive dams and their calves were tested at calving to estimate vertical transmission, and 154 seronegative heifers were monitored prospectively from birth for evidence of post-natal infection. The probability of vertical transmission was very high; 95.2% (95% confidence interval: 89.8%, 98.2%) of the seropositive dams produced calves that were seropositive prior to consumption of colostrum. In the prospective study, three heifers seroconverted, by 1, 8 and 16 months of age, and the overall incidence rate of seroconversion was 1.9 per 100 heifer-years at risk, ranging from 0 to 4.1 per 100 heifer-years at risk within herds. If heifers with inconclusive ELISA results were included in the analysis, the incidence rate of seroconversion was 3.8 per 100 heifer-years at risk, ranging from 0 to 8.3 per 100 heifer-years at risk within herds. This study showed that vertical transmission was the major route involved in the spread of N. caninum in these herds, and that there was only a low detectable level of horizontal transmission. However, further studies are needed to provide parasitological evidence of infection in those heifers that seroconverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Davison
- Veterinary Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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Davison HC, Guy F, Trees AJ, Ryce C, Ellis JT, Otter A, Jeffrey M, Simpson VR, Holt JJ. In vitro isolation of Neospora caninum from a stillborn calf in the UK. Res Vet Sci 1999; 67:103-5. [PMID: 10425249 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.1998.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum was isolated in Vero cell culture from the brain of a stillborn calf. This isolate (designated NC-LivB1) is the first to be obtained from cattle in the United Kingdom and was confirmed as N. caninum by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies and by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequence analysis. Differences were found between NC-LivB1, other bovine isolates and canine isolates of N. caninum and closely related protozoal parasites, using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD - PCR) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Davison
- Veterinary Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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28
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Davison HC, Otter A, Trees AJ. Significance of Neospora caninum in British dairy cattle determined by estimation of seroprevalence in normally calving cattle and aborting cattle. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1189-94. [PMID: 10576570 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A case control study was conducted to evaluate the significance of Neospora caninum infections in cattle in England and Wales. The prevalence of N. caninum in normally calving cattle (the control group; n = 418) and aborting cattle (n = 633) was estimated using a commercial antibody-detection ELISA. Prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and Leptospira hardjo were also obtained by serology. The prevalence of N. caninum was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in the aborting group (18%; 95% confidence interval: 15%, 21%) than in the control group (6%; 95% confidence interval: 4%, 8%); the latter is the first estimate, to date, of the national seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy cattle in England and Wales. Prevalence estimates for bovine virus diarrhoea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and L. hardjo were not found to be higher in the aborting cattle than in the control group. With N. caninum, a strong association between seropositivity and abortion was found, with seropositive cows being 3.5-times more likely to abort than seronegative cows (odds ratio = 3.49; 95% confidence interval: 2.16, 5.69). Furthermore, 12.5% of abortions in dairy cattle in England and Wales may be attributable to N. caninum, as indicated by estimation of the population aetiological fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Davison
- Veterinary Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine/Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK
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29
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Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase I is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides catalyzing the first processing event after the en bloc transfer of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 to proteins. This enzyme is an inhibitor target for anti-viral agents that interfere with the formation of essential glycoproteins required in viral assembly, secretion and infectivity. Of fundamental mechanistic interest for all oligosaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes is the stereochemical course of the reaction which can occur with either retention or inversion of anomeric configuration. The stereochemistry is used to categorize enzymes and is important in designing mechanism-based inhibitors. To determine the stereochemical course of the alpha-glucosidase I reaction, the release of glucose from a synthetic trisaccharide substrate, Glc(alpha1-2)Glc(alpha1-3)Glc alphaO(CH2)8COOCH3 was directly monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both the yeast and bovine mammary gland enzymes released beta-glucose concomitant with the formation of the Glc(alpha1-3)Glc alphaO(CH2)8COOCH3 disaccharide product demonstrating that both enzymes operate with inversion of anomeric configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Palcic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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30
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Otter A. Concurrent torsion of the gravid uterus and intestinal mesentery in a Charolais heifer. Vet Rec 1999; 144:385-6. [PMID: 10327541 DOI: 10.1136/vr.144.14.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Carmarthen
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31
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Otter A, Lemieux RU, Ball RG, Venot AP, Hindsgaul O, Bundle DR. Crystal state and solution conformation of the B blood group trisaccharide alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-[alpha-D-Galp]-(1-->3)]-beta-D-Galp-OCH3. Eur J Biochem 1999; 259:295-303. [PMID: 9914506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the human B blood group related trisaccharide alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-[alpha-D-Galp]-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-OCH3 (1) has been determined. The solution structure of 1 was studied by two-dimensional NMR techniques at 600 MHz in D2O solution and the conformational properties were analyzed in terms of the torsional angles phiH and psiH, derived from 3JCH coupling constants, and 10 inter-residue proton-proton distances. 3JCH could be accurately measured by a recently introduced two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiment (EXSIDE). The nuclear Overhauser enhancement-derived distances and the calculated torsion angles were compared with the same information available from the crystal structure. The agreement is excellent, indicating that the trisaccharide adopts a restricted conformation in solution, which was also predicted by the Hard Sphere Exo-Anomeric forcefield. The data of 1 are complemented by NMR studies of the closely related alpha-L-Fucp-(1-->2)-[6-deoxy-alpha-D-Galp]-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp O-(CH2 )7CH3 trisaccharide (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Trees AJ, Davison HC, Otter A. Bovine abortion, Neospora caninum and dogs. Vet Rec 1998; 143:343. [PMID: 9795406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Abstract
Two juvenile snowy owls (Nyctea scandiaca) died after short episodes of lethargy and anorexia. Postmortem examination of the first was inconclusive but clinical and laboratory examinations on the second owlet revealed a high level of erythrocyte parasitaemia by Haemoproteus noctuae. After a period of intensive nursing and chemotherapy during which it improved clinically and the red cell parasitism decreased, the bird's condition relapsed and it died. Postmortem examination revealed H noctuae infection in addition to heavy red blood cell parasitism by Leucocytozoon ziemanni. Although neither H noctuae nor L ziemanni are generally considered to be pathogenic, their combined presence in the young owl apparently resulted in its death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Evans
- Fields Veterinary Group, Newport, Monmouthshire
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Otter A, Wilson BW. Bovine abortion outbreaks associated with Neospora and other infectious agents. Vet Rec 1997; 141:659-60. [PMID: 9466391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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Davison HC, Trees AJ, Guy F, Otter A, Holt JJ, Simpson VR, Jeffrey M. Isolation of bovine Neospora in Britain. Vet Rec 1997; 141:607. [PMID: 9429280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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36
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Otter A, Jeffrey M, Scholes SF, Helmick B, Wilesmith JW, Trees AJ. Comparison of histology with maternal and fetal serology for the diagnosis of abortion due to bovine neosporosis. Vet Rec 1997; 141:487-9. [PMID: 9402719 DOI: 10.1136/vr.141.19.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An indirect fluorescent antibody test was applied to sera from normally calving and aborting cows and to samples of pleural fluid from their aborted calves, and the antibody titres were compared with histology and immunocytochemistry for the diagnosis of Neospora-associated abortion. Two groups of aborting cows and a third group of cows which had calved normally were used; group A consisted of 36 cows which aborted calves showing characteristic non-suppurative inflammatory lesions in which Neospora was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, group B consisted of 100 cows which aborted calves without histological evidence of neosporosis, and group C consisted of 128 normally calved cows which were sampled within one month of calving. Serology on the maternal sera and fetal fluids was highly specific and sensitive for Neospora infection although 5 per cent of the cows which aborted Neospora-negative calves and 4.7 per cent of the normally calved cows were also seropositive. Anti-Neospora antibodies were also detected in 7 per cent of the samples of fetal fluid from Neospora-negative abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Johnstown, Carmarthen
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37
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Otter A, Connolly C, Geddes P. Canine angiostrongylosis in south Wales. Vet Rec 1997; 140:635-6. [PMID: 9228704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Otter A. Neospora and bovine abortion. Vet Rec 1997; 140:239. [PMID: 9076925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Otter A, Wilson BW, Scholes SFE, Jeffrey M, Helmick B, Trees AJ. Results of a survey to determine whether Neospora
is a significant cause of ovine abortion in England and Wales. Vet Rec 1997. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.7.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre; Job's Well Road, Johnstown Carmarthen SA31 3EZ
| | - B. W. Wilson
- Veterinary Investigation Centre; Barton Hall, Barton Preston Lancashire PR3 5HE
| | - S. F. E. Scholes
- Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 OSA
| | - M. Jeffrey
- Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 OSA
| | - B. Helmick
- Veterinary Investigation Centre; Job's Well Road, Johnstown Carmarthen SA31 3EZ
| | - A. J. Trees
- Veterinary Parasitology; School of Tropical Medicine and Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA
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Otter A, Wilson BW, Scholes SF, Jeffrey M, Helmick B, Trees AJ. Results of a survey to determine whether Neospora is a significant cause of ovine abortion in England and Wales. Vet Rec 1997; 140:175-7. [PMID: 9055394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Between January and April 1995, the brains and hearts of 281 aborted lambs derived from 209 submissions to veterinary investigation centres in England and Wales were examined histologically. One-hundred-and-seventy-nine samples of fetal pleural fluid from these lambs and 141 from lambs not examined histologically were examined for antibodies to Neospora by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Non-suppurative myocarditis and encephalitis were present in nine lambs. Immunocytochemistry using antisera against Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis species resulted in no labelling but anti-sera to Toxoplasma gondii revealed labelled organisms in four lambs. No significant antibody titres against Neospora were detected in any of the samples of fetal pleural fluid. These results suggest that Neospora infection is not associated with significant numbers of abortions in sheep in England and Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Johnstown, Carmarthen
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Otter A, Farrer ME. Pneumonia associated with five respiratory pathogens in a group of steers. Vet Rec 1997; 140:187-8. [PMID: 9055401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhang J, Otter A, Bundle DR. Synthesis and conformational studies of the tyvelose capped, Lewis-x like tetrasaccharide epitope of Trichinella spiralis. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:1989-2001. [PMID: 9007282 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(96)00182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis and high resolution NMR studies are reported for the tetrasaccharide epitope and constituent structures that occur as terminal elements of Trichinella spiralis cell surface glycans. The 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl and methyl glycosides of Lewis-x type trisaccharides, in which beta GalNAc replaces beta Gal were synthesized from monosaccharide synthons utilizing thioglycoside and halide-ion glycosylation methods. The unique 3,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabinohexopyranosyl residue that caps the structure was introduced to selectively protected 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl and methyl trisaccharide glycosides by utilizing an insoluble silver zeolite catalyst and a glycosyl halide. In separate reactions not only were the principal targets obtained but also the corresponding alpha-linked tetrasaccharides. A comparison of the NMR spectra of the methyl tetrasaccharide glycosides showed that at the site of the alpha-linked tyvelose structure, specific GalNAc resonances (C-1, C-2, C-3) possess uncharacteristically wide 13C (8-21 Hz) and 1H lines. The beta-linked tetrasaccharide glycoside, that represents the native parasite epitope, exhibited only narrow line widths (3 Hz, 13C). Since NOE derived distance constraints for the alpha-linked tyvelose structure were not consistent with the existence of unusual glycosidic conformers, the origin of the limited number of wide lines was attributed to local rigidity in the GalNAc residue, at the site of tyvelose glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Johnstown, Carmarthen, Dyfed, Wales
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Trees AJ, Davison HC, Williams DJ, Otter A, Bellworthy SJ. Neosporosis project. Vet Rec 1996; 139:299. [PMID: 8890468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Otter A. Ovine abortion caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Vet Rec 1996; 138:143-4. [PMID: 8650921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Otter A, Bundle DR. Long-range 4J and 5J, including interglycosidic correlations in gradient-enhanced homonuclear COSY experiments of oligosaccharides. J Magn Reson B 1995; 109:194-201. [PMID: 7582601 DOI: 10.1006/jmrb.1995.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gradient-enhanced, two-dimensional, homonuclear correlation techniques (GCOSY) of carbohydrates provide numerous correlations based on 4J and 5J long-range interactions. Intraresidue correlations, involving all 1H resonances of a given pyranose ring with its anomeric proton, are consistently observed in alpha-pyranosyl residues at approximately 5 to 10 times lower intensities than vicinal 3J correlation cross peaks. beta-Anomers, pyranosyl residues with axial H1 protons, show very few such effects. Both alpha and beta anomers do, however, exhibit interresidue 4J correlations across the glycosidic linkage as shown for several linear and branched oligosaccharides ranging from three to five residues and are especially useful for spectral assignments in the envelope of pyranosyl ring protons located in the typically very crowded 3 to 4 ppm region. These effects depend on the strength and duration of the applied gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Field RA, Otter A, Fu W, Hindsgaul O. Synthesis and 1H NMR characterization of the six isomeric mono-O-sulfates of 8-methoxycarbonyloct-1-yl O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyran oside. Carbohydr Res 1995; 276:347-63. [PMID: 8542605 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00235-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
All six isomeric mono-O-sulfates of beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-O-(CH2)8COOMe (LacNAc-MC) have been chemically synthesized and characterized by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. Sulfation causes characteristic substitution-site-specific downfield shifts of 1H NMR signals. The 4C1 chair conformation of both pyranose residues of LacNAc are unaffected by mono-O-sulfation, and, with the exception of the 3-O-sulfate derivative, glycosidic torsion angles are also unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Otter A, Hindsgaul O, Bundle DR. Gradient-enhanced homonuclear 2D NMR techniques applied to oligosaccharides containing manno-hexoses provide improved correlations for protons coupled by small 3J. Carbohydr Res 1995; 275:381-9. [PMID: 8529230 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00163-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Otter A, Jeffrey M, Griffiths IB, Dubey JP. A survey of the incidence of Neospora caninum infection in aborted and stillborn bovine fetuses in England and Wales. Vet Rec 1995; 136:602-6. [PMID: 7571263 DOI: 10.1136/vr.136.24.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Selected brains and fetal viscera from 190 aborted or stillborn bovine fetuses submitted to Veterinary Investigation Centres in England and Wales between August 1992 and January 1993 were examined histologically. Non-suppurative inflammation of the brain and/or myocardium and placental cotyledons was identified by light microscopy in 20 (10.5 per cent). An immunocytochemical examination of fixed tissue sections using antisera against Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species revealed positive immunolabelling for N caninum in the brains of eight (4.2 per cent), but no labelling with anti-T gondii or anti-Sarcocystis species antisera was evident. These results suggest that N caninum may be an important cause of reproductive failure in cattle in England and Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Otter
- Veterinary Investigation Centre, Cambridge
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50
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