Ecological criteria for assessing the content of petroleum hydrocarbons in the main soils of coniferous-deciduous forests and forest steppe

The effect of pollution of Albicluvisols/Retisols, Calcaric Leptosols, Luvic Phaeozems, Greyzamic Phaeozems and Folic Fluvisols with oil (Solovatovsky oil field, Perm region) added in amounts of 1, 2, 3 and 5 g oil/kg of soil on the organisms was studied in a model laboratory experiment. Oil addition showed phytotoxic effects on root length in Triticum aestivum L., Lepidium sativum L., Picea obovata Ledeb. and Pinus sylvestris L. in all soils. However, oil contamination of Calcaric Leptosols and Greyzamic Phaeozems led to growth stimulation in Picea obovata seedlings. A remarkable shift in the diversity and number of colony-forming units of heterotrophic and oil-oxidizing bacteria was detected in all soil types. The maximum decrease in biodiversity (45%) was noted for heterotrophic bacteria in Luvic Phaeozems. Aqueous extracts from all oil-contaminated soils had a toxic effect on Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, causing an increase in biomass by more than 30%, but did not show acute toxicity on Daphnia magna Straus. Oil addition in the range of 1-3 g oil/kg soil posed no environmental risk to human health. However, oil addition at 5 g oil/kg of soil led to an increase in the level of carcinogenic risk to children to the threshold values of acceptable risk and ranged from 0.95 × 10^-4 for Greyzamic Phaeozems and Folic Fluvisols to 1.098 × 10^-4 for Luvic Phaeozems. Our results suggest that the reaction of test organisms to oil pollution depends on the soil type, and their complex application makes it possible to identify the most sensitive factor and assess the dangerous level of pollution.

[Evolution of ultrasonic indices of the heart and arteriovenous fistulas in patients on chronic haemodialysis]

The authors assessed the ultrasonic evolution of haemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), cardiohaemodynamics, and the dimensions of the heart chambers in a total of thirty-five patients presenting with terminal chronic renal insufficiency (TCRI) and being on chronic haemodialysis (CHD). A further thirteen patients without TCRI composed the control group. The TCRI patients were subdivided into two groups: Group One (n=20) with a distal variant of the Cimino-type AVF, 21 vascular accesses, and Group Two (n=15) with a proximal variant of AFV, 16 accesses using a synthetic vascular prosthesis (SVP). The terms of follow up of the TCRI patients were as follows: day 12, months 1, 3, 6 and 12 after creating the AVF. 12 days after creating the AVF there were no differences in the parameters of cardiohaemodynamics and the dimensions of the cardiac chambers between Group I and II. As compared with the control, the both groups of the patients with TCRI at these terms demonstrated increased sizes of the left ventricle (LV). The dynamic follow up during the subsequent periods showed that Group One and Group Two patients had no statistically significant differences in the parameters studied, however, patients of the both study groups were found to have a trend toward increased dimensions of the right chambers of the heart, not exceeding the limits of the norm of these indices. The volumetric velocity of the blood flow (BFVV) through the Cimino-type AVF during 12 months had a tendency towards a graduate growth up to 800 ml/min, whereas the proximal fistulas were characterized by stable indices of the BFVV at a level of 900 ml/min. The revealed alterations in the right chambers of the heart after creating the AVF required no surgical correction of the volumetric blood flow through the AVF during the follow up period up to 12 months.

[Use of recombinant factor VIIa to reduce transfusional load in hemorrhaging patients after surgery for malignant tumors]

Often expanded surgical interventions in patients with malignant tumors are accompanied by huge bleeding and require transfusion of big mass of medications prepared from donor blood that may develop different complications. It is showed that with the aim of treatment of hemorrhagic complications the use of recombination factor VIIa allows reducing the surgical blood loss, as well as diminishing hemotransfusional load after surgery especially in patients with malignancies of urogenital system and malignant tumors of the colon and lung.

[Use of hemodialysis in intensive care of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning]

A total of 163 hemoperfusions carried out in order to remove poison in patients with acute poisoning with organophosphorous insecticides (OPI) showed that this treatment modality effectively removes OPI from te organism. In patients with the most severe forms of acute poisoning hemoperfusion may be effectively combined with hemadsorption and peritoneal dialysis. This variant of detoxication ensures a good clinical effect and a stable decrease of the toxic agent in the blood. The proposed method of blood stabilization with sodium citrate in the extracorporeal contour provides a reliable extracorporeal stabilization of the blood and does not deteriorate the efficacy of hemoperfusion.

[State of the blood circulation system in stabilization of blood with sodium citrate during hemosorption in patients with acute poisoning]

The time course of cardiovascular parameters in the course of citrate hemoperfusion was studied by routine noninvasive methods: tetrapolar thoracic rheoplethysmography, acceleration kineticocardiography, transesophageal diagnostic electrocardiostimulation, and electrocardiography. Hemoperfusion was carried out at a bloodstream velocity of 100 ml/min. Blood preserving agent glucigar was used for blood stabilization, with the citrate to blood ratio 1:1 maintained. Analysis of changes in the central hemodynamics and phase structure of left-ventricular systole was carried out in two groups of patients with the normo- and hypodynamic circulation. No appreciable changes in the hemo- and cardiodynamics were observed over the course of hemoperfusion with sodium citrate stabilization in patients with normodynamic circulation, nor were any adverse reactions on the part of the cardiovascular system observed in the patients with hypodynamic circulation. Reliable changes in the electrophysiological parameters were not recorded either. Moreover, hemosorption did not involve arrhythmias or conduction disorders.

[Methodology of regional blood stabilization with sodium citrate during hemosorption and the first experience of its clinical application]

The method of blood stabilization using sodium citrate ("Glugicir") has been elaborated. The experimental hemosorptions (HS) have shown that reliable blood stabilization in extracorporeal sorption contour was achieved with Glugicir/blood ratio 1 to 10, no considerable changes in the basic clearance characteristics of the sorbents have been observed. The method elaborated was used in 135 HS sessions performed in 100 patients. It has been shown that sodium citrate causes no changes in the patients' hemostasis. The method of regional blood stabilization with sodium citrate may be recommended for HS in patients with bleeding or high risk of its development. Mild symptoms of citrate intoxication (3.7%) were associated with technical inaccuracy and were easily eliminated either by discontinuation of excessive Glugicir introduction into the contour or by intravenous injection of calcium salts.