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Slusher AL, Nouws J, Tokoglu F, Vash-Margita A, Matthews MD, Fitch M, Shankaran M, Hellerstein MK, Caprio S. Altered extracellular matrix dynamics is associated with insulin resistance in adolescent children with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:593-602. [PMID: 38410080 PMCID: PMC11034857 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that abdominal and gluteal adipocyte turnover, lipid dynamics, and fibrogenesis are dysregulated among insulin-resistant (IR) compared with insulin-sensitive (IS) adolescents with obesity. METHODS Seven IS and seven IR adolescents with obesity participated in a 3-h oral glucose tolerance test and a multi-section magnetic resonance imaging scan of the abdominal region to examine body fat distribution patterns and liver fat content. An 8-week 70% deuterated water (2 H2 O) labeling protocol examined adipocyte turnover, lipid dynamics, and fibrogenesis in vivo from biopsied abdominal and gluteal fat. RESULTS Abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) turnover rates of lipid components were similar among IS and IR adolescents with obesity. However, the insoluble collagen (type I, subunit α2) isoform measured from abdominal, but not gluteal, SAT was elevated in IR compared with IS individuals. In addition, abdominal insoluble collagen Iα2 was associated with ratios of visceral-to-total (visceral adipose tissue + SAT) abdominal fat and whole-body and adipose tissue insulin signaling, and it trended toward a positive association with liver fat content. CONCLUSIONS Altered extracellular matrix dynamics, but not expandability, potentially decreases abdominal SAT lipid storage capacity, contributing to the pathophysiological pathways linking adipose tissue and whole-body IR with altered ectopic storage of lipids within the liver among IR adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica Nouws
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fuyuze Tokoglu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alla Vash-Margita
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marcy D Matthews
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Shankaran
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Kim JJ, Sayed ME, Ahn A, Slusher AL, Ying JY, Ludlow AT. Dynamics of TERT regulation via alternative splicing in stem cells and cancer cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289327. [PMID: 37531400 PMCID: PMC10395990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Part of the regulation of telomerase activity includes the alternative splicing (AS) of the catalytic subunit telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Although a therapeutic window for telomerase/TERT inhibition exists between cancer cells and somatic cells, stem cells express TERT and rely on telomerase activity for physiological replacement of cells. Therefore, identifying differences in TERT regulation between stem cells and cancer cells is essential for developing telomerase inhibition-based cancer therapies that reduce damage to stem cells. In this study, we measured TERT splice variant expression and telomerase activity in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC, Calu-6 cells). We observed that a NOVA1-PTBP1-PTBP2 axis regulates TERT alternative splicing (AS) in iPSCs and their differentiation into NPCs. We also found that splice-switching of TERT, which regulates telomerase activity, is induced by different cell densities in stem cells but not cancer cells. Lastly, we identified cell type-specific splicing factors that regulate TERT AS. Overall, our findings represent an important step forward in understanding the regulation of TERT AS in stem cells and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin J Kim
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mohammed E Sayed
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexander Ahn
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Y Ying
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew T Ludlow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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3
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Slusher AL, Hu P, Samuels S, Tokoglu F, Lat J, Li Z, Alguard M, Strober J, Vatner D, Shabanova V, Caprio S. Rising NAFLD and metabolic severity during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic among children with obesity in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1383-1391. [PMID: 36694381 PMCID: PMC10186584 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease among youth with obesity, precedes more severe metabolic and liver diseases. However, the impact of the Sars-CoV-2 global pandemic on the prevalence and severity of NAFLD and the associated metabolic phenotype among youth with obesity is unknown. METHODS Participants were recruited from the Yale Pediatric Obesity Clinic during the Sars-CoV-2 global pandemic (August 2020 to May 2022) and were compared with a frequency-matched control group of youth with obesity studied before the Sars-CoV-2 global pandemic (January 2017 to November 2019). Glucose metabolism differences were assessed during an extended 180-minute oral glucose tolerance test. Magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) was used to determine intrahepatic fat content in those with NAFLD (PDFF ≥ 5.5). RESULTS NAFLD prevalence increased in participants prior to (36.2%) versus during the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic (60.9%), with higher PDFF values observed in participants with NAFLD (PDFF ≥ 5.5%) during versus before the pandemic. An increase in visceral adipose tissue and a hyperresponsiveness in insulin secretion during the oral glucose tolerance test were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic health differences were likely exacerbated by environmental and behavioral changes associated with the pandemic, which are critically important for clinicians to consider when engaging in patient care to help minimize the future risk for metabolic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Pamela Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephanie Samuels
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fuyuze Tokoglu
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jessica Lat
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michele Alguard
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan Strober
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Daniel Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Veronika Shabanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Stress induced proinflammatory adaptations: Plausible mechanisms for the link between stress and cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1124121. [PMID: 37007994 PMCID: PMC10065149 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiating from Hans Selye’s conceptualization of stress physiology, to our present understanding of allostatic load as the cumulative burden of chronic psychological stress and life events, investigators have sought to identify the physiological mechanisms that link stress to health and disease. Of particular interest has been the link between psychological stress and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the number one cause of death in the United States. In this regard, attention has been directed toward alterations in the immune system in response to stress that lead to increased levels of systemic inflammation as a potential pathway by which stress contributes to the development of CVD. More specifically, psychological stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, and as such, mechanisms that explain the connection of stress hormones to systemic inflammation have been examined to gain a greater understanding of the etiology of CVD. Research on proinflammatory cellular mechanisms that are activated in response to psychological stress demonstrates that the ensuing low-grade inflammation mediates pathways that contribute to the development of CVD. Interestingly, physical activity, along with its direct benefits to cardiovascular health, has been shown to buffer against the harmful consequences of psychological stress by “toughening” the SAM system, HPA axis, and immune system as “cross-stressor adaptations” that maintain allostasis and prevent allostatic load. Thus, physical activity training reduces psychological stress induced proinflammation and attenuates the activation of mechanisms associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Finally, COVID-19 associated psychological stress and its associated health risks has provided another model for examining the stress-health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Athletics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Aaron L. Slusher,
| | - Edmund O. Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Slusher AL, Kim JJJ, Ribick M, Pollens-Voigt J, Bankhead A, Palmbos PL, Ludlow AT. Intronic Cis-Element DR8 in hTERT Is Bound by Splicing Factor SF3B4 and Regulates hTERT Splicing in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1574-1588. [PMID: 35852380 PMCID: PMC9532359 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Splicing of the hTERT gene to produce the full-length (FL) transcript is necessary for telomerase enzyme activity and telomere-dependent cellular immortality in the majority of human tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The molecular machinery to splice hTERT to the FL isoform remains mostly unknown. Previously, we reported that an intron 8 cis-element termed "direct repeat 8" (DR8) promotes FL hTERT splicing, telomerase, and telomere length maintenance when bound by NOVA1 and PTBP1 in NSCLC cells. However, some NSCLC cells and patient tumor samples lack NOVA1 expression. This leaves a gap in knowledge about the splicing factors and cis-elements that promote telomerase in the NOVA1-negative context. We report that DR8 regulates FL hTERT splicing in the NOVA1-negative and -positive lung cancer contexts. We identified splicing factor 3b subunit 4 (SF3B4) as an RNA trans-factor whose expression is increased in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumors compared with adjacent normal tissue and predicts poor LUAD patient survival. In contrast to normal lung epithelial cells, which continued to grow with partial reductions of SF3B4 protein, SF3B4 knockdown reduced hTERT splicing, telomerase activity, telomere length, and cell growth in lung cancer cells. SF3B4 was also demonstrated to bind the DR8 region of hTERT pre-mRNA in both NOVA1-negative and -positive NSCLC cells. These findings provide evidence that DR8 is a critical binding hub for trans-factors to regulate FL hTERT splicing in NSCLC cells. These studies help define mechanisms of gene regulation important to the generation of telomerase activity during carcinogenesis. IMPLICATIONS Manipulation of a core spliceosome protein reduces telomerase/hTERT splicing in lung cancer cells and results in slowed cancer cell growth and cell death, revealing a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeongjin JJ Kim
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark Ribick
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Armand Bankhead
- Biostatistics Department and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Phillip L. Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew T. Ludlow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Slusher AL, Kim JJJ, Ribick M, Ludlow AT. Acute Exercise Regulates hTERT Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in the hTERT-BAC Transgenic Mouse Model. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:931-943. [PMID: 35135999 PMCID: PMC9117413 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aerobic exercise maintains telomere length through increased human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression and telomerase enzyme activity. The impact of acute exercise on hTERT alternative splicing (AS) is unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to examine hTERT AS in response to acute treadmill running. METHODS A bacterial artificial chromosome mouse model containing the 54-kilobase hTERT gene locus inserted into its genome (hTERT-BAC) was utilized. The gastrocnemius, left ventricle, and brain were excised before (Pre), upon cessation (Post), and during recovery (1, 24, 48, and 72 h; n = 5/time point) from treadmill running (30 min at 60% maximum speed). Full-length (FL) hTERT and the "minus beta" (-β) AS variant (skips exons 7 and 8 and does not code for active telomerase) were measured by gel-based and droplet digital reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods. SF3B4 and SRSF2 protein expression were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with Pre, FL hTERT increased at Post before decreasing during recovery in the gastrocnemius (48 and 72 h; P ≤ 0.001) and left ventricle (24 h; P = 0.004). The percentage of FL hTERT in the gastrocnemius also increased during recovery (1 and 72 h; P ≤ 0.017), whereas a decrease was observed in the left ventricle (1, 24, and 48 h; P ≤ 0.041). hTERT decreased in the brain (48 h), whereas FL hTERT percentage remained unaltered. SF3B4 protein expression decreased throughout recovery in the gastrocnemius and tended to be associated with FL hTERT (r = -0.348, P = 0.075) and -β in opposite directions (r = 0.345, P = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS Endurance exercise increased hTERT gene expression, and altered FL hTERT splicing in contractile tissues and may maintain telomere length necessary to improve the function and health of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeongjin JJ Kim
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark Ribick
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Huang CJ, Rodriguez AL, Visavadiya NP, Fico BG, Slusher AL, Ferrandi PJ, Whitehurst M. An exploratory investigation of apoptotic and autophagic responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following maximal aerobic exercise in obese individuals. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:209-216. [PMID: 31564171 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1671875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical molecular process in promoting cell survival against apoptosis. This study examined whether maximal aerobic exercise-mediated apoptosis in obesity might be underlying the involvement of autophagy in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Twelve healthy male subjects (6 obese and 6 normal-weight) were recruited to participate in a maximal graded exercise test on a treadmill. Obese subjects exhibited a significantly lower Bax, but a higher Bcl-2 protein level in conjunction with a reduced Bax/Bcl-2 AUCi compared to normal-weight subjects following exercise. Furthermore, a greater LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and LC3-II/LC3-I AUCi was observed in obese subjects compared to normal-weight subjects. LC3-II/LC3-I AUCi was also positively associated with obesity-associated parameters (BMI, waist/hip circumference, and fasting insulin level), but was negatively correlated with Bax/Bcl-2 AUCi. These findings demonstrate that maximal aerobic exercise differentially mediates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and autophagic activity in human PBMCs isolated from obese compared to normal-weight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra L Rodriguez
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Nishant P Visavadiya
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Brandon G Fico
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J Ferrandi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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8
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Slusher AL, Ludlow AT. Acute Exercise Regulates Htert Alternative Splicing In Contractile Tissues Of Htert-bac Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000759868.70983.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Slusher AL, Fico BG, Dodge KM, Garten RS, Ferrandi PJ, Rodriguez AA, Pena G, Huang CJ. Correction to: Impact of acute high‑intensity interval exercise on plasma pentraxin 3 and endothelial function in obese individuals-a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1579. [PMID: 34014403 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Brandon G Fico
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Katelyn M Dodge
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Peter J Ferrandi
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Alexandra A Rodriguez
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Gabriel Pena
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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10
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Slusher AL, Fico BG, Dodge KM, Garten RS, Ferrandi PJ, Rodriguez AA, Pena G, Huang CJ. Impact of acute high-intensity interval exercise on plasma pentraxin 3 and endothelial function in obese individuals-a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1567-1577. [PMID: 33638689 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) has been shown to be a predictor of endothelial dysfunction in patients with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (e.g., obesity). Circulating PTX3 concentrations are dysregulated in obese individuals and are elevated following acute aerobic exercise. High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has been demonstrated to be as effective as continuous moderate-intensity exercise in improving endothelial function, as indicated by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), in patients with CVD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute HIIE on plasma PTX3 and BAFMD responses in obese individuals. METHODS Eight obese and six normal-weight young males participated in acute HIIE (4 intervals of 4 min at 80-90% of VO2max; 3 min of active recovery at 50-60% VO2max). Plasma PTX3 and BAFMD were measured prior to, immediately following exercise, and one and 2 hours into recovery. RESULTS Plasma PTX3 concentrations significantly increased following HIIE, yet the PTX3 response to HIIE was significantly blunted in obese compared to normal-weight participants. While the kinetic responses of BAFMD were also significantly different in obese compared to normal-weight participants, similar increases above the baseline were observed 2 hours into recovery in both groups. Finally, plasma PTX3 concentrations were not associated with BAFMD at baseline or in response to HIIE. CONCLUSION The utilization of HIIE may serve as a time-efficient exercise prescription strategy to transiently improve endothelial function, independent of elevated plasma PTX3 concentrations, in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Brandon G Fico
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Katelyn M Dodge
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Peter J Ferrandi
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Alexandra A Rodriguez
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Gabriel Pena
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland-College Park, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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Slusher AL, Kim JJJ, Ludlow AT. The Role of Alternative RNA Splicing in the Regulation of hTERT, Telomerase, and Telomeres: Implications for Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1514. [PMID: 32531916 PMCID: PMC7352778 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing impacts the majority (>90%) of eukaryotic multi-exon genes, expanding the coding capacity and regulating the abundance of gene isoforms. Telomerase (hTERT) is a key example of a gene that is alternatively spliced during human fetal development and becomes dysregulated in nearly all cancers. Approximately 90% of human tumors use telomerase to synthesize de novo telomere repeats and obtain telomere-dependent cellular immortality. Paradigm shifting data indicates that hTERT alternative splicing, in addition to transcription, plays an important role in the regulation of active telomerase in cells. Our group and others are pursuing the basic science studies to progress this emerging area of telomerase biology. Recent evidence demonstrates that switching splicing of hTERT from the telomerase activity producing full-length hTERT isoform to alternatively spliced, non-coding isoforms may be a novel telomerase inhibition strategy to prevent cancer growth and survival. Thus, the goals of this review are to detail the general roles of telomerase in cancer development, explore the emerging regulatory mechanisms of alternative RNA splicing of the hTERT gene in various somatic and cancer cell types, define the known and potential roles of hTERT splice isoforms in cancer cell biology, and provide insight into new treatment strategies targeting hTERT in telomerase-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew T. Ludlow
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (A.L.S.); (J.J.K.)
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12
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Huang CJ, Rodriguez AL, Visavadiya NP, Fico BG, Slusher AL, Ferrandi PJ, Whitehurst M. Exercise-mediated Apoptotic And Autophagic Responses Are Differentially Modulated In Pbmcs Of Obese Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561729.96687.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Zuniga TM, Slusher AL, Garten RS, Acevedo EO. Aerobic Capacity And LPS-induced iNOS mRNA Expression In Leukocytes Of Healthy College-aged Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560782.41904.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Sayed ME, Slusher AL, Ludlow AT. Droplet Digital TRAP (ddTRAP): Adaptation of the Telomere Repeat Amplification Protocol to Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31107456 DOI: 10.3791/59550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is the most widely used assay to detect telomerase activity within a given a sample. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method allows for robust measurements of enzyme activity from most cell lysates. The gel-based TRAP with fluorescently labeled primers limits sample throughput, and the ability to detect differences in samples is restricted to two fold or greater changes in enzyme activity. The droplet digital TRAP, ddTRAP, is a highly sensitive approach that has been modified from the traditional TRAP assay, enabling the user to perform a robust analysis on 96 samples per run and obtain absolute quantification of the DNA (telomerase extension products) input within each PCR. Therefore, the newly developed ddTRAP assay overcomes the limitations of the traditional gel-based TRAP assay and provides a more efficient, accurate, and quantitative approach to measuring telomerase activity within laboratory and clinical settings.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Monocytes express the CD14 receptor that facilitates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ligation to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to elicit production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, proinflammatory conditions, such as strenuous exercise, increase the percentage of monocytes expressing CD16, a receptor that enhances LPS stimulated TNF-α production. Therefore, we examined whether maximal treadmill exercise would alter the inflammatory phenotype of classical (CD14/CD16) and proinflammatory monocytes (intermediate [CD14/CD16] and nonclassical [CD14/CD16]), evidenced by changes in TLR4, CD14, and CD16 receptor expression, and their inflammatory response to ex vivo LPS stimulation. METHODS Human mononuclear cells from 25 male participants (age, 24.2 ± 4.0 yr) were isolated before and after exercise to assess TLR4, CD14, and CD16 expression by flow cytometry and ex vivo production of LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). RESULTS Exercise reduced the percentage of classical monocytes and increased the percentage of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes. In addition, TLR4 expression decreased on classical and intermediate monocytes, but not the nonclassical monocyte subset. Furthermore, although CD14 expression decreased on all monocyte subsets, CD16 expression increased on intermediate monocytes only. In parallel with these phenotypic changes, the inflammatory milieu shifted toward a proinflammatory response after LPS stimulation (decreased IL-6 and IL-10 and increased IL-6 to IL-10 ratio and TNF-α production). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that acute maximal exercise elicits a proinflammatory phenotype of isolated monocytes exposed to LPS and highlight potential mechanisms that will help elucidate the role of acute and chronic exercise on the innate immune response of circulating monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Puterman E, Weiss J, Lin J, Schilf S, Slusher AL, Johansen KL, Epel ES. Aerobic exercise lengthens telomeres and reduces stress in family caregivers: A randomized controlled trial - Curt Richter Award Paper 2018. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:245-252. [PMID: 30266522 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Family members caring for chronically ill relatives are typically sedentary, chronically stressed, and at high risk of disease. Observational reports suggest caregivers have accelerated cellular aging as indicated by shorter leukocyte telomere lengths. We performed a randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on changes in telomerase levels (primary outcome) and telomere lengths (secondary outcome) in inactive caregivers. METHODS 68 female and male community dwelling dementia caregivers who reported high stress and physical inactivity were randomly assigned to a highly supervised aerobic exercise intervention vs. waitlist control group for 24 weeks. Average leukocyte telomere lengths and peripheral blood mononuclear cells' telomerase activity were measured pre- and post-intervention. All staff completing blood draws, fitness testing and bioassays were blinded to group assignment. RESULTS The intervention group completed approximately 40 min of aerobic exercise 3-5 times per week, verified by actigraphy. There was high (81%) adherence to 120 min/week of aerobic exercise. Groups did not significantly differ in telomerase activity changes across time, but had significant different telomere length changes across time (67.3 base pairs, 95%CI 3.1, 131.5). There were also significant reductions in body mass index and perceived stress and an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2peak) in the exercising caregivers versus controls. CONCLUSION In the context of a highly controlled intervention, exercise can induce apparent telomere lengthening, though the mechanisms remain elusive. Our study underscores the importance of increasing participation in aerobic exercise to improve markers of health and attenuate cellular aging in high-risk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Jordan Weiss
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Samantha Schilf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Kirsten L Johansen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Elissa S Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Bao F, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Huang CJ. Circulating microRNAs are upregulated following acute aerobic exercise in obese individuals. Physiol Behav 2018; 197:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Maharaj A, Dodge KM, Fico BG, Mock JT, Huang CJ. Plasma pentraxin 3 and glucose kinetics following acute high-intensity interval exercise versus continuous moderate-intensity exercise in healthy men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1233-1238. [PMID: 29738271 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is mainly synthesized and released by neutrophils to help regulate innate immunity. While plasma PTX3 concentrations are associated with improved glucose metabolism and overall metabolic health, there is evidence that significant elevations in plasma glucose downregulate circulating levels of PTX3. To examine whether this relationship would be altered in response to exercise, this study investigated the kinetics of the plasma glucose and PTX3 responses following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE). It was hypothesized that the increased concentrations of plasma glucose following HIIE compared with CMIE would be associated with an attenuated plasma PTX3 response. Eight healthy male subjects participated in both HIIE and CMIE protocols administered as a randomized, counterbalanced design. Linear mixed models for repeated measures revealed that the overall plasma glucose response was greater following HIIE compared with CMIE (protocol × time effect: p = 0.037). Although the plasma PTX3 response was higher only at 19 min into HIIE compared with CMIE (protocol × time effect: p = 0.013), no relationships were observed between plasma glucose and PTX3 either at baseline or in response to both exercise protocols, as indicated by the area under the curve "with respect to increase" analysis. Our results indicate that exercise-mediated plasma PTX3 concentrations are independent of the plasma glucose response. In addition, the present study suggests that the neutrophil-mediated innate immune response, as indicated by plasma PTX3 response, may be activated earlier during HIIE compared with CMIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.,b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Arun Maharaj
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,c Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Katelyn M Dodge
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Brandon G Fico
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,d Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - J Thomas Mock
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,e Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- b Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Slusher AL, Zúñiga TM, Acevedo EO. Aerobic Training Status Enhances the Pentraxin 3-Mediated Innate Immune Response Following Maximal Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535824.93423.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zuniga TM, Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Aerobic Training Status and Fatty Acid-Induced hTERT mRNA Expression Following Maximal Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536226.42763.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schwartz CS, Slusher AL, Patterson VT, Acevedo EO. Impact of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Executive Function and Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535393.17928.a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slusher AL, Patterson VT, Schwartz CS, Acevedo EO. Impact of high intensity interval exercise on executive function and brain derived neurotrophic factor in healthy college aged males. Physiol Behav 2018; 191:116-122. [PMID: 29673858 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent executive function is enhanced immediately following high intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered a biomarker associated with enhanced execute functioning capacity at rest and in response to exercise. However, the mechanisms responsible for the acute exercise-induced BDNF response in plasma and serum differ, and it is likely that the utilization of BDNF in plasma and/or serum as a biomarker of improved executive function following HIIE may be limited. Therefore, this study examined the impact of HIIE on the plasma and serum BDNF response to understand the efficaciousness of BDNF as a peripheral biomarker associated with improvements in PFC-dependent executive function. Thirteen healthy males (age: 23.62 ± 1.06 years) participated in a randomized, counterbalanced study, performing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) immediately following a 5-minute seated rest (control) and participation in a HIIE protocol administered two weeks apart. HIIE consisted of ten maximal bouts of all out pedaling on a cycle ergometer for 20 s (separated by 10 s of active recovery) against 5.5% of the subject's body weight. Whole blood was collected for the assessment of BDNF in both plasma and serum. Compared to the control session, HIIE elicited significant improvements in WCST performance, yet improvements in PFC-dependent executive function were independent of BDNF concentrations in plasma and serum. Results from this investigation demonstrate that a single session of low-volume, supramaximal HIIE significantly increases PFC-dependent executive function, thereby providing additional evidence to support the powerful benefits on HIIE on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Virginia T Patterson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Charles S Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Dodge KM, Whitehurst M, Slusher AL, Fico BG, Maharaj A, Mock JT, Huang CJ. Pentraxin 3 And Glucose Responses To Acute High-intensity Interval Exercise Vs. Continuous Moderate-intensity Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517607.23992.a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patterson VT, Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Differences In Plasma And Serum BDNF In Response To Acute HIIE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518244.24635.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fico BG, Whitehurst M, Slusher AL, Mock JT, Maharaj A, Dodge KM, Huang CJ. The Comparison Of High-intensity Interval Exercise- Vs. Continuous Moderate-intensity Exercise-mediated Calprotectin And Inflammatory Mediators. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518243.47506.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bao F, Whitehurst M, Slusher AL, Maharaj A, Mock T, Huang CJ. An Exploratory Investigation of Inflammation-Associated Circulating MicroRNAs Following Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518242.47506.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pena G, Maharaj A, Huang CJ, Zourdos MC, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M. Maximal Aerobic Exercise Alters Plasma BDNF And BDNF Expression In PBMCs In Obese And Non-obese. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518855.77597.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Huang CJ, Slusher AL, Ferrandi PJ, Whitehurst M. Apoptosis Of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Following Maximal Aerobic Exercise In Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518143.21476.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slusher AL, Shibata Y, Whitehurst M, Maharaj A, Quiles JM, Huang CJ. Exercise reduced pentraxin 3 levels produced by endotoxin-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in obese individuals. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1279-1286. [PMID: 28440716 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217706963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether obesity would reduce the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce the anti-inflammatory protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in response to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and if acute aerobic exercise would enhance this PTX3 production capacity. In addition, the inter-relationships of LPS-induced PTX3 with the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were examined. Twenty-one healthy subjects (10 obese and 11 normal-weight) performed an acute bout of aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max. The capacity of PBMCs to produce PTX3 ex vivo following LPS stimulation was the same in obese and normal-weight subjects at rest, and decreased equally in both subject groups following acute aerobic exercise. This is in contrast to plasma PTX3, which is lower in obese subjects at rest and increased equally in both obese and normal-weight subjects following exercise. In addition, ex vivo PTX3 production was positively associated with IL-6 and IL-10 in response to acute aerobic exercise ( r = 0.686, P = 0.020; r = 0.744, P = 0.009, respectively) in normal-weight, but not in obese individuals ( r = 0.429, P = 0.249; r = 0.453, P = 0.189, respectively). These findings indicate that concentrations of PTX3 observed in plasma are relatively independent of those produced by PBMCs ex vivo and the mechanisms associated with PTX3-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling may differ during obesity. Impact statement Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that obese individuals present with lower plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3), whereas acute aerobic exercise increases plasma PTX3 levels similarly compared to normal-weight individuals. As a follow-up, the present study demonstrates that PBMCs isolated from obese and normal-weight individuals produce comparable amounts of PTX3 ex vivo in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, given that acute aerobic exercise reduced the ex vivo production of PTX3 in both groups, our results clearly indicate that plasma PTX3 levels are relatively independent of those produced by PBMCs ex vivo. In addition, our findings suggest that the mechanisms associated with PTX3-mediated production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 may be impaired in obese individuals, and thus provides a key finding necessary for the elucidation of PTX3's role in the mediation of anti-inflammatory profiles and the subsequent amelioration of inflammatory disease during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- 1 Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,2 Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Yoshimi Shibata
- 3 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- 1 Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Arun Maharaj
- 1 Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Justin M Quiles
- 1 Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- 1 Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Slusher AL, Mischo AB, Acevedo EO. Pentraxin 3 is an anti-inflammatory protein associated with lipid-induced interleukin 10 in vitro. Cytokine 2016; 86:36-40. [PMID: 27450429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute phase protein expressed in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli during atherosclerosis. However, recent findings suggest that PTX3 is a counter-regulatory protein which enhances the anti-inflammatory response. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the capacity of PTX3 to alter the inflammatory milieu following in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with the pro-inflammatory lipid, palmitate, was examined. METHODS PBMCs from 17 healthy male donors were isolated and cultured under four separate conditions; 200μmol/L palmitate, a physiologically relevant concentration of PTX3, in combination (pal+PTX3), and an unstimulated time-course control. RESULTS Palmitate-induced production of the counter-regulatory protein PTX3 was positively associated with the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) following in vitro stimulation of human PBMCs. Furthermore, stimulation of PBMCs in vitro with 500pg/mL PTX3 elicited a significantly greater increase in IL-10 production compared to the palmitate stimulated conditions. However, PTX3 stimulation did not result in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and when combined with palmitate, did not alter the pro-inflammatory milieu from PBMCs in this study. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence supporting the role of PTX3 as a mediator of the anti-inflammatory response in physiologically relevant conditions, and suggests that PTX3 counter regulates the development of atherosclerosis by enhancing the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Amanda B Mischo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Slusher AL, Huang CJ. Association of pentraxin 3 with insulin resistance and glucose response following maximal aerobic exercise in obese and normal-mass individuals. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:734-738. [PMID: 27152505 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a cardioprotective protein, has recently been shown to be associated with improved insulin resistance (IR) and glucose metabolism. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine whether or not increased plasma PTX3 following maximal aerobic exercise would differ between obese and normal-mass subjects, and its association with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose response. Twenty-five untrained obese (n = 13 [6 males and 7 females]) and normal-mass (n = 12 [5 males and 7 females]) subjects performed an acute bout of maximal aerobic exercise to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). At baseline, plasma PTX3 concentrations are decreased in obese compared with normal-mass subjects and are negatively associated with plasma insulin and HOMA-IR values. In response to maximal exercise, plasma PTX3 responses were similar in obese and normal-mass subjects while the intensity of plasma PTX3 response as indicated by area under the curve analysis (AUCi) was not associated with HOMA-IR or glucose AUCi. However, PTX3 AUCi was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness levels (relative VO2max). These findings suggest that PTX3 could serve as a biomarker for both metabolic health, as well as a measurement to monitor the effectiveness of exercise interventions in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- b Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Bao F, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Huang CJ. Circulating MicroRNAs Are Upregulated In Response To Acute Aerobic Exercise In Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487195.52779.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slusher AL, Shibata Y, Whitehurst M, Maharaj A, Quiles J, Huang CJ. Exercise-mediated Pentraxin 3 Expression From In Vitro Stimulation Of Human PBMCs With LPS In Obese Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487229.43370.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maharaj A, Slusher AL, Zourdos MC, Whitehurst M, Fico BG, Huang CJ. Association of Calprotectin with Leukocyte Chemotactic and Inflammatory Mediators Following Acute Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485265.85612.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Patterson VT, Slusher AL, Caslin HL, Schwartz CS, Acevedo EO. High Intensity Interval Ergometry. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000485346.68511.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maharaj A, Slusher AL, Zourdos MC, Whitehurst M, Fico BG, Huang CJ. Association of calprotectin with leukocyte chemotactic and inflammatory mediators following acute aerobic exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:83-7. [PMID: 26673245 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether acute aerobic exercise-mediated calprotectin in plasma would be associated with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in healthy individuals. Eleven healthy participants, aged 18 to 30 years, were recruited to perform a 30-min bout of aerobic exercise at 75% maximal oxygen uptake. Acute aerobic exercise elicited a significant elevation across time in plasma calprotectin, MCP-1, MPO, and IL-6. Body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated with calprotectin area-under-the-curve with "respect to increase" (AUCi) and IL-6 AUCi. Furthermore, calprotectin AUCi was positively correlated with IL-6 AUCi and MPO AUCi, even after controlling for BMI. Although MPO AUCi was positively correlated with IL-6 AUCi, this relationship no longer existed after controlling for BMI. These results suggest that acute aerobic exercise could mediate innate immune response associated with calprotectin and its related leukocyte chemotactic and inflammatory mediators, especially in individuals with elevated BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Maharaj
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.,b Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Brandon G Fico
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- a Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Huang CJ, McAllister MJ, Slusher AL, Webb HE, Mock JT, Acevedo EO. Obesity-Related Oxidative Stress: the Impact of Physical Activity and Diet Manipulation. Sports Med Open 2015; 1:32. [PMID: 26435910 PMCID: PMC4580715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related oxidative stress, the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (e.g., nitric oxide), has been linked to metabolic and cardiovascular disease, including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for physiological functions including gene expression, cellular growth, infection defense, and modulating endothelial function. However, elevated ROS and/or diminished antioxidant capacity leading to oxidative stress can lead to dysfunction. Physical activity also results in an acute state of oxidative stress. However, it is likely that chronic physical activity provides a stimulus for favorable oxidative adaptations and enhanced physiological performance and physical health, although distinct responses between aerobic and anaerobic activities warrant further investigation. Studies support the benefits of dietary modification as well as exercise interventions in alleviating oxidative stress susceptibility. Since obese individuals tend to demonstrate elevated markers of oxidative stress, the implications for this population are significant. Therefore, in this review our aim is to discuss (i) the role of oxidative stress and inflammation as associated with obesity-related diseases, (ii) the potential concerns and benefits of exercise-mediated oxidative stress, and (iii) the advantageous role of dietary modification, including acute or chronic caloric restriction and vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | | | - Aaron L Slusher
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA ; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Heather E Webb
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX USA
| | - J Thomas Mock
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
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Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Zoeller RF, Mock JT, Maharaj M, Huang CJ. Attenuated fibroblast growth factor 21 response to acute aerobic exercise in obese individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:839-845. [PMID: 26141939 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is positively associated with body mass index, potentially as a compensatory mechanism to mediate obesity related metabolic and inflammatory insult due to chronic low-grade elevations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Therefore, FGF21 response in obese subjects and the associations with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, and energy utilization warrants investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty four untrained subjects (12 obese and 12 normal-weight) performed 30 min of continuous submaximal aerobic exercise. Following exercise, obese subjects exhibited a blunted FGF21 response to exercise compared to normal-weight subjects as indicated by area-under-the-curves "with respect to increase" (AUCi) analyses (p = 0.005). Furthermore, while exercise-induced plasma FGF21 was not associated with any inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) response, FGF21 AUCi was positively correlated with glucose AUCi (r = 0.495, p = 0.014), total relative energy expenditure (r = 0.562, p = 0.004), and relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max; r = 0.646, p = 0.001) in all subjects. CONCLUSION Impaired cardiorespiratory fitness may influence the sensitivity of FGF21 response to acute exercise in obese individuals, potentially contributing to the attenuated metabolic response (e.g., glucose) and total exercise energy expenditure. Therefore, exercise training aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and/or body composition may augment cardioprotective properties against obesity-associated CVD through enhanced FGF21 flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Slusher
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA.
| | - M Whitehurst
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - R F Zoeller
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - J T Mock
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - M Maharaj
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - C-J Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Huang CJ, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Wells M, Maharaj A, Shibata Y. The impact of acute aerobic exercise on chitinase 3-like protein 1 and intelectin-1 expression in obesity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:216-21. [PMID: 26316585 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215602785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) and intelectin 1 (ITLN-1) recognize microbial N-acetylglucosamine polymer and galactofuranosyl carbohydrates, respectively. Both lectins are highly abundant in plasma and seem to play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, respectively, in obesity and inflammatory-related illnesses. The aim of this study was to examine whether plasma levels of these lectins in obese subjects are useful for monitoring inflammatory conditions immediately influenced by acute aerobic exercise. Plasma interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was also examined. Twenty-two (11 obese and 11 normal-weight) healthy subjects, ages 18-30 years, were recruited to perform a 30 min bout of acute aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max. We confirmed higher baseline levels of plasma CHI3L1, but lower ITLN-1, in obese subjects than in normal-weight subjects. The baseline levels of CHI3L1 were negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness (relative VO2max). However, when controlled for BMI, the relationship between baseline level of CHI3L1 and relative VO2max was no longer observed. While acute aerobic exercise elicited an elevation in these parameters, we found a lower ITLN-1 response in obese subjects compared to normal-weight subjects. Our study clearly indicates that acute aerobic exercise elicits a pro-inflammatory response (e.g. CHI3L1) with a lower anti-inflammatory effect (e.g. ITLN-1) in obese individuals. Furthermore, these lectins could be predictors of outcome of exercise interventions in obesity-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Marie Wells
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Arun Maharaj
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Yoshimi Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Huang CJ, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Wells M, Mock JT, Maharaj A, Shibata Y. Acute aerobic exercise mediates G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression in human PBMCs. Life Sci 2015; 135:87-91. [PMID: 26092485 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a cytosolic enzyme desensitizing G protein-couple receptors (e.g., β-adrenergic receptors [β-ARs]), is involved in regulation of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and inflammatory response. Since cellular GRK2 levels change quickly in response to exogenous/endogenous stimuli, this study examined whether GRK2 levels in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) would increase during acute aerobic exercise and be associated with plasma IL-6 and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. MAIN METHODS Eighteen subjects (8 men and 10 women), ages 18 to 30 years, were recruited to perform a 30-minute bout of acute aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrated that women exhibited significantly greater exercise-induced GRK2 expression in PBMCs compared to men. IL-6 modulation is independent of GRK2 expression. Furthermore, the percent change in GRK2 expression was negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness levels (relative VO2max), but not plasma IL-6. SIGNIFICANCE Acute aerobic exercise induces a greater GRK2 expression in women than men, while increased cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with exercise-induced GRK2 expression in PBMCs. Gender could be a contributor to regulate this GRK2 responsiveness to acute aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
| | - Aaron L Slusher
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Marie Wells
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - J Thomas Mock
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Arun Maharaj
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Yoshimi Shibata
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Huang CJ, Stewart JK, Shibata Y, Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Lipopolysaccharide-binding Protein And Leptin Are Associated With Stress-induced Interleukin-6 Cytokine Expression Ex Vivo In Obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000479160.29251.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maharaj A, Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Zoeller RF, Mock JT, Huang CJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Expression and Insulin Resistance to Acute Aerobic Exercise in Obese Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477068.52480.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slusher AL, Mock JT, Whitehurst M, Maharaj A, Huang CJ. The Impact of Obesity on Pentraxin 3 and Inflammatory Milieu to Acute Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000477066.06739.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Slusher AL, Whitehurst M, Zoeller RF, Mock JT, Maharaj A, Huang CJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and substrate utilization following acute aerobic exercise in obese individuals. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:370-6. [PMID: 25771935 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves as a vital regulator of neuronal proliferation and survival, and has been shown to regulate energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism and body weight maintenance. Elevated concentrations of plasma BDNF have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acute aerobic exercise transiently increases circulating BDNF, potentially correcting obesity-related metabolic impairment. The present study aimed to compare acute aerobic exercise elicited BDNF responses in obese and normal-weight subjects. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether acute exercise-induced plasma BDNF elevations would be associated with improved indices of insulin resistance, as well as substrate utilization [carbohydrate oxidation (CHOoxi) and fat oxidation (FAToxi)]. Twenty-two healthy, untrained subjects [11 obese (four men and seven women; age = 22.91 ± 4.44 years; body mass index = 35.72 ± 4.17 kg/m(2)) and 11 normal-weight (five men and six women; age = 23.27 ± 2.24 years; body mass index = 21.89 ± 1.63 kg/m(2))] performed 30 min of continuous submaximal aerobic exercise at 75% maximal oxygen consumption. Our analyses showed that the BDNF response to acute aerobic exercise was similar in obese and normal-weight subjects across time (time: P = 0.015; group: P = not significant) and was not associated with indices of IR. Although no differences in the rates of CHOoxi and FAToxi were found between both groups, total relative energy expenditure was significantly lower in obese subjects compared to normal-weight subjects (3.53 ± 0.25 versus 5.59 ± 0.85; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that acute exercise-elicited BDNF elevation may not be sufficient to modulate indices of IR or the utilization of either carbohydrates or fats in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Slusher
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Slusher AL, Mock JT, Whitehurst M, Maharaj A, Huang CJ. The impact of obesity on pentraxin 3 and inflammatory milieu to acute aerobic exercise. Metabolism 2015; 64:323-9. [PMID: 25467846 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) has recently been linked to obesity-associated inflammation, serving as a cardioprotective modulator against cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aerobic exercise has been shown to enhance plasma PTX3 levels; however, the impact of obesity on PTX3 response to exercise remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Therefore, this study sought to examine whether obese subjects would have an attenuated plasma PTX3 response compared to normal-weight subjects following acute aerobic exercise. The relationship of plasma PTX3 with pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) was also examined. METHODS Twenty healthy subjects (10 obese [4 males and 6 females] and 10 normal-weight [4 males, 6 females]) performed 30min of continuous submaximal aerobic exercise. RESULTS At baseline, obese subjects exhibited approximately 40% lower plasma PTX3 and a 7-fold greater IL-6 concentration compared to normal-weight subjects. In response to exercise, no difference was observed in PTX3 or IL-6 as indicated by area-under-the-curve "with respect to increase" (AUCi) analyses. Furthermore, PTX3 AUCi was positively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness levels (VO(2max)) (r=0.594, p=0.006), even after controlling for body mass index. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that in addition to obesity-associated complications, low cardiorespiratory fitness levels could impact exercise-induced PTX3 elevations, thereby potentially diminishing PTX3's effects of anti-inflammation and/or cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Slusher
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL.
| | - J Thomas Mock
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Michael Whitehurst
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Arun Maharaj
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Chun-Jung Huang
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
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Huang CJ, Stewart JK, Shibata Y, Slusher AL, Acevedo EO. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and leptin are associated with stress-induced interleukin-6 cytokine expression ex vivo in obesity. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:687-94. [PMID: 25424507 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with enhanced inflammation and mental stress, but limited information has addressed the potential additive effect of psychological stress on obesity-associated inflammation. This study examined whether obese subjects would elicit a greater host immune response (IL-6 mRNA and cytokine) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in response to mental stress. Blood samples for LPS-stimulated IL-6 mRNA and cytokine were collected prior to and following mental stress. Results showed that obese subjects elicited a greater LPS-induced IL-6 along with its mRNA expression following mental stress compared to normal-weight subjects. Stress-induced IL-6 cytokine response to LPS was correlated with the baseline levels of plasma LPS binding protein (LBP) and leptin. These findings are consistent with the idea that endogenous inflammatory agents (e.g., LBP and leptin), often elevated with obesity, enhance inflammatory responses to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Slusher AL, Mock JT, Whitehurst M, Zoeller RF, Maharaj A, Fisher CB, Huang CJ. Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Substrate Utilization in Healthy Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495505.09136.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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