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Brodeur A, Dreber A, Hoces de la Guardia F, Miguel E. Reproduction and replication at scale. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:2-3. [PMID: 38272988 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Dreber
- Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Miguel
- Berkeley Initiative for Transparency in the Social Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Beland LP, Brodeur A, Wright T. The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: Exposure to disease, remote work and government response. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0270341. [PMID: 36920940 PMCID: PMC10016649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We examine the determinants of the consequences of COVID-19 on employment and wages in the United States. Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we investigate whether the economic consequences of COVID-19 were larger for certain occupations, using four indexes: workers relatively more exposed to disease, workers that work with proximity to coworkers, essential/critical workers and workers who can easily work remotely. We find that individuals that work in proximity to others are more affected while individuals able to work remotely and essential workers are less affected by the pandemic. We also present suggestive evidence that our indexes are likely explanations why certain demographic groups such as younger and minority workers have worse labor market outcomes during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abel Brodeur
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Wright
- Department of Economics, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Beland L, Brodeur A, Mikola D, Wright T. The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: Occupation tasks and mental health in Canada. Can J Econ 2022; 55:214-247. [PMID: 38607895 PMCID: PMC9111645 DOI: 10.1111/caje.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effect of COVID-19 on the labour market and reported mental health of Canadians. To better understand the effect of the pandemic on the labour market, we build indexes for whether workers: (i) are relatively more exposed to disease, (ii) work in proximity to co-workers, (iii) are essential workers and (iv) can easily work remotely. Our estimates suggest that the impact of COVID-19 was significantly more severe for workers that work in proximity to co-workers and those more exposed to disease who are not in the health sector, while the effects are less severe for essential workers and workers that can work remotely. Last, using the Canadian Perspective Survey Series, we observe that reported mental health is significantly lower among some of the most affected workers such as women and less-educated workers. We also document that those who were absent from work because of COVID-19 are more concerned with meeting their financial obligations and with losing their job than those who continue working outside their home.
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Brodeur A, Cook N, Wright T. Corrigendum to "On the effects of COVID-19 safer-at-home policies on social distancing, car crashes and pollution" [J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 106 (2021) 102427]. J Environ Econ Manage 2021; 109:102494. [PMID: 34538975 PMCID: PMC8435666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102427.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Brodeur
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nikolai Cook
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Taylor Wright
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Abstract
The goal of this piece is to survey the developing and rapidly growing literature on the economic consequences of COVID-19 and the governmental responses, and to synthetize the insights emerging from a very large number of studies. This survey: (i) provides an overview of the data sets and the techniques employed to measure social distancing and COVID-19 cases and deaths; (ii) reviews the literature on the determinants of compliance with and the effectiveness of social distancing; (iii) mentions the macroeconomic and financial impacts including the modelling of plausible mechanisms; (iv) summarizes the literature on the socioeconomic consequences of COVID-19, focusing on those aspects related to labor, health, gender, discrimination, and the environment; and (v) summarizes the literature on public policy responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Brodeur
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - David Gray
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Anik Islam
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Suraiya Bhuiyan
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Béland LP, Brodeur A, Haddad J, Mikola D. Determinants of Family Stress and Domestic Violence: Lessons from the COVID-19 Outbreak. Can Public Policy 2021; 47:439-459. [PMID: 36039353 PMCID: PMC9395152 DOI: 10.3138/cpp.2020-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we examine Canadians' concerns regarding the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on domestic violence and family stress. Our empirical analysis relies on a unique survey conducted online, the Canadian Perspective Survey Series, which allows us to investigate the determinants of concerns regarding family stress and domestic violence during the first COVID-19 lockdown. We find no evidence that changes in work arrangements are related to concerns regarding family stress and violence in the home. In contrast, we find that the inability to meet financial obligations and concerns about maintaining social ties are significantly related to concerns about family stress and domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abel Brodeur
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Haddad
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Mikola
- Department of Economics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Brodeur A, Grigoryeva I, Kattan L. Stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and trust. J Popul Econ 2021; 34:1321-1354. [PMID: 34177123 PMCID: PMC8214058 DOI: 10.1007/s00148-021-00848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A clear understanding of community response to government decisions is crucial for policy makers and health officials during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we document the determinants of implementation and compliance with stay-at-home orders in the USA, focusing on trust and social capital. Using cell phone data measuring changes in non-essential trips and average distance traveled, we find that mobility decreases significantly more in high-trust counties than in low-trust counties after the stay-at-home orders are implemented, with larger effects for more stringent orders. We also provide evidence that the estimated effect on post-order compliance is especially large for confidence in the press and governmental institutions, and relatively smaller for confidence in medicine and in science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Brodeur
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Lamis Kattan
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Brodeur A, Cook N, Wright T. On the effects of COVID-19 safer-at-home policies on social distancing, car crashes and pollution. J Environ Econ Manage 2021; 106:102427. [PMID: 33583969 PMCID: PMC7864793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of COVID-19 safer-at-home polices on collisions and pollution. We find that statewide safer-at-home policies lead to a 20% reduction in vehicular collisions and that the effect is entirely driven by less severe collisions. For pollution, we find particulate matter concentration levels approximately 1.5 μg/m3 lower during the period of a safer-at-home order, representing a 25% reduction. We document a similar reduction in air pollution following the implementation of similar policies in Europe. We calculate that as of the end of June 2020, the benefits from avoided car collisions in the U.S. were approximately $16 billion while the benefits from reduced air pollution could be as high as $13 billion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Brodeur
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nikolai Cook
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Taylor Wright
- Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, 120 University, Social Sciences Building, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Abstract
What is the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 2020 US presidential election? Guided by a pre-analysis plan, we estimate the effect of COVID-19 cases and deaths on the change in county-level voting for Donald Trump between 2016 and 2020. To account for potential confounders, we include a large number of COVID-19-related controls as well as demographic and socioeconomic variables. Moreover, we instrument the numbers of cases and deaths with the share of workers employed in meat-processing factories to sharpen our identification strategy. We find that COVID-19 cases negatively affected Trump's vote share. The estimated effect appears strongest in urban counties, in states without stay-at-home orders, in swing states, and in states that Trump won in 2016. A simple counterfactual analysis suggests that Trump would likely have won re-election if COVID-19 cases had been 5 percent lower. We also find some evidence that COVID-19 incidence had a positive effect on voters' mobilization, helping Biden win the presidency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Weymouth
- McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 USA
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Brodeur A, Clark AE, Fleche S, Powdthavee N. COVID-19, lockdowns and well-being: Evidence from Google Trends. J Public Econ 2021; 193:104346. [PMID: 33281237 PMCID: PMC7703221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and government intervention such as lockdowns may severely affect people's mental health. While lockdowns can help to contain the spread of the virus, they may result in substantial damage to population well-being. We use Google Trends data to test whether COVID-19 and the associated lockdowns implemented in Europe and America led to changes in well-being related topic search-terms. Using difference-in-differences and a regression discontinuity design, we find a substantial increase in the search intensity for boredom in Europe and the US. We also found a significant increase in searches for loneliness, worry and sadness, while searches for stress, suicide and divorce on the contrary fell. Our results suggest that people's mental health may have been severely affected by the pandemic and lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Fleche
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, Marseille, France
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Schaffer CB, Brodeur A, García JF, Mazur E. Micromachining bulk glass by use of femtosecond laser pulses with nanojoule energy. Opt Lett 2001; 26:93-5. [PMID: 18033517 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses of just 5 nJ, we produce optical breakdown and structural change in bulk transparent materials and demonstrate micromachining of transparent materials by use of unamplified lasers. We present measurements of the threshold for structural change in Corning 0211 glass as well as a study of the morphology of the structures produced by single and multiple laser pulses. At a high repetition rate, multiple pulses produce a structural change dominated by cumulative heating of the material by successive laser pulses. Using this cumulative heating effect, we write single-mode optical waveguides inside bulk glass, using only a laser oscillator.
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Kosareva OG, Kandidov VP, Brodeur A, Chien CY, Chin SL. Conical emission from laser plasma interactions in the filamentation of powerful ultrashort laser pulses in air. Opt Lett 1997; 22:1332-1334. [PMID: 18188230 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We performed detailed experimental and numerical investigations of the conical emission (CE) accompanying the filamentation of powerful ultrashort laser pulses in air. It was found that the CE originates from self-phase modulation in the plasma produced by the pulse during propagation. The experiment and the simulation agree on the essential features of the CE: The CE angle decreases with increasing wavelength and is independent of the position along the filament, and there is no CE at Stokes-shifted wavelengths.
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Brodeur A, Chien CY, Ilkov FA, Chin SL, Kosareva OG, Kandidov VP. Moving focus in the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air. Opt Lett 1997; 22:304-306. [PMID: 18183183 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The long light filaments generated in air by powerful ultrashort laser pulses, previously attributed to self-channeling, were investigated by use of gigawatt pulses from a Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse-amplification laser system. A filament contained only a small fraction of the pulse energy and always ended at the diffraction length of the beam (~100 m), independently of the pulse energy. These features are explained by the moving-focus model, which is presented as an alternative to the self-channeling model. Computer simulations involving ionization of the air also support the moving-focus model.
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Brodeur A, Charbonneau R. [Pregnancy and cosmetic surgery]. Union Med Can 1984; 113:169-71, 164. [PMID: 6730090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sundaram M, Shields J, Brodeur A, Poling ER. Versatile ceiling tube mount for direct magnification radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979; 132:481. [PMID: 106668 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.132.3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Brodeur A. [The development of surgery in Montreal. III]. Union Med Can 1976; 105:1721-2, 1724, 1726 passim. [PMID: 790723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cook SA, Brodeur A, Byrne P. Case report. Aspiration of ear plug into the respiratory tract. Cleve Clin Q 1974; 41:45-7. [PMID: 4822431 DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.41.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Brodeur A, Brochu G. [Surgical treatment of bedsores]. Union Med Can 1973; 102:1921-3. [PMID: 4600495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Skelly M, Spector DJ, Donaldson RC, Brodeur A, Paletta FX. Compensatory physiologic phonetics for the glossectomee. J Speech Hear Disord 1971; 36:101-14. [PMID: 5573256 DOI: 10.1044/jshd.3601.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory articulation patterns on the glossal phonemes were developed clinically in a study of 14 total and 11 partial glossectomees. Successful compensations were examined by cinefluorography. Patterns differed between total and partial glossectomees, with the latter making adaptive movements of the tongue stump, and the former using substitute mandibular, labial, buccal, and palatal movements with among-patient consistency in relation to developing intelligibility. On admission the partial glossectomees ranged between 6 and 24% intelligibility, as measured by CID W-22 PB word lists, and shifted after the therapy sequence to a range of 24 to 46%. The total glossectomees ranged from 0 to 8% intelligibility on admission, and shifted to a range of 18 to 42% in the program. The six total glossectomees who made no progress were all dysphagics; the other patients, none of whom exhibited dysphagia, all achieved some improvement in intelligibility.
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