Integrated smart dust monitoring and prediction system for surface mine sites using IoT and machine learning techniques

The mining industry confronts significant challenges in mitigating airborne particulate matter (PM) pollution, necessitating innovative approaches for effective monitoring and prediction. This research focuses on the design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time monitoring system tailored for PM pollutants in surface mines, specifically PM 1.0, PM 2.5, PM 4.0, and PM 10.0. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of IoT technology for real-time measurement and the application of machine learning (ML) techniques for accurate prediction based on recorded dust pollutants data. The study's findings indicate that PM 1.0 pollutants exhibited the highest concentration in the atmosphere of the ball clay surface mine sites, with the stockyard site registering the maximum levels of PM pollutants (28.45 µg/m3, 27.89 µg/m3, 26.17 µg/m3, and 27.24 µg/m3, respectively) due to the dry nature of clay materials. Additionally, the research establishes four ML models-Decision Tree (DT), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Random Forest (RF), and Linear Regression (LR)-for predicting PM pollutant concentrations. Notably, Random Forest demonstrates superior performance with the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) at 1.079 and 1.497, respectively. This comprehensive solution, combining IoT-based monitoring and ML-based prediction, contributes to sustainable mining practices, safeguarding worker well-being, and preserving the environment.

Role of Constituent Oxides for Thermal Mineralization of o-Dichloro Benzene over Mixed-Oxide-TiO2 Catalysts: A Mechanistic Explanation

Catalysts with V2O5, WO3 and V2O5-WO3 dispersed over TiO2 were synthesized using sol-gel technique and thoroughly characterized by various techniques. The catalysts were evaluated for degradation of ortho-dichloro benzene (o-DCB) in air/helium, a representative probe molecule for polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran by employing in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR spectroscopy). Different intermediate species formed on the surface of the TiO2 supported catalysts through of interaction of sorbate molecules with the lattice and/or gaseous oxygen were investigated in detail. Analysis of vibrational bands, observed during sorption of o-DCB and o-DCB-air mixture as a function of temperature over these catalysts, delineated the role of surface intermediate species such as phenolate, enolates, maleates, carboxylates, carbonates in mineralization of o-DCB. Nature and stability of intermediate species, found to be different over these catalysts, were able to elucidate the catalytic activity trend.

Multidisiplinary design optimization of a power generation system based on waste energy recovery from an internal combustion engine using organic Rankine cycle and thermoelectric generator

The research paper mainly deals with waste heat recovery from internal combustion engines (ICE) using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and Thermoelectric generator (TEG). Simultaneously recovering the wasted heat of both exhaust gases and coolant, a novel configuration named two-stage is proposed. Then a comprehensive thermo-economic analysis and optimization are conducted. Produced power and total cost rate are selected as the objective function of the optimization. Also, the first and second stage pressures of the ORC system are considered as decision variables. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of expander inlet temperature, pumps isentropic efficiency, and expander isentropic efficiency on the objective function.

Multiobjective optimization and performance assessment of a PEM fuel cell-based energy system for multiple products

In this article, the optimal design of a novel multi-generation system for the production of electricity, cooling, heat and freshwater is discussed. In this system, a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM FC) is used to generate electricity, and the heat produced by it is absorbed by the Ejector Refrigeration Cycle (ERC) and used to provide cooling and heating capacity. A reverse osmosis (RO) desalination system is also used to supply freshwater. The esign variables in this research are operating temperature and pressure and current density of FC, as well as the operating pressure of the HRVG, evaporator, and condenser of the ERC system. In order to optimize the considered system, the exergy efficiency and total cost rate (TCR) of the system are considered as optimization objective functions. To this end, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used and the Pareto front is extracted. Also, three refrigerants R134a, R600 and R123 areused as ERC system refrigerant and their performance are evaluated. Finally, the optimal design point is selected. At the mentioned point, the exergy efficiency is 70.2% and the TCR of the system is 1.78 S/h.

Superior Interfacial Contact Yields Efficient Electron Transfer Rate and Enhanced Solar Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation in M/C3N4 Schottky Junctions

Various literature studies (Table 6) have reported that dispersion of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 (M/CN) has considerably improved the photocatalytic hydrogen yield. It is understood that metal NPs create active sites on the surface of CN and act as a cocatalyst. However, the precise changes induced by different metal NPs on the surface of CN still elude us. Here, we report a thorough understanding and comparison of the morphology, metal-support interactions, interfacial charge transfer kinetics, and band characteristics in different M/CN (M = Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Cu) correlated with photocatalytic activity. Among all metals, Pt/CN was found to be the best performer both under sunlight and UV-visible irradiation. Under sunlight, maximum H2@ 2.7 mmol/h/g was observed over Pt/CN followed by Pd/CN > Au/CN > Ag/CN > Cu/CN ≈ CN. The present study revealed that among all metals, Pt formed superior interfacial contact with g-C3N4 as compared to other metals. The maximum Schottky barrier height (Φb,Pt) of 0.66 V was observed at Pt/CN followed by Φb,Au/CN (0.46 V) and Φb,Pd/CN (0.05 V). The presence of electron-deficient Pt in Pt-XPS, decrease in the intensity of d-DOS of Pt near the Fermi level in VB-XPS, increase in CB tail states, and cathodic shift in Vfb in MS plots sufficiently confirmed strong metal-support interactions in Pt/CN. Due to the SPR effect, Au and Ag NPs suffered from agglomeration and poor dispersion during photodeposition. Finely dispersed Pt NPs (2-4 nm, 53% dispersion) successfully competed with shallow/deep trap states and drove the photogenerated electrons to active metallic sites in a drastically reduced time period as investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Typically, an interfacial electron transfer rate, KIET,avg, of 2.5 × 1010 s-1 was observed for Pt/CN, while 0.087 × 1010 s-1 was observed in Au/CN. Band alignment/potentials at M/CN Schottky junctions were derived and most favorable in Pt/CN with CB tail states much above the water reduction potential; however, in the case of Pd, these extend much below the H+/H2 potential and hence behave like deep trap states. Thus, in Pd/CN (τ0 = 4200 ps, 49%) and Ag/CN (3870 ps, 53%), electron deep trapping dominates over charge transfer to active sites. The present study will help in designing futuristic new cocatalyst-photocatalyst systems.

Multiobjective optimization of a hybrid electricity generation system based on waste energy of internal combustion engine and solar system for sustainable environment

In recent years, the interest in generating power through hybrid power generation systems has increased. In this study, a hybrid power generation system including an internal combustion engine (ICE) and a solar system based on flat plate collectors to generate electricity is investigated. To benefit from the thermal energy absorbed by solar collectors, an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is considered. In addition to the solar energy absorbed by the collectors, the heat source of the ORC is the wasted heat through exhaust gases and the cooling system of the ICE. A two-pressure configuration for ORC is proposed for optimal heat absorption from the three available heat sources. The proposed system is installed to produce power with a capacity of 10 kW. A bi-objective function optimization process is carried out to design this system. The objective of the optimization process is to minimize the total cost rate and maximize the exergy efficiency of the system. The design variables of the present problem include the ICE rated power, the number of solar flat plate collectors (SFPC), the pressure of the high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) stage of the ORC, the degree of superheating of the HP and LP stage of the ORC, and its condenser pressure. Finally, it is observed among the design variables the most impact on total cost and exergy efficiency is related to the ICE rated power and the number of SFPCs.

Effect of milnacipran on brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients of major depressive disorder

Emerging hypotheses in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) suggest important role of neurotrophic factors and oxidative stress. This study assessed the effect of milnacipran (a dual serotonin‑noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) on brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress biomarkers i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione‑s‑ transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in patients of MDD. Thirty patients (aged 18 to 60 years) with MDD diagnosed by DSM‑IV criteria, with Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM‑D) score ≥ 14 were included in the study. Patients were given milnacipran in the doses of 50‑100 mg once daily. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks. HAM‑D score at the start of treatment was 17.8±1.7 which significantly reduced to 8.9±3.1 at 12 weeks of treatment. In responders, the plasma BDNF levels increased significantly at 12 weeks post treatment. There was no significant change in the pre‑ and post‑treatment values of oxidative stress parameters (MDA, GST and GR) after 12 week treatment. Milnacipran is effective and well tolerated in MDD patients, and its therapeutic response is associated with an increase in plasma BDNF levels. However, milnacipran did not affect oxidative stress biomarkers.

Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1

Purpose

COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has reached epidemic proportion during India's second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, with several risk factors being implicated in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine the patient demographics, risk factors including comorbidities, and medications used to treat COVID-19, presenting symptoms and signs, and the outcome of management.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational study of patients with COVID-19-associated ROCM managed or co-managed by ophthalmologists in India from January 1, 2020 to May 26, 2021.

Results

Of the 2826 patients, the states of Gujarat (22%) and Maharashtra (21%) reported the highest number of ROCM. The mean age of patients was 51.9 years with a male preponderance (71%). While 57% of the patients needed oxygen support for COVID-19 infection, 87% of the patients were treated with corticosteroids, (21% for > 10 days). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was present in 78% of all patients. Most of the cases showed onset of symptoms of ROCM between day 10 and day 15 from the diagnosis of COVID-19, 56% developed within 14 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, while 44% had delayed onset beyond 14 days. Orbit was involved in 72% of patients, with stage 3c forming the bulk (27%). Overall treatment included intravenous amphotericin B in 73%, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)/paranasal sinus (PNS) debridement in 56%, orbital exenteration in 15%, and both FESS/PNS debridement and orbital exenteration in 17%. Intraorbital injection of amphotericin B was administered in 22%. At final follow-up, mortality was 14%. Disease stage >3b had poorer prognosis. Paranasal sinus debridement and orbital exenteration reduced the mortality rate from 52% to 39% in patients with stage 4 disease with intracranial extension (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

: Corticosteroids and DM are the most important predisposing factors in the development of COVID-19-associated ROCM. COVID-19 patients must be followed up beyond recovery. Awareness of red flag symptoms and signs, high index of clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and early initiation of treatment with amphotericin B, aggressive surgical debridement of the PNS, and orbital exenteration, where indicated, are essential for successful outcome.

Heptachlor-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in HK-2 cells mediated via TGF-β1/Smad signalling

This study investigated the effect of heptachlor-induced oxidative stress (OS) on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. Following treatment of HK-2 cells with an increasing concentration of heptachlor (0.01–10 µM) for 24 h, the intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde level increased, whereas the glutathione-s-hydroxylase (GSH) level declined significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine attenuates the heptachlor-induced OS. In this study, we have shown that heptachlor-induced OS regulates the mRNA expression of TGF-β1-mediated Smad signalling genes accompanied by increased nuclear localization of phosphorylated Smad-2 and phosphorylated Smad-3. Furthermore, the m-RNA and protein level of epithelial marker, that is, E-cadherin decreased while the mesenchymal marker, that is, α-smooth muscle actin increased in heptachlor exposed HK-2 cells. In conclusion, heptachlor-induced OS might be responsible for the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signalling which ultimately leads to renal damage by means of EMT.

A study on enhancing the quantum yield and antimicrobial activity of Pr(iii) by varying the coordination environment

Praseodymium forms complexes easily with nitrogen and oxygen donor pyrazolines and also forms mixed ligand complexes with these pyrazolines and sulfur donor thio ligands such as dithiocarbamates and xanthates. These newly synthesized complexes have been characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, TGA, SEM, TEM, PXRD and UV-visible spectral measurements. The isotopic studies were performed using DART mass spectrometry. The luminescent properties of these types of complexes were studied using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial behavior of these praseodymium complexes was studied thoroughly during the present research.

Insight into growth of Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles: an in situ XAS study

Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles have been synthesized through a one-pot synthesis route from their respective chloride precursors using block copolymer as a stabilizer. Growth of the nanoparticles has been studied by simultaneous in situ measurement of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy at the energy-dispersive EXAFS beamline (BL-08) at Indus-2 SRS at RRCAT, Indore, India. In situ XAS spectra, comprising both X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) parts, have been measured simultaneously at the Au and Pt L₃-edges. While the XANES spectra of the precursors provide real-time information on the reduction process, the EXAFS spectra reveal the structure of the clusters formed in the intermediate stages of growth. This insight into the formation process throws light on how the difference in the reduction potential of the two precursors could be used to obtain the core-shell-type configuration of a bimetallic alloy in a one-pot synthesis method. The core-shell-type structure of the nanoparticles has also been confirmed by ex situ energy-dispersive spectroscopy line-scan and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements with in situ ion etching on fully formed nanoparticles.

Association of organochlorine pesticides with the mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) & cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes in idiopathic preterm birth

Background & objectives:

Preterm birth (PTB) is an important cause of prenatal death, neonatal morbidity and mortality and adult illness. Increased inflammation occurs in normal parturition, and inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress are found to be higher in PTB cases. The present study was planned to investigate the association of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with mRNA expression of inflammatory pathway genes such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in preterm delivery (PTD) cases.

Methods:

Maternal blood samples of PTD (n=30) cases and equal number of term delivery (n=30) were collected at the time of labour. Women occupationally exposed to OCPs and other high risk factors such as anaemia, hypertension, bacterial vaginosis, renal and heart disease, diabetes, etc. were excluded. The OCP levels were estimated by gas chromatography, and mRNA expressions of TNF-α and COX-2 genes were analysed using real-time PCR (qPCR).

Results:

Significantly higher levels of β-HCH (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, 95% CI=2.08-4.633, P=0.001), p’p’-DDE (para, para-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, 95% CI=0.546-2.551, P=0.003), and o’p’-DDD (ortho, para-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, 95% CI=0.004-0.690, P=0.047) were observed in maternal blood of PTB cases as compared to term delivery. The mRNA expressions of COX-2 and TNF-α genes were 3.13 and 2.31 folds higher in PTB cases in comparison to term delivery. Linear positive correlations were observed between period of gestation (POG) and ΔCt of COX-2 and TNF-α genes.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Environmental factors such as OCPs may be associated with inflammatory events showing gene-environment interaction in PTB cases. Evaluating the molecular control of inflammation along with gene environment interaction may be used as a model to explore the aetiology of idiopathic PTB cases and may be considered for the prognosis of adverse reproductive outcomes.

Mutation Analysis in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient in Chronic Phase on Imatinib Having Delayed Achievement of Milestones or Loss of Response

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI's) are currently the drug of choice for management of chronic myeloid leukemia. Imatinib is the most commonly used first line TKI in India. Mutations leading to resistance to imatinib are the most common cause for imatinib failure. We studied pattern of kinase domain mutations in 40 patients of CML who either lost their response or did not achieve it in defined timepoints. Loss of molecular response was the most common indication for asking mutation analysis. Sixteen patients were found to have detectable mutations. M351T was the most common tyrosine kinase mutation followed by Y253H and H396R. Two patients had 2 mutations simultaneously. M351T is the most common mutation in our patient population.

Haemostatic Profile in Patients of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms-A Tertiary Care Centre Experience

INTRODUCTION

Patients of MPN commonly present with abnormalities in laboratory coagulation tests that are consistent with hypercoagulable state. Some individuals with MPN exhibit a pattern of exclusive bleeding or thrombotic events; many others have both bleeding and thrombosis during the course of the disease.

AIM

This study was undertaken to assess the haemostatic defects and platelet functions in patients of MPN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One year prospective study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in North India in Department of Pathology in collaboration with Department of Clinical Haematology. All recently diagnosed cases of MPN along with 30 age and sex matched controls were included. Patients on antiplatelet drugs, antimyeloproliferative treatment, vitamin K agonists or antagonists, OCPs, Platelet count <1,00,000/μl, high grade fever, liver disease, pregnancy were excluded from this study. All the patients underwent screening investigations like CBC, peripheral smear evaluation, BT, PT, aPTT, Protein C and S measurement (clot based assay) and aggregation studies with ADP (5μM) (Optical Aggregometry with AGGRO/LINK 8 software and CHRONOLOG 700 aggregometer).

RESULTS

In present study, 50 cases were included. There was an occult prothrombotic state, suggested by significantly (p<0.001) reduced levels of Protein C and Protein S, but no patient presented with frank thrombosis while 8 out of 50 patients had haemorrhagic manifestations ranging from subdural haematoma to pin point petechial haemorrhages. Patients of CML-CP, ET, PV, PMF, MPN-NOS showed significantly reduced maximal aggregation with ADP (5μM) when compared to control (p<0.001). MPV also showed a statistically significant increase in these patients.

CONCLUSION

Thrombohaemorrhagic complications significantly affect the morbidity and mortality of MPN patients. This can be assessed by the use of platelet aggregation studies, Protein C and S activities and other coagulation studies. Timely diagnosis of these prothrombotic/haemorrhagic states can decrease the morbidity in these patients.

Effect of Mirtazapine Treatment on Serum Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients of Major Depressive Disorder with Severe Depression

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of mirtazapine and its effect on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in patients of major-depressive disorder (MDD) with severe depression.

METHODS

Patients (aged 18-60) with MDD diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score ≥25 were included (n = 30). Mirtazapine was given in the doses of 30 mg/day. All patients were followed up for 12 weeks for the evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety along with serum BDNF and TNF-α levels.

RESULTS

HAM-D score at the start of treatment was 30.1 ± 1.92, which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to 13.47 ± 1.77 at 12 weeks of treatment. In responders, mean serum BDNF levels at the start of treatment were 2.32 ± 0.3 ng/ml, which significantly (p < 0.05) increased to 2.79 ± 0.33 ng/ml at 12 weeks of treatment and mean serum TNF-α levels at the start were 5.18 ± 0.67 pg/ml, which significantly decreased to 4.36 ± 0.72 pg/ml (p < 0.05) at 12 weeks of treatment.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that mirtazapine is effective and well tolerated in severely depressed patients and treatment response is associated with an increase in serum BDNF and a decrease in serum TNF-α levels.

Comparison of efficacy, safety and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in patients of major depressive disorder, treated with fluoxetine and desvenlafaxine

This randomized, open label, prospective, observational study compared clinical efficacy, safety alongwith plasma BDNF levels in outpatients of depression treated with fluoxetine and desvenlafaxine. Patients (aged 18-60 years) with moderate to severe major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) score ≥14, who were prescribed fluoxetine or desvenlafaxine were included (n=30 in each group). Patients were followed up for 12 weeks for evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety along with BDNF levels. In the fluoxetine group, HAM-D scores at the start of treatment was 19±4.09 which significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 9.24±3.98 at 12 weeks. In the desvenlafaxine group, HAM-D scores at the start of treatment was 18±3.75 which significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 10±3.75 at 12 weeks. The BDNF levels in the fluoxetine group were 775.32±30.38pg/ml at the start of treatment which significantly (p<0.05) increased to 850.3±24.92pg/ml at 12 weeks. The BDNF levels in the desvenlafaxine group were 760.5±28.53pg/ml at the start of treatment which significantly (p<0.05) increased to 845.8±32.82pg/ml at 12 weeks. Both the antidepressants were found to be safe and well tolerated. The efficacy and the safety profile of desvenlafaxine is comparable to fluoxetine in patients of MDD. BDNF levels were significantly increased post-treatment with both the antidepressive agents. Whether BDNF may have a prognostic value in predicting treatment response to antidepressant drugs needs to be investigated in a larger patient population.

Study of rumen metagenome community using qPCR under different diets

The aim of this study was to detect the major bacteria present in rumen microbiota. Here, we performed qPCR based absolute quantitation of selected rumen microbes in rumen fluid of river buffalo adapted to varying proportion of concentrate to roughage diets. Animals were adapted to roughage-to-concentrate ratio in the proportion of 100:00 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3) and 25:75 (T4) respectively for 30 days. At the end of each treatment, rumen fluid was collected at 0 h and 2 h after feeding. It was found that among fibrolytic bacteria Ruminococcus flavefaciens (2.22 × 10(8) copies/ml) were highest in T2 group and followed by 1.11 × 10(8) copies/ml for Fibrobacter succinogenes (T2), 2.56 × 10(7) copies/ml for Prevotella ruminicola (T1) and 1.25 × 10(7) copies/ml for Ruminococcus albus (T4). In non-fibrolytic bacteria, the Selenomonas ruminantium (2.62 × 10(7) copies/ml) was predominant in group T3 and followed by Treponema bryantii (2.52 × 10(7)copies/ml) in group T1, Ruminobacter amylophilus (1.31 × 10(7)copies/ml) in group T1 and Anaerovibrio lipolytica (2.58 × 10(6) copies/ml) in group T4. It is most notable that R. flavefaciens were the highest in population in the rumen of Surti buffalo fed wheat straw as roughage source.

Genetic polymorphisms in Cytochrome P 4501B1 and susceptibility to idiopathic preterm labor in North Indian population

OBJECTIVE

The etiology of preterm labor (PTL) is still unknown, but it may be related to a possible genetic predisposition together with involvement of environmental factors. We investigated the relation between PTL and polymorphisms in Cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1) gene, which is involved in the metabolism of a wide range of environmental toxins and hormones.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Three hundred (n=300) cases of PTL and equal number of subjects of full term labor (FTL), after excluding all the known risk factors for PTL were included in the study. A two step allele specific PCR was performed for polymorphic analysis of CYP1B1 gene.

RESULTS

The homozygous variant genotype of CYP1B1*2 (OR=2.97, 95%CI=1.08-8.08, p=0.033) and heterozygous variant of CYP1B1*3 (OR=2.57, 95%CI=1.88-3.63, p=0.001), and CYP1B1*7 (OR=2.59, 95%CI=1.85-3.62, p=0.001) were found to be significantly higher in PTL cases as compared to FTL.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrates the possible association of homozygous variant of CYP1B1*2 and heterozygous variant of CYP1B1*3 and CYP1B1*7 genes with the increased risk of PTL.

Characterization of smallholder pig production system: productive and reproductive performances of local and crossbred pigs in Sikkim Himalayan region

The present study was conducted to know the smallholder pig production system in tribal areas of Sikkim State, India. Two hundred tribal farmers were selected randomly from the North and East District of the state. Information on socio-economic characteristics of farmers (gender, occupation, educational status, and farming experience), management practices, disease prevalence, and economics in pig production was collected. The study recorded the mean land holding as 1.2 ± 0.8 ha, and the number of pigs per farm was 5.0 ± 0.28. Pigs were mainly kept as a source of income, and 70 % of farmers reared crossbreed pigs. Ninety percent (90 %) of respondents practiced the intensive system of management whereby kitchen wastes along with cooked mixture comprising maize bhusa, mustard oil cake, pseudostem of banana, tuber, stem, and plant leaves were used to feed their animals. About 40.5 % of farmers procured their breeding stock from government farms that had good records and utilized veterinary services like timely vaccination and deworming. The diseases prevalent in the study area were swine fever, diarrhea, helminthoses, sarcoptic mange, pneumonia, etc. The litter sizes at birth (local, 4.3 ± 0.45; crossbreed, 7.2 ± 0.33), at weaning (local, 2.79 ± 0.24; crossbreed, 6.1 ± 0.21), and age at first farrowing (local, 365.39 ± 7.96 days; crossbreed, 337.24 ± 8.79 days) were recorded. Production costs of meat extracted from local and crossbred pigs were 1.08 $/kg and 0.86 $/kg, respectively.

Primary T-cell lymphoma of liver

Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is rare and represents approximately 0.016% of all cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The majority of these are B-cell NHL of diffuse large B-cell type. Primary T-cell lymphoma constitutes approximately 5-10% of all PHLs arising in the liver, 90% being B-cell type. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, γδ hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and αβ hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma are the common T-cell lymphomas involving hepatic parenchyma. We encountered a case presenting with gross hepatomegaly extending beyond umbilicus, mild ascites, pedal oedema, icterus and dyspnoea. Haemogram showed moderate anaemia with counts. Bone marrow aspiration showed erythroid hyperplasia with dimorphic anaemia. There was no evidence of atypical lymphoid cells in peripheral blood of bone marrow. We present a rare case of primary T-cell lymphoma presenting as primary liver involvement without splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone marrow or peripheral blood involvement.

Experimental evaluation of antidepressant effect of Vacha (Acorus calamus) in animal models of depression

Depression is a common diagnosis throughout India. It is one of the major sequelae of modern lifestyle which is full of stress. Several drugs and therapies have been tried but a safe and effective treatment of depressive illness is yet not fully established. The main objective of this experimental study on animal models is to evaluate the antidepressant action of plant drug Vacha (Acorus calamus). The behavioral study was conducted and at the same time 5-HT receptor involvement was evaluated. The experimental study was done in rats to evaluate their Open Field Behavior (OFB), High Plus Maze (HPM) activity and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor syndrome, before and after feeding Vacha. Concurrent Vacha administration in the depression model prevented the development of behavioral deficit in ambulation and rearing due to stress. Similarly, in High Plus Maze Test (HPMT), exploratory activity of rat was restored with Vacha administration. In adopted model of depression, when the animal was subjected to Vacha administration, the behavioural deficit was prevented very well as compared to stressed group. While eliciting the 5-HT syndrome, only two components out of five were influenced by Vacha, indicating that Vacha does not sensitize postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which explains the behavioral deficit prevention in stressed rat group. Vacha definitely has antidepressant effects in animal model of depression.

Balancing efficacy and bleeding risk in the prevention of stroke due to atrial fibrillation with newer oral anticoagulants

With the evaluation and approval of newer oral anticoagulants such as the factor IIa inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate and the factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban, strategies for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation need a thorough re-evaluation of current options. Clinicians are naturally excited about the imminent introduction of these newer drugs that do not need international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring, besides having no drug-food and minimal drug-drug interactions. However, as with all new drugs, it is always prudent to use these judiciously so that they stay in our therapeutic armamentarium for a long time. More than 56 years after the introduction of warfarin we now have three drugs, viz., dabigatran 150 mg bid, rivaroxaban 20 mg od, and apixaban 5 mg bid which were effective in comparison with warfarin in reducing the risk of stroke and bleeding in the landmark trials, RE-LY, ROCKET-AF, and ARISTOTLE respectively. There is a thin dividing line between physiological hemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Routine INR monitoring may not be required but in special situations, such as prior to major surgery, overdose, non-compliance or stroke while on the anticoagulant, one may wish to know whether there are any laboratory measures of efficacy or means of reversal of over anticoagulation. Similar questions may be raised about other situations such as renal dysfunction, cardioversion, ablation procedures, post-stenting, or switch to and from warfarin, heparin or LMWH? This document is an attempt to address these concerns based on available evidence and give physicians a perspective and practice guidelines on how best to use these agents, both old and new, for optimal patient outcomes, maximizing efficacy and minimizing risk.

Targeting strategies for Human immunodeficiency virus: a combinatorial approach

The battle between human and the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is on, with both of them rapidly improving their attacking and defense strategies. Many therapeutic agents for HIV infection have been designed and developed, However there are various aspects, like novel targets against HIV, which are yet to be unfolded with a goal of designing and developing novel drug molecules against HIV. This article reviews the current status and innovative new options for antiretroviral therapy for HIV and also discusses the various mechanisms of action for each class of drugs, and the problems yet to be solved with respect to HIV as a target for improvised treatment against AIDS.

Development and characterization of cell culture systems from Puntius (Tor) chelynoides (McClelland)

Puntius (Tor) chelynoides, commonly known as dark mahseer, is a commercially important coldwater fish species which inhabits fast-flowing hill-streams of India and Nepal. Cell culture systems were developed from eye, fin, heart and swim bladder tissues of P. chelynoides using explant method. The cell culture system developed from eye has been maintained towards a continuous cell line designated as PCE. The cells were grown in 25cm(2) tissue culture flasks with Leibovitz' L-15 media supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 24°C. The PCE cell line consists of predominantly fibroblast-like cells and showed high plating efficiency. The monolayer formed from the fin and heart explants were comprised of epithelial as well as fibroblast-like cells, a prominent and rhythmic heartbeat was also observed in heart explants. Monolayer formed from swim bladder explants showed the morphology of fibroblast-like cells. All the cells from different tissues are able to grow at an optimum temperature of 24°C and growth rate increased as the FBS concentration increased. The PCE cell line was characterized using amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) & 16S rRNA genes which confirmed that the cell line originated from P. chelynoides. Cytogenetic analysis of PCE cell line and cells from fin revealed a diploid count of 100 chromosomes. Upon transfection with pEGFP-C1 plasmid, bright fluorescent signals were observed, suggesting that this cell line can be used for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies. Further, genotoxicity assessment of PCE cells illustrated the utility of this cell line as an in vitro model for aquatic toxicological studies. The PCE cell line was successfully cryopreserved and revived at different passage levels. The cell line and culture systems are being maintained to develop continuous cell lines for further studies.

Prevalence and characterization of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy in Indian women

To find the prevalence and causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. An analytical prospective observational study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, CSMMU, Lucknow. 1079 antenatal women screened for thrombocytopenia and investigated for cause and management strategies and fetomaternal outcome were recorded. Prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 8.8%. Gestational thrombocytopenia was seen in 64.2%, obstetric in 22.1% and medical in 13.68% cases. Mean platelet count in controls was lower with a significant fall (P < 0.001) in the platelet count as pregnancy advanced. Hypertensive and hepatic disorders were the most common obstetric causes of thrombocytopenia. Mode of delivery was not affected by thrombocytopenia. Maternal morbidity and mortality was seen only in medical and obstetric thrombocytopenia. The low platelet counts and declining trend with increasing gestational age predispose Indian women to risk of thrombocytopenia and a routine platelet count is suggested.

Effect of Ocimum sanctum, ascorbic acid, and verapamil on macrophage function and oxidative stress in mice exposed to cocaine

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum, ascorbic acid, and verapamil on macrophage function and oxidative stress in experimental animals exposed to cocaine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were used in this study and were divided randomly into different groups of six animals each. They were either treated with intraperitoneal injection of saline or cocaine hydrochloride or an oral feeding of oil of Ocimum sanctum, ascorbic acid or verapamil, or both (ascorbic acid and verapamil), and were evaluated for a respiratory burst of macrophages, superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) production, estimation of TNF-alpha in the serum and supernatant of cultured macrophages, estimation of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde- MDA) in the serum, and superoxide dismutase activity in the erythrocytes.

RESULTS

Unstimulated respiratory burst as well as superoxide production was enhanced on treatment with cocaine and all the three drugs were found to attenuate this enhancement. The bactericidal capacity of macrophages decreased significantly on chronic cocaine exposure, as it was associated with decreased respiratory burst and superoxide production. There was a significant decrease in NO production by macrophages on chronic cocaine exposure and all the test drugs were found to restore nitrite formation to a normal level. There was an increase in the malonylodialdehyde (MDA) level and decrease in the superoxide dismutase level on chronic cocaine exposure, and all the three drugs effectively decreased the MDA level and increased superoxide dismutase level. There was an increase in serum TNF-alpha on chronic cocaine exposure, which was decreased significantly by ascorbic acid and verapamil.

CONCLUSION

O. sanctum, ascorbic acid, and verapamil were equally effective in improving the macrophage function and reducing oxidative stress. These findings suggested that O. sanctum, ascorbic acid, and verapamil attenuated acute and chronic cocaine-mediated effects.

Methanogen diversity in the rumen of Indian Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), assessed by 16S rDNA analysis

The methanogenic communities in buffalo rumen were characterized using a culture-independent approach of a pooled sample of rumen fluid from three adult Surti buffaloes. Buffalo rumen is likely to include species of various methanogens, so 16S rDNA sequences were amplified and cloned from the sample. A total of 171 clones were sequenced to examine 16S rDNA sequence similarity. About 52.63% sequences (90 clones) had ≥ 90% similarity, whereas, 46.78% of the sequences (81 clones) were 75-89% similar to 16S rDNA database sequences, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses were also used to infer the makeup of methanogenic communities in the rumen of Surti buffalo. As a result, we distinguished 23 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on unique 16S rDNA sequences: 12 OTUs (52.17%) affiliated to Methanomicrobiales order, 10 OTUs (43.47%) of the order Methanobacteriales and one OTU (4.34%) of Methanosarcina barkeri like clone, respectively. In addition, the population of Methanomicrobiales and Methabacteriales orders were also observed, accounting 4% and 2.17% of total archea. This study has revealed the largest assortment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens phylotypes ever identified from rumen of Surti buffaloes.

An atypical case of dengue haemorrhagic fever presenting as quadriparesis due to compressive myelopathy

Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a serious presentation of dengue viral infection. Case reports of cerebral haemorrhage due to dengue are rare. The authors report a rare case of dengue haemorrhagic fever presenting with fever and acute onset progressive quadriparesis of the upper motor neuron type. Rare cases of quadriparesis in dengue fever have been reported in the literature due to myositis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myelitis and hypokalaemia. This case on investigations was found to have extramedullary compression due to haematoma in the cervical region as the cause of quadriparesis.

Bacterial diversity in the rumen of Indian Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), assessed by 16S rDNA analysis

Bacterial communities in buffalo rumen were characterized using a culture-independent approach for a pooled sample of rumen fluid from 3 adult Surti buffaloes. Buffalo rumen is likely to include species of various bacterial phyla, so 16S rDNA sequences were amplified and cloned from the sample. A total of 191 clones were sequenced and similarities to known 16S rDNA sequences were examined. About 62.82% sequences (120 clones) had >90% similarity to the 16S rDNA database sequences. Furthermore, about 34.03% of the sequences (65 clones) were 85-89% similar to 16S rDNA database sequences. For the remaining 3.14%; the similarity was lower than 85% Phylogenetic analyses were also used to infer the makeup of bacterial communities in the rumen of Surti buffalo. As a result, we distinguished 42 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on unique 16S r DNA sequences: 19 OTUs affiliated to an unidentified group (45.23% of total OTUs), 11 OTUs of the phylum Firmicutes, also known as the low G+C group (26.19%), 7 OTUs of the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum (16.66%), 4 OTUs of Spirochaetes (9.52%), and 1 OTU of Actinobacteria (2.38%). These include 10 single-clone OTUs, so Good's coverage (94.76%) of 16S rRNA libraries indicated that sequences identified in the libraries represent the majority of bacterial diversity present in rumen.

Profile of CD4 counts and symptoms in HIV positive patients on and not on antiretroviral therapy

This communication pertains to a study on analysis of the profile of CD4 counts and symptoms in HIV infected adult subjects on and not on antiretroviral therapy. Clinical symptoms in HIV infected patients attending a tertiary care hospital in north India were recorded by direct questioning. Differences in distribution of categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 317 enrolled HIV positive patients, 271/317 (85.5%) patients were symptomatic. The common symptoms were weakness (65.6%), bodyache and joint pain (63.4%), lethargy and fatigue (62.5%), prolonged fever (53.3%), weight loss (47.6%), cough (44.5%), loss of appetite (44.2%) and chronic diarrhoea (40.1%). Most symptoms were found significantly less frequently in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). High CD4+ T-cell counts were negatively associated with symptoms. The overall proportion of symptomatic patients was significantly higher than the number with an etiologically documented opportunistic infections (32.5%). Pulmonary tuberculosis (30.9%) was the most frequently documented opportunistic infection. Antiretroviral therapy appears to be beneficial in reducing symptoms in HIV positive patients. Affordable high quality laboratory diagnostic facilities for the diagnosis of opportunistic infections under the public health program will help to obtain an accurate picture of the range of opportunistic infections in HIV patients in India.

Total Leukocyte Counts and the Requirement of Dose Reduction due to Cytopenias as Prognostic Indicators Affecting Response to Imatinib in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is considered the first line of non stem cell transplantation treatment for patients diagnosed with CML. We evaluated the response rates and adverse reactions to Imatinib in our patients and tried to identify factors which affected the response to Imatinib. Eighty-four patients were diagnosed on the basis of clinical and haematological variables with confirmation by FISH, detecting Philadelphia chromosome or bcr-abl translocation and were then started on oral capsule Imatinib. A complete haematological response was seen in 78.04% patients, while complete cytogenetic response (CCR) was seen in 12.2% of patients and major cytogenetic response (MCR) was seen in 64.63% of patients. It was found that that a greater total leukocyte count (TLC) on presentation had a negative correlation with cytogenetic response. Cytopenias were seen in 36 patients (43.82%). 34.9% of patients having CCR/MCR required dose reduction while 73.6% of patients not achieving CCR/MCR required dose reduction. This was a significant difference, confirmed on statistical analysis (P < 0.05; P = 0.019), establishing the negative prognostic value of dose reduction due to cytopenias.

Maternal and cord blood levels of aldrin and dieldrin in Delhi population

Aldrin and dieldrin, structurally similar organochlorine pesticides belong to cyclodiene family and were widely used for agriculture and public health program in India. Although the manufacturing, use and import of aldrin and dieldrin have been banned in India since 2003, these pesticides are still persistent in environment and may be associated with adverse neurological and reproductive effects. The aim of this study is to assess the recent exposure level of aldrin and dieldrin and their placental transfer to fetus in normal healthy full-term pregnant women belonging to north Indian population undergoing normal delivery at Obstetrics and Gynecology department of UCMS and GTB hospital, Delhi. Quantitative analysis of aldrin and dieldrin residues in maternal and cord blood samples were carried out by gas chromatography system equipped with electron capture detector. The results of our study clearly revealed that maternal and cord blood levels of aldrin and dieldrin of pregnant women are age and dietary habit dependent. The aldrin level in maternal blood and dieldrin level in cord blood are higher in women in the age group 25-30 years than in women in age group of 19-24 years. Similarly, aldrin level in maternal blood is significantly higher in women with non-vegetarian dietary habit than in women with vegetarian dietary habit. No significant association is found for maternal and cord blood level. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate prenatal uptake of aldrin and dieldrin and provide recent information on the subsequent transplacental transfer.

Gold promoted S,N-doped TiO(2): an efficient catalyst for CO adsorption and oxidation

Mesoporous S,N-TiO(2) nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot template free homogeneous coprecipitation technique using titanium oxysulfate sulfuric acid complex hydrate, thiourea, ethanol, and water. Nano gold deposition on mesoporous S,N-TiO(2) was preformed by a borohydrate reduction method. To evaluate the structural and electronic properties, these catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), UV-vis DRS, photoluminescent (PL) spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and TPO/TPD. CO adsorption and CO + O(2) interaction over these catalysts were investigated by in situ FTIR. Sulfur and nitrogen doping enhances the catalytic activity of Au/TiO(2.) Higher catalytic activity of Au/S,N-TiO(2) compared to Au/TiO(2) was attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancy and creation of new adsorption sites at Au/TiO(2) interfaces for the adsorption and activation of O(2) molecules.

Organochlorine pesticide residue levels and oxidative stress in preterm delivery cases

A number of studies have focused attention on various biochemical abnormalities evoked due to exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The aim of the present study was to analyze the OCP residues in maternal and cord blood of women and assess the levels of different non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers as well as to establish correlation with OCP levels, if any. Thirty women in each group of full-term delivery (FTD; ≥37 weeks of gestation) and preterm delivery (PTD; <37 weeks of gestation) were enrolled in this study. Levels of OCPs like Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, p,p′ Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and p,p’ Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Non-enzymatic oxidative stress was measured by the quantification of malondialhyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). MDA and protein carbonyl levels were increased significantly, while the levels of GSH and FRAP were decreased in PTD in comparison to FTD cases. We have observed higher levels of β-HCH and α-endosulfan and increased oxidative stress in PTD than FTD cases. In PTD cases, a significant positive correlation was observed between maternal blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .78), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.65), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .89), γ-HCH and GSH (r = —.74) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. We also found significant correlations between cord blood levels of β-HCH and MDA (r = .59), β-HCH and GSH (r = —.69), γ-HCH and MDA (r = .62) and α-endosulfan and MDA (r = .54) in PTD cases. In conclusion, our results suggest that higher levels of some of the OCP residues may be associated with PTD and increased oxidative stress.

Studies on lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidant status as indices of oxidative stress in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia

INTRODUCTION

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder of the haematopoietic cell. Free radicals can be important causative agents of a number of human diseases, including cancer and leukaemia. Thus, antioxidants, which control the oxidative stress state, represent a major line of defense for regulating the overall true state of health. The relationship between non-enzymatic antioxidant status and the levels of well-known markers of oxidative stress that are measured as lipid peroxides reflects better health indices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products and non-enzymatic antioxidant status as indices of oxidative stress, disease progression and early responses to chemotherapeutic agents in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients.

METHODS

The study included 128 CML patients and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy control volunteers. Indices of oxidative stress were evaluated as lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidant status using the spectrophotometric method.

RESULTS

There was a significant increase in the plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products in CML patients as compared to the healthy volunteers. The plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products continued to rise significantly as the disease progressed. The non-enzymatic antioxidant status was found to be significantly decreased in CML patients as compared to the healthy participants. The plasma levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant status continued to decrease significantly during the disease progression.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that plasma lipid peroxidation and non-enzymatic antioxidant status reflect oxidative stress in CML patients, and may be used as indices for oxidative stress, disease progression and early responses to different therapeutic modalities.

The "transverse intraosseous loop technique" (TILT) to re-insert flexor tendons in zone 1

Flexor tendon divisions in Zone 1 need to be re-inserted to the distal phalanx. This paper describes the Transverse Intraosseous Loop Technique (TILT) of re-inserting the profundus tendon to the distal phalanx in which an internally placed suture is looped through the bone and tendon interface. It provides a strong repair, which permits the desired tensioning and can be performed in children. Ten of 12 patients' re-insertions using this technique achieved full recovery while two developed fixed flexion contractures.

Decolorization of anaerobically digested molasses spent wash by Pseudomonas putida

The distillery wastewater (spent wash) contains dark-brown colored recalcitrant organic compounds that are not amenable to conventional biological treatment. The characteristic recalcitrance to decolorization is due to the presence of brown melanoidin polymers. In the present study, feasibility of using Pseudomonas putida strain U for decolorization of spent wash was demonstrated. Batch cultures of P. putida decolourized spent wash by 24%, 2- fold higher decolorization was achieved following immobilization in calcium alginate beads. Glucose concentration was critical for decolourization and improved color removal efficiency was obtained by periodic replenishment of glucose. Decolourization was also observed with lactose or whey as alternative carbon sources. The results of our study suggest that P. putida could be used for biological decolorization of molasses spent washes and that supplementation with whey (a by-product from cheese industry) can offer economical viability to the process.

A peculiar case of HIV transmission within a family in north India

SUMMARY

We describe an unusual case of heterosexual HIV transmission between two brothers within a family, due to a locally prevalent social custom of remarriage of the elder brother's widow, to the younger brother. This case of HIV secondary transmission, which could possibly have been stopped at certain points by better understanding and awareness about HIV transmission emphasizes the need for extensive post-test counselling of affected individuals and their family members.

Kramers-Kronig-consistent optical functions of anisotropic crystals: generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry on pentacene

The Kramers-Kronig relations between the real and imaginary parts of a response function are widely used in solid-state physics to evaluate the corresponding quantity if only one component is measured. They are among the most fundamental statements since only based on the analytical behavior and causal nature of the material response [Phys. Rev. 104, 1760-1770 (1956)]. Optical losses, for instance, can be obtained from the dispersion of the dielectric constant at all wavelengths, and vice versa [Handbook of optical constants of solids, Vol. 1, p. 35]. Although the general validity was never casted into doubt, it is a longstanding problem that Kramers-Kronig relations cannot simply be applied to anisotropic crystalline materials because contributions from different directions mix in a frequency-dependent way. Here we present a general method to identify frequency-independent principal polarizability directions for which the Kramers-Kronig relations are obeyed even in materials with lowest symmetry. Using generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry on a single crystal surface of triclinic pentacene, as an example, enables us to evaluate the complex dielectric constant and to compare it with band-structure calculations along the crystallographic directions. A general recipe is provided how to proceed from a macroscopic measurement on a low symmetry crystal plane to the microscopic dielectric properties of the unit cell, along whose axes the Kramers-Kronig relations hold.

Endosulfan and other organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal and cord blood in North Indian population

Humans are exposed to various environmental chemicals such as organochlorine pesticide residues, heavy metals, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) etc. There is paucity of data regarding the present blood levels of organochlorine residues in North Indian population with reference to reproductive health. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal and cord blood samples of normal healthy women with full term pregnancy to gain insight into the current status of pesticide burden in newborns. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contributed maximum towards the total organochlorine residues present in maternal and cord blood followed by endosulfan, pp' DDE and pp' DDT being the least. This is also the first report indicating endosulfan levels in this population. Our data indicates a transfer rate of 60-70% of these pesticides from mothers to newborns and this high rate of transfer of pesticides is of great concern as it may adversely affect the growth and development of newborn.

Melatonin treatment prevents modulation of cell-mediated immune response induced by propoxur in rats

The effect of melatonin, a major secretory product of the pineal gland, in attenuation of propoxur (2-isopropoxy phenyl N-methyl carbamate)-induced modulation of cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were exposed to propoxur (a widely used pesticide) orally (10 mg/kg) and/or melatonin (10 mg/kg) orally for 4 weeks. CMI was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), leucocyte and macrophage migration inhibition (LMI and MMI) responses and estimation of cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma levels. Rats exposed to propoxur for 4 weeks showed significant decrease in DTH, LMI and MMI responses. Propoxur also suppressed TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production significantly. Administration of melatonin alone caused a significant increase in DTH response. Although there were no changes in the LMI and MMI response, the cytokine levels were significantly increased, as compared to control. Co-administration of melatonin along with propoxur significantly nullified the effect of the pesticide on the CMI response, except DTH and reversed levels of cytokines to near control/normal values. Thus, melatonin treatment considerably attenuated immunomodulation caused by sub-chronic treatment of propoxur in experimental animals.

Study of bio-physico-chemical parameters of Mothronwala swamp, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

Aquatic biodiversity is one of the most essential characteristics of the aquatic ecosystem formaintaining its stability and a means of coping with any environmental change. The entire stretch of the Mothronwala swamp has rich riparian vegetation for providing conducive environment for the growth of aquatic organisms. The present work has been undertaken to study the bio-physico-chemical characteristics of the swamp. The data on physico-chemical environmental variables (temperature, total dissolved solutes, size and composition of substratum, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity chlorides, and hardness) have been given under the present contribution. A total of 16 genera of aquatic insects belonging to orders Trichoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Phylum Mollusca represented the macroinvertebrates of Mothronwala swamp. The fresh water swamp of Mothronwala is under threat due to human interference and other anthropogenic activities. Some of the natural and anthropogenic environmental problems of the Mothronwala swamp have been identified and the ameliorative measures for the protection of aquatic environment and the conservation measures for the swamp have been suggested. The qualitative study revealed the present status of the aquatic biodiversity of the swamp and also about the physico-chemical parameters, which would be very helpful for policy makers to take precautionary measures to save the swamp.

Advanced glycosylated end products-mediated activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in diabetes mellitus and associated oxidative stress

Two important consequences of hyperglycemia in diabetes are development of oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) which are known to be associated with diabetic complications. Relationship between AGE formation and development of oxidative stress (OS) is yet to be established. In the present study, the involvement of AGE in PMN-mediated ROS generation and the associated OS were investigated in type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) patients. We assessed OS parameters (serum MDA, FRAP and GSH), PMN oxidative functions (respiratory burst and superoxide production) and total serum AGE in 90 subjects divided equally in three groups--control group, Group I consisting of type 2 diabetic patients without microvascular complications and Group II consisting of type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications. PMNs isolated from both groups (I and II) exhibited higher level of respiratory burst (RB) and produced increased amount of superoxide anion as compared to the controls. The increase was more pronounced in diabetes with complications, as compared to those without. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was elevated, whereas glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels were significantly reduced in diabetes as compared to the controls, suggesting the presence of oxidative stress in DM. A positive correlation between PMN oxidative function and OS parameters suggested the involvement of PMN in the development of OS in DM. Serum AGE level was also elevated in diabetic groups as compared to the controls. Further, the positive correlation between serum AGE level and PMN oxidative function suggested the involvement of AGE in increased RB and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by resting diabetic PMN. The results of the study indicate that AGE-PMN interaction possibly upregulates NADPH oxidase, leading to enhanced ROS generation and thus contributes to the pathogenesis in diabetes.