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Lawlor B, Segurado R, Kennelly S, Olde Rikkert MGM, Howard R, Pasquier F, Börjesson-Hanson A, Tsolaki M, Lucca U, Molloy DW, Coen R, Riepe MW, Kálmán J, Kenny RA, Cregg F, O'Dwyer S, Walsh C, Adams J, Banzi R, Breuilh L, Daly L, Hendrix S, Aisen P, Gaynor S, Sheikhi A, Taekema DG, Verhey FR, Nemni R, Nobili F, Franceschi M, Frisoni G, Zanetti O, Konsta A, Anastasios O, Nenopoulou S, Tsolaki-Tagaraki F, Pakaski M, Dereeper O, de la Sayette V, Sénéchal O, Lavenu I, Devendeville A, Calais G, Crawford F, Mullan M. Nilvadipine in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002660. [PMID: 30248105 PMCID: PMC6152871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reports the findings of the first large-scale Phase III investigator-driven clinical trial to slow the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease with a dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blocker, nilvadipine. Nilvadipine, licensed to treat hypertension, reduces amyloid production, increases regional cerebral blood flow, and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-tau activity in preclinical studies, properties that could have disease-modifying effects for Alzheimer disease. We aimed to determine if nilvadipine was effective in slowing cognitive decline in subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS NILVAD was an 18-month, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that randomised participants between 15 May 2013 and 13 April 2015. The study was conducted at 23 academic centres in nine European countries. Of 577 participants screened, 511 were eligible and were randomised (258 to placebo, 253 to nilvadipine). Participants took a trial treatment capsule once a day after breakfast for 78 weeks. Participants were aged >50 years, meeting National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's disease Criteria (NINCDS-ADRDA) for diagnosis of probable Alzheimer disease, with a Standardised Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) score of ≥12 and <27. Participants were randomly assigned to 8 mg sustained-release nilvadipine or matched placebo. The a priori defined primary outcome was progression on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Subscale-12 (ADAS-Cog 12) in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population (n = 498), with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale sum of boxes (CDR-sb) as a gated co-primary outcome, eligible to be promoted to primary end point conditional on a significant effect on the ADAS-Cog 12. The analysis set had a mean age of 73 years and was 62% female. Baseline demographic and Alzheimer disease-specific characteristics were similar between treatment groups, with reported mean of 1.7 years since diagnosis and mean SMMSE of 20.4. The prespecified primary analyses failed to show any treatment benefit for nilvadipine on the co-primary outcome (p = 0.465). Decline from baseline in ADAS-Cog 12 on placebo was 0.79 (95% CI, -0.07-1.64) at 13 weeks, 6.41 (5.33-7.49) at 52 weeks, and 9.63 (8.33-10.93) at 78 weeks and on nilvadipine was 0.88 (0.02-1.74) at 13 weeks, 5.75 (4.66-6.85) at 52 weeks, and 9.41 (8.09-10.73) at 78 weeks. Exploratory analyses of the planned secondary outcomes showed no substantial effects, including on the CDR-sb or the Disability Assessment for Dementia. Nilvadipine appeared to be safe and well tolerated. Mortality was similar between groups (3 on nilvadipine, 4 on placebo); higher counts of adverse events (AEs) on nilvadipine (1,129 versus 1,030), and serious adverse events (SAEs; 146 versus 101), were observed. There were 14 withdrawals because of AEs. Major limitations of this study were that subjects had established dementia and the likelihood that non-Alzheimer subjects were included because of the lack of biomarker confirmation of the presence of brain amyloid. CONCLUSIONS The results do not suggest benefit of nilvadipine as a treatment in a population spanning mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02017340, EudraCT number 2012-002764-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lawlor
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ricardo Segurado
- Centre for Support and Training in Analysis and Research (CSTAR), University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Kennelly
- Department of Age Related Healthcare, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Donders Institute of Medical Neurosciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Pasquier
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Börjesson-Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- Papanikolaou General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ugo Lucca
- Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - D. William Molloy
- University College Cork Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert Coen
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthias W. Riepe
- Department of Geriatrics and Old Age Psychiatry, Psychiatry II, Ulm University at BKH Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - János Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Cregg
- Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah O'Dwyer
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Mathematics Applications Consortium for Science and Industry (MACSI), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jessica Adams
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Banzi
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Laetitia Breuilh
- CHU Lille, Univ. Lille, DISTALZ Laboratory of Excellence, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Leslie Daly
- Centre for Support and Training in Analysis and Research (CSTAR), University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Hendrix
- Pentara Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Paul Aisen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ali Sheikhi
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Mathematics Applications Consortium for Science and Industry (MACSI), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Diana G. Taekema
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Frans R. Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi Foundation-University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU Polyclinic, Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Frisoni
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio—IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Orazio Zanetti
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio—IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anastasia Konsta
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), First Psychiatric Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gauthier Calais
- Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Archer Pharmaceuticals, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Mullan
- Archer Pharmaceuticals, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
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3
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Ceccaldi M, Jonveaux T, Verger A, Krolak‐Salmon P, Houzard C, Godefroy O, Shields T, Perrotin A, Gismondi R, Bullich S, Jovalekic A, Raffa N, Pasquier F, Semah F, Dubois B, Habert M, Wallon D, Chastan M, Payoux P, Ceccaldi M, Guedj E, Ceccaldi M, Felician O, Didic M, Gueriot C, Koric L, Kletchkova‐Gantchev R, Guedj E, Godefroy O, Andriuta D, Devendeville A, Dupuis D, Binot I, Barbay M, Meyer M, Moullard V, Magnin E, Chamard L, Haffen S, Morel O, Drouet C, Boulahdour H, Goas P, Querellou‐Lefranc S, Sayette V, Cogez J, Branger P, Agostini D, Manrique A, Rouaud O, Bejot Y, Jacquin‐Piques A, Dygai‐Cochet I, Berriolo‐Riedinger A, Moreaud O, Sauvee M, Crépin CG, Pasquier F, Bombois S, Lebouvier T, Mackowiak‐Cordoliani M, Deramecourt V, Rollin‐Sillaire A, Cassagnaud‐Thuillet P, Chen Y, Semah F, Petyt G, Krolak‐Salmon P, Federico D, Danaila KL, Guilhermet Y, Magnier C, Makaroff Z, Rouch I, Xie J, Roubaud C, Coste M, David K, Sarciron A, Waissi AS, Scheiber C, Houzard C, Gabelle‐Deloustal A, Bennys K, Marelli C, Touati L, Mariano‐Goulart D, Verbizier‐Lonjon D, Jonveaux T, Benetos A, Kearney‐Schwartz A, Perret‐Guillaume C, Verger A, Vercelletto M, Boutoleau‐Bretonniere C, Pouclet‐Courtemanche H, Wagemann N, Pallardy A, Hugon J, Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Millet P, Queneau M, Dubois B, Epelbaum S, Levy M, Habert M, Novella J, Jaidi Y, Papathanassiou D, Morland D, Belliard S, Salmon A, Lejeune F, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Martinaud O, Zarea A, Chastan M, Pariente J, Thalamas C, Galitzky‐Gerber M, Tricoire Ricard A, Calvas F, Rigal E, Payoux P, Hitzel A, Delrieu J, Ousset P, Lala F, Sastre‐Hengan N, Stephens A, Guedj E. Added value of
18
F‐florbetaben amyloid PET in the diagnostic workup of most complex patients with dementia in France: A naturalistic study. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 14:293-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Ceccaldi
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- Geriatric Department CHRU de Nancy–Hôpital Brabois Vandoeuvre‐les‐Nancy France
| | - Antoine Verger
- INSERM U947 Unité d'Imagerie Adaptative Diagnostique et Interventionnelle Nancy France
| | - Pierre Krolak‐Salmon
- Clinical and Research Memory Center of Lyon Hospices civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Inserm 1028 Lyon France
| | | | - Olivier Godefroy
- Neurology Department CHU Amiens Picardie–Hôpital Sud Amiens France
| | - Trevor Shields
- Nuclear Medicine Department CHU Amiens Picardie–Hôpital Sud Amiens France
| | - Audrey Perrotin
- Piramal Imaging Clinical Research and Development Berlin Germany
| | | | - Santiago Bullich
- AP‐HP–Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière Memory and Alzheimer Disease Institute IM2A Paris France
| | - Aleksandar Jovalekic
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1146, CNRS UMR 7371 Paris France
| | - Nicola Raffa
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Franck Semah
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Marie‐Odile Habert
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - David Wallon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathieu Chastan
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Eric Guedj
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathieu Ceccaldi
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Felician
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mira Didic
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Claude Gueriot
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Lejla Koric
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Radka Kletchkova‐Gantchev
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Eric Guedj
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Godefroy
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Daniela Andriuta
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Agnès Devendeville
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Diane Dupuis
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Ingrid Binot
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mélanie Barbay
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Marc‐Etienne Meyer
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Véronique Moullard
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Ludivine Chamard
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Sophie Haffen
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Morel
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Clément Drouet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Hatem Boulahdour
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Philippe Goas
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Solène Querellou‐Lefranc
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Vincent Sayette
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Julien Cogez
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Pierre Branger
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Denis Agostini
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Alain Manrique
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Rouaud
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Yannick Bejot
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Agnès Jacquin‐Piques
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Inna Dygai‐Cochet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Alina Berriolo‐Riedinger
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Moreaud
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathilde Sauvee
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Céline Gallazzani Crépin
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Stéphanie Bombois
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Marie‐Anne Mackowiak‐Cordoliani
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Adeline Rollin‐Sillaire
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Pascaline Cassagnaud‐Thuillet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Yaohua Chen
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Franck Semah
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Grégory Petyt
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Pierre Krolak‐Salmon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Denis Federico
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Keren Liora Danaila
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Yves Guilhermet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Christophe Magnier
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Zaza Makaroff
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Isabelle Rouch
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Jing Xie
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Caroline Roubaud
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Marie‐Hélène Coste
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Kenny David
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Alain Sarciron
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Aziza Sediq Waissi
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Christian Scheiber
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Claire Houzard
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Audrey Gabelle‐Deloustal
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Karim Bennys
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Lynda Touati
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Denis Mariano‐Goulart
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Delphine Verbizier‐Lonjon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Thérèse Jonveaux
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Athanase Benetos
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Anna Kearney‐Schwartz
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Christine Perret‐Guillaume
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Antoine Verger
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Martine Vercelletto
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Claire Boutoleau‐Bretonniere
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Hélène Pouclet‐Courtemanche
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Nathalie Wagemann
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Amandine Pallardy
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Claire Paquet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Pascal Millet
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathieu Queneau
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Marcel Levy
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | | | - Jean‐Luc Novella
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Yacine Jaidi
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Dimitri Papathanassiou
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | | | - Serge Belliard
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Anne Salmon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Florence Lejeune
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - David Wallon
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Olivier Martinaud
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Aline Zarea
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Mathieu Chastan
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | | | - Claire Thalamas
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | | | | | - Fabienne Calvas
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Emilie Rigal
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Anne Hitzel
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Julien Delrieu
- Neurology Department CHU de Rouen–Hôpital Charles Nicolle Rouen France
| | - Pierre‐Jean Ousset
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Françoise Lala
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Nathalie Sastre‐Hengan
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Andrew Stephens
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Neurology and Neuropsychology Department Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Marseille France
| | - Eric Guedj
- AP‐HM–Hôpital de la Timone, Nuclear Medicine Department Aix‐Marseille University, CERIMED, CNRS, INT, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone Marseille France
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