1
|
Pollock NJ, Ouédraogo AM, Trocmé N, Hovdestad W, Miskie A, Crompton L, Campeau A, Tanaka M, Zhang C, Laprise C, Tonmyr L. Rates of out-of-home care among children in Canada: an analysis of national administrative child welfare data. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2024; 44:152-165. [PMID: 38353943 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.44.4.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a part of the public health approach to child welfare, data about children placed in out-of-home care are needed to assess population trends, understand drivers of social and health inequities, and examine outcomes for children and families. We analyzed administrative data from Canada to describe the population of children in out-of-home care, and estimate and compare rates of out-of-home care by province/territory, year, sex/gender, age group and placement type. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of point-in-time data from all provinces and territories for the period 2013/2014 to 2021/2022. We used frequencies and percentages to describe the population of children (and youth up to age 21 years) in out-of-home care and estimated overall and stratified rates and rate ratios. RESULTS An estimated 61 104 children in Canada were in out-of-home care on 31 March 2022. The national rate of out-of-home care was 8.24 children per 1000 population. Rate variations by province/territory were substantial and changed over time. Rates were highest among males and children aged 1 to 3 and 16 to 17 years. Foster homes were the most common type of placement, although kinship homes accounted for an increasing share. CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrated that administrative data can be used to generate national indicators about children involved in the child welfare system. These data can be used for tracking progress towards health and social equity for children and youth in Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Pollock
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Arctic and Subarctic Studies, Labrador Campus, Memorial University, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Ouédraogo
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nico Trocmé
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wendy Hovdestad
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Miskie
- Ministry of Children and Family Services, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lindsay Crompton
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimée Campeau
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy Zhang
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudie Laprise
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- École de santé publique, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campeau A, Tanaka M, McTavish JR, MacMillan H, McKee C, Hovdestad WE, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO, Stewart-Tufescu A, Tonmyr L. Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063905. [PMID: 36410827 PMCID: PMC9680163 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents' safety and minimise potential distress. DESIGN We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available). RESULTS Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents. CONCLUSIONS Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Campeau
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill R McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy E Hovdestad
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Lil Tonmyr
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Campeau A, Champagne AS, McFaull SR. Sentinel surveillance of substance-related self-harm in Canadian emergency departments, 2011 - 19. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:974. [PMID: 35568831 PMCID: PMC9107222 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-harm is a public health concern that can result in serious injury or death. This study provides an overview of emergency department (ED) visits for patients presenting with substance-related self-harm. Methods Cases of self-harm in the electronic Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (eCHIRPP) database were extracted (April 2011 to September 2019; N = 15,682), using various search strategies to identify substance-related self-harm cases for patients 10 years and older. Cases involving alcohol, cannabis, illicit drugs, or medications (or any combinations of these) were included. Additional variables, including age and sex, location and the severity of injury (hospital admission) were examined. Proportionate injury ratios (PIR) were used to compare emergency department outcomes of self-harm and unintentional injuries involving substance use. Time trends were quantified using Joinpoint regression. For cases requiring hospital admission, text fields were analyzed for contextual factors. Results A total of 9470 substance-related self-harm cases were reported (28.1% of all intentional injury cases), representing 820.0 records per 100,000 eCHIRPP records. While age patterns for both sexes were similar, the number of cases for females was significantly higher among 15-19 year olds. Over half (55%) of cases that identified substance type involved medications, followed by multi-type substance use (19.8%). In the ED, there were proportionally more treatments, observations, and admissions presenting with substance-related self-harm compared to substance-related unintentional injury cases. Among those aged 20+ years, a statistically significant increasing trend of 15.9% per year was observed, while among those aged 10-19 years a significant annual percent change of 16.9% was noted (2011 to 2019). Text field analysis demonstrated suicide attempt or ideation was a reoccurring theme among all age groups. Poor mental health status or conflict with family or an intimate partner were reported stressors, depending on age group. Additional self-harming injuries, such as cutting, were reported among all age groups. Conclusion Our study found that hospital admission for substance-related self-harm was highest for patients aged 15-19 years, especially females, and that they were more likely to use medications. The statistically significant increasing trend of cases found between 2011 and 2019 is notable. Patients showed multiple types of adversities, demonstrating the complexity of this issue.
Collapse
|
4
|
Campeau A, Vachon D, Bishop K, Nilsson MB, Wallin MB. Autumn destabilization of deep porewater CO 2 store in a northern peatland driven by turbulent diffusion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6857. [PMID: 34824219 PMCID: PMC8616934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep porewater of northern peatlands stores large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). This store is viewed as a stable feature in the peatland CO2 cycle. Here, we report large and rapid fluctuations in deep porewater CO2 concentration recurring every autumn over four consecutive years in a boreal peatland. Estimates of the vertical diffusion of heat indicate that CO2 diffusion occurs at the turbulent rather than molecular rate. The weakening of porewater thermal stratification in autumn likely increases turbulent diffusion, thus fostering a rapid diffusion of deeper porewater CO2 towards the surface where net losses occur. This phenomenon periodically decreases the peat porewater CO2 store by between 29 and 90 g C m-2 throughout autumn, which is comparable to the peatland's annual C-sink. Our results establish the need to consider the role of turbulent diffusion in regularly destabilizing the CO2 store in peat porewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Campeau
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Air, Water and Landscape, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - D Vachon
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - K Bishop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M B Wallin
- Department of Air, Water and Landscape, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campeau A, Qadri S, Barakat F, Williams G, Hovdestad W, Shahid M, Lary T. At-a-glance - The Child Maltreatment Surveillance Indicator Framework. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2020; 40:58-61. [PMID: 32049467 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.40.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The federal health portfolio has conducted surveillance on child maltreatment as a public health issue since the 1990s. The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is now releasing the Child Maltreatment Indicator Framework, to take its place alongside other PHAC frameworks, such as the Suicide Surveillance Indicator Framework. Based on a scoping review of existing reviews and meta-analyses, this Framework, along with the online interactive data tool, presents child maltreatment outcome indicators and risk and protective factors at the individual, family, community and societal levels, disaggregated by sex, age and other sociodemographic variables. This Framework will function as a valuable resource pertaining to an issue that affects at least one in three Canadian adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Campeau
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Farah Barakat
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Maaz Shahid
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Lary
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campeau A, Bishop K, Amvrosiadi N, Billett MF, Garnett MH, Laudon H, Öquist MG, Wallin MB. Current forest carbon fixation fuels stream CO 2 emissions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1876. [PMID: 31015439 PMCID: PMC6478898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stream CO2 emissions contribute significantly to atmospheric climate forcing. While there are strong indications that groundwater inputs sustain these emissions, the specific biogeochemical pathways and timescales involved in this lateral CO2 export are still obscure. Here, via an extensive radiocarbon (14C) characterisation of CO2 and DOC in stream water and its groundwater sources in an old-growth boreal forest, we demonstrate that the 14C-CO2 is consistently in tune with the current atmospheric 14C-CO2 level and shows little association with the 14C-DOC in the same waters. Our findings thus indicate that stream CO2 emissions act as a shortcut that returns CO2 recently fixed by the forest vegetation to the atmosphere. Our results expose a positive feedback mechanism within the C budget of forested catchments, where stream CO2 emissions will be highly sensitive to changes in forest C allocation patterns associated with climate and land-use changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Campeau
- Department of Earth Sciences: Air, Water and Landscape, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - K Bishop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - N Amvrosiadi
- Department of Earth Sciences: Air, Water and Landscape, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M F Billett
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - M H Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon Facility, Scottish Enterprise Technology Par, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 0QF, Scotland, UK
| | - H Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M G Öquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M B Wallin
- Department of Earth Sciences: Air, Water and Landscape, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hovdestad W, Campeau A, Potter D, Tonmyr L. A systematic review of childhood maltreatment assessments in population-representative surveys since 1990. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123366. [PMID: 25993481 PMCID: PMC4436275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-representative surveys that assess childhood maltreatment and health are a valuable resource to explore the implications of child maltreatment for population health. Systematic identification and evaluation of such surveys is needed to facilitate optimal use of their data and to inform future research. OBJECTIVES To inform researchers of the existence and nature of population-representative surveys relevant to understanding links between childhood maltreatment and health; to evaluate the assessment of childhood maltreatment in this body of work. METHODS We included surveys that: 1) were representative of the non-institutionalized population of any size nation or of any geopolitical region ≥ 10 million people; 2) included a broad age range (≥ 40 years); 3) measured health; 4) assessed childhood maltreatment retrospectively; and 5) were conducted since 1990. We used Internet and database searching (including CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Social Policy and Practice: January 1990 to March 2014), expert consultation, and other means to identify surveys and associated documentation. Translations of non-English survey content were verified by fluent readers of survey languages. We developed checklists to abstract and evaluate childhood maltreatment content. RESULTS Fifty-four surveys from 39 countries met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 1,287-51,945 and response rates from 15%-96%. Thirteen surveys assessed neglect, 15 emotional abuse; 18 exposure to family violence; 26 physical abuse; 48 sexual abuse. Fourteen surveys assessed more than three types; six of these were conducted since 2010. In nine surveys childhood maltreatment assessments were detailed (+10 items for at least one type of maltreatment). Seven surveys' assessments had known reliability and/or validity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Data from 54 surveys can be used to explore the population health relevance of child maltreatment. Assessment of childhood maltreatment is not comprehensive but there is evidence of recent improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Hovdestad
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Lil Tonmyr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tonmyr L, Jack SM, Brooks S, Williams G, Campeau A, Dudding P. Utilization of the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect by child welfare agencies in Ontario. Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 33:29-37. [PMID: 23294919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyze how child maltreatment surveillance data from the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (CIS) is used by senior child welfare decision makers. METHODS This triangulation mixed-methods study included quantitative and qualitative methods to facilitate an in-depth exploration from multiple perspectives. We interviewed Ontario child welfare decision makers to measure utilization of the CIS in policy development. RESULTS The majority of respondents were aware of the CIS data. Decision makers reported using these data to determine resource allocation, understand reported maltreatment trends and validate findings at their own agencies. Urban agencies used the data more than did rural agencies. CONCLUSION This study is the first to triangulate data to understand and improve utilization of child maltreatment surveillance data. The study participants indicated considerable appreciation of the data and also provided ideas for improvements across the surveillance cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tonmyr
- Injury and Child Maltreatment Section, Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scene management is a critically important aspect of paramedic practice but, to date, there has been no formal research in this area. OBJECTIVE To generate a substantive theory of paramedic scene management practice. METHOD A grounded theory methodology was used to conduct a qualitative inquiry that involved interviewing paramedics concerning their approach to scene management. Paramedics were selected from rural, suburban and urban settings and were categorised by competence level as novice, experienced and expert. RESULTS A theory was generated that describes how paramedics coordinate key specific social processes to establish "space control" at the scene. CONCLUSION This study introduces the first formal theory of paramedic scene management and suggests that recognition of this aspect of practice will improve both pre- and in-service educational programming and assist with medical quality assurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Campeau
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Emergency Health Services Branch, 6th Floor, 5700 Yonge Street, North York, Ontario, Canada M2M 4K5.
| |
Collapse
|