1
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Kirshenbaum GS, Chang CY, Bompolaki M, Bradford VR, Bell J, Kosmidis S, Shansky RM, Orlandi J, Savage LM, Harris AZ, David Leonardo E, Dranovsky A. Adult-born neurons maintain hippocampal cholinergic inputs and support working memory during aging. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5337-5349. [PMID: 37479778 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is reduced during aging and impaired in disorders of stress, memory, and cognition though its normal function remains unclear. Moreover, a systems level understanding of how a small number of young hippocampal neurons could dramatically influence brain function is lacking. We examined whether adult neurogenesis sustains hippocampal connections cumulatively across the life span. Long-term suppression of neurogenesis as occurs during stress and aging resulted in an accelerated decline in hippocampal acetylcholine signaling and a slow and progressing emergence of profound working memory deficits. These deficits were accompanied by compensatory reorganization of cholinergic dentate gyrus inputs with increased cholinergic innervation to the ventral hippocampus and recruitment of ventrally projecting neurons by the dorsal projection. While increased cholinergic innervation was dysfunctional and corresponded to overall decreases in cholinergic levels and signaling, it could be recruited to correct the resulting memory dysfunction even in old animals. Our study demonstrates that hippocampal neurogenesis supports memory by maintaining the septohippocampal cholinergic circuit across the lifespan. It also provides a systems level explanation for the progressive nature of memory deterioration during normal and pathological aging and indicates that the brain connectome is malleable by experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer S Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Chia-Yuan Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maria Bompolaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Victoria R Bradford
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joseph Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Rebecca M Shansky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Savage
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - E David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Alex Dranovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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2
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Harris AZ, Padilla-Coreano N. How loss of social status affects the brain. Nature 2023; 615:399-401. [PMID: 36882541 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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3
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Canetta SE, Holt ES, Benoit LJ, Teboul E, Sahyoun GM, Ogden RT, Harris AZ, Kellendonk C. Mature parvalbumin interneuron function in prefrontal cortex requires activity during a postnatal sensitive period. eLife 2022; 11:80324. [PMID: 36576777 PMCID: PMC9797185 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In their seminal findings, Hubel and Wiesel identified sensitive periods in which experience can exert lasting effects on adult visual cortical functioning and behavior via transient changes in neuronal activity during development. Whether comparable sensitive periods exist for non-sensory cortices, such as the prefrontal cortex, in which alterations in activity determine adult circuit function and behavior is still an active area of research. Here, using mice we demonstrate that inhibition of prefrontal parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons during the juvenile and adolescent period, results in persistent impairments in adult prefrontal circuit connectivity, in vivo network function, and behavioral flexibility that can be reversed by targeted activation of PV interneurons in adulthood. In contrast, reversible suppression of PV interneuron activity in adulthood produces no lasting effects. These findings identify an activity-dependent sensitive period for prefrontal circuit maturation and highlight how abnormal PV interneuron activity during development alters adult prefrontal circuit function and cognitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Canetta
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Emma S Holt
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Laura J Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Eric Teboul
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Gabriella M Sahyoun
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
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4
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Duque-Quintero M, Hooijmans CR, Hurowitz A, Ahmed A, Barris B, Homberg JR, Hen R, Harris AZ, Balsam P, Atsak P. Enduring effects of early-life adversity on reward processes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104849. [PMID: 36116576 PMCID: PMC10729999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-thirds of individuals experience adversity during childhood such as neglect, abuse or highly-stressful events. Early-life adversity (ELA) increases the life-long risk of developing mood and substance use disorders. Reward-related deficits has emerged as a key endophenotype of such psychiatric disorders. Animal models are invaluable for studying how ELA leads to reward deficits. However, the existing literature is heterogenous with difficult to reconcile findings. To create an overview, we conducted a systematic review containing multiple meta-analyses regarding the effects of ELA on reward processes overall and on specific aspects of reward processing in animal models. A comprehensive search identified 120 studies. Most studies omitted key details resulting in unclear risk of bias. Overall meta-analysis showed that ELA significantly reduced reward behaviors (SMD: -0.42 [-0.60; -0.24]). The magnitude of ELA effects significantly increased with longer exposure. When reward domains were analyzed separately, ELA only significantly dampened reward responsiveness (SMD: -0.525[-0.786; -0.264]) and social reward processing (SMD: -0.374 [-0.663; -0.084]), suggesting that ELA might lead to deficits in specific reward domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Duque-Quintero
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hurowitz
- Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA
| | - Afsana Ahmed
- Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ben Barris
- Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Hen
- Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter Balsam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Stress affects many brain regions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is critically involved in reward processing. Excessive stress can reduce reward-seeking behaviors but also exacerbate substance use disorders, two seemingly contradictory outcomes. Recent research has revealed that the VTA is a heterogenous structure with diverse populations of efferents and afferents serving different functions. Stress has correspondingly diverse effects on VTA neuron activity, tending to decrease lateral VTA dopamine (DA) neuron activity, while increasing medial VTA DA and GABA neuron activity. Here we review the differential effects of stress on the activity of these distinct VTA neuron populations and how they contribute to decreases in reward-seeking behavior or increases in drug self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Lowes
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Z. Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
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6
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Han J, Andreu V, Langreck C, Pekarskaya EA, Grinnell SG, Allain F, Magalong V, Pintar J, Kieffer BL, Harris AZ, Javitch JA, Hen R, Nautiyal KM. Mu opioid receptors on hippocampal GABAergic interneurons are critical for the antidepressant effects of tianeptine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1387-1397. [PMID: 34593976 PMCID: PMC9117297 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The recent discovery that tianeptine is a mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist has provided a potential avenue for expanding our understanding of antidepressant treatment beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Thus, our studies aim to understand the neural circuits underlying tianeptine's antidepressant effects. We show that tianeptine induces rapid antidepressant-like effects in mice after as little as one week of treatment. Critically, we also demonstrate that tianeptine's mechanism of action is distinct from fluoxetine in two important aspects: (1) tianeptine requires MORs for its chronic antidepressant-like effect, while fluoxetine does not, and (2) unlike fluoxetine, tianeptine does not promote hippocampal neurogenesis. Using cell-type specific MOR knockouts we further show that MOR expression on GABAergic cells-specifically somatostatin-positive neurons-is necessary for the acute and chronic antidepressant-like responses to tianeptine. Using central infusion of tianeptine, we also implicate the ventral hippocampus as a potential site of antidepressant action. Moreover, we show a dissociation between the antidepressant-like phenotype and other opioid-like phenotypes resulting from acute tianeptine administration such as analgesia, conditioned place preference, and hyperlocomotion. Taken together, these results suggest a novel entry point for understanding what circuit dysregulations may occur in depression, as well as possible targets for the development of new classes of antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaena Han
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Valentine Andreu
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Cory Langreck
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Pekarskaya
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Steven G. Grinnell
- grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Florence Allain
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Valerie Magalong
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - John Pintar
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Brigitte L. Kieffer
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Alexander Z. Harris
- grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA ,grid.413734.60000 0000 8499 1112Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - René Hen
- Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Katherine M. Nautiyal
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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7
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Benoit LJ, Holt ES, Posani L, Fusi S, Harris AZ, Canetta S, Kellendonk C. Adolescent thalamic inhibition leads to long-lasting impairments in prefrontal cortex function. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:714-725. [PMID: 35590075 PMCID: PMC9202412 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cortical maturation is a postulated mechanism in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. In the sensory cortex, activity relayed by the thalamus during a postnatal sensitive period is essential for proper cortical maturation. Whether thalamic activity also shapes prefrontal cortical maturation is unknown. We show that inhibiting the mediodorsal and midline thalamus in mice during adolescence leads to a long-lasting decrease in thalamo-prefrontal projection density and reduced excitatory drive to prefrontal neurons. It also caused prefrontal-dependent cognitive deficits during adulthood associated with disrupted prefrontal cross-correlations and task outcome encoding. Thalamic inhibition during adulthood had no long-lasting consequences. Exciting the thalamus in adulthood during a cognitive task rescued prefrontal cross-correlations, task outcome encoding and cognitive deficits. These data point to adolescence as a sensitive window of thalamocortical circuit maturation. Furthermore, by supporting prefrontal network activity, boosting thalamic activity provides a potential therapeutic strategy for rescuing cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Benoit
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emma S. Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Lorenzo Posani
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Stefano Fusi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027,Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Alexander Z. Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Sarah Canetta
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Chohan MO, Kopelman JM, Yueh H, Fazlali Z, Greene N, Harris AZ, Balsam PD, Leonardo ED, Kramer ER, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Ahmari SE. Developmental impact of glutamate transporter overexpression on dopaminergic neuron activity and stereotypic behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1515-1526. [PMID: 35058566 PMCID: PMC9106836 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition that often begins in childhood. Genetic studies in OCD have pointed to SLC1A1, which encodes the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3, with evidence suggesting that increased expression contributes to risk. In mice, midbrain Slc1a1 expression supports repetitive behavior in response to dopaminergic agonists, aligning with neuroimaging and pharmacologic challenge studies that have implicated the dopaminergic system in OCD. These findings suggest that Slc1a1 may contribute to compulsive behavior through altered dopaminergic transmission; however, this theory has not been mechanistically tested. To examine the developmental impact of Slc1a1 overexpression on compulsive-like behaviors, we, therefore, generated a novel mouse model to perform targeted, reversible overexpression of Slc1a1 in dopaminergic neurons. Mice with life-long overexpression of Slc1a1 showed a significant increase in amphetamine (AMPH)-induced stereotypy and hyperlocomotion. Single-unit recordings demonstrated that Slc1a1 overexpression was associated with increased firing of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, dLight1.1 fiber photometry showed that these behavioral abnormalities were associated with increased dorsal striatum dopamine release. In contrast, no impact of overexpression was observed on anxiety-like behaviors or SKF-38393-induced grooming. Importantly, overexpression solely in adulthood failed to recapitulate these behavioral phenotypes, suggesting that overexpression during development is necessary to generate AMPH-induced phenotypes. However, doxycycline-induced reversal of Slc1a1/EAAT3 overexpression in adulthood normalized both the increased dopaminergic firing and AMPH-induced responses. These data indicate that the pathologic effects of Slc1a1/EAAT3 overexpression on dopaminergic neurotransmission and AMPH-induced stereotyped behavior are developmentally mediated, and support normalization of EAAT3 activity as a potential treatment target for basal ganglia-mediated repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad O. Chohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared M. Kopelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Yueh
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeinab Fazlali
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Greene
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Z. Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter D. Balsam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E. David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edgar R. Kramer
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Susanne E. Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Ibarra-Lecue I, Haegens S, Harris AZ. Breaking Down a Rhythm: Dissecting the Mechanisms Underlying Task-Related Neural Oscillations. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:846905. [PMID: 35310550 PMCID: PMC8931663 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.846905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A century worth of research has linked multiple cognitive, perceptual and behavioral states to various brain oscillations. However, the mechanistic roles and circuit underpinnings of these oscillations remain an area of active study. In this review, we argue that the advent of optogenetic and related systems neuroscience techniques has shifted the field from correlational to causal observations regarding the role of oscillations in brain function. As a result, studying brain rhythms associated with behavior can provide insight at different levels, such as decoding task-relevant information, mapping relevant circuits or determining key proteins involved in rhythmicity. We summarize recent advances in this field, highlighting the methods that are being used for this purpose, and discussing their relative strengths and limitations. We conclude with promising future approaches that will help unravel the functional role of brain rhythms in orchestrating the repertoire of complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ibarra-Lecue
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Saskia Haegens
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Lowes DC, Harris AZ. Early to beta and neuronally precocial makes a mouse have weak gamma and be less social. Neuron 2021; 109:1250-1252. [PMID: 33887190 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Bitzenhofer et al. show that transiently stimulating the prefrontal cortex during a brief critical window early in development causes precocious maturation and lasting deleterious consequences on circuit activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Lowes
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Systems Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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11
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Abbas AI, Sundiang MJM, Henoch B, Morton MP, Bolkan SS, Park AJ, Harris AZ, Kellendonk C, Gordon JA. Somatostatin Interneurons Facilitate Hippocampal-Prefrontal Synchrony and Prefrontal Spatial Encoding. Neuron 2018; 100:926-939.e3. [PMID: 30318409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreased hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony may mediate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, but it remains unclear which cells orchestrate this long-range synchrony. Parvalbumin (PV)- and somatostatin (SOM)-expressing interneurons show histological abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia and are hypothesized to regulate oscillatory synchrony within the prefrontal cortex. To examine the relationship between interneuron function, long-range hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony, and cognition, we optogenetically inhibited SOM and PV neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice performing a spatial working memory task while simultaneously recording neural activity in the mPFC and the hippocampus (HPC). We found that inhibiting SOM, but not PV, interneurons during the encoding phase of the task impaired working memory accuracy. This behavioral impairment was associated with decreased hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony and impaired spatial encoding in mPFC neurons. These findings suggest that interneuron dysfunction may contribute to cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia by disrupting long-range synchrony between the HPC and PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheir I Abbas
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marina J M Sundiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Britt Henoch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mitchell P Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott S Bolkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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12
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Harris AZ, Atsak P, Bretton ZH, Holt ES, Alam R, Morton MP, Abbas AI, Leonardo ED, Bolkan SS, Hen R, Gordon JA. A Novel Method for Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Female Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1276-1283. [PMID: 29090682 PMCID: PMC5916350 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Historically, preclinical stress studies have often omitted female subjects, despite evidence that women have higher rates of anxiety and depression. In rodents, many stress susceptibility and resilience studies have focused on males as one commonly used paradigm-chronic social defeat stress-has proven challenging to implement in females. We report a new version of the social defeat paradigm that works in female mice. By applying male odorants to females to increase resident male aggressive behavior, we find that female mice undergo repeated social defeat stress and develop social avoidance, decreased sucrose preference, and decreased time in the open arms of the elevated plus maze relative to control mice. Moreover, a subset of the female mice in this paradigm display resilience, maintaining control levels of social exploration and sucrose preference. This method produces comparable results to those obtained in male mice and will greatly facilitate studying female stress susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zachary H Bretton
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma S Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raisa Alam
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell P Morton
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Atheir I Abbas
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - E David Leonardo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Scott S Bolkan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Harris AZ, Golder D, Likhtik E. Multisite Electrophysiology Recordings in Mice to Study Cross-Regional Communication During Anxiety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 80:8.40.1-8.40.21. [PMID: 28678397 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recording neural activity in awake, freely moving mice is a powerful and flexible technique for dissecting the neural circuit mechanisms underlying pathological behavior. This unit describes protocols for designing a drive and recording single neurons and local field potentials during anxiety-related paradigms. We also include protocols for integrating pharmacologic and optogenetic means for circuit manipulations, which, when combined with electrophysiological recordings, demonstrate input-specific and cell-specific contributions to circuit-wide activity. We discuss the planning, execution, and troubleshooting of physiology experiments during anxiety-like behavior. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Danielle Golder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York City, New York
| | - Ekaterina Likhtik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, CUNY, New York City, New York.,CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York City, New York
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14
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Bolkan SS, Stujenske JM, Parnaudeau S, Spellman TJ, Rauffenbart C, Abbas AI, Harris AZ, Gordon JA, Kellendonk C. Thalamic projections sustain prefrontal activity during working memory maintenance. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:987-996. [PMID: 28481349 PMCID: PMC5501395 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mediodorsal thalamus (MD) shares reciprocal connectivity with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and decreased MD-PFC connectivity is observed in schizophrenia patients. Patients also display cognitive deficits including impairments in working memory, but a mechanistic link between thalamo-prefrontal circuit function and working memory is missing. Using pathway-specific inhibition, we found directional interactions between mouse MD and medial PFC (mPFC), with MD-to-mPFC supporting working memory maintenance and mPFC-to-MD supporting subsequent choice. We further identify mPFC neurons that display elevated spiking during the delay, a feature that was absent on error trials and required MD inputs for sustained maintenance. Strikingly, delay-tuned neurons had minimal overlap with spatially tuned neurons, and each mPFC population exhibited mutually exclusive dependence on MD and hippocampal inputs. These findings indicate a role for MD in sustaining prefrontal activity during working memory maintenance. Consistent with this idea, we found that enhancing MD excitability was sufficient to enhance task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Bolkan
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Stujenske
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sebastien Parnaudeau
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UM119, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Paris, France
| | - Timothy J Spellman
- Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Rauffenbart
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Atheir I Abbas
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health, Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Abstract
Long-range synchrony between distant brain regions accompanies multiple forms of behavior. This review compares and contrasts the methods by which long-range synchrony is evaluated in both humans and model animals. Three examples of behaviorally relevant long-range synchrony are discussed in detail: gamma-frequency synchrony during visual perception, hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony during working memory, and prefrontal-amygdala synchrony during anxiety. Implications for circuit mechanism, translation, and clinical relevance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Z Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; ,
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16
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Likhtik E, Stujenske JM, Topiwala MA, Harris AZ, Gordon JA. Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2013; 17:106-13. [PMID: 24241397 PMCID: PMC4035371 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Successfully differentiating safety from danger is an essential skill for survival. While decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is associated with fear generalization in animals and humans, the circuit-level mechanisms used by the mPFC to discern safety are not clear. To answer this question, we recorded activity in the mPFC, basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal and ventral hippocampus in mice during exposure to learned (differential fear conditioning) and innate (open field) anxiety. We found increased synchrony between the mPFC and BLA in the theta frequency range (4-12 Hz) only in animals that differentiated between averseness and safety. Moreover, during recognized safety across learned and innate protocols, BLA firing became entrained to theta input from the mPFC. These data suggest that selective tuning of BLA firing to mPFC input provides a safety-signaling mechanism whereby the mPFC taps into the microcircuitry of the amygdala to diminish fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Likhtik
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Stujenske
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mihir A Topiwala
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Z Harris
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. [3] Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [2] Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Kanofsky JD, Woesner ME, Harris AZ, Kelleher JP, Gittens K, Jerschow E. A case of acute renal failure in a patient recently treated with clozapine and a review of previously reported cases. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2011; 13:PCC.10br01091. [PMID: 21977363 PMCID: PMC3184555 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.10br01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine has been reported to cause acute renal failure due to acute interstitial nephritis. We discuss a case of clozapine-induced acute renal failure and compare it to 7 other cases reported in the literature. We review the signs and symptoms of the hypersensitivity response, such as fever and eosinophilia, caused by clozapine and make recommendations for early detection. Early detection and prompt discontinuation of clozapine can prevent renal damage, as can the avoidance of other nephrotoxic drugs like antibiotics.
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Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation may promote cell survival or initiate cell death, with the outcome dependent on whether synaptic or extrasynaptic receptors are activated. Similarly, this differential activation has been proposed to govern the direction of plasticity. However, the physiological parameters necessary to activate extrasynaptic NMDARs in brain slices remain unknown. Using the irreversible use-dependent NMDAR antagonist MK-801 to isolate extrasynaptic NMDARs, we have tested the ability of short-stimulation trains from 5 to 400 Hz to activate these receptors on CA1 hippocampal slice pyramidal neurons. Frequencies as low as 25 Hz engage extrasynaptic NMDARs, with maximal activation at frequencies between 100 and 200 Hz. Since similar bursts of synaptic input occur during exploratory behavior in rats, our results demonstrate that "extrasynaptic" NMDARs regularly participate in synaptic transmission. Further, 175-Hz-stimulation trains activate all available synaptic and extrasynaptic dendritic NMDARs, suggesting these NMDARs act as synaptic receptors as needed, transiently increasing synaptic strength. Thus extrasynaptic NMDARs play a vital role in synaptic physiology, calling into question their status as "extrasynaptic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Z Harris
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation can trigger both long- and short-term plasticity, promote cell survival, and initiate cell death. A number of studies suggest that the consequences of NMDAR activation can vary widely depending on whether synaptic or extrasynaptic receptors are activated. Here we have examined the spatial distribution of NMDARs of CA1 pyramidal neurons in acutely dissected hippocampal slices. Using a physiological definition of extrasynaptic receptors as those not accessible to single release events, we find that extrasynaptic NMDARs comprise a substantial proportion of the dendritic NMDAR pool (36%). This pool of extrasynaptic NMDARs is stable and does not shuttle into the synaptic receptor pool, as we observe no recovery of synaptic current after MK-801 synaptic blockade and washout. The subunit composition of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptor pools is similar at 3 weeks of age, with NR2B subunits present in both compartments. NR2B receptors are not enriched in the extrasynaptic compartment. Our data suggest that any role played by extrasynaptic NMDARs in synaptic transmission is dictated by their subcellular location rather than their subunit composition or mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Z Harris
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, K426, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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21
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Abstract
Hippocampal interneuron activity has been linked to epileptogenesis, seizures and the oscillatory synaptic activity detected in behaving rats. Interneurons fire at specific times in the rhythmic cycles that comprise these oscillations; however, the mechanisms controlling these firing patterns remain unclear. We have examined the role of synaptic input in modulating the firing of spontaneously active rat hippocampal interneurons. We find that synaptic glutamate receptor currents of 20-30 pA increase instantaneous firing frequency and reset the phase of spontaneously firing CA1 stratum oriens interneurons. Kainate receptor (KAR)-mediated currents are particularly effective at producing this phase reset, while AMPA receptor currents are relatively ineffective. The efficacy of KAR-mediated currents is probably due to their 3-fold longer decay. Given the small amplitude of the currents needed for this phase reset, coincident activation of only a few KAR-containing synapses could synchronize firing in groups of interneurons. These data suggest that KARs are potent modulators of circuit behaviour and their activation alters hippocampal interneuron output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., K426, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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22
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Abstract
Interneuron kainate receptor (KAR) activation regulates normal network activity and modulates cell excitability. As a result, determining the subcellular distribution of KARs in a cell-specific manner is a necessary step toward understanding their role in network function. We have functionally mapped synaptic and extrasynaptic dendritic KARs on hippocampal oriens interneurons using local photolysis of caged glutamate. We find that the majority of trilaminar and oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) cells have uniform and continuous current densities along the lengths of their dendrites. However, there is a subpopulation of interneurons that have no KAR currents or currents exclusively at "hot spots" on the soma and dendrites. Finally, bistratified cells have KAR currents on all dendrites except those extending into the stratum radiatum. Thus KARs are functionally distributed in a cell-specific and cell-independent manner that may reflect the physiologically distinct roles they play in the hippocampal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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