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Identification of risk factors for ewe mortality during the pregnancy and lambing period in extensively managed flocks. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:257. [PMID: 38053208 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ewe mortality during pregnancy and lambing is an issue for sheep producers globally, resulting in reduced productivity and profitability, compromised ewe welfare, and poor consumer perception. Despite these negative consequences, there was little investigation into factors associated with ewe death during this time. Therefore, this study aimed to assess associations between ewe body condition score (BCS), weight, reproductive parameters, and risk of mortality during pregnancy and lambing. METHODS Four cohorts from three commercial New Zealand farms participated, with 13,142 ewe lambs enrolled and followed over time. Data were collected for five consecutive lambings. Visits aligned with key on-farm management times, specifically: prior to breeding, at pregnancy diagnosis (PD), prior to lambing (set-stocking), and, at weaning of their lambs. At each visit, ewes were weighed, BCS assessed and reproductive status was recorded when relevant (litter size at PD and lactation status after lambing). Ewes that died or were culled were recorded, and any ewes that were absent from consecutive visits were presumed dead. Logistic regressions were developed to assess the relationship between weight and BCS at each visit, PD result (single or multiple-bearing) and lactation status (wet or dry) in each year, and, risk of mortality during the pregnancy and lambing period in each year. RESULTS In the PD to weaning period, mortality incidence ranged from 6.3 to 6.9% for two-tooth (18-months-old at breeding) to mixed-age (54-months-old at breeding) ewes. For ewe lambs (7 to 8-months-old at breeding), mortality was 7.3% from set-stocking to weaning. Heavier ewe lambs at PD were less likely to die during lambing (OR: 0.978, p = 0.013), as were those with greater set-stocking BCS. In subsequent years, BCS was a predictor of ewe death, with odds of mortality greatest for ewes < BCS 2.5. Additionally, for poorer BCS ewes, increasing weight reduced risk of mortality, but there was no impact of increasing weight in greater BCS ewes. CONCLUSIONS This study identified risk factors associated with ewe mortality during the pregnancy and lambing period. Flock owners can use these to either cull at-risk ewes or proactively intervene to reduce likelihood of mortality, thereby improving flock productivity, profitability and welfare.
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A Tale of Two Institutions: COVID-19 Positive Rates in Asymptomatic Patients Pre-Screened for Spine Procedures and Surgeries in Los Angeles, California. Global Spine J 2023; 13:1865-1870. [PMID: 34870486 PMCID: PMC10556893 DOI: 10.1177/21925682211057489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an unprecedented global public health emergency. The aim of the current study was to report on COVID-19 rates in an asymptomatic population prior to undergoing spine procedures or surgeries at two large Los Angeles healthcare systems. METHODS Elective spine procedures and surgeries from May 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021 were included. Results from SARS-CoV-2 virus RT-PCR nasopharyngeal testing within 72 hours prior to elective spine procedures were recorded. Los Angeles County COVID-19 rates were calculated using data sets from Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. Chi-squared test and Stata/IC were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 4,062 spine procedures and surgeries were scheduled during this time period. Of these, 4,043 procedures and surgeries were performed, with a total of 19 patients testing positive. Nine positive patients were from UCLA, and 10 from USC. The overall rate of positive tests was low at .47% and reflected similarities with Los Angeles County COVID-19 rates over time. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that pre-procedure COVID-19 testing rates remains very low, and follows similar patterns of community rates. While pre-procedure testing increases the safety of elective procedures, universal COVID-19 pre-screening adds an additional barrier to receiving care for patients and increases cost of delivering care. A combination of pre-screening, pre-procedure self-quarantine, and consideration of overall community COVID-19 positivity rates should be further studied.
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Intraarticular Platelet Rich Plasma vs Corticosteroid Injections for Sacroiliac Joint Pain-a Double Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:1266-1271. [PMID: 34850180 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using stringent inclusion criteria, a double-blinded study protocol, and fluoroscopic guided injections, we compare intraarticular sacroiliac joint platelet rich plasma injections to intraarticular steroids. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized controlled trial. SETTING Two large university-based interdisciplinary spine centers. SUBJECTS 26 patients after positive diagnostic block (>80% relief). METHODS Subjects who a positive diagnostic block were randomized to either undergo a fluoroscopically-guided intra-articular injection of steroid or platelet rich plasma injection. Follow-up was at 1-month, 3 months, and 6-months. Outcomes included level of pain as indicated on a 0- to 100-mm Numeric Pain Rating Scale and functional disability score using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). RESULTS At one, three, and six months, both groups improved, however subjects who received steroid injections reported lower pain scores than subjects who received platelet rich plasma. Using categorical data, we observed significantly more responders (defined as pain scores which improved by 50% or more from baseline) at one and three months in the group that received steroids compared to the group that received platelet rich plasma. CONCLUSION While both groups showed improvements in pain and function, the steroid group had significantly greater response and significantly more responders than the PRP group.
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Assessing and visualising hazard impacts to enhance the resilience of Critical Infrastructures to urban flooding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136078. [PMID: 31874400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The design, construction and maintenance of Critical Infrastructures (CI) is commonly based on standards that are rigorous, so as to withstand any climate or weather-linked pressures. However, due to climate change, climate characteristics may shift, resulting in increased frequency/magnitude of potential failures, or exposure to new unknown risks. As vital components for the normal functioning of modern societies, the resilience of CIs under climate stressors encompasses their structural integrity, their operational elements, and their capacity to maximize business output. In this work, we propose an integrated and participatory methodological approach to enhance the resilience of interconnected CIs to urban flooding under climate change, by assessing the risk and introducing adaptation measures. The main objectives of the proposed methodology and approach are: (i) to provide scientific evidence for better understanding of how future climate regimes might affect normal operation of interconnected CI in urban areas during their lifespan; (ii) to assess the cost-effectiveness of different adaptation measures; (iii) to involve local stakeholders and operators in the co-design of the approach, as well as the assessment and the evaluation of adaptation measures; (iv) to combine computational modelling with advanced 3D visualisation techniques for effectively engaging stakeholders in decision making; (v) to include risk assessment and damage functions co-designed by end-users and local stakeholders; (vi) to integrate all of the aforementioned components in a specifically designed cloud platform as a Decision Support System for end-users, (vii) to validate the DSS by the end users and local stakeholders. The paper presents the computational background and tools. Additionally, it describes a Case Study in Torbay, UK, where the full methodology and the proposed participatory approach have been applied, with all the specifics, i.e., the scenarios of extreme flooding, the numerical and visualisation results, the response of the stakeholders and the evaluation of selected adaptation measures.
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Procedural Pain During Lumbar Medial Branch Blocks With and Without Skin Wheal Anesthesia: A Prospective Comparative Observational Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 20:779-783. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Ultrasonography has become an increasingly valuable and promising tool for performing image-guided spine interventions. The increase in the use of ultrasound utilization has led to more studies evaluating ultrasound-guided interventional spine procedures in comparison to fluoroscopy and computed tomography. Several studies have investigated the use of ultrasound for lumbosacral pain management procedures with favorable outcomes.
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Long-Term Effects of Repeated Injections of Local Anesthetic With or Without Corticosteroid for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Randomized Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 98:1499-1507.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Prediction of In-Phantom Dose Distribution Using In-Air Neutron Beam Characteristics for Boron Neutron Capture Synovectomy. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt00-a3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Calibration of a 1D/1D urban flood model using 1D/2D model results in the absence of field data. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2011; 64:1016-1024. [PMID: 22214046 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently increased flood events have been prompting researchers to improve existing coupled flood-models such as one-dimensional (1D)/1D and 1D/two-dimensional (2D) models. While 1D/1D models simulate sewer and surface networks using a one-dimensional approach, 1D/2D models represent the surface network by a two-dimensional surface grid. However their application raises two issues to urban flood modellers: (1) stormwater systems planning/emergency or risk analysis demands for fast models, and the 1D/2D computational time is prohibitive, (2) and the recognized lack of field data (e.g. Hunter et al. (2008)) causes difficulties for the calibration/validation of 1D/1D models. In this paper we propose to overcome these issues by calibrating a 1D/1D model with the results of a 1D/2D model. The flood-inundation results show that: (1) 1D/2D results can be used to calibrate faster 1D/1D models, (2) the 1D/1D model is able to map the 1D/2D flood maximum extent well, and the flooding limits satisfactorily in each time-step, (3) the 1D/1D model major differences are the instantaneous flow propagation and overestimation of the flood-depths within surface-ponds, (4) the agreement in the volume surcharged by both models is a necessary condition for the 1D surface-network validation and (5) the agreement of the manholes discharge shapes measures the fitness of the calibrated 1D surface-network.
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An analysis of the combined consequences of pluvial and fluvial flooding. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2010; 62:1491-1498. [PMID: 20935365 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intense rainfall in urban areas often generates both pluvial flooding due to the limited capacity of drainage systems, as well as fluvial flooding caused by deluges from river channels. The concurrence of pluvial and fluvial flooding can aggravate their (individual) potential damages. To analyse the impact caused by individual and composite type of flooding, the SIPSON/UIM model, an integrated 1D sewer and 2D overland flow was applied to numerical modelling. An event matrix of possible pluvial scenarios was combined with hypothetic overtopping and breaching situations to estimate the surface flooding consequences in the Stockbridge area, Keighley (Bradford, UK). The modelling results identified different flooding drivers in different parts of the study area and showed that the worst scenarios resulted from synthesised events.
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An integrated inundation model for highly developed urban areas. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2005; 51:221-229. [PMID: 15790247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A numerical model is developed in this study with various components for simulating the complex flow phenomena in urban drainage basins. The model integrates the HEC-1 model, a 1-D dynamic channel-flow model, a 2-D non-inertia overland-flow model and the SWMM model to reflect the hydraulic processes in areas with different characteristics. The inundation of underground infrastructure during flood is also considered in the model. The typhoon Nari event in 2001, which resulted in severe flood in downtown Taipei, is simulated by the model. The result is compared with the survey records of flooded areas, which reveals the storage effect of underground infrastrucures is significant to the simulation results of highly developed urban areas.
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Abstract
Ghrelin, a stomach-derived orexigenic hormone, has stimulated great interest as a potential target for obesity control. Pharmacological evidence indicates that ghrelin's effects on food intake are mediated by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) in the central nervous system. These include intracerebroventricular application of antibodies to neutralize NPY and AgRP, and the application of an NPY Y1 receptor antagonist, which blocks some of the orexigenic effects of ghrelin. Here we describe treatment of Agrp(-/-);Npy(-/-) and Mc3r(-/-);Mc4r(-/-) double knockout mice as well as Npy(-/-) and Agrp(-/-) single knockout mice with either ghrelin or an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin agonist. The data demonstrate that NPY and AgRP are required for the orexigenic effects of ghrelin, as well as the involvement of the melanocortin pathway in ghrelin signaling. Our results outline a functional interaction between the NPY and AgRP pathways. Although deletion of either NPY or AgRP caused only a modest or nondetectable effect, ablation of both ligands completely abolished the orexigenic action of ghrelin. Our results establish an in vivo orexigenic function for NPY and AgRP, mediating the effect of ghrelin.
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Characterization of SH2D1A missense mutations identified in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease patients. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:36809-16. [PMID: 11477068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101305200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by extreme susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus. The XLP disease gene product SH2D1A (SAP) interacts via its SH2 domain with a motif (TIYXXV) present in the cytoplasmic tail of the cell-surface receptors CD150/SLAM, CD84, CD229/Ly-9, and CD244/2B4. Characteristically, the SH2D1A three-pronged interaction with Tyr(281) of CD150 can occur in absence of phosphorylation. Here we analyze the effect of SH2D1A protein missense mutations identified in 10 XLP families. Two sets of mutants were found: (i) mutants with a marked decreased protein half-life (e.g. Y7C, S28R, Q99P, P101L, V102G, and X129R) and (ii) mutants with structural changes that differently affect the interaction with the four receptors. In the second group, mutations that disrupt the interaction between the SH2D1A hydrophobic cleft and Val +3 of its binding motif (e.g. T68I) and mutations that interfere with the SH2D1A phosphotyrosine-binding pocket (e.g. C42W) abrogated SH2D1A binding to all four receptors. Surprisingly, a mutation in SH2D1A able to interfere with Thr -2 of the CD150 binding motif (mutant T53I) severely impaired non-phosphotyrosine interactions while preserving unaffected the binding of SH2D1A to phosphorylated CD150. Mutant T53I, however, did not bind to CD229 and CD224, suggesting that SH2D1A controls several critical signaling pathways in T and natural killer cells. Because no correlation is present between identified types of mutations and XLP patient clinical presentation, additional unidentified genetic or environmental factors must play a strong role in XLP disease manifestations.
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Complex of polyelectrolyte network with surfactant as novel shape memory networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2001:1694-5. [PMID: 12240448 DOI: 10.1039/b100625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate)-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (P(AA-co-MMA)-C16TAB) complex has shape memory behavior due to the formation of crystalline aggregates among the long alkyl chains of C16TAB in the complex, and can be regarded as a novel shape memory network.
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Optimization of Beam-Shaping Assemblies for BNCS Using the High-Energy Neutron Sources D-D and D-T. NUCL TECHNOL 2001. [DOI: 10.13182/nt01-a3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
In traditional brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix, doses are often prescribed to specifically chosen points (A and B) and the normal tissue tolerance calculated at specific reference points in the bladder and rectum. These tolerance doses are often used to modify the brachytherapy treatment plan. It is inherently assumed that the position of the brachytherapy applicator does not change in relation to the relevant anatomical structures over the time-course of an implant. To assess the accuracy of this assumption, 2 sets of localization films were obtained for each implant in 28 patients, 1 prior to loading and another after the removal of the radioactive sources. Significant applicator movement and, consequently, significant dose variations were ob: served. Therefore, isolated one-time dose measurements to normal critical structures should not be used as the sole basis for making therapeutic decisions. The magnitude of dose variations and their clinical significant are discussed.
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Semisuperfluidity of 3He in aerogel? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:3456-3459. [PMID: 11030920 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2000] [Revised: 06/23/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
According to hydrodynamic, acoustic, and NMR studies the superfluid transition temperature of 3He in aerogel ( T(a)(c)) is significantly suppressed with respect to that of bulk 3He. We have found in the range of temperatures between T(c) and T(a)(c) a large and unexpected NMR satellite line attributable to the liquid inside the aerogel. We propose that this anomalous behavior of liquid 3He corresponds to a new type of superfluid ordering related to magnetic and possibly orbital coherence.
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Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat Genet 2000; 26:97-102. [PMID: 10973258 DOI: 10.1038/79254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and pharmacological studies have defined a role for the melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r) in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The physiological function of Mc3r, a melanocortin receptor expressed at high levels in the hypothalamus, has remained unknown. We evaluated the potential role of Mc3r in energy homeostasis by studying Mc3r-deficient (Mc3r(-/-)) mice and compared the functions of Mc3r and Mc4r in mice deficient for both genes. The 4-6-month Mc3r-/- mice have increased fat mass, reduced lean mass and higher feed efficiency than wild-type littermates, despite being hypophagic and maintaining normal metabolic rates. (Feed efficiency is the ratio of weight gain to food intake.) Consistent with increased fat mass, Mc3r(-/-) mice are hyperleptinaemic and male Mc3r(-/-) mice develop mild hyperinsulinaemia. Mc3r(-/-) mice did not have significantly altered corticosterone or total thyroxine (T4) levels. Mice lacking both Mc3r and Mc4r become significantly heavier than Mc4r(-/-) mice. We conclude that Mc3r and Mc4r serve non-redundant roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Body Temperature
- Body Weight
- Calorimetry
- Corticosterone/biosynthesis
- Feeding Behavior
- Female
- Genotype
- Glucose/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Hyperinsulinism/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization
- Insulin/biosynthesis
- Leptin/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Genetic
- Motor Activity
- Obesity/genetics
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Phenotype
- Protein Isoforms
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4
- Receptors, Corticotropin/chemistry
- Receptors, Corticotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin/physiology
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Thyroxine/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
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Clinical heterogeneity in autosomal dominant optic atrophy in two 3q28-qter linked central Illinois families. Genet Med 2000; 2:283-9. [PMID: 11399209 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200009000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant optic atrophy among two unrelated central Illinois families. METHODS Forty-three individuals from two pedigrees had complete eye examinations. Linkage analysis was performed with microsatellite markers from the region 3q28-29. RESULTS Visual acuity in 21 affected individuals ranged from 20/25 to 20/800. Vision loss was more severe in males than females (P = 0.02). Color vision testing revealed generalized dyschromatopsia. Both visual acuity and color vision deteriorated with age. Linkage was established to chromosome 3q28-29 (LODmax = 4.68 for D3S2305). CONCLUSION Autosomal dominant optic atrophy linked to chromosome 3q28-29 shows intrafamilial phenotypic variation as well as sex-influenced severity in two Midwestern families.
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A new power law for determination of total (125)I seed activity for ultrasound-guided prostate implants: clinical evaluations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47:1397-403. [PMID: 10889395 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intraoperative planning with peripheral loading approach is an important technique for ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate implant. In this paper a sphero-cylindrical dose model is described to generate a new power law or a look-up table for determination of the total (125)I activity required to deliver a prescription dose to a given prostate volume. METHODS AND MATERIALS Dose calculations were based on the new standards for (125)I seeds (model 6711) implemented by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1999. Using the sphero-cylindrical dose model with peripheral loading approach, a new power law for calculating total activity of radioactive iodine required to deliver a prescribed dose for the target volume was developed. Accounting for random variation of the seed positioning in the prostate and the current air-kerma strength standard of (125)I seeds, this new power law is formulated as follows: A (mCi) = 2.15 d (cm)(2.00) where A is apparent activity in mCi, or A (U) = 1. 69 d (cm)(2.00) where A is air-kerma strength in U, required to deliver a cumulative dose of 145 Gy to a prostate gland with an average dimension, d, in centimeters. RESULTS The efficacy of using the new power law in prostate implants was demonstrated. For clinical evaluations of this new power law, 40 patients were chosen in 1998. The average D(90) of these 40 patients was 172.0 Gy (SD +/- 29 Gy). This means that on the average, 90% of the target volume received was 172.0 Gy. The average coverage index (CI) in this study was 94.7 (SD +/- 4.7). As a result, 94.7% of the target volume received the prescription dose. The dose homogeneity index (HI) which measured the degree of the dose inhomogeneity was 0.38 (SD +/- 0.21). CONCLUSION This new and simple power law or a new mCi-volume look-up table for (125)I seed prostate implantation has been developed and formulated for clinical use. Clinical evaluations expressed in quantitative parameters such as D(90), CI, and HI in prostate implants have been thoroughly analyzed and clearly demonstrated the efficacy of this approach.
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Abstract
We evaluated the role of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4R) in the control of metabolic rate and food intake in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the non-selective MC-R agonist melanotan II (MT-II; a cyclic heptapeptide) increases metabolic rate in wildtype mice, while MC-4R knockout mice are insensitive to the effects of MT-II on metabolic rate. MC-4R knockout mice are also insensitive to the effects of MT-II on reducing food intake. We conclude that MC-4R can mediate control of both metabolic rate and food intake in mice. We infer that a role for MC-3R in mediating the acute effects of MT-II on basal metabolic rate and food intake in wildtype mice seems limited.
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Collected studies on interfaces and interphases as related to the behaviour of fibre-reinforced aluminium alloy composites. J Microsc 1999; 196:86-102. [PMID: 10540262 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper is an essentially practical treatment of interphases and interfaces and of their influence on the properties of a number of metal matrix composites (MMCs). The illustrations are drawn from the authors' experiences and have been chosen to underline the importance of detailed microstructural analysis for elucidating the fabrication behaviour and the mechanical performance of this group of materials. The work involves a series of MMCs based upon different combinations of aluminium alloy and ceramic/carbon fibre (both continuous and short) and made using the method of low-pressure liquid metal infiltration (LMI). Detailed analyses of the composite microstructures are given, with particular attention being paid to the interface regions. The data are used to categorize an interface according to the type of bond, that is a mechanical bond resulting from thermal mismatch between the fibre and metal matrix, or a chemical bond, with or without second phase, caused by chemical reaction. The information is then employed to account for aspects of composite fabrication, such as the cast microstructure produced by the LMI method and the effect of heat treatment, and to elucidate composite properties such as stiffness, yield stress and failure strength.
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Abstract
Constitutive expression of VEGF after implantation of genetically engineered myoblasts into non-ischemic muscle led to an increase in vascular structures. Previously, effects of VEGF delivery to adult muscle have only been reported in ischemic tissues. The resulting vascular structures were reminiscent of those formed during embryonic vasculogenesis, rather than angiogenesis, sprouting from preexisting vessels. Initially, VEGF caused an accumulation of endothelial cells and macrophages, followed by networks of vascular channels and hemangiomas with locally high serum VEGF levels. No effects were evident in adjacent tissue or contralateral legs, where low serum VEGF was detected. These data suggest that the induction by VEGF of angiogenesis or vasculogenesis may be dose-dependent. Furthermore, VEGF expression must be carefully modulated, as overexpression is deleterious.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Electrophysiologic evaluation has been suggested as a means of identifying prognostic factors for patients with fecal incontinence who undergo anal sphincter repair. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of anal sphincter repair in patients with documented pudendal neuropathy and to determine the usefulness of electrophysiologic studies for prognostication of sphincteroplasty. METHODS A retrospective review of a series of patients undergoing electrophysiologic studies and anterior anal sphincteroplasty was performed. Data collected included age, standardized incontinence scores (preoperative, immediately postoperative, and current follow-up), and results of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and monopolar electromyography. Outcomes of sphincteroplasty were designated as excellent, good, fair, or poor based on incontinence scores. Prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was defined as longer than 2.2 ms and elevated as unilateral or bilateral. RESULTS During the time period of the study (1991-1996), 15 patients had electrophysiologic studies and underwent sphincteroplasty. Twelve patients (80 percent) were available for follow-up and form the basis for this study. All patients were women, with a mean age of 45 +/- 18.6 (27-75) years and a mean follow-up of 49.7 +/- 18.6 (20.4-72.6) months. Mean duration of incontinence preoperatively was 13 +/- 16.1 (range, 1-58) years. The incontinence score was 15.8 +/- 3.5 preoperatively, 5.4 +/- 4.5 postoperatively, and 5 +/- 5.1 currently for all 12 patients. There was one patient with normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. In the four patients with bilateral prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, the incontinence scores were 15 +/- 4.2 preoperatively, 8.5 +/- 5.3 postoperatively, and 6 +/- 6.1 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) currently. Seven patients were found to have unilateral prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency with incontinence scores of 16.3 +/- 3.5 preoperatively, 4.4 +/- 3.2 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) postoperatively, and 5.1 +/- 4.9 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) currently. Based on incontinence scores, results of the sphincteroplasty at the most current follow-up were as follows: no neuropathy, excellent in one patient; unilateral neuropathy, five with good/excellent results, two with fair/poor results; bilateral neuropathy, two with good/excellent results, two with fair/poor results (P > 0.05 bilateral vs. unilateral). By monopolar electromyographic examination, external and sphincter denervation was noted in 11 patients; their incontinence scores were 15.5 +/- 3.5 preoperatively, 5.9 +/- 4.3 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) postoperatively, and 5.5 +/- 5.0 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) currently. Monopolar electromyographic results in the puborectalis included four normal examinations and six that were unobtainable. In the two patients with puborectalis denervation, the incontinence scores were 19.5 +/- 0.7 preoperatively, 8.5 +/- 4.9 postoperatively, and 2.5 +/- 3.5 (statistically significant compared with preoperation) currently. CONCLUSIONS Anterior anal sphincteroplasty in patients with unilateral or bilateral prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency can provide significant improvement in continence with minimum morbidity. Therefore, correction of the anatomic sphincter defect should still be considered, even in patients with documented pudendal neuropathy.
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Money for life. Regulating the viatical settlement industry. THE JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 1997; 18:63-91. [PMID: 9120361 DOI: 10.1080/01947649709511027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Evaluation of dose calculation algorithm of the peacock system for multileaf intensity modulation collimator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 36:1225-31. [PMID: 8985048 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(96)00419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the dose calculation algorithm used in the inverse treatment planning computer system for the intensity modulation multileaf collimator. METHODS AND MATERIALS The inverse treatment-planning computer system calculates the intensities of multiple pencil beams to achieve an optimal distribution and modulates the beam intensity through the special multileaf collimator. The system's dose calculation algorithm made the two basic assumptions: (a) The tissue-maximum ratios (TMRs) of a single pencil beam have the same values as TMRs for raylines through each pencil beam that are determined from percentage depth dose isodose curves along the long axis of the 2 x 20 cm2 field with all leaves open; and (b) the relative output factors (ROF) of each pencil beam also have the same values as the rayline TMR at d(max) of the 2 x 20 cm2 field. To verify these two assumptions, a special multileaf collimator was installed to our linear accelerator which produces 4 MV x-rays. The TMRs and ROFs for the single leaves 1 through 10 were measured using an ion chamber and TLD dosimeter in either a water or a polystyrene phantom. The values of rayline TMRs were calculated from the measured crossplane isodose curves of the 2 x 20 cm2 field. Comparisons were made between these two sets of data. RESULTS Based on our measurements, we found that the ROFs of a pencil beam obtained from the rayline TMRs at d(max) are as much as 7.6% greater than that of single pencil beams. The ROF of the 1 x 1 cm2 pencil beam is 4 and 6.5% less than that of a cluster of four neighboring pencil beams forming a 2 x 2 cm2, and a 2 x 20 cm2 field respectively. However, the rayline TMRs are generally larger than the TMRs of a single pencil beam. At a depth of 8 cm, the average depth in the middle of intracranial space, the rayline TMRs of the pencil beams of leaves 1 and 10 are 5.4 and 9% higher than a single pencil beam TMR at the same depth, respectively. Also interesting is to note that the TMRs of each of the single pencil beams were found to be equal. CONCLUSIONS In our article, evaluations and comparisons of TMRs and ROFs were made for two extreme conditions. The measured values of TMRs and ROFs of a single beam have been shown to be significantly different from those used in the calculations. Because both the TMR and ROF are influenced by the scattering radiation in the same direction, the deviations for these two factors would be expected to be magnified. Thus, for the two extreme situations we have investigated, dose deviations would be on the order of 15%. In real patient treatment; of course, these deviations may be somewhat less, but still significant. Our results, however, show that further investigations are warranted.
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Patterns of spread in node-positive cervical cancer: the relationship between local control and distant metastases. THE CANCER JOURNAL FROM SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 1996; 2:256-62. [PMID: 9166542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of metastatic pelvic nodes in stage I and II cervical cancer predicts for pelvic and distant recurrence. Whether this malignancy is a systemic disease at onset or locoregionally advanced disease is unclear. To examine this issue, we reviewed cases of node-positive stage I and II cervical cancer to analyze the patterns of spread and the relationship between local control and distant metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1964 and 1993, 163 patients with FIGO stage I-II cervical cancer underwent exploratory laparotomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection and were found to have metastatic pelvic nodes. Patients with positive para-aortic nodes were excluded. Of these patients, 108 underwent radical hysterectomy and postoperative pelvic irradiation, 35 underwent radical hysterectomy without postoperative pelvic irradiation, and 20 did not undergo radical hysterectomy and were treated with definitive radiation therapy. RESULTS The overall 5- and 10-year actuarial disease-free survival rates for the entire group were 55% and 49%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year actuarial pelvic failure rates were 30.5% and 37%, respectively. The actuarial distant metastatic rates at 5 and 10 years were 30% and 34%, respectively. Patients who were controlled in the pelvis (114) had significantly lower rates of developing distant metastases at 5 and 10 years (21% and 22%, respectively) compared with patients who failed in the pelvis (49) with rates of 59% and 84%, respectively. Multivariate analysis found that pelvic failure had the strongest association with the development of distant metastases. Using the formula of Suit et al to assess potential improvement in cure from perfect local and distant control, survival advantages from increased local and distant control were 24% and 21%, respectively. Of those patients who failed both locally and distantly (22), 27% failed distantly 6 months or more after failing locally. CONCLUSIONS Early-stage node-positive cervical cancer is associated with both increased distant and local failure. There appear to be two patterns of disease spread: patients whose disease is locoregional, in whom improvements in local control can result in improved cure, and patients with biologically aggressive cancer, who probably have disseminated disease at presentation, in whom improved locoregional control will not be enough to increase survival but who require improved distant control.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/therapy
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/mortality
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/secondary
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Hysterectomy
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy
- Neoplasm Staging
- Survival Rate
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy
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Managing diabetic retinopathy: the partnership between ophthalmologist and primary care physician. JOURNAL OF THE MISSISSIPPI STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1995; 36:201-208. [PMID: 7674296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus, is the leading cause of blindness in Americans age 20 to 74 today. The more severe stage of the disease, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, affects an estimated 700,000 Americans. Based on clinical findings, the disease is generally classified as nonproliferative DR or proliferative DR. While the former often begins as a symptomatically silent disease, it nevertheless may be progressing to itself cause significant visual loss. Based principally on evidence from several studies sponsored by the National Eye Institute, current treatment consists of regular observation by an ophthalmologist, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy. In addition, preventive methods such as tight glycemic control and ophthalmic screening of diabetics appear beneficial. While the ophthalmologist can provide specialized services for the DR patient, prevention and control lie largely in the hands of the primary care physician. Thus, only when primary and specialized care have established a strong partnership can they save the sight of the thousands at risk for diabetic retinopathy.
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A 30-year experience in the management of primary carcinoma of the vagina: analysis of prognostic factors and treatment modalities. Gynecol Oncol 1995; 56:45-52. [PMID: 7821847 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1995.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study of 100 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina treated at Magee-Women's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh from 1962 to 1992 analyzes disease and treatment-related prognostic factors and treatment results. Fifty percent of patients had previous hysterectomies prior to the diagnosis of vaginal cancer. The tumor was limited to one-third of the vaginal canal in 64 patients, but involved more than one-third of the canal in 36 patients. Treatment consisted of surgery in 40 patients, radiation therapy in 47 patients, and surgery plus radiation therapy in 13 patients. With a median follow-up of 11.2 years, the 5-year actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) was 67% for Stage I (23 patients), 53% for Stage II (58 patients), 0% for Stage III (9 patients), and 15% for Stage IV (10 patients). Using univariate and multivariate analysis, treatment with surgery, disease limited to one-third of the vaginal canal, and FIGO Stage I and II disease were significantly favorable prognostic factors for DFS. Treatment with surgery was superior to radiation therapy alone in Stage II patients (P = 0.00004). There appeared to be a selection bias in Stage II patients, as the more unfavorable cases were treated with radiation therapy. Although radiation therapy will often be the treatment of choice, excellent results and limited morbidity accompany selected cases surgically resected.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The roles of postoperative pelvic and prophylactic paraaortic irradiation in pelvic node positive cervical cancer are currently controversial. A retrospective study was undertaken to examine the effect of pelvic irradiation on pelvic control and survival and to analyze the patterns of recurrence to determine whether indications exist for prophylactic paraaortic irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS From 1964 to 1991, 143 cases of FIGO Stage I and II cervical cancer undergoing exploratory laparotomy, pelvic lymph node dissection, and radical hysterectomy had positive pelvic lymph nodes. Postoperatively, 108 cases were treated with whole pelvic irradiation while 35 patients were observed. Prophylactic paraaortic irradiation was not given. RESULTS Patients who received postoperative whole pelvic irradiation compared with those treated with radical hysterectomy alone had a significantly improved pelvic control rate, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival. The 5-year actuarial pelvic control rate was 78% vs. 45% (p = < 0.0001), respectively. The 5-year actuarial DFS was 65% vs. 41% (p = 0.0004). The 5-year actuarial overall survival was 58% vs. 46% (p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, pelvic irradiation continued to show a positive effect on DFS (p = 0.0001) and overall survival (p = 0.0035). Lymphatic invasion and the total number of positive lymph nodes were the only other independent predictors of overall survival and DFS. The actuarial 5-year pelvic, paraaortic, and distant failure rates were 30%, 10%, and 28%, respectively. An isolated first recurrence in the paraaortic nodes occurred in only three cases. CONCLUSION Postoperative pelvic irradiation significantly improves pelvic control, DFS, and overall survival, and should be used in patients with early stage cervical cancer and pathologically proven pelvic nodal metastases. The low incidence of isolated paraaortic nodal failure calls into question the value of routine prophylactic paraaortic irradiation in these patients.
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Aberrant splicing in adult onset glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII): molecular identification of an IVS1 (-13T-->G) mutation in a majority of patients and a novel IVS10 (+1GT-->CT) mutation. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:2231-6. [PMID: 7881425 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.12.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two newly identified splice site mutations (IVS1 -13T-->G and IVS10 +1GT-->CT) were found in a patient with adult onset of the autosomal recessive disorder glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII). The IVS1 -13T-->G transversion in the acceptor splice site was found on one allele in over two thirds of adult onset GSDII patients studied (28/41), but was not seen in 58 normal or 12 infantile onset GSDII chromosomes. Molecular analysis of cDNA from the index patient and four additional, ethnically different, individuals carrying the IVS1 -13T-->G transversion showed splicing out of the first coding exon as well as rare utilization of a cryptic splice site in the exon. An IVS10 +1GT-->CT transversion, unique to the index patient, was detected on the second chromosome. The IVS10 +1GT-->CT results in splicing out of exon 10 including part of the enzyme catalytic site. Additionally, a large deletion encompassing exon 18, previously described in four unrelated patients, was also detected in three unrelated adult GSDII patients, two of whom carried the IVS1 -13T-->G transversion. The frequency of the IVS1 splice site mutation suggests that detection of this mutation could potentially aid in the diagnosis of the phenotypically variable syndrome of adult onset GSDII. The finding that the -13T-->G mutation is a very common mutation in adult onset GSDII patients of varying ethnic and racial backgrounds, suggests that it is either an ancient mutation or confers a selective advantage. Although to our knowledge these are the first splice site mutations to be reported for GSDII, additional splice site mutations are likely and could provide the basis for later onset disease in GSDII.
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A de novo 13 nt deletion, a newly identified C647W missense mutation and a deletion of exon 18 in infantile onset glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII). Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:1081-7. [PMID: 7981676 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.7.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the presumably rare event of de novo mutation in an autosomal recessive disorder, glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII). GSDII results from inherited deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase) and both the expressed and structural gene (designated GAA) have been isolated. The mutation was a deletion of 13 nt of coding sequence (delta nt 1456-1468) on the paternally derived allele of the proband. The delta nt 1456-1468 results in a reading frameshift and a premature termination signal upstream of the enzyme catalytic site. Paternity was confirmed by presence of two downstream, uncommon amino acid substitutions (E689K, W746C) in both proband and father and by comparison of nine short tandem repeats. The maternal allele carried a newly identified deleterious C647W missense mutation in a highly conserved area of the protein. The C647W mutation was also found in a second unrelated proband, heteroallelic with a deletion extending from IVS17 to IVS18.
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Abstract
Since the advantages of using ureteral stents in conjunction with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy were first recognized, the growing demand for outpatient stone treatment has made stent use much more frequent. However, prophylactic stent placement must be judicious to maximize success and minimize associated morbidity. Recent controlled retrospective studies and randomized trials showed that ureteral stenting does not increase the stone-free rate or reduce the complication rate for stones less than 2 cm in size, yet in such cases, there are increased morbidities such as urinary urgency, frequency, stent migration, and encrustation. However, in patients with stones larger than 2 cm, Type C4 staghorn calculi, or stones associated with a solitary kidney, prophylactic stent placement may reduce the complication rates arising from these larger stone burdens. Finally, ureteral stenting may be helpful for stone localization or manipulation.
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Two new mutations at the adenosine deaminase (ADA) locus (Q254X and del nt1050-54) unusual for not being missense mutations. Hum Mutat 1993; 2:320-3. [PMID: 8401541 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Transcription initiation sites and structural organization of the extreme 5' region of the rat neural cell adhesion molecule gene. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:3314-24. [PMID: 1694009 PMCID: PMC360751 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3314-3324.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Through analysis of rat genomic cosmid clones, the 5'-most exon of the rat neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) gene was identified. This exon, here named exon 0, contained the entire 5' untranslated region and the N-terminal signal sequence of the polypeptide. Exon 0 was isolated from a 1.6-kilobase (kb) EcoRI-HindIII fragment of rat genomic cosmid clone 9 which was 35 kb in length. This fragment was sequenced and found to contain approximately 940 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking sequence, exon 0, which was approximately 245 bp in length, and approximately 400 bp of the following intron 0. By using information derived from this fragment and the pR18 rat NCAM cDNA, the transcription initiation sites were determined with two assays. Both primer extensions and nuclease S1 protection assays of postnatal day 7 rat brain RNA identified seven initiation sites within a single 10-bp region at positions -195 to -186 relative to the translation start site. An additional minor site was found at position -329. In the immediate 5' region, no consensus TATA or CCAAT sequences were found. Potential regulatory elements within this region include Sp1 consensus binding sites and also a 178-bp homopurine-homopyrimidine sequence containing several mirror repeats. NCAM has multiple transcripts which are regulated in a developmental and tissue-specific fashion. To determine whether these transcripts are initiated at the same sites, transcription initiation sites were analyzed in postnatal day 7 and adult rat brain and also in cultured cell lines of neuronal, glial, and muscle phenotypes. These tissues and cells exhibited distinct NCAM transcript populations in Northern (RNA) dot blot analysis. In all cases similar transcription start sites were found, suggesting that all major NCAM transcripts have similar or identical initiation sites. These results provide essential information to begin analysis of NCAM regulation in different tissues and during development.
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Hypochlorous acid-activated carbon: an oxidizing agent capable of producing hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1986; 69:97-100. [PMID: 3028770 PMCID: PMC1474320 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.866997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC), in the presence of dilute aqueous hypochlorite solutions typical of those used in water treatment, was converted to a reagent capable of carrying out free-radical coupling reactions and other oxidations of dilute aqueous solutions of phenols. The products included biphenyls with chlorine and hydroxyl substitution (hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls). For example, 2,4-dichlorophenol, a common constituent of wastewaters and also natural waters treated with hypochlorite, was converted to 3,5,5'trichloro-2,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl and several related compounds in significant amounts. It is possible that these products pose more of a health hazard than either the starting phenols or the unhydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl derivatives.
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Reactions of chlorine dioxide with hydrocarbons: effects of activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1982; 16:268-273. [PMID: 22257251 DOI: 10.1021/es00099a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
The skin of 41 patients including 16 blacks, 15 Caucasians, and 10 Hispanics, was observed using a fluorescent microscope. Three patterns of autofluorescence were observed: intercellular, cytoplasmic, and a combination of intercellular and cytoplasmic. The hair of 75 subjects, including 18 Negroes and 55 Caucasians, was observed. Two patterns were found: medullar and at the cortex. Skin form black patients was associated with the cytoplasmic pattern of autofluorescence. Compared to lighter skin, black skin was also significantly associated with increased intensity of autofluorescence, indicating that autofluorescence of the epidermis parallels the clinical degree of pigmentation. In the hair of 75 subjects, similar results were obtained: Negro hair exhibited more fluorescence than Caucasian hair, and darker hair (brown to black) exhibited more fluorescence than lighter hair (blond). This may be related to melanin and it breakdown products.
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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY 1978; 114:288. [PMID: 629563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mail order merchandise and you, the dentist. Council on Dental Materials and Devices. J Am Dent Assoc 1977; 95:326-7. [PMID: 268380 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1977.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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