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Cox‐Flaherty K, Baird GL, Braza J, Guarino BD, Princiotto A, Ventetuolo CE, Harrington EO. Commercial human pulmonary artery endothelial cells have in-vitro behavior that varies by sex. Pulm Circ 2022; 12:e12165. [PMID: 36484057 PMCID: PMC9723258 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether biological sex influences phenotypes of commercially available human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). Ten lots of commercial HPAECs were used (Lonza Biologics; PromoCell). Five (50%) were confirmed to be genotypically male (SRY+) and five (50%) were confirmed to be female (SRY-). Experiments were conducted between passages five and eight. HPAEC phenotype was confirmed with a panel of cell expression markers. Standard assays for proliferation, migration and tube formation were performed in triplicate with technical replicates, under three treatment conditions (EndoGRO; Sigma-Aldrich). Apoptosis was assessed by exposing cells treated with complete media or low serum media to hypoxic (1% oxygen) or normoxic (20% oxygen) conditions. Laboratory staff was blinded. The median (range) age of male and female donors from whom the HPAECs were derived was 58 (48-60) and 56 (33-67), respectively. Our results suggest decreased proliferation in genotypically female cells compared with male cells (p = 0.09). With increasing donor age, female cells were less proliferative and male cells were more proliferative (p = 0.001). Female cells were significantly more apoptotic than male cells by condition (p = 0.001). Female cells were significantly more migratory than male cells in complete media but less migratory than male cells under vascular endothelial growth factor enriched conditions (p = 0.001). There are subtle sex-based differences in the behavior of HPAECs that depend on donor sex and, less so, age. These differences may undermine rigor and reproducibility. Future studies should define whether biological sex is an important regulator of HPAEC function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cox‐Flaherty
- Departments of Medicine and Health ServicesPolicy and Practice, Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Julie Braza
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Brianna D. Guarino
- Departments of Medicine and Health ServicesPolicy and Practice, Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Corey E. Ventetuolo
- Departments of Medicine and Health ServicesPolicy and Practice, Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Health Services, Policy and PracticeBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Elizabeth O. Harrington
- Departments of Medicine and Health ServicesPolicy and Practice, Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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Ventetuolo CE, Aliotta JM, Braza J, Chichger H, Dooner M, McGuirl D, Mullin CJ, Newton J, Pereira M, Princiotto A, Quesenberry PJ, Walsh T, Whittenhall M, Klinger JR, Harrington EO. Culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells from pulmonary artery catheter balloon tips: considerations for use in pulmonary vascular disease. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:1901313. [PMID: 31949110 PMCID: PMC7147989 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01313-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) but there are no established methods to study pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) from living patients. We sought to culture PAECs from pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) balloons used during right-heart catheterisation (RHC) to characterise successful culture attempts and to describe PAEC behaviour.PAECs were grown in primary culture to confluence and endothelial cell phenotype was confirmed. Standard assays for apoptosis, migration and tube formation were performed between passages three to eight. We collected 49 PAC tips from 45 subjects with successful PAEC culture from 19 balloons (39%).There were no differences in subject demographic details or RHC procedural details in successful versus unsuccessful attempts. However, for subjects who met haemodynamic criteria for PAH, there was a higher but nonsignificant (p=0.10) proportion amongst successful attempts (10 out of 19, 53%) versus unsuccessful attempts (nine out of 30, 30%). A successful culture was more likely in subjects with a lower cardiac index (p=0.03) and higher pulmonary vascular resistance (p=0.04). PAECs from a subject with idiopathic PAH were apoptosis resistant compared to commercial PAECs (p=0.04) and had reduced migration compared to PAECs from a subject with portopulmonary hypertension with high cardiac output (p=0.01). PAECs from a subject with HIV-associated PAH formed fewer (p=0.01) and shorter (p=0.02) vessel networks compared to commercial PAECs.Sustained culture and characterisation of PAECs from RHC balloons is feasible, especially in PAH with high haemodynamic burden. This technique may provide insight into endothelial dysfunction during PAH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey E Ventetuolo
- Dept of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Dept of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Julie Braza
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Havovi Chichger
- Biomedical Research Group, Dept of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Dooner
- Lifespan Hospital System, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Julie Newton
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Amy Princiotto
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth O Harrington
- Dept of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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Zhao C, Princiotto A, Farrell M, Smith III AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. 540. Investigating the Mechanism of a Unique Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Entry Inhibitor, MF275. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018. [PMCID: PMC6255539 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy210.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion Disclosures
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Zhao
- Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Farrell
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amos B Smith III
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Navid Madani
- Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ding S, Verly MM, Princiotto A, Melillo B, Moody AM, Bradley T, Easterhoff D, Roger M, Hahn BH, Madani N, Smith AB, Haynes BF, Sodroski J, Finzi A. Short Communication: Small-Molecule CD4 Mimetics Sensitize HIV-1-Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity by Antibodies Elicited by Multiple Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens in Nonhuman Primates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:428-431. [PMID: 27846736 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked antibody Fc-mediated effector functions with control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Interestingly, the presence of antibodies with potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in RV144 vaccine trial participants correlated inversely with HIV-1 acquisition risk. These antibodies were recently found to recognize epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein exposed upon Env-CD4 binding. Accordingly, small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) that induce Env to sample the CD4-bound conformation were shown to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. However, it remains unknown whether antibodies elicited through immunization can also mediate CD4mc-induced ADCC. In this study, we tested the capacity of CD4mc to sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by sera from Env-vaccinated nonhuman primates using a FACS-based ADCC assay. In parallel, we evaluated the ability of CD4mc to sensitize HIV-1 viral particles to neutralization by sera from these immunized animals. We found that the vaccine-induced antibodies were able to mediate ADCC and viral neutralization in the presence, but not the absence, of CD4mc. Thus, CD4mc are capable of sensitizing HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC and infectious viral particles to neutralization by easy-to-elicit antibodies that are otherwise unable to mediate these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam M. Verly
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony M. Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David Easterhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Nguyen HT, Madani N, Ding H, Elder E, Princiotto A, Gu C, Darby P, Alin J, Herschhorn A, Kappes JC, Mao Y, Sodroski JG. Evaluation of the contribution of the transmembrane region to the ectodomain conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein. Virol J 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 28209172 PMCID: PMC5314615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env), a Type 1 transmembrane protein, assembles into a trimeric spike complex that mediates virus entry into host cells. The high potential energy of the metastable, unliganded Env trimer is maintained by multiple non-covalent contacts among the gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Structural studies suggest that the gp41 transmembrane region forms a left-handed coiled coil that contributes to the Env trimer interprotomer contacts. Here we evaluate the contribution of the gp41 transmembrane region to the folding and stability of Env trimers. Methods Multiple polar/charged amino acid residues, which hypothetically disrupt the stop-transfer signal, were introduced in the proposed lipid-interactive face of the transmembrane coiled coil, allowing release of soluble cleavage-negative Envs containing the modified transmembrane region (TMmod). We also examined effects of cleavage, the cytoplasmic tail and a C-terminal fibritin trimerization (FT) motif on oligomerization, antigenicity and functionality of soluble and membrane-bound Envs. Results The introduction of polar/charged amino acids into the transmembrane region resulted in the secretion of soluble Envs from the cell. However, these TMmod Envs primarily formed dimers. By contrast, control cleavage-negative sgp140 Envs lacking the transmembrane region formed soluble trimers, dimers and monomers. TMmod and sgp140 trimers were stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT sequence, but still exhibited carbohydrate and antigenic signatures of a flexible ectodomain structure. On the other hand, detergent-solubilized cleaved and uncleaved Envs isolated from the membranes of expressing cells exhibited "tighter” ectodomain structures, based on carbohydrate modifications. These trimers were found to be unstable in detergent solutions, but could be stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT moiety. The C-terminal FT domain decreased Env cleavage and syncytium-forming ability by approximately three-fold; alteration of the FT trimerization interface restored Env cleavage and syncytium formation to near-wild-type levels. Conclusion The modified transmembrane region was not conducive to trimerization of soluble Envs. However, for HIV-1 Env ectodomains that are minimally modified, membrane-anchored Envs exhibit the most native structures and can be stabilized by appropriately positioned FT domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Emerald Elder
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Gu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrice Darby
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - James Alin
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Youdong Mao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS 1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Haim H, Strack B, Kassa A, Madani N, Wang L, Courter JR, Princiotto A, McGee K, Pacheco B, Seaman MS, Smith AB, Sodroski J. Contribution of intrinsic reactivity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to CD4-independent infection and global inhibitor sensitivity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002101. [PMID: 21731494 PMCID: PMC3121797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) enters cells following sequential activation of the high-potential-energy viral envelope glycoprotein trimer by target cell CD4 and coreceptor. HIV-1 variants differ in their requirements for CD4; viruses that can infect coreceptor-expressing cells that lack CD4 have been generated in the laboratory. These CD4-independent HIV-1 variants are sensitive to neutralization by multiple antibodies that recognize different envelope glycoprotein epitopes. The mechanisms underlying CD4 independence, global sensitivity to neutralization and the association between them are still unclear. By studying HIV-1 variants that differ in requirements for CD4, we investigated the contribution of CD4 binding to virus entry. CD4 engagement exposes the coreceptor-binding site and increases the "intrinsic reactivity" of the envelope glycoproteins; intrinsic reactivity describes the propensity of the envelope glycoproteins to negotiate transitions to lower-energy states upon stimulation. Coreceptor-binding site exposure and increased intrinsic reactivity promote formation/exposure of the HR1 coiled coil on the gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein and allow virus entry upon coreceptor binding. Intrinsic reactivity also dictates the global sensitivity of HIV-1 to perturbations such as exposure to cold and the binding of antibodies and small molecules. Accordingly, CD4 independence of HIV-1 was accompanied by increased susceptibility to inactivation by these factors. We investigated the role of intrinsic reactivity in determining the sensitivity of primary HIV-1 isolates to inhibition. Relative to the more common neutralization-resistant ("Tier 2-like") viruses, globally sensitive ("Tier 1") viruses exhibited increased intrinsic reactivity, i.e., were inactivated more efficiently by cold exposure or by a given level of antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer. Virus sensitivity to neutralization was dictated both by the efficiency of inhibitor/antibody binding to the envelope glycoprotein trimer and by envelope glycoprotein reactivity to the inhibitor/antibody binding event. Quantitative differences in intrinsic reactivity contribute to HIV-1 strain variability in global susceptibility to neutralization and explain the long-observed relationship between increased inhibitor sensitivity and decreased entry requirements for target cell CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Haim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bettina Strack
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen McGee
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Pacheco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Unites States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kortagere S, Madani N, Mankowski MK, Princiotto A, Anthony K, Sierra LJ, Wang X, Jones DM, Courter JR, Stavale E, Ptak R, Smith AB, Martín-García J, Sodroski J, Cocklin S. Small Molecule HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor Design using Hybrid Structure Based Methods. Biophys J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Haim H, Si Z, Madani N, Wang L, Courter JR, Princiotto A, Kassa A, DeGrace M, McGee-Estrada K, Mefford M, Gabuzda D, Smith AB, Sodroski J. Soluble CD4 and CD4-mimetic compounds inhibit HIV-1 infection by induction of a short-lived activated state. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000360. [PMID: 19343205 PMCID: PMC2655723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the CD4 receptor induces conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. These changes allow gp120 to bind the coreceptor, either CCR5 or CXCR4, and prime the gp41 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein to mediate virus–cell membrane fusion and virus entry. Soluble forms of CD4 (sCD4) and small-molecule CD4 mimics (here exemplified by JRC-II-191) also induce these conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, but typically inhibit HIV-1 entry into CD4-expressing cells. To investigate the mechanism of inhibition, we monitored at high temporal resolution inhibitor-induced changes in the conformation and functional competence of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins that immediately follow engagement of the soluble CD4 mimics. Both sCD4 and JRC-II-191 efficiently activated the envelope glycoproteins to mediate infection of cells lacking CD4, in a manner dependent on coreceptor affinity and density. This activated state, however, was transient and was followed by spontaneous and apparently irreversible changes of conformation and by loss of functional competence. The longevity of the activated intermediate depended on temperature and the particular HIV-1 strain, but was indistinguishable for sCD4 and JRC-II-191; by contrast, the activated intermediate induced by cell-surface CD4 was relatively long-lived. The inactivating effects of these activation-based inhibitors predominantly affected cell-free virus, whereas virus that was prebound to the target cell surface was mainly activated, infecting the cells even at high concentrations of the CD4 analogue. These results demonstrate the ability of soluble CD4 mimics to inactivate HIV-1 by prematurely triggering active but transient intermediate states of the envelope glycoproteins. This novel strategy for inhibition may be generally applicable to high–potential-energy viral entry machines that are normally activated by receptor binding. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the cause of the global AIDS epidemic. HIV-1 gains entry into its target cells by fusing with the cell membrane, a process that begins with the interaction of the viral envelope glycoproteins with cell-surface receptors. HIV-1 uses two receptors on the target cell: CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4. Binding of the virus to the primary receptor, CD4, primes the viral envelope glycoproteins to mediate the fusion of the viral membrane and the membrane of the target cell. Soluble forms of the CD4 receptor and small molecules that mimic the effects of CD4 can inhibit virus infection; however, how this inhibition occurs is still unknown. In this report, we show that soluble mimics of CD4 inhibit HIV-1 infection by prematurely triggering the viral envelope glycoproteins. The unstable activated state of the virus lasts only a few minutes, after which the virus loses the ability to infect cells. This novel strategy for inhibition may be generally applicable to other viruses besides HIV-1, some of which are also activated by binding to their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Haim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhihai Si
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Courter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marciella DeGrace
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen McGee-Estrada
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan Mefford
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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