1
|
Barnsley SL, Lovett AA, Dicks LV. Mapping nectar-rich pollinator floral resources using airborne multispectral imagery. J Environ Manage 2022; 313:114942. [PMID: 35421693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wild pollinator numbers are known to be positively associated with amounts of flower-rich habitat at landscape level. Increasing floral resources can be particularly beneficial in relatively nectar-poor agricultural systems and having a baseline understanding of the temporal and spatial availability of resources can allow targeted habitat management. Very high-resolution remote sensing has potential to facilitate accurate mapping of fine-scale, within-habitat pollinator foraging resources, thereby allowing spatial and temporal gaps to be identified and addressed, improving predictions of pollinator numbers, and enabling remote monitoring of pollinator conservation measures. Concentrating on hedgerow and flower-rich field margins in a UK agricultural landscape, we showed that multispectral airborne imagery with 3 cm and 7 cm spatial resolutions can be used to classify five nectar-rich flowering plant species (Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus, Silene dioica and Centaurea nigra) using a maximum likelihood classification algorithm. In 2019, we separately acquired 3 cm and 7 cm imagery for the months of March, May and July, respectively. Overall accuracies were above 90% for each month at both 3 cm and 7 cm resolutions (range 92.32%-98.72%), supporting previous research that suggests higher spatial resolutions do not necessarily lead to higher accuracies, as pixel variability is increased. Remaining challenges include determining which co-flowering species of similar colours in the visible range can be distinguished from one another within classifications and quantifying floral unit density from classifications so that the nectar sugar supply can be calculated. Nonetheless, we provided a prototype approach for mapping pollinator foraging resources in an agricultural context, which can be extended to other nectar-rich species. The foundation is set for developing a remote sensing pipeline that can provide valuable data on the availability of nectar-rich flowering plant species at different time-points throughout the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Barnsley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - A A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - L V Dicks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cooper RJ, Hiscock KM, Lovett AA, Dugdale SJ, Sünnenberg G, Vrain E. Temporal hydrochemical dynamics of the River Wensum, UK: Observations from long-term high-resolution monitoring (2011-2018). Sci Total Environ 2020; 724:138253. [PMID: 32247122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the UK government established the Demonstration Test Catchment (DTC) initiative to evaluate the extent to which on-farm mitigation measures can cost-effectively reduce the impacts of agricultural water pollution on river ecology whilst maintaining food production capacity. A central component of the DTC platform was the establishment of a comprehensive network of automated, web-based sensor technologies to generate high-temporal resolution (30 min) empirical datasets of surface water, groundwater and meteorological parameters over a long period (2011-2018). Utilising 8.9 million water quality measurements generated for the River Wensum, this paper demonstrates how long-term, high-resolution monitoring of hydrochemistry can improve our understanding of the complex temporal dynamics of riverine processes from 30 min to annual timescales. This paper explores the impact of groundwater-surface water interactions on instream pollutant concentrations (principally nitrogen, phosphorus and turbidity) and reveals how varying hydrochemical associations under contrasting flow regimes can elicit important information on the dominant pollution pathways. Furthermore, this paper examines the relationships between agricultural pollutants and precipitation events of varying magnitude, whilst demonstrating how high-resolution data can be utilised to develop conceptual models of hydrochemical processes for contrasting winter and summer seasons. Finally, this paper considers how high-resolution hydrochemical data can be used to increase land manager awareness of environmentally damaging farming operations and encourage the adoption of more water sensitive land management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cooper
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stephen J Dugdale
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gisela Sünnenberg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Emilie Vrain
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cooper RJ, Fitt P, Hiscock KM, Lovett AA, Gumm L, Dugdale SJ, Rambohul J, Williamson A, Noble L, Beamish J, Hovesen P. Assessing the effectiveness of a three-stage on-farm biobed in treating pesticide contaminated wastewater. J Environ Manage 2016; 181:874-882. [PMID: 27397841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural point source pesticide pollution arising from contaminated machinery washings and accidental spillages pose a significant threat to river water and groundwater quality. In this study, we assess the effectiveness of a three-stage on-farm biobed for treating pesticide contaminated wastewater from a large (20 km(2)) commercial arable estate. The facility consisted of an enclosed machinery wash-down unit (stage 1), a 49 m(2) lined compost-straw-topsoil biobed (stage 2), and a 200 m(2) drainage field with a trickle irrigation system (stage 3). Pesticide concentrations were analysed in water samples collected fortnightly between November 2013 and November 2015 from the biobed input and output sumps and from 20 porous pots buried at 45 cm and 90 cm depth within the drainage field. The results revealed that the biobed removed 68-98% of individual pesticides within the contaminated washings, with mean total pesticide concentrations reducing by 91.6% between the biobed input and output sumps. Drainage field irrigation removed a further 68-99% of individual pesticides, with total mean pesticide concentrations reducing by 98.4% and 97.2% in the 45 cm and 90 cm depth porous pots, respectively. The average total pesticide concentration at 45 cm depth in the drainage field (57 μg L(-1)) was 760 times lower than the mean concentration recorded in the input sump (43,334 μg L(-1)). There was no evidence of seasonality in the efficiency of biobed pesticide removal, nor was there evidence of a decline in removal efficiency over the two-year monitoring period. However, higher mean total pesticide concentrations at 90 cm (102 μg L(-1)) relative to 45 cm (57 μg L(-1)) depth indicated an accumulation of pesticide residues deeper within the soil profile. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate that a three-stage biobed can successfully reduce pesticide pollution risk from contaminated machinery washings on a commercial farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Cooper
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Peter Fitt
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lee Gumm
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Steve J Dugdale
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | | | - Lister Noble
- Farm Systems & Environment, Low Road, Wortwell, Harleston, IP20 0HJ, UK
| | - James Beamish
- Salle Farms Co. Ltd, Manor Farm, Salle, Reepham, NR10 4SF, UK
| | - Poul Hovesen
- Salle Farms Co. Ltd, Manor Farm, Salle, Reepham, NR10 4SF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
One of the results of new road construction is often a reduction in the price of nearby properties. In the United Kingdom property owners can be compensated for this loss through the Land Compensation Act. The appropriate level of compensation is currently determined by valuers and is mainly based upon their expertise and skill. This study aims to determine what the correct level of compensation should be. It has been specifically designed to fulfil the requirements of current legislation and can be integrated into existing compensation procedures. This was achieved through a hedonic pricing study that relates current property prices to a wide range of factors. These variables include the structure, neighbourhood, accessibility, and environment of the property, in addition to the impact of nearby roads. These were all created through GIS and large-scale digital data. The study, which is based on over 3500 property sales in Glasgow, Scotland, suggests that property prices were depressed by 0.202% for each decibel increase in road noise. This result has enabled a more streamlined compensation procedure to be developed and demonstrates that compensation claims can be estimated at the road-development stage. This would allow any compensation claims to be assessed prior to road construction and inform the design of noise-reduction measures.
Collapse
|
5
|
Outram FN, Cooper RJ, Sünnenberg G, Hiscock KM, Lovett AA. Antecedent conditions, hydrological connectivity and anthropogenic inputs: Factors affecting nitrate and phosphorus transfers to agricultural headwater streams. Sci Total Environ 2016; 545-546:184-199. [PMID: 26747982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines relationships between rainfall-runoff, catchment connectivity, antecedent moisture conditions and fertiliser application with nitrate-N and total phosphorus (TP) fluxes in an arable headwater catchment over three hydrological years (2012-2014). Annual precipitation totals did not vary substantially between years, yet the timing of rainfall strongly influenced runoff generation and subsequent nitrate-N and TP fluxes. The greatest nitrate-N (>250 kg N day(-1)) and TP (>10 kg TP day(-1)) fluxes only occurred when shallow groundwater was within 0.6m of the ground surface and runoff coefficients were greater than 0.1. These thresholds were reached less frequently in 2012 due to drought recovery resulting in lower annual nitrate-N (7.4 kg N ha(-1)) and TP (0.12 kg P ha(-1)) fluxes in comparison with 2013 (15.1 kg N ha(-1); 0.21 kg P ha(-1)). The wet winter of 2013 with elevated shallow groundwater levels led to more frequent activation of sub-surface pathways and tile drain flow. Throughout the period, dry antecedent conditions had a temporary effect in elevating TP loads. Evidence of TP source exhaustion after consecutive storm events can be attributed to the repeated depletion of temporarily connected critical source areas to the river network via impermeable road surfaces. Fertiliser application varied considerably across three years due to differences in crop rotation between farms, with annual N and P fertiliser inputs varying by up to 21% and 41%, respectively. Proportional reductions in annual riverine nitrate-N and TP loadings were not observed at the sub-catchment outlet as loadings were largely influenced by annual runoff. Nitrate loadings were slightly higher during fertiliser application, but there was little relationship between P fertiliser application and riverine TP load. These data indicate that this intensive arable catchment may be in a state of biogeochemical stationarity, whereby legacy stores of nutrients buffer against changes in contemporary nutrient inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faye N Outram
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Richard J Cooper
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gisela Sünnenberg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kevin M Hiscock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lake IR, Foxall CD, Fernandes A, Lewis M, Rose M, White O, Lovett AA, White S, Dowding A, Mortimer D. The effects of flooding on dioxin and PCB levels in food produced on industrial river catchments. Environ Int 2015; 77:106-15. [PMID: 25668571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the effect of regular flooding upon PCDD/F and PCB levels in milk, beef and lamb, produced on the floodplains of industrial river catchments. Our unique dataset included more than 200 samples analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs over two data collection phases (1998-1999 & 2008-2010) from working farms. A robust paired study design was adopted with samples taken from flood-prone farms and nearby control farms not subject to flooding. On industrial river catchments regular flooding is associated with higher PCDD/F and PCB levels in soils and grass. This contamination may be transferred to food but the impact varied by food type. These contrasts may be due to physiological differences between animals, the ages at which they are sent to market and differences in animal husbandry. To minimise the risks of producing food on flood-prone land in industrial river catchments, as well as on any land with elevated PCDD/F and PCB levels, this research suggests a number of options. The choice of livestock may be important and as an example in our study beef cattle accumulated PCDD/Fs to a higher degree than sheep. Land management may also play a role and could include minimising the time that livestock spend on such land or feeding commercial feed, low in PCDD/Fs and PCBs, where appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Christopher D Foxall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alwyn Fernandes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mervyn Lewis
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Martin Rose
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Oliver White
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Andrew A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shaun White
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Alan Dowding
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - David Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McGonigle DF, Burke SP, Collins AL, Gartner R, Haft MR, Harris RC, Haygarth PM, Hedges MC, Hiscock KM, Lovett AA. Developing Demonstration Test Catchments as a platform for transdisciplinary land management research in England and Wales. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:1618-1628. [PMID: 24577350 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whilst a large body of plot and field-scale research exists on the sources, behaviour and mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture, putting this evidence into a practical, context at large spatial scales to inform policy remains challenging. Understanding the behaviour of pollutants (nutrients, sediment, microbes and pesticides) and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies over whole catchments and long timeframes requires new, interdisciplinary approaches to organise and undertake research. This paper provides an introduction to the demonstration test catchments (DTC) programme, which was established in 2009 to gather empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of combinations of diffuse pollution mitigation measures at catchment scales. DTC firstly provides a physical platform of instrumented study catchments in which approaches for the mitigation of diffuse agricultural water pollution can be experimentally tested and iteratively improved. Secondly, it has established national and local knowledge exchange networks between researchers and stakeholders through which research has been co-designed. These have provided a vehicle to disseminate emerging findings to inform policy and land management practice. The role of DTC is that of an outdoor laboratory to develop knowledge and approaches that can be applied in less well studied locations. The research platform approach developed through DTC has brought together disparate research groups from different disciplines and institutions through nationally coordinated activities. It offers a model that can be adopted to organise research on other complex, interdisciplinary problems to inform policy and operational decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F McGonigle
- Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bateman IJ, Harwood AR, Mace GM, Watson RT, Abson DJ, Andrews B, Binner A, Crowe A, Day BH, Dugdale S, Fezzi C, Foden J, Hadley D, Haines-Young R, Hulme M, Kontoleon A, Lovett AA, Munday P, Pascual U, Paterson J, Perino G, Sen A, Siriwardena G, van Soest D, Termansen M. Ecosystem Services: Response. Science 2013; 342:421-2. [DOI: 10.1126/science.342.6157.421-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Bateman
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Amii R. Harwood
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Georgina M. Mace
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert T. Watson
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, UK
| | - David J. Abson
- FuturES Research Center, Leuphana Universität, D-21335, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Barnaby Andrews
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Amy Binner
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrew Crowe
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Brett H. Day
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Steve Dugdale
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Carlo Fezzi
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jo Foden
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - David Hadley
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- UNE Business School, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Roy Haines-Young
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark Hulme
- British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Andreas Kontoleon
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Andrew A. Lovett
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Paul Munday
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Unai Pascual
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - James Paterson
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
| | - Grischa Perino
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- School of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20354, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antara Sen
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Daan van Soest
- Department of Spatial Economics and IVM, VU University, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Economics, Tilburg University, 5000 LE, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Mette Termansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bateman IJ, Harwood AR, Mace GM, Watson RT, Abson DJ, Andrews B, Binner A, Crowe A, Day BH, Dugdale S, Fezzi C, Foden J, Hadley D, Haines-Young R, Hulme M, Kontoleon A, Lovett AA, Munday P, Pascual U, Paterson J, Perino G, Sen A, Siriwardena G, van Soest D, Termansen M. Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: land use in the United Kingdom. Science 2013; 341:45-50. [PMID: 23828934 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Landscapes generate a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, yet land-use decisions often ignore the value of these services. Using the example of the United Kingdom, we show the significance of land-use change not only for agricultural production but also for emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases, open-access recreational visits, urban green space, and wild-species diversity. We use spatially explicit models in conjunction with valuation methods to estimate comparable economic values for these services, taking account of climate change impacts. We show that, although decisions that focus solely on agriculture reduce overall ecosystem service values, highly significant value increases can be obtained from targeted planning by incorporating all potential services and their values and that this approach also conserves wild-species diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Bateman
- Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Packman CE, Gray TNE, Collar NJ, Evans TD, Van Zalinge RN, Virak S, Lovett AA, Dolman PM. Rapid loss of Cambodia's grasslands. Conserv Biol 2013; 27:245-247. [PMID: 23521667 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
|
11
|
Haughton AJ, Bond AJ, Lovett AA, Dockerty T, Sünnenberg G, Clark SJ, Bohan DA, Sage RB, Mallott MD, Mallott VE, Cunningham MD, Riche AB, Shield IF, Finch JW, Turner MM, Karp A. A novel, integrated approach to assessing social, economic and environmental implications of changing rural land-use: a case study of perennial biomass crops. J Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Lake IR, Foxall CD, Lovett AA, Fernandes A, Dowding A, White S, Rose M. Effects of river flooding on PCDD/F and PCB levels in cows' milk, soil, and grass. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:9033-8. [PMID: 16382922 DOI: 10.1021/es051433a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study examining whether the flooding of pasture by rivers gives rise to higher PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in cows' milk. Over 180 milk, soil, and grass samples, taken from 38 farms across 3 different river systems (River Dee, Trent, and Doe Lea/Rother/Don) in the United Kingdom, were analyzed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. The concentrations were compared between flood-prone farms, where the animals had access to pasture that is often flooded, and control farms where the land does not flood. The results indicated that concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in cows' milk were higher in samples taken from farms prone to flooding, but only from the river systems flowing through industrial and urban areas. Raised levels of PCDD/F and PCBs were also found in soil and grass from farms prone to flooding providing strong corroborative evidence that the higher concentrations in cows' milk from such areas is likely to be due to the ingestion of contaminated grass and soil. Overall, the results provide strong evidence that flooding of pastureland can indeed result in elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in milk from the farms so affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lake IR, Lovett AA, Hiscock KM, Betson M, Foley A, Sünnenberg G, Evers S, Fletcher S. Evaluating factors influencing groundwater vulnerability to nitrate pollution: developing the potential of GIS. J Environ Manage 2003; 68:315-328. [PMID: 12837260 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4797(03)00095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 1991 EU Nitrate Directive was designed to reduce water pollution from agriculturally derived nitrates. England and Wales implemented this Directive by controlling agricultural activities within their most vulnerable areas termed Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. These were designated by identifying drinking water catchments (surface and groundwater), at risk from nitrate pollution. However, this method contravened the Nitrate Directive because it only protected drinking water and not all waters. In this paper, a GIS was used to identify all areas of groundwater vulnerable to nitrate pollution. This was achieved by constructing a model containing data on four characteristics: the quality of the water leaving the root zone of a piece of land; soil information; presence of low permeability superficial (drift) material; and aquifer properties. These were combined in a GIS and the various combinations converted into a measure of vulnerability using expert knowledge. Several model variants were produced using different estimates of the quality of the water leaving the root zone and contrasting methods of weighting the input data. When the final models were assessed all produced similar spatial patterns and, when verified by comparison with trend data derived from monitored nitrate concentrations, all the models were statistically significant predictors of groundwater nitrate concentrations. The best predictive model contained a model of nitrate leaching but no land use information, implying that changes in land use will not affect designations based upon this model. The relationship between nitrate levels and borehole intake depths was investigated since there was concern that the observed contrasts in nitrate levels between vulnerability categories might be reflecting differences in borehole intake depths and not actual vulnerability. However, this was not found to be statistically important. Our preferred model provides the basis for developing a new set of groundwater Nitrate Vulnerable Zones that should help England and Wales to comply with the EU Nitrate Directive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- Centre for Environmental Risk, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lovett AA, Foxall CD, Creaser CS, Chewe D. PCB and PCDD/DF concentrations in egg and poultry meat samples from known urban and rural locations in Wales and England. Chemosphere 1998; 37:1671-1685. [PMID: 9828296 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A survey was undertaken of PCB and PCDD/DF congeners in eggs and poultry meat from a smallholding close to a chemical waste incinerator, other sites in the surrounding district, and three rural locations. The concentrations from the site close to the incinerator were appreciably greater than those found elsewhere, although the contrast was less marked for poultry meat than eggs. All types of poultry produce displayed noticeable variations in congener composition when the samples were grouped according to geographical origin. These results support the view that the environment in which poultry live does influence the PCB and PCDD/DF characteristics of their products. Exposure calculations indicated that consumption of eggs from the site close to the incinerator would constitute a substantial proportion of recommended daily intakes for such contaminants and at the present time these products are not being eaten.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This paper considers the public health risks of Lyme disease, a borrelial infection transmitted to humans chiefly by nymphal Ixodes ticks. A study undertaken in the Breckland area of East Anglia, U.K., combined analysis of the spatial and temporal factors affecting tick activity at recreational sites with a survey of current levels of disease awareness among visitors to these locations. Significant relationships were found between densities of questing ticks and vegetation type, relative humidity and temperature. More than two thirds of the general public visiting the sites were aware ticks could carry diseases, but only 13% recognized an unfed nymph, and under half knew that Lyme disease could be contracted from tick bites. Such results need to be taken into account when formulating public health and education measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Mawby
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chewe D, Creaser CS, Foxall CD, Lovett AA. Validation of a congener specific method for ortho and non-ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in fruit and vegetable samples. Chemosphere 1997; 35:1399-1407. [PMID: 9314188 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An on-line procedure has been developed and validated for the clean-up and fractionation of ortho and non-ortho-PCBs in fruit and vegetable samples. The procedure combines silica/acid and carbon/glass fibre columns with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatography on carbon/glass fibre allowed collection of mono-ortho/di-ortho and non-ortho-PCB fractions, which were determined separately by GC-MS. The method was validated by replicate analyses and by inter-laboratory comparison of data for PCB congeners determined in fruit and vegetable samples collected in South Wales. The concurrent determination of ortho and non-ortho substituted PCBs is reported with recoveries ranging from 55-95% and a mean intra-laboratory precision (%COV) of 9.5% for apple extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chewe
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
This paper provides an illustration of how a geographic information system (GIS) can be used in risk analysis. It focuses on liquid hazardous waste transport and utilizes records archived by the London Waste Regulatory Authority. This data source provides information on the origin and destination of each waste stream, but not the route followed during transport. A GIS was therefore employed to predict the paths used, taking into account different routing criteria and characteristics of the available road network. Details were also assembled on population distribution and ground-water vulnerability, thus providing a basis for evaluating the potential consequences of a waste spillage during transport. Four routing scenarios were implemented to identify sections of road which consistently saw heavy traffic. These simulations also highlighted that some interventions could lead to risk tradeoffs rather than hazard mitigation. Many parts of the research would not have been possible without a GIS, and the study demonstrates the considerable potential of such software in environmental risk assessment and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lovett AA, Foxall CD, Creaser CS, Chewe D. PCB and PCDD/DF congeners in locally grown fruit and vegetable samples in Wales and England. Chemosphere 1997; 34:1421-1436. [PMID: 9134676 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A survey was undertaken of PCB and PCDD/DF congeners in fruit and vegetables grown in an urban areas close to a chemical waste incinerator and three rural locations. All of the concentrations detected were low and there was considerable overlap between those found in urban and rural samples. Some similarities with the congener composition of air samples were identified and concentrations in apple skin were noticeably higher than those in the flesh of the fruit. These results suggest that atmospheric deposition was an important contamination pathway. Assessments using the highest concentrations found indicated that consumption of such fruit and vegetables would represent an additional 3% of the normal dietary intake for PCBs and 8% for PCDD/DFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Haynes RM, Lovett AA, Bentham G, Brainard JS, Gale SH. Comparison of ward population estimates from FHSA patient registers with the 1991 Census. Environ Plan A 1995; 27:1-858. [PMID: 12347002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
"Postcode addresses from National Health Service patient registers for Norfolk and Suffolk [counties in England] current on census day 1991 were assigned to census wards, and estimates of populations in wards were produced for the total population and for twelve age-sex groups. These were compared with adjusted counts of usual residents from the 1991 Census." The results indicate that family health service authority registers "are an acceptable alternative to the census for population estimation purposes. This supports recent arguments for wider use of population registers and suggests that they may be particularly valuable as a source of intercensal information."
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The patients registered with a general practice are usually spread over many census areas and overlap with the distribution of neighbouring practices, so a validated method of aggregating census data to describe the characteristics of practice patients is required. Four methods were used to provide estimates of the percentage of patients aged 75 years and over from census data for 81 practices in Suffolk, England, and these were compared with values derived from the FHSA patient register. Census values for practice areas produced better estimates than those based on the location of the surgery, but the best methods were based on patient-weighted averages of ward and enumeration district data. The finer geographical detail of enumeration districts did not produce substantially more accurate estimates than the ward-level data: both gave estimates with limits of agreement within 2% of the patient register values. Errors in the census, errors in patient registers and selective geographical distributions of practice patients prevent close matching of census and register measures, but two of the methods tested produced estimates that allow broad comparisons between practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Haynes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Haynes RM, Lovett AA, Bentham G, Brainard JS, Gale SH. Population estimates from patient registers held by British family health services authorities. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49:440. [PMID: 7650471 PMCID: PMC1060136 DOI: 10.1136/jech.49.4.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Haynes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
This paper uses data collected by a consultant paediatrician to examine variations in the prevalence of neural tube and cardiovascular malformations within the Fylde region of North West England. Results at the district scale indicate contrasts in the geographical distributions of the two classes of malformation and these are then further assessed via a case-control study which standardises for factors such as date of conception, age of mother and parity. The results of this study suggest that there were wards in Blackpool and Fleetwood with unusually high prevalences of neural tube defects. Further research is being undertaken to identify the causes of these concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Lovett
- Department of Geography, University of Lancaster, England
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Flowerdew R, Gatrell AC, Lovett AA. Vegetable consumption and acute appendicitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292:1336-7. [PMID: 3085839 PMCID: PMC1340342 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.292.6531.1336-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
24
|
Lovett AA, Bentham CG, Flowerdew R. Analysing geographic variations in mortality using Poisson regression: the example of ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales 1969-1973. Soc Sci Med 1986; 23:935-43. [PMID: 3823977 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(86)90251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes how Poisson regression techniques can be used to examine the relationship between mortality and possible explanatory variables over a series of areas in cases where the number of deaths involved is relatively low. As an example an analysis is carried out on deaths from ischaemic heart disease among young adults in the county boroughs of England and Wales during 1969-1973. The results of the study indicate that the number of deaths was higher for males than females and was positively related to age, the size of the 'at risk' population and crowding, but negatively associated with water hardness and the size of the New Commonwealth population. A comparison of the Poisson and log-normal regression models clearly shows that the latter provides an inferior goodness of fit and unreliable results. It is therefore concluded that when the number of deaths is small there are both theoretical and practical advantages in using Poisson regression to analyse mortality data.
Collapse
|