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Frankel JS, Gardiner KL, Brice AK, Hagan L, Manzi TJ, Makaron L. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2023. [PMID: 37248799 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A cynomolgus macaque presented with right hindlimb lameness as well as crepitus and decreased passive range of motion of the right coxal joint. Radiography and histopathology were consistent with avascular necrosis of the femoral head. This case is the first published report of this condition in a cynomolgus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Frankel
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristin L Gardiner
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Hagan
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy J Manzi
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Makaron
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Desmond A, LaTourette PC, Awasthi S, Egan KP, Hook LM, Brice AK, Lubinski JM, Naughton AM, Fowler B, Beattie M, Pardi N, Cohen GH, Weissman D, Friedman HM. Preventing neonatal herpes: Protection after maternal mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccination equals or exceeds that from prior maternal genital infection in murine models. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.64.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neonates are vulnerable to poor outcomes from herpes simplex virus (HSV), but maternal infection eliciting non-sterilizing immunity prior to delivery provides some protection. We are therefore pursuing birthing parent vaccination with nucleoside-modified mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) to prevent neonatal herpes. Our trivalent vaccine encodes HSV type 2 (HSV-2) proteins involved in attachment and immune evasion (gC2, gD2, and gE2). We have shown that this vaccine protects against genital HSV and neonatal HSV-2 in mice. Here, we tested how well murine dam vaccination prior to pregnancy protects pups against HSV type 1 (HSV-1) challenge compared to prior maternal intravaginal HSV-1 infection. Dams were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-2 trivalent mRNA-LNP vaccine or a control immunogen (PolyC RNA-LNP), or were infected intravaginally with HSV-1 (HSV-1 ivag). Pups were challenged intranasally with HSV-1 on the 3rd day of life. Pups born to dams previously immunized or infected survived through 28 days (mRNA 95% vs. HSV-1 ivag 96%, N.S.; vs. PolyC 13%, p<0.0001). Likewise, they were protected from HSV-1 dissemination to the brain, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney by plaque assay (mRNA 2/45 organs affected vs. HSV-1 ivag 6/20, p=0.0083; vs. PolyC 69/80, p<0.0001). Additionally, fewer organs showed necrosis by histopathology of brain, lung, and liver, though not statistically significant, and fewer mRNA and HSV-1 ivag pups had detectable HSV-1 DNA in the trigeminal ganglia by qPCR (mRNA 6/30 vs. HSV-1 ivag 7/26, N.S.; vs. PolyC 17/18, p<0.0001). These studies demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine provides comparable to improved protection against neonatal HSV-1 challenge versus prior maternal HSV-1 intravaginal infection.
AD was supported by NIH NIAID T32 AI118684. HMF, SA, GHC, and DW were supported by NIH NIAID R01 AI139618 and an unrestricted grant from BioNTech SE. KPE was supported by NIH T32 NS007180. The funders had no input or influence on the content of this abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Desmond
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sita Awasthi
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin P. Egan
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren M. Hook
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Angela K. Brice
- 4Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - John M. Lubinski
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Alexis M. Naughton
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Bernard Fowler
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Norbert Pardi
- 6Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- 7Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Drew Weissman
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- 2Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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3
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Melgoza IP, Chenna SS, Tessier S, Zhang Y, Tang SY, Ohnishi T, Novais EJ, Kerr GJ, Mohanty S, Tam V, Chan WCW, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Leung VY, Brice AK, Séguin CA, Chan D, Vo N, Risbud MV, Dahia CL. Development of a standardized histopathology scoring system using machine learning algorithms for intervertebral disc degeneration in the mouse model-An ORS spine section initiative. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1164. [PMID: 34337338 PMCID: PMC8313179 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have been increasingly used as preclinical model to elucidate mechanisms and test therapeutics for treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Several intervertebral disc (IVD) histological scoring systems have been proposed, but none exists that reliably quantitate mouse disc pathologies. Here, we report a new robust quantitative mouse IVD histopathological scoring system developed by building consensus from the spine community analyses of previous scoring systems and features noted on different mouse models of IDD. The new scoring system analyzes 14 key histopathological features from nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF), endplate (EP), and AF/NP/EP interface regions. Each feature is categorized and scored; hence, the weight for quantifying the disc histopathology is equally distributed and not driven by only a few features. We tested the new histopathological scoring criteria using images of lumbar and coccygeal discs from different IDD models of both sexes, including genetic, needle-punctured, static compressive models, and natural aging mice spanning neonatal to old age stages. Moreover, disc sections from common histological preparation techniques and stains including H&E, SafraninO/Fast green, and FAST were analyzed to enable better cross-study comparisons. Fleiss's multi-rater agreement test shows significant agreement by both experienced and novice multiple raters for all 14 features on several mouse models and sections prepared using various histological techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of the new scoring system was validated using artificial intelligence and supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks, k-means clustering, and principal component analysis. Finally, we applied the new scoring system on established disc degeneration models and demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of histopathological scoring changes. Overall, the new histopathological scoring system offers the ability to quantify histological changes in mouse models of disc degeneration and regeneration with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Paola Melgoza
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Srish S. Chenna
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven Tessier
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Yejia Zhang
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Simon Y. Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University in St LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Emanuel José Novais
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Geoffrey J. Kerr
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyBone & Joint Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Vivian Tam
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Wilson C. W. Chan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic and TraumatologyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Chao‐Ming Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Victor Y. Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
| | | | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyBone & Joint Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedic and TraumatologyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Nam Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Makarand V. Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgerySidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chitra L. Dahia
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research ProgramHospital for Special SurgeryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Department of Cell & Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical SciencesNew York CityNew YorkUSA
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4
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Sultan LR, D'Souza JC, Karmacharya MB, Hunt SJ, Brice AK, Gade T, Wood AK, Sehgal CM. Dose-dependent effects of ultrasound therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma. IEEE Int Ultrason Symp 2020; 2020:10.1109/ius46767.2020.9251660. [PMID: 34188756 PMCID: PMC8237379 DOI: 10.1109/ius46767.2020.9251660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive ischemic cancer therapy requires reduced blood flow whereas drug delivery and radiation therapy require increased tumor perfusion for a better response. In this study we investigate the hypothesis that different dose models of antivascular ultrasound therapy (AVUS) can have opposite effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor blood flow. HCC was induced in 22 Wistar rats by ingestion of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 12 weeks. Rats received AVUS treatment at low and high doses. Low dose group received 1 watt/cm2 ultrasound for 1 min with 0.2 mL microbubbles injected IV. High dose group received 2 watts/cm2 for 2 min with 0.7 mL microbubbles IV. A sham group did not receive any treatment. Tumor perfusion was measured before and after AVUS with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Quantitative perfusion measures: perfusion index (PI) and peak enhancement (PE) were obtained from each AVUS dose. After high-dose AVUS, PE and PI decreased by an average of 58.1 ± 4.9% and 49.1 ± 6.5 % respectively. Conversely, following low dose AVUS, PE and PI increased from baseline by an average of 47.8 ± 4.5% % and 20.3 ± 2.4 %, respectively. The high-dose AVUS therapy decreased tumoral perfusion, an effect that could be used for noninvasive ischemic therapy. Conversely, low-dose therapy increased tumor perfusion, which may improve drug delivery or radiation therapy. These opposite therapy effects can support multiple roles for AVUS in cancer therapy by tunable modulation of blood flow in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith R Sultan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia C D'Souza
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Hunt
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terence Gade
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Kw Wood
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyvlania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Brent JM, Tian Z, Yao L, Huang J, Markova DZ, Shofer FS, Brice AK, Qin L, Scanzello CR, Vitale F, Chen D, Zhang Y. Functional Deficits in Mice Expressing Human Interleukin 8. Comp Med 2020; 70:205-215. [PMID: 32312361 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that inflammatory mediators, including IL8, in intervertebral disc tissues from patients with discogenic back pain may play a key role in back pain. To investigate the molecular mechanism of IL8 signaling in back pain, we generated a mouse model that conditionally expresses human (h) IL8. We hypothesized that hIL8 levels affect mouse activity and function. Briefly, hIL8 cDNA was inserted into the pCALL2 plasmid, linearized, and injected into mouse embryos. Resulting pCALL2-hIL8 mice were then bred with GDF5-Cre mice to express the transgene in cartilage and intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. Functional capacities including nest-making and other natural behaviors were measured. Both male and female mice expressing hIL8 showed lower nesting scores than did littermates that did not express hIL8 (n = 14 to 16 per group). At 28 wk of age, mice expressing hIL8 (n = 35) spent more time immobile and eating during each night than littermate controls (n = 33). Furthermore, hIL8-expressing mice traveled shorter distances and at a lower average speed than littermate controls. Thus, in an initial effort to investigate the relationship between this chemokine and mouse behavior, we have documented changes in normal activities in mice conditionally expressing hIL8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Michelle Brent
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
| | - Zuozhen Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Orthopaedics-Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dessislava Z Markova
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frances S Shofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Carla R Scanzello
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yejia Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Corporal Michael J Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Wilson JM, Wallace CK, Brice AK, Makaron L. Mineralized Trichobezoars in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2020; 49:158-161. [PMID: 32100304 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A five-year-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) presented with a thin body condition and multiple palpable mid-abdominal masses. Mineralized cecal trichobezoars were removed surgically. Thirteen months later, similar masses recurred and were confirmed with radiographs. This is the first case report of a mineralized cecal trichobezoar in a rhesus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolaine M Wilson
- Laboratory Animal Services, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chelsea K Wallace
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leah Makaron
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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D'Souza JC, Sultan LR, Hunt SJ, Gade TP, Karmacharya MB, Schultz SM, Brice AK, Wood AKW, Sehgal CM. Microbubble-enhanced ultrasound for the antivascular treatment and monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:331-341. [PMID: 31687321 PMCID: PMC6821993 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.39514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy, and its current management relies heavily on locoregional therapy for curative therapy, bridge to transplant, and palliative therapy. Locoregional therapies include ablation and hepatic artery therapies such as embolization and radioembolization. In this study we evaluate the feasibility of using novel antivascular ultrasound (AVUS) as a noninvasive locoregional therapy to reduce perfusion in HCC lesions in a rat model and, monitor the effect with contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. Methods: HCC was induced in 36 Wistar rats by the ingestion of 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 12 weeks. Two therapy regimens of AVUS were evaluated. A primary regimen (n = 19) utilized 2-W/cm2, 3-MHz ultrasound (US) for 6 minutes insonation with 0.7 ml of microbubbles administered as an intravenous bolus. An alternate dose at half the primary intensity, sonication time, and contrast concentration was evaluated in 11 rats to assess the efficacy of a reduced dose. A control group (n = 6) received a sham therapy. Tumor perfusion was measured before and after AVUS with nonlinear contrast ultrasound (NLC) and power Doppler (PD). The quantitative perfusion measures included perfusion index (PI), peak enhancement (PE), time to peak (TTP), and perfusion area from NLC and PD scans. Total tumor area perfused during the scan was measured by a postprocessing algorithm called delta projection. Tumor histology was evaluated for signs of tissue injury and for vascular changes using CD31 immunohistochemistry. Results: DEN exposure induced autochthonous hepatocellular carcinoma lesions in all rats. Across all groups prior to therapy, there were no significant differences in the nonlinear contrast observations of peak enhancement and perfusion index. In the control group, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters after sham treatment. After the primary AVUS regimen, there were significant changes in all parameters (p ≤ 0.05) indicating substantial decreases in tumor perfusion. Peak enhancement in nonlinear contrast scans showed a 37.9% ± 10.1% decrease in tumor perfusion. Following reduced-dose AVUS, there were no significant changes in perfusion parameters, although there was a trend for the nonlinear contrast observations of peak enhancement and perfusion index to increase. Conclusion: This study translated low-intensity AVUS therapy into a realistic in vivo model of HCC and evaluated its effects on the tumor vasculature. The primary dose of AVUS tested resulted in significant vascular disruption and a corresponding reduction in tumor perfusion. A reduced dose of AVUS, on the other hand, was ineffective at disrupting perfusion but demonstrated the potential for enhancing tumor blood flow. Theranostic ultrasound, where acoustic energy and microbubbles are used to monitor the tumor neovasculature as well as disrupt the vasculature and treat lesions, could serve as a potent tool for delivering noninvasive, locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. D'Souza
- Ultrasound Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Image-Guided Interventions Lab, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 646 BRB II/III Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laith R. Sultan
- Ultrasound Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen J. Hunt
- Ultrasound Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Image-Guided Interventions Lab, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 646 BRB II/III Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terence P. Gade
- Penn Image-Guided Interventions Lab, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, 646 BRB II/III Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mrigendra B. Karmacharya
- Ultrasound Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan M. Schultz
- Ultrasound Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela K. Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew K. W. Wood
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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D'Souza JC, Sultan LR, Hunt SJ, Schultz SM, Brice AK, Wood AKW, Sehgal CM. B-mode ultrasound for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis: a quantitative multiparametric analysis for a radiomics approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8708. [PMID: 31213661 PMCID: PMC6581954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis are a growing global health problem with increasing mortality rates. Early diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis represent a major challenge. Currently liver biopsy is the gold standard for fibrosis assessment; however, biopsy requires an invasive procedure and is prone to sampling error and reader variability. In the current study we investigate using quantitative analysis of computer-extracted features of B-mode ultrasound as a non-invasive tool to characterize hepatic fibrosis. Twenty-two rats were administered diethylnitrosamine (DEN) orally for 12 weeks to induce hepatic fibrosis. Four control rats did not receive DEN. B-mode ultrasound scans sampling throughout the liver were acquired at baseline, 10, and 13 weeks. Computer extracted quantitative parameters representing brightness (echointensity, hepatorenal index) and variance (heterogeneity, anisotropy) of the liver were studied. DEN rats showed an increase in echointensity from 37.1 ± SD 7.8 to 53.5 ± 5.7 (10 w) to 57.5 ± 6.1 (13 w), while the control group remained unchanged at an average of 34.5 ± 4.5. The three other features studied increased similarly over time in the DEN group. Histologic analysis showed METAVIR fibrosis grades of F2-F4 in DEN rats and F0-F1 in controls. Increasing imaging parameters correlated with increasing METAVIR grades, and anisotropy showed the strongest correlation (ρ = 0.58). Sonographic parameters combined using multiparametric logistic regression were able to differentiate between clinically significant and insignificant fibrosis. Quantitative B-mode ultrasound imaging can be implemented in clinical settings as an accurate non-invasive tool for fibrosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C D'Souza
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Image-Guided Interventions Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laith R Sultan
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen J Hunt
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Image-Guided Interventions Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Schultz
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew K W Wood
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Ultrasound Research Lab, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
An experimentally naïve, 9-y-old, intact male cynomolgus macaque was reported for bleeding from an unidentified site. Sedated physical examination indicated mild gingival separation from the lingual aspect of the upper right canine tooth as the source of the hemorrhage. Physical exam revealed a firm mass adhered to the left zygomatic arch, 2 subcutaneous nodules on the chest, and a large mass in the cranial abdomen. Radiographs revealed a large soft-tissue mass in the cranial abdomen and multifocal nodules in the caudal lung fields. On ultrasonography, the liver was grossly enlarged and contained a cavi- tated mass. Hematology and serum chemistry results demonstrated severe regenerative anemia with normal clotting times and adequate platelet count. For humane reasons, euthanasia was elected. On gross examination, the liver was markedly enlarged by an expansile mass primarily affecting the median lobe, with multiple, smaller nodules throughout the remaining lobes. Multifocal round, firm nodules were observed on the surface of all lung lobes and throughout the omentum. Histologic examination of the hepatic, cutaneous, osseous, and pulmonary lesions demonstrated well-defined, endothelium-lined vascular channels arranged in cords with abundant hemorrhage; endothelial-cell immunomarkers confirmed these results. On the basis of these findings, hepatic hemangiosarcoma, with metastases to the lungs, omentum, subcutis, and bone, was diagnosed. This case study is the first report of spontaneous hepatic hemangiosarcoma in a cynomolgus macaque and the first case with metastasis to bone in a NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Bright
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Comparative Medicine Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,
| | - Kristin L Gardiner
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Ortiz A, Gui J, Zahedi F, Yu P, Cho C, Bhattacharya S, Carbone CJ, Yu Q, Katlinski KV, Katlinskaya YV, Handa S, Haas V, Volk SW, Brice AK, Wals K, Matheson NJ, Antrobus R, Ludwig S, Whiteside TL, Sander C, Tarhini AA, Kirkwood JM, Lehner PJ, Guo W, Rui H, Minn AJ, Koumenis C, Diehl JA, Fuchs SY. An Interferon-Driven Oxysterol-Based Defense against Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:33-45.e6. [PMID: 30645975 PMCID: PMC6336114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) "educate" healthy cells to promote metastases. We found that melanoma TEV downregulated type I interferon (IFN) receptor and expression of IFN-inducible cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). CH25H produces 25-hydroxycholesterol, which inhibited TEV uptake. Low CH25H levels in leukocytes from melanoma patients correlated with poor prognosis. Mice incapable of downregulating the IFN receptor and Ch25h were resistant to TEV uptake, TEV-induced pre-metastatic niche, and melanoma lung metastases; however, ablation of Ch25h reversed these phenotypes. An anti-hypertensive drug, reserpine, suppressed TEV uptake and disrupted TEV-induced formation of the pre-metastatic niche and melanoma lung metastases. These results suggest the importance of CH25H in defense against education of normal cells by TEV and argue for the use of reserpine in adjuvant melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Gui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Farima Zahedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Carbone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qiujing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanstantsin V Katlinski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuliya V Katlinskaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simran Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor Haas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kim Wals
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology, and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cindy Sander
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ahmad A Tarhini
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andy J Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Misic AM, Miedel EL, Brice AK, Cole S, Zhang GF, Dyer CD, Secreto A, Smith AL, Danet-Desnoyers G, Beiting DP. Culture-independent Profiling of the Fecal Microbiome to Identify Microbial Species Associated with a Diarrheal Outbreak in Immunocompromised Mice. Comp Med 2018; 68:261-268. [PMID: 29898804 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-17-000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompromised mice are used frequently in biomedical research, in part because they accommodate the engraftment and study of primary human cells within a mouse model; however, these animals are susceptible to opportunistic infections and require special husbandry considerations. In 2015, an outbreak marked by high morbidity but low mortality swept through a colony of immunocompromised mice; this outbreak rapidly affected 75% of the colony and ultimately required complete depopulation of the barrier suite. Conventional microbiologic and molecular diagnostics were unsuccessful in determining the cause; therefore, we explored culture-independent methods to broadly profile the microbial community in the feces of affected animals. This approach identified 4 bacterial taxa- Candidatus Arthromitus, Clostridium celatum, Clostridiales bacterium VE202-01, and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain PV8-2- that were significantly enriched in the affected mice. Based on these results, specific changes were made to the animal husbandry procedures for immunocompromised mice. This case report highlights the utility of culture-independent methods in laboratory animal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily L Miedel
- Comparative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Comparative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Grace F Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cecilia D Dyer
- Comparative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony Secreto
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Comparative Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gwenn Danet-Desnoyers
- Stem Cell and Xenograft Core, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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de Souza Dyer C, Brice AK, Marx JO. Intraperitoneal Administration of Ethanol as a Means of Euthanasia for Neonatal Mice ( Mus musculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2017; 56:299-306. [PMID: 28535865 PMCID: PMC5438924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The humane euthanasia of animals in research is of paramount importance. Neonatal mice frequently respond differently to euthanasia agents when compared with adults. The AVMA's Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals includes intraperitoneal injection of ethanol as "acceptable with conditions," and recent work confirmed that this method is appropriate for euthanizing adult mice, but neonatal mice have not been tested. To explore this method in neonatal mice, mouse pups (C57BL/6 and CD1, 162 total) were injected with 100% ethanol, a pentobarbital-phenytoin combination, or saline at 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35 d of age. Electrocardiograms, respiratory rates, and times to loss of righting reflex and death were recorded. Time to death (TTD) differed significantly between ethanol and pentobarbital-phenytoin at 7, 14, and 21 d and between ethanol groups at 7, 14, and 21 d compared with 35 d. The average TTD (± 1 SD) for ethanol-injected mice were: 7 d, 70.3 ± 39.8 min; 14 d, 51.7 ± 30.5 min; 21 d, 32.3 ± 20.8 min, 28 d, 14.0 ± 15.2; and 35 d, 4.9 ± 1.4. Mean TTD in pentobarbital-phenytoin-injected mice were: 7 d, 2.8 ± 0.4 min; 14 d, 2.9 ± 0.5 min; 21 d, 3.9 ± 1.2 min; 28 d, 3.9 ± 0.7 min; and 35 d, 4.4 ± 0.5. Although TTD did not differ between ethanol and pentobarbital-phenytoin at 28 d of age, the TTD in 3 of 12 mice was longer than 15 min after ethanol administration at this age. Therefore, ethanol should not be used as a method of euthanasia for mice younger than 35 d, because the criteria for humane euthanasia were met only in mice 35 d or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia de Souza Dyer
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
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13
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Johnston JM, Dyer CD, Madison-Antenucci S, Mergen KA, Veeder CL, Brice AK. Neurocysticercosis in a Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2016; 66:499-502. [PMID: 28304255 PMCID: PMC5157967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An 8-y-old, intact, male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was sedated to undergo MRI in preparation for the implantation of cranial hardware. During imaging, 9 focal lesions were noted in the brain and musculature of the head. The lesions were hyperechoic with hypoechoic rims. The animal was deemed inappropriate for neuroscience research, and euthanasia was elected. Gross examination revealed multiple round, thick-walled, fluid-filled cysts (diameter, approximately 0.5 cm) in multiple tissues: one each in the left caudal lung lobe, left masseter muscle, and the dura overlying the brain and 8 throughout the gray and white matter of the brain parenchyma. Formalin-fixed sections of cyst-containing brain were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination and molecular analysis of the COX1 (COI) gene recognized the causative organism as Taenia solium at 99.04% identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Johnston
- Department of Pathobiology and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York
| | - Cecilia D Dyer
- Department of Pathobiology and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York
| | | | | | - Christin L Veeder
- Department of Pathobiology and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology and University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York;,
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14
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15
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Johnston JM, Philips BH, Carty AJ, Klein PS, Brice AK. Collagenoma in an African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis). Comp Med 2016; 66:21-24. [PMID: 26884406 PMCID: PMC4752032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 3-y-old female Xenopus laevis was reported for a gray mass on the abdomen. The frog was used for egg collection and was otherwise experimentally naïve. On physical exam, the frog was bright and active and had a firm, gray, lobulated mass (1.5 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm) in the cutaneous tissue of the left lateral abdomen. An excisional biopsy was performed under anesthesia, and the entire mass was removed and processed for histopathology. Microscopically, the dermis was greatly expanded by connective tissue with a marked decrease in the number of glands, and occasional degenerative glands were present. When stained with Masson trichrome, the excessive connective tissue stained blue, indicating that it was composed of collagen. With Verhoeff-van Gieson staining, the connective tissue stained bright red with an absence of black-staining material, demonstrating the presence of collagen and ruling out elastic fibers. In light of the morphology of the mass and the results of the special stains, the mass was diagnosed as a collagenoma. To our knowledge, this report is the first description of a collagenoma in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Johnston
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Blythe H Philips
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Carty
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter S Klein
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Field J, Ye DZ, Shinde M, Liu F, Schillinger KJ, Lu M, Wang T, Skettini M, Xiong Y, Brice AK, Chung DC, Patel VV. CAP2 in cardiac conduction, sudden cardiac death and eye development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17256. [PMID: 26616005 PMCID: PMC4663486 DOI: 10.1038/srep17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death kills 180,000 to 450,000 Americans annually, predominantly males. A locus that confers a risk for sudden cardiac death, cardiac conduction disease, and a newly described developmental disorder (6p22 syndrome) is located at 6p22. One gene at 6p22 is CAP2, which encodes a cytoskeletal protein that regulates actin dynamics. To determine the role of CAP2 in vivo, we generated knockout (KO) mice. cap2−/cap2− males were underrepresented at weaning and ~70% died by 12 weeks of age, but cap2−/cap2− females survived at close to the expected levels and lived normal life spans. CAP2 knockouts resembled patients with 6p22 syndrome in that mice were smaller and they developed microphthalmia and cardiac disease. The cardiac disease included cardiac conduction disease (CCD) and, after six months of age, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), most noticeably in the males. To address the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes, we used Cre-mediated recombination to knock out CAP2 in cardiomyocytes. We found that the mice developed CCD, leading to sudden cardiac death from complete heart block, but no longer developed DCM or the other phenotypes, including sex bias. These studies establish a direct role for CAP2 and actin dynamics in sudden cardiac death and cardiac conduction disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Field
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Diana Z Ye
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Manasi Shinde
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Kurt J Schillinger
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA.,Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - MinMin Lu
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Michelle Skettini
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Yao Xiong
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources and School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel C Chung
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
| | - Vickas V Patel
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA.,Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19041 USA
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17
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Philips BH, Crim MJ, Hankenson FC, Steffen EK, Klein PS, Brice AK, Carty AJ. Evaluation of Presurgical Skin Preparation Agents in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:788-798. [PMID: 26632790 PMCID: PMC4671796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the routine collection of oocytes from African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) for use in research, few studies have evaluated methods for preparing their skin for surgery. We evaluated 3 skin preparatory agents by examining their antibacterial efficacy and the gross and microscopic appearance of Xenopus skin after exposure. Frogs (n = 14) were sedated and treated (contact time, 10 min) with 0.9% sterile NaCl on one-half of the ventrum and with 0.5% povidone-iodine or 0.75% chlorhexidine on the other half. Bacterial cultures were obtained before and after skin treatment; bacteria were identified by mass spectrometry. To assess inflammation and degenerative changes, the incision sites were photographed and biopsied at 0, 1, and 7 d after surgery. We isolated at least 22 genera of bacteria from the skin of our frog population (mean ± SE, 5.21 ± 0.82 genera per frog). Iodine (2.00 ± 0.44 genera) and chlorhexidine (0.29 ± 0.76 genera) both had greater antimicrobial activity than did saline. Skin erythema did not correlate with treatment group. Histologic evidence of epidermal degeneration and necrosis was greater on days 1 and 7 after chlorhexidine treatment than after iodine or saline. In addition, frogs treated with chlorhexidine had a higher incidence of clinical illness associated with the exposure site. In summary, although chlorhexidine has adequate antimicrobial activity against organisms on X. laevis skin, it leads to skin damage and subsequent clinical complications. We therefore do not recommend chlorhexidine as a preoperative preparation agent in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe H Philips
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcus J Crim
- IDEXX BioResearch, Columbia, Missouri, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Peter S Klein
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Carty
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Allen-Worthington KH, Brice AK, Marx JO, Hankenson FC. Intraperitoneal Injection of Ethanol for the Euthanasia of Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus) and Rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:769-778. [PMID: 26632787 PMCID: PMC4671793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Compassion, professional ethics, and public sensitivity require that animals are euthanized humanely and appropriately under both planned and emergent situations. According to the 2013 AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, intraperitoneal injection of ethanol is "acceptable with conditions" for use in mice. Because only limited information regarding this technique is available, we sought to evaluate ethanol by using ECG and high-definition video recording. Mice (n = 85) and rats (n = 16) were treated with intraperitoneal ethanol (70% or 100%), a positive-control agent (pentobarbital-phenytoin combination [Pe/Ph]), or a negative-control agent (saline solution). After injection, animals were assessed for behavioral and physiologic responses. Pain-assessment techniques in mice demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of ethanol was not more painful than was intraperitoneal Pe/Ph. Median time to loss of consciousness for all mice that received ethanol or Pe/Ph was 45 s. Median time to respiratory arrest was 2.75, 2.25, and 2.63 min, and time (mean ± SE) to cardiac arrest was 6.04 ± 1.3, 2.96 ± 0.6, and 4.03 ± 0.5 min for 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, and Pe/Ph, respectively. No mouse that received ethanol or Pe/Ph regained consciousness. Although successful in mice, intraperitoneal ethanol at the doses tested (9.2 to 20.1 g/kg) was unsuitable for euthanasia of rats (age, 7 to 8 wk) because of the volume needed and prolonged time to respiratory effects. For mice, intraperitoneal injection of 70% or 100% ethanol induced rapid and irreversible loss of consciousness, followed by death, and should be considered as "acceptable with conditions."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Mexas AM, Brice AK, Caro AC, Hillanbrand TS, Gaertner DJ. Nasal Histopathology and Intracage Ammonia Levels in Female Groups and Breeding Mice Housed in Static Isolation Cages. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:478-486. [PMID: 26424245 PMCID: PMC4587615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many factors influence ammonia levels in rodent cages, and high intracage ammonia has been associated with specific types of abnormal nasal pathology in mice. The use of autoclaved corncob bedding and the maintenance of low room humidity reduce the accumulation of ammonia in mouse cages. However, there are no engineering standards that define the limits of ammonia exposure for mice housed in static isolation cages. Regulatory guidance indicates that solid bottom cages must be sanitized at least weekly and that cage components in direct contact with animals must be sanitized at least every 2 wk. Common practice is to replace the bottoms and bedding of static isolation cages once weekly. To determine whether changing static isolation cages once weekly is an appropriate performance standard for mice, we prospectively evaluated the relationship between ammonia levels, nasal histopathology, and housing densities in various grouping strategies of mice housed in static isolation cages. Here, we report that the average nasal pathology score per cage and intracage ammonia levels were correlated, but nasal pathology scores did not differ among mice housed in breeding pairs, breeding trios, or female groups. In light of ammonia levels and histopathology scores as performance standards, these results suggest that a weekly cage-change frequency for static isolation cages does not result in adverse effects. Our results provide evidence to support current practices in the use of static isolation cages for housing laboratory mice in modern vivaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Mexas
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C Caro
- Office of Animal Welfare, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Troy S Hillanbrand
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane J Gaertner
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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20
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Fried JH, Worth DB, Brice AK, Hankenson FC. Type, duration, and incidence of pathologic findings after retroorbital bleeding of mice by experienced and novice personnel. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:317-327. [PMID: 26045459 PMCID: PMC4460946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Retroorbital blood collection is a common technique in laboratory rodents due to the ease with which it can be performed and the sample volumes obtained for subsequent blood analyses. However, its use has been discouraged recently due to aesthetic discomfort and anecdotal reports of potential for ocular injury during blood collection. We hypothesized that a single standardized session of in-person training would be sufficient to learn the appropriate technique and minimize the likelihood for adverse outcomes. Experienced instructors (n = 2) conducted hands-on training classes to teach novice personnel (n = 40) to perform this procedure. Blood was collected from anesthetized mice (n = 40) via a capillary tube first placed at the medial canthus of the right eye and then advanced into the retroorbital space; the left retroorbital spaces served as unmanipulated controls. For comparison, the experienced instructors similarly collected blood from 40 additional mice. The tube could be inserted only once in each mouse, with the goal of obtaining 50 to 100 μL blood. Overall, 79 of 80 mice (98.8%) showed normal body condition, posture, and behavior throughout the 14-d study. Thus, any clinical observation scores pertained specifically to ocular lesions, which occurred at least once after sampling in 43 (53.8%) of the mice. Clinical and histopathologic scores of mice after bleeding did not differ between experienced and novice personnel. We conclude that a coordinated hands-on training program can provide consistent and sufficient instruction for research personnel to conduct retroorbital blood collection with competence in anesthetized laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Fried
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David B Worth
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- Department of Pathobiology, University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Braden GC, Brice AK, Hankenson FC. Adverse effects of vapocoolant and topical anesthesia for tail biopsy of preweanling mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2015; 54:291-298. [PMID: 26045455 PMCID: PMC4460942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tail biopsy of laboratory mice for genotyping purposes has been studied extensively to develop refinements for this common procedure. Our prior work assessed tail vertebral development in different mouse strains (age, 3 to 42 d) and analyzed behavior and activity in mice (age, 21 to 45 d) biopsied under isoflurane anesthesia. To assess the effects of biopsy on preweanling mice, we here evaluated BALB/cAnNCrl mice (n = 80; age, 18 to 21 d) that received topical vapocoolant (ethyl chloride), topical anesthetic (Cetacaine), or isoflurane anesthesia before undergoing a 5-mm or sham biopsy. Control mice did not receive any anesthetic intervention. Regardless of the anesthetic used, acute observation scores indicative of distress were increased at 10 min after biopsy, and locomotor activity was decreased, in biopsied compared with control mice. Acute observation scores at 10 min after biopsy were higher in mice that received ethyl chloride compared with isoflurane or no anesthesia. Microscopic analysis revealed that inflammatory changes in the distal tail remained elevated until 7 d after biopsy and were higher in tails exposed to ethyl chloride. Our findings indicate that vapocoolant, topical anesthesia, and inhaled isoflurane do not enhance the wellbeing of preweanling mice undergoing tail biopsy. Due to the lack of appreciable benefits and the presence of notable adverse effects, using vapocoolants or Cetacaine for this tail biopsy procedure in laboratory mice is unadvisable and we encourage the removal of these agents from institutional tail biopsy guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian C Braden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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22
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Lisanti S, Tavecchio M, Chae YC, Liu Q, Brice AK, Thakur ML, Languino LR, Altieri DC. Deletion of the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP-1 uncovers global reprogramming of metabolic networks. Cell Rep 2014; 8:671-7. [PMID: 25088416 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic pathways contributes to human disease, especially cancer, but the regulators of this process are unknown. Here, we have generated a mouse knockout for the mitochondrial chaperone TRAP-1, a regulator of bioenergetics in tumors. TRAP-1(-/-) mice are viable and showed reduced incidence of age-associated pathologies, including obesity, inflammatory tissue degeneration, dysplasia, and spontaneous tumor formation. This was accompanied by global upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis transcriptomes, causing deregulated mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress, impaired cell proliferation, and a switch to glycolytic metabolism in vivo. These data identify TRAP-1 as a central regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics, and this pathway could contribute to metabolic rewiring in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lisanti
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele Tavecchio
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madhukar L Thakur
- Department of Radiology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Suzuki D, Leu NA, Brice AK, Senoo M. Expression analysis of Dact1 in mice using a LacZ reporter. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:21-30. [PMID: 24681206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is essential for cell fate decisions during embryonic development as well as for homeostasis after birth. Dapper antagonist of catenin-1 (Dact1) plays an important role during embryogenesis by regulating Wnt signaling pathways. Consequently, targeted disruption of the Dact1 gene in mice leads to perinatal lethality due to severe developmental defects involving the central nervous system, genitourinary system and distal digestive tract. However, the expression and potential function of Dact1 in other tissues during development and postnatal life have not been well studied. Here, we have generated reporter mice in which LacZ expression is driven by the Dact1 gene promoter and characterized Dact1-LacZ expression in embryos and adult tissues. Our data show that while Dact1-LacZ is expressed in multiple mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived tissues during development, high expression of Dact1-LacZ is restricted to a small subset of adult tissues, including the brain, eye, heart, and some reproductive organs. These results will serve as a basis for future investigation of Dact1 function in Wnt-mediated organogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Senoo
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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Marx JO, Brice AK, Boston RC, Smith AL. Incidence rates of spontaneous disease in laboratory mice used at a large biomedical research institution. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2013; 52:782-791. [PMID: 24351767 PMCID: PMC3838613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed epidemiologic survey of spontaneous diseases of mice used in biomedical research has not been performed in more than 4 decades. The current study examined all mouse disease reports for a subset of the University of Pennsylvania vivaria from October 2010 through September 2011. Mortality logs were examined over the same period of time. After eliminating protocol-related cases, the incidence rates for more than 30 diseases were calculated in terms of number of cases per 1000 cages per month. The average daily census for the facilities analyzed exceeded 29,000 cages and included more than 180 research groups. No single research group accounted for more than 4% of the total number of cases reported, indicating that this study did not simply quantify the spontaneous disease incidence in a limited number of research groups. Spontaneous mortality with unknown cause in adult and neonatal mice without prior reported illness was the most commonly reported issue, followed by dermatitis, ocular disease, and nonspecific clinical signs including lethargy, poor hair coat, and muscle wasting. These results indicate that improving the ability to identify sick mice is important in refining the care and use of mice in biomedical research. The information provided in the current study can help to provide a baseline for comparison, guide the field in directing mouse welfare research toward areas of need, and identify optimal methods of care for mice in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Angela K Brice
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond C Boston
- Center of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail L Smith
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Jensen JA, Brice AK, Bagel JH, Mexas AM, Yoon SY, Wolfe JH. Hypervitaminosis D in guinea pigs with α-mannosidosis. Comp Med 2013; 63:156-162. [PMID: 23582422 PMCID: PMC3625056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A colony of guinea pigs (n = 9) with α-mannosidosis was fed a pelleted commercial laboratory guinea pig diet. Over 2 mo, all 9 guinea pigs unexpectedly showed anorexia and weight loss (11.7% to 30.0% of baseline weight), and 3 animals demonstrated transient polyuria and polydipsia. Blood chemistry panels in these 3 guinea pigs revealed high-normal total calcium, high-normal phosphate, and high ALP. Urine specific gravity was dilute (1.003, 1.009, 1.013) in the 3 animals tested. Postmortem examination of 7 animals that were euthanized after failing to respond to supportive care revealed renal interstitial fibrosis with tubular mineralization, soft tissue mineralization in multiple organs, hepatic lipidosis, and pneumonia. Analysis of the pelleted diet revealed that it had been formulated with a vitamin D3 content of more than 150 times the normal concentration. Ionized calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D values were both high in serum saved from 2 euthanized animals, confirming the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D. This report discusses the clinical signs, blood chemistry results, and gross and histologic findings of hypervitaminosis D in a colony of guinea pigs. When unexpected signs occur colony-wide, dietary differentials should be investigated at an early time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janlee A Jensen
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of the Vice Provost for Research, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Graham DR, Gama L, Queen SE, Li M, Brice AK, Kelly KM, Mankowski JL, Clements JE, Zink MC. Initiation of HAART during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection rapidly controls virus replication in the CNS by enhancing immune activity and preserving protective immune responses. J Neurovirol 2010; 17:120-30. [PMID: 21165785 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The CNS remains vulnerable to HIV-induced damage despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Using a rigorous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of HAART that combines three classes of antiretroviral drugs (a protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and an integrase inhibitor), we examined immune responses and virus replication in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following HAART initiation during acute infection (4 days postinoculation (p.i.)). HAART-treated macaques did not experience the level of acute CD4+ and CD8+ T cell and NK cell count suppression in the peripheral blood normally observed during acute infection. Initiation of HAART produced a rapid four-log decline in viral load in plasma and a slower two-log decline of viral RNA in the CSF over the subsequent 17 days of infection. Despite a dramatic reduction of viral RNA levels in the brain at 21 days p.i., viral DNA levels were not different between the two groups. Expression of most cytokine mRNA in brain of HAART-treated macaques did not significantly differ from untreated controls. Expression of the IFN responsive gene MxA was significantly reduced in the brain of HAART-treated macaques, suggesting control of hyperactive immune responses. Control of virus replication likely was enhanced by significant increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell trafficking in the brain of infected animals on HAART therapy and the concomitant increase in levels of IFNγ. Collectively, these data indicate preserved innate and adaptive immune activity in the brain following HAART initiation during acute SIV infection in this macaque model, suggesting profound benefits following acute treatment of SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 831, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zink MC, Brice AK, Kelly KM, Queen SE, Gama L, Li M, Adams RJ, Bartizal C, Varrone J, Rabi SA, Graham DR, Tarwater PM, Mankowski JL, Clements JE. Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy have reduced central nervous system viral replication and inflammation but persistence of viral DNA. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:161-70. [PMID: 20497048 DOI: 10.1086/653213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence of HIV-associated central nervous system (CNS) disease has increased despite suppression of plasma viremia. METHODS In a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model system in which all animals develop AIDS and 90% develop CNS disease by 3 months after inoculation, pigtailed macaques were treated with a regimen of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, saquinavir, atazanavir, and an integrase inhibitor starting at 12 days after inoculation and were euthanized at approximately 175 days after inoculation. RESULTS Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral loads declined rapidly after the initiation of HAART. Brain viral RNA was undetectable at necropsy, but viral DNA levels were not different from those in untreated SIV-infected macaques. CNS inflammation was significantly reduced, with decreased brain expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and glial fibrillary acidic protein and reduced levels of CSF CCL2 and interleukin 6. Brain from treated macaques had significantly lower levels of interferon beta, type 1 interferon-inducible gene myxovirus (influenza) resistance A, and indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase messenger RNA, suggesting that immune hyperactivation was suppressed, and fewer CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that trafficking of T cells from peripheral blood was reduced. Brain levels of CD68 protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma RNA were reduced but were not significantly lower, indicating continued CNS inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These data, generated in a rigorous, high-viral-load SIV-infected macaque model, showed that HAART provided benefits with respect to CNS viral replication and inflammation but that no change in the level of viral DNA and continued CNS inflammation occurred in some macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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28
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Gupta RG, Kelly KM, Helke KL, Queen SE, Karper JM, Dorsey JL, Brice AK, Adams RJ, Tarwater PM, Kolson DL, Mankowski JL. HIV and SIV induce alterations in CNS CaMKII expression and activation: a potential mechanism for cognitive impairment. Am J Pathol 2010; 176:2776-84. [PMID: 20382699 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairment in patients with HIV-associated neurological disease have remained unclear. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) has key roles in synaptic potentiation and memory storage in neurons and also may have immunomodulatory functions. To determine whether HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induce alterations in CaMKII expression and/or activation (autophosphorylation) in the brain, we measured CaMKII alterations by quantitative immunoblotting in both an in vitro HIV/neuronal culture model and in vivo in an SIV-infected macaque model of HIV-associated neurological damage. Using primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures treated with culture supernatants harvested from HIV-1-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (HIV/MDM), we found that CaMKII activation declined after exposure of neurons to HIV/MDM. Consistent with our in vitro measurements, a significant decrease in CaMKII activation was present in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex of SIV-infected macaques compared with uninfected animals. In SIV-infected animals, total CaMKII expression in the hippocampus correlated well with levels of synaptophysin. Furthermore, CaMKII expression in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex was inversely correlated with viral load in the brain. These findings suggest that alterations in CaMKII may compromise synaptic function in the early phases of chronic neurodegenerative processes induced by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi G Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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29
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Szeto GL, Brice AK, Yang HC, Barber SA, Siliciano RF, Clements JE. Minocycline attenuates HIV infection and reactivation by suppressing cellular activation in human CD4+ T cells. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1132-40. [PMID: 20205570 DOI: 10.1086/651277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective but can be associated with toxic effects and is expensive. Other options may be useful for long-term therapy. The immunomodulatory antibiotic minocycline could be an effective, low-cost adjunctive treatment to HAART. Minocycline mediated a dose-dependent decrease in single-cycle CXCR4-tropic HIV infection and decreased viral RNA after infection of CD4+ T cells with HIV NL4-3. Reactivation from latency was also decreased in a primary CD4+ T cell-derived model and in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected patients. Minocycline treatment resulted in significant changes in activation marker expression and inhibited proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD4+ T cells in response to activation. This study demonstrates that minocycline reduces HIV replication and reactivation and decreases CD4+ T cell activation. The anti-HIV effects of minocycline are mediated by altering the cellular environment rather than directly targeting virus, placing minocycline in the class of anticellular anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Szeto
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Lentiviral diseases of animals have been recognized for over a century, long before HIV was recognized as the cause of AIDS. All lentiviruses cause neurological disease and productive virus replication in the CNS occurs exclusively in cells of macrophage lineage. The ability to molecularly engineer the inoculum virus, to sample the brain at many different time points from acute through terminal infection and to correlate in vivo with in vitro findings are significant advantages of animal models of HIV CNS disease. The lentiviruses can be divided into two pathogenetic groups--those that cause immunosuppression, including the lentiviruses of humans (HIV), non-human primates (SIV), cats (FIV), and cattle (BIV), and those that cause immunoproliferation, including the lentiviruses of horses (EIAV), sheep (OvLV) and goats (CAEV). Despite extensive study, no rodent lentivirus has been identified, prompting development of alternate strategies to study lentiviral pathogenesis using rodents. The immunosuppressive lentiviruses most closely recapitulate the disease manifestations of HIV infection, and both SIV and FIV have contributed significantly to our understanding of how HIV causes both central and peripheral nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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31
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Watanabe H, Mamelak AJ, Weiss E, Wang B, Freed I, Brice AK, Wachtman L, Gabrielson KL, Yokota N, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS, Haas M, Sauder DN. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibody accelerates renal disease in the NZB/W F1 murine systemic lupus erythematosus model. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:407-9. [PMID: 15671573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Watanabe H, Mamelak AJ, Weiss E, Wang B, Freed I, Brice AK, Wachtman L, Gabrielson KL, Yokota N, Hicklin DJ, Kerbel RS, Haas M, Sauder DN. Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Antibody Accelerates Renal Disease in the NZB/W F1 Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Model. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.407.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adam J. Mamelak
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot Weiss
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Irwin Freed
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angela K. Brice
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lynn Wachtman
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen L. Gabrielson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naoko Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Robert S. Kerbel
- Division of Cancer Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel N. Sauder
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, 601 North Caroline Street, JHOC 6068, Baltimore, MD 21287-0900. E-mail:
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Pisharath HR, Cooper TK, Brice AK, Cianciolo RE, Pistorio AL, Wachtman LM, Mankowski JL, Newcomer CE. Septicemia and peritonitis in a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 2005; 44:35-7. [PMID: 15697197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Six common marmosets from a colony of 50 died over a period of 3 weeks, with the predominant finding of gram-negative bacterial septicemia. Four of these animals died peracutely; the other two were found when they were moribund, and they subsequently died despite clinical intervention. Gram-negative bacterial rods were present in the blood vessels of stained tissues from five of the six marmosets. Three marmosets also had severe fibrinopurulent peritonitis. In addition, one of the marmosets with peritonitis also had purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis with large colonies of gram-negative bacterial rods within dialated colonic crypts. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from multiple organs in three of the marmosets. Clinical evaluation of the entire colony identified four marmosets with anorexia, nasopharyngeal discharge and diarrhea. These marmosets were treated with enrofloxacin immediately, and they responded well. K. pneumonia could not be cultured from nasal or fecal samples obtained from the colony animals. Because of the peracute nature of the disease, animals often die before exhibiting clinical symptoms, and antibiotics are seldom helpful. In this outbreak we saw both of the major forms of Klebsiella infection in common marmosets: the peracute form with bacteremia and minimal inflammatory reaction around blood vessels, and the chronic form with bacteremia, fibrinopurulent peritonitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshan R Pisharath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross 4th Floor, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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