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Kivrane A, Igumnova V, Liepina EE, Skrastina D, Leonciks A, Rudevica Z, Kistkins S, Reinis A, Zilde A, Kazaks A, Ranka R. Development of rapid antigen test prototype for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva samples. Ups J Med Sci 2022; 127:8207. [PMID: 35284045 PMCID: PMC8886438 DOI: 10.48101/ujms.v127.8207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of easy-to-perform diagnostic methods is highly important for detecting current coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pilot study aimed at developing a lateral flow assay (LFA)-based test prototype to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in saliva samples. METHODS Mice were immunized using the recombinant receptor-binding domain (rRBD) of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein. The combinations of the obtained mouse anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) and several commercial antibodies directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to select antibody pairs for LFA. The antibody pairs were tested in a LFA format using saliva samples from individuals with early SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 9). The diagnostic performance of the developed LFA was evaluated using saliva samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 111); the median time from the onset of symptoms to sample collection was 10 days (0-24 days, interquartile range (IQR): 7-13). The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used as a reference method. RESULTS Based on ELISA and preliminary LFA results, a combination of mouse anti-RBD PAbs (capture antibody) and rabbit anti-spike PAbs (detection antibody) was chosen for clinical analysis of sample. When compared with rRT-PCR results, LFA exhibited 26.5% sensitivity, 58.1% specificity, 50.0% positive prediction value (PPV), 33.3% negative prediction value (NPV), and 38.7% diagnostic accuracy. However, there was a reasonable improvement in assay specificity (85.7%) and PPV (91.7%) when samples were stratified based on the sampling time. CONCLUSION The developed LFA assay demonstrated a potential of SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva samples. Further technical assay improvements should be made to enhance diagnostic performance followed by a validation study in a larger cohort of both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients in the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnija Kivrane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | - Viktorija Igumnova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | | | - Dace Skrastina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
| | - Ainars Leonciks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
| | - Zanna Rudevica
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
| | - Svjatoslavs Kistkins
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, Riga, LV1002, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, Riga, LV1002, Latvia
| | - Anna Zilde
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, Riga, LV1002, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
| | - Renate Ranka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study centre, Ratsupites Street 1, k–1, Riga, LV1067, Latvia
- Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
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