1
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Cheng SMS, Lau JJ, Tsang LCH, Leung K, Lee CK, Hachim A, Kavian N, Chaothai S, Wong RWK, Yu JKM, Chai ZYH, Mori M, Wu C, Yiu K, Hui DSC, Amarasinghe GK, Poon LLM, Wu JT, Valkenburg SA, Peiris M. Serological assays for differentiating natural COVID-19 infection from vaccine induced immunity. J Clin Virol 2024; 170:105621. [PMID: 38056114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection may elicit antibodies to a range of viral proteins including non-structural protein ORF8. RNA, adenovirus vectored and sub-unit vaccines expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike would be only expected to elicit S-antibodies and antibodies to distinct domains of nucleocapsid (N) protein may reliably differentiate infection from vaccine-elicited antibody. However, inactivated whole virus vaccines may potentially elicit antibody to wider range of viral proteins, including N protein. We hypothesized that antibody to ORF8 protein will discriminate natural infection from vaccination irrespective of vaccine type. METHODS We optimized and validated the anti-ORF8 and anti-N C-terminal domain (NCTD) ELISA assays using sera from pre-pandemic, RT-PCR confirmed natural infection sera and BNT162b2 (BNT) or CoronaVac vaccinees. We then applied these optimized assays to a cohort of blood donor sera collected in April-July 2022 with known vaccination and self-reported infection status. RESULTS We optimized cut-off values for the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD IgG ELISA assays using receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves. The sensitivity of the anti-ORF8 and anti-N-CTD ELISA for detecting past infection was 83.2% and 99.3%, respectively. Specificity of anti-ORF8 ELISA was 96.8 % vs. the pre-pandemic cohort or 93% considering the pre-pandemic and vaccine cohorts together. The anti-N-CTD ELISA specificity of 98.9% in the pre-pandemic cohort, 93% in BNT vaccinated and only 4 % in CoronaVac vaccinated cohorts. Anti-N-CTD antibody was longer-lived than anti-ORF8 antibody after natural infection. CONCLUSIONS Anti-N-CTD antibody assays provide good discrimination between natural infection and vaccination in BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals. Anti-ORF8 antibody can help discriminate infection from vaccination in either type of vaccine and help estimate infection attack rates (IAR) in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan J Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheuk Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, & Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ricky W K Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jennifer K M Yu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zacary Y H Chai
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Chao Wu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangdong, China
| | - Karen Yiu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and SH Ho Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph T Wu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Immunology and Infection(C2i), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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2
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Lau JJ, Cheng SMS, Leung K, Lee CK, Hachim A, Tsang LCH, Yam KWH, Chaothai S, Kwan KKH, Chai ZYH, Lo THK, Mori M, Wu C, Valkenburg SA, Amarasinghe GK, Lau EHY, Hui DSC, Leung GM, Peiris M, Wu JT. Author Correction: Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population. Nat Med 2024; 30:305. [PMID: 37875568 PMCID: PMC10803247 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenny W H Yam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin K H Kwan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zacary Y H Chai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiffany H K Lo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Teo QW, Wong HH, Heunis T, Stancheva V, Hachim A, Lv H, Siu L, Ho J, Lan Y, Mok CKP, Ulferts R, Sanyal S. Usp25-Erlin1/2 activity limits cholesterol flux to restrict virus infection. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2495-2509.e6. [PMID: 37683630 PMCID: PMC10914638 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming lipid metabolic pathways is a critical feature of activating immune responses to infection. However, how these reconfigurations occur is poorly understood. Our previous screen to identify cellular deubiquitylases (DUBs) activated during influenza virus infection revealed Usp25 as a prominent hit. Here, we show that Usp25-deleted human lung epithelial A549 cells display a >10-fold increase in pathogenic influenza virus production, which was rescued upon reconstitution with the wild type but not the catalytically deficient (C178S) variant. Proteomic analysis of Usp25 interactors revealed a strong association with Erlin1/2, which we confirmed as its substrate. Newly synthesized Erlin1/2 were degraded in Usp25-/- or Usp25C178S cells, activating Srebp2, with increased cholesterol flux and attenuated TLR3-dependent responses. Our study therefore defines the function of a deubiquitylase that serves to restrict a range of viruses by reprogramming lipid biosynthetic flux to install appropriate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ho Him Wong
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Viktoriya Stancheva
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lewis Siu
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Ho
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Lan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Lau JJ, Cheng SMS, Leung K, Lee CK, Hachim A, Tsang LCH, Yam KWH, Chaothai S, Kwan KKH, Chai ZYH, Lo THK, Mori M, Wu C, Valkenburg SA, Amarasinghe GK, Lau EHY, Hui DSC, Leung GM, Peiris M, Wu JT. Real-world COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron BA.2 variant in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-naive population. Nat Med 2023; 29:348-357. [PMID: 36652990 PMCID: PMC9941049 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has demonstrated enhanced transmissibility and escape of vaccine-derived immunity. Although first-generation vaccines remain effective against severe disease and death, robust evidence on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all Omicron infections, irrespective of symptoms, remains sparse. We used a community-wide serosurvey with 5,310 subjects to estimate how vaccination histories modulated risk of infection in infection-naive Hong Kong during a large wave of Omicron BA.2 epidemic in January-July 2022. We estimated that Omicron infected 45% (41-48%) of the local population. Three and four doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac were effective against Omicron infection 7 days after vaccination (VE of 48% (95% credible interval 34-64%) and 69% (46-98%) for three and four doses of BNT162b2, respectively; VE of 30% (1-66%) and 56% (6-97%) for three and four doses of CoronaVac, respectively). At 100 days after immunization, VE waned to 26% (7-41%) and 35% (10-71%) for three and four doses of BNT162b2, and to 6% (0-29%) and 11% (0-54%) for three and four doses of CoronaVac. The rapid waning of VE against infection conferred by first-generation vaccines and an increasingly complex viral evolutionary landscape highlight the necessity for rapidly deploying updated vaccines followed by vigilant monitoring of VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo C H Tsang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenny W H Yam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sara Chaothai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin K H Kwan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zacary Y H Chai
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tiffany H K Lo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph T Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Hachim A, Gu H, Kavian O, Mori M, Kwan MYW, Chan WH, Yau YS, Chiu SS, Tsang OTY, Hui DSC, Mok CKP, Ma FNL, Lau EHY, Amarasinghe GK, Qavi AJ, Cheng SMS, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Valkenburg SA, Kavian N. SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins reveal distinct serological signatures in children. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2951. [PMID: 35618731 PMCID: PMC9135746 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody response magnitude and kinetics may impact clinical severity, serological diagnosis and long-term protection of COVID-19, which may play a role in why children experience lower morbidity. We therefore tested samples from 122 children in Hong Kong with symptomatic (n = 78) and asymptomatic (n = 44) SARS-CoV-2 infections up to 200 days post infection, relative to 71 infected adults (symptomatic n = 61, and asymptomatic n = 10), and negative controls (n = 48). We assessed serum IgG antibodies to a 14-wide antigen panel of structural and accessory proteins by Luciferase Immuno-Precipitation System (LIPS) assay and circulating cytokines. Infected children have lower levels of Spike, Membrane, ORF3a, ORF7a, ORF7b antibodies, comparable ORF8 and elevated E-specific antibodies than adults. Combination of two unique antibody targets, ORF3d and ORF8, can accurately discriminate SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Principal component analysis reveals distinct pediatric serological signatures, and the highest contribution to variance from adults are antibody responses to non-structural proteins ORF3d, NSP1, ORF3a and ORF8. From a diverse panel of cytokines that can modulate immune priming and relative inflammation, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6 correlate with the magnitude of pediatric antibody specificity and severity. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 internal proteins may become an important sero surveillance tool of infection with the roll-out of vaccines in the pediatric population. The antibody response of children to SARS-CoV-2 is less well studied than in adults. Here Hachim et al. show that children have reduced antibody levels to structural proteins and suggest that the predominance of antibody responses to non-structural proteins can be used to discriminate infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Otared Kavian
- Department of Mathematics, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mike Y W Kwan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Hung Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat Sun Yau
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Owen T Y Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionn N L Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham J Qavi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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6
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Nguyen THO, Cohen CA, Rowntree LC, Bull MB, Hachim A, Kedzierska K, Valkenburg SA. T Cells Targeting SARS-CoV-2: By Infection, Vaccination, and Against Future Variants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:793102. [PMID: 35004764 PMCID: PMC8739267 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.793102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are a key cornerstone to viral immunity to drive high-quality antibody responses, establishing memory for recall and for viral clearance. Inefficient recruitment of T cell responses plays a role in the development of severe COVID-19 and is also represented by reduced cellular responses in men, children, and diversity compared with other epitope-specific subsets and available T cell receptor diversity. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses are elicited by multiple vaccine formats and augmented by prior infection for hybrid immunity. Epitope conservation is relatively well-maintained leading to T cell crossreactivity for variants of concern that have diminished serological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louise C. Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Wu C, Qavi AJ, Moyle AB, Wagner ND, Hachim A, Kavian N, Cole AR, Sweeney-Gibbons J, Rohrs HW, Peiris JM, Basler CF, Gross ML, Valkenburg SA, Farnsworth CW, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Domain-specific biochemical and serological characterization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100906. [PMID: 34642671 PMCID: PMC8495048 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleocapsid proteins are essential for SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Here, we describe protocols to gather domain-specific insights about essential properties of nucleocapsids. These assays include dynamic light scattering to characterize oligomerization, fluorescence polarization to quantify RNA binding, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to map RNA binding regions, negative-stain electron microscopy to visualize oligomeric species, interferon reporter assay to evaluate interferon signaling modulation, and a serology assay to reveal insights for improved sensitivity and specificity. These assays are broadly applicable to RNA-encapsidated nucleocapsids. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wu et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Austin B. Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicole D. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joyce Sweeney-Gibbons
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Henry W. Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J.S. Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher W. Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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Hachim A, Kavian N, Valkenburg SA. Antibody landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 can reveal novel vaccine and diagnostic targets. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:139-146. [PMID: 34464844 PMCID: PMC8376662 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virions are composed of structural proteins, but during virus infection, an additional 30 proteins could be expressed according to putative open reading frames (ORFs) of the viral genome. Some of these additional proteins modulate cellular processes through direct interactions, their truncations can affect disease pathogenesis and they can also serve as antigenic targets for more specific serology. In addition to structural proteins, the ORF1a/b polyprotein and accessory proteins can stimulate antibody responses during infection. Antibodies that target non-structural proteins can impact viral infection, through Fc mediated effector functions, through interactions during virus entry, fusion, replication and egress within infected cells. Characterization of the serological responses to additional proteins, provides a snapshot of the 'antibody landscape', which includes the antibody magnitude, antigenic specificity and informs the biological relevance of SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Valkenburg SA, Cheng SMS, Hachim A, Peiris M, Nicholls J. Postmortem Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in Mouse Lung Tissue. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3173-3175. [PMID: 34559046 PMCID: PMC8632159 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in deceased persons and organisms remains unclear. We studied transgenic K18 hACE2 mice to determine the kinetics of virus infectivity after host death. Five days after death, virus infectivity in the lung declined by >96% and RNA copies declined by 48.2%.
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10
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Cohen CA, Li APY, Hachim A, Hui DSC, Kwan MYW, Tsang OTY, Chiu SS, Chan WH, Yau YS, Kavian N, Ma FNL, Lau EHY, Cheng SMS, Poon LLM, Peiris M, Valkenburg SA. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4678. [PMID: 34326343 PMCID: PMC8322064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults are unclear. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in infected adults and children and find that the acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins increase with age, whereas CD8+ T cell responses increase with time post-infection. Infected children have lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins when compared with infected adults, comparable T cell polyfunctionality and reduced CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared with adults, children have lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses are increased, whilst monocyte numbers are reduced, indicating rapid adaptive co-ordination of the T and B cell responses and differing levels of inflammation. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced T cell activation in children might drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Athena P Y Li
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mike Y W Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Hospital Authority Infectious Disease Center, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Owen T Y Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat Sun Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Fionn N L Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Eric H Y Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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11
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Wu C, Qavi AJ, Hachim A, Kavian N, Cole AR, Moyle AB, Wagner ND, Sweeney-Gibbons J, Rohrs HW, Gross ML, Peiris JSM, Basler CF, Farnsworth CW, Valkenburg SA, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein reveals multiple functional consequences of the C-terminal domain. iScience 2021; 24:102681. [PMID: 34095780 PMCID: PMC8168301 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleocapsid (N) encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays key roles in the replication cycle and is a critical serological marker. Here, we characterize essential biochemical properties of N and describe the utility of these insights in serological studies. We define N domains important for oligomerization and RNA binding and show that N oligomerization provides a high-affinity RNA-binding platform. We also map the RNA-binding interface, showing protection in the N-terminal domain and linker region. In addition, phosphorylation causes reduction of RNA binding and redistribution of N from liquid droplets to loose coils, showing how N-RNA accessibility and assembly may be regulated by phosphorylation. Finally, we find that the C-terminal domain of N is the most immunogenic, based on antibody binding to patient samples. Together, we provide a biochemical description of SARS-CoV-2 N and highlight the value of using N domains as highly specific and sensitive diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aidan R. Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Austin B. Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole D. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joyce Sweeney-Gibbons
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry W. Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher W. Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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12
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Kavian N, Hachim A, Cowling BJ, Valkenburg SA. Repeated influenza vaccination provides cumulative protection from distinct H3N2 viruses. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1297. [PMID: 34136219 PMCID: PMC8200319 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current inactivated influenza vaccines provide suboptimal protection against antigenic drift, and repeated annual vaccinations shape antibody specificity but the effect on protection from infection is not well understood. METHODS We studied the effects of cumulative and staggered vaccinations in mice to determine the effect of influenza vaccination on protection from infection and immune quality. RESULTS We found that the timing of vaccination and antigenic change impacted the quality of immune responses. When mice received two different H3N2 strains (A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 and A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016) by staggered timing of vaccination, there were higher H3HA antibody and B-cell memory responses than four cumulative vaccinations or when two vaccinations were successive. Interestingly, after challenge with a lethal-drifted H3N2 virus (A/Hong Kong/1/1968), mice with staggered vaccination were unable to produce high titres of antibodies specific to the challenge strain compared to other vaccination regimens because of high levels of vaccine-specific cross-reactive antibodies. All vaccination regimens resulted in protection, in terms of viral loads and survival, from lethal challenge, while lung IL-6 and inflammation were lowest in staggered or cumulative vaccination groups, indicating further advantage. CONCLUSION Our findings help justify influenza vaccination policies that currently recommend repeat vaccination in infants and annual seasonal vaccination, with no evidence for impaired immunity by repeated seasonal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Kavian
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
- Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéFaculté de MédecineAssistance Publique–Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Universitaire Paris CentreCentre Hospitalier Universitaire CochinService d’Immunologie BiologiqueParisFrance
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongPokfulamHong Kong SARChina
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13
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Cohen CA, Li APY, Hachim A, Hui DSC, Kwan MYW, Tsang OTY, Chiu SS, Chan WH, Yau YS, Kavian N, Ma FNL, Lau EHY, Cheng SMS, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Valkenburg SA. SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are lower in children and increase with age and time after infection. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.02.21250988. [PMID: 33564773 PMCID: PMC7872365 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.02.21250988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of children leads to a mild illness and the immunological differences with adults remains unclear. We quantified the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in adults and children (<13 years of age) with RT-PCR confirmed asymptomatic and symptomatic infection for long-term memory, phenotype and polyfunctional cytokines. Acute and memory CD4+ T cell responses to structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins significantly increased with age, whilst CD8+ T cell responses increased with time post infection. Infected children had significantly lower CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 structural and ORF1ab proteins compared to infected adults. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses were comparable in magnitude to uninfected negative adult controls. In infected adults CD4+ T cell specificity was skewed towards structural peptides, whilst children had increased contribution of ORF1ab responses. This may reflect differing T cell compartmentalisation for antigen processing during antigen exposure or lower recruitment of memory populations. T cell polyfunctional cytokine production was comparable between children and adults, but children had a lower proportion of SARS-CoV-2 CD4+ T cell effector memory. Compared to adults, children had significantly lower levels of antibodies to β-coronaviruses, indicating differing baseline immunity. Total T follicular helper responses was increased in children during acute infection indicating rapid co-ordination of the T and B cell responses. However total monocyte responses were reduced in children which may be reflective of differing levels of inflammation between children and adults. Therefore, reduced prior β-coronavirus immunity and reduced activation and recruitment of de novo responses in children may drive milder COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Athena PY Li
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David SC Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mike YW Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Hospital Authority Infectious Disease Center, Princess Margaret Hospital, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen TY Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yat Sun Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionn NL Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric HY Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel MS Cheng
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo LM Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - JS Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Hachim A, Gu H, Kavian O, Kwan MYW, Chan WH, Yau YS, Chiu SS, Tsang OTY, Hui DSC, Ma F, Lau EHY, Cheng SMS, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Valkenburg SA, Kavian N. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody landscape is lower in magnitude for structural proteins, diversified for accessory proteins and stable long-term in children. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.03.21249180. [PMID: 33655259 PMCID: PMC7924280 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.03.21249180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Children are less clinically affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults with the majority of cases being mild or asymptomatic and the differences in infection outcomes are poorly understood. The kinetics, magnitude and landscape of the antibody response may impact the clinical severity and serological diagnosis of COVID-19. Thus, a comprehensive investigation of the antibody landscape in children and adults is needed. Methods We tested 254 plasma from 122 children with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong up to 206 days post symptom onset, including 146 longitudinal samples from 58 children. Adult COVID-19 patients and pre-pandemic controls were included for comparison. We assessed antibodies to a 14-wide panel of SARS-CoV-2 structural and accessory proteins by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS). Findings Children have lower levels of Spike and Nucleocapsid antibodies than adults, and their cumulative humoral response is more expanded to accessory proteins (NSP1 and Open Reading Frames (ORFs)). Sensitive serology using the three N, ORF3b, ORF8 antibodies can discriminate COVID-19 in children. Principal component analysis revealed distinct serological signatures in children and the highest contribution to variance were responses to non-structural proteins ORF3b, NSP1, ORF7a and ORF8. Longitudinal sampling revealed maintenance or increase of antibodies for at least 6 months, except for ORF7b antibodies which showed decline. It was interesting to note that children have higher antibody responses towards known IFN antagonists: ORF3b, ORF6 and ORF7a. The diversified SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in children may be an important factor in driving control of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Otared Kavian
- Department of Mathematics, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Mike YW Kwan
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-hung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yat Sun Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan S Chiu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen TY Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China
| | - David SC Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionn Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric HY Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel MS Cheng
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo LM Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - JS Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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15
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Wu C, Qavi AJ, Hachim A, Kavian N, Cole AR, Moyle AB, Wagner ND, Sweeney-Gibbons J, Rohrs HW, Gross ML, Peiris JSM, Basler CF, Farnsworth CW, Valkenburg SA, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 N protein reveals multiple functional consequences of the C-terminal domain. bioRxiv 2020:2020.11.30.404905. [PMID: 33269347 PMCID: PMC7709165 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.30.404905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid protein (N) is the most abundant viral protein encoded by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. N plays key roles at different steps in the replication cycle and is used as a serological marker of infection. Here we characterize the biochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 N. We define the N domains important for oligomerization and RNA binding that are associated with spherical droplet formation and suggest that N accessibility and assembly may be regulated by phosphorylation. We also map the RNA binding interface using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Finally, we find that the N protein C-terminal domain is the most immunogenic by sensitivity, based upon antibody binding to COVID-19 patient samples from the US and Hong Kong. Together, these findings uncover domain-specific insights into the significance of SARS-CoV-2 N and highlight the diagnostic value of using N domains as highly specific and sensitive markers of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abraham J Qavi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris
| | - Aidan R Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Austin B Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joyce Sweeney-Gibbons
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry W Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Chan PKS, Lui G, Hachim A, Ko RLW, Boon SS, Li T, Kavian N, Luk F, Chen Z, Yau EM, Chan KH, Tsang CH, Cheng SMS, Chu DKW, Perera RAPM, Ho WCS, Yeung ACM, Chow C, Poon LLM, Valkenburg SA, Hui DSC, Peiris M. Serologic Responses in Healthy Adult with SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection, Hong Kong, August 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:3076-3078. [PMID: 33089772 PMCID: PMC7706979 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.203833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, mild signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease developed in a healthy 33-year-old man in Hong Kong. His first infection did not produce virus neutralizing antibodies. In August, he had asymptomatic reinfection, suggesting that persons without a robust neutralizing antibody response might be at risk for reinfection.
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17
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Hachim A, Kavian N, Cohen CA, Chin AWH, Chu DKW, Mok CKP, Tsang OTY, Yeung YC, Perera RAPM, Poon LLM, Peiris JSM, Valkenburg SA. Author Correction: ORF8 and ORF3b antibodies are accurate serological markers of early and late SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1302. [PMID: 32855556 PMCID: PMC7450682 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France. .,Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex W H Chin
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel K W Chu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Owen T Y Tsang
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Cheong Yeung
- Infectious Diseases Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hospital Authority of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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18
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Kavian N, Hachim A, Poon LLM, Valkenburg SA. Vaccination with ADCC activating HA peptide epitopes provides partial protection from influenza infection. Vaccine 2020; 38:5885-5890. [PMID: 32718818 PMCID: PMC7524583 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza-specific antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies have a broad cross reactivity and potential as an immune correlate for universal vaccines. Peptide-mapping for ADCC reactivity of H1-HA and H7-HA proteins from human serum samples identified high ADCC-inducing peptides in both the HA1 and HA2 regions. Vaccination of mice with single ADCC-peptides induced ADCC activity leading to partial protection from lethal influenza challenge, with increased survival, reduced viral loads, and reduced activation of NK cells in the lungs. Targeted vaccination strategies to elicit ADCC responses may provide an approach for universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Kavian
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Faculté de Médecine Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Serviced'Immunologie Biologique, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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19
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Kavian N, Hachim A, Li APY, Cohen CA, Chin AWH, Poon LLM, Fang VJ, Leung NHL, Cowling BJ, Valkenburg SA. Assessment of enhanced influenza vaccination finds that FluAd conveys an advantage in mice and older adults. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1107. [PMID: 32025302 PMCID: PMC6997034 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enhanced inactivated influenza vaccines (eIIV) aim to increase immunogenicity and protection compared with the widely used standard IIV (S-IIV). METHODS We tested four vaccines in parallel, FluZone high dose, FluBlok and FluAd versus S-IIV in a randomised controlled trial of older adults and in a mouse infection model to assess immunogenicity, protection from lethal challenge and mechanisms of action. RESULTS In older adults, FluAd vaccination stimulated a superior antibody profile, including H3-HA antibodies that were elevated for up to 1 year after vaccination, higher avidity H3HA IgG and larger HA stem IgG responses. In a mouse model, FluAd also elicited an earlier and larger induction of HA stem antibodies with increased germinal centre responses and upregulation and long-term expression of B-cell switch transcription factors. Long-term cross-reactive memory responses were sustained by FluAd following lethal heterosubtypic influenza challenge, with reduced lung damage and viral loads, coinciding with increased T- and B-cell recall. Advantages were also noted for the high-dose FluZone vaccine in both humans and mice. CONCLUSION The early, broadly reactive and long-lived antibody response of FluAd indicates a potential advantage of this vaccine, particularly in years when there is a mismatch between the vaccine strain and the circulating strain of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Kavian
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- Service d'Immunologie BiologiqueCentre Hospitalier Universitaire CochinFaculté de MédecineAssistance Publique–Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Universitaire Paris CentreUniversité Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
- Institut CochinINSERM U1016Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Asmaa Hachim
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Athena PY Li
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Carolyn A Cohen
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Alex WH Chin
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Leo LM Poon
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Vicky J Fang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Nancy HL Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU‐Pasteur Research PoleSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and ControlSchool of Public HealthThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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